英文简历-临床医学

2025-01-10

英文简历-临床医学(共7篇)

英文简历-临床医学 篇1

Name: Huang xx Sex: Male photos

Height: 175cm Weight: 65Kg

National: Han origin: Hubei

Date of birth: training in December 1986 by: the National统招

Education: Undergraduate: Medicine

Political landscape: the post of party members who: Section chief

Branches: a series of clinical teaching hospital: The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine

Loving expertise:

Love sports, good at basketball, football, running 1,500 meters, like reading books, reading newspapers, listening to music, repairing electronic products, making friends widely.

Self-evaluation:

Born in rural areas, long in rural areas, a firm belief, perseverance strong, sincere man of integrity, can bear hardships and stand hard, a prudent and realistic character, a strong sense of responsibility and initiative. On the work of a conscientious and responsible, careful and meticulous work, a comprehensive and thoughtful consideration; to respect teachers, united students, a strong collective sense of honor; the positive attitude of life, optimistic about the up and pay attention to not do any work; demanding their own, daring敢拼continuously improve individual self-cultivation and moral, intellectual, physical, such as overall quality.

Life motto:

Without long and short term, there is fear.

Practice of Road:

The elimination of the suffering of patients;

Income-generating benefits for the hospital;

To contribute to the country;

For social development.

English and computer:

4 has passed the national examination in English, have good English listening, speaking, reading and writing ability; two national computer examination, to carry out skilled Word document, Excel spreadsheet, computer programming, such as the initial operation.

Majors:

In science, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, diagnostics, human anatomy, embryology, physiology, medical immunology, pathogen biology, pathology, pharmacology, pathophysiology, medical imaging, infectious diseases , ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, Dermatovenereology, neurology, psychiatry, oral science.

Internship experience:

.3-.2 First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University internship.

Attachment period, has heart medicine, digestive, pediatric, endocrine, respiratory, renal, Platts, the brain, the bone, maternity, Hematologists and ECG departments, such as internships. After nearly a year of serious training, is now able to wear the completion of thoracic, abdominal wear, puncture and ECG, surgical hand-washing clothes, disinfection techniques, dressing change, debridement and suturing, such as clinical operations, can be read common heart ECG disease.

Education and experience:

From an early age by the formal school training, the formation of the orthodox philosophy of education, values and world view.

2003.09-2008.07, Nanchang University School of Medicine, clinical medicine, five-year, undergraduate professional, as to defend the members of

广昌县a 2000.09-2003.07, the focus of science classes, as a life member of

.09-2000.07 Changqiao secondary schools, as Labor members

1992.09-1997.07 Changqiao Central Primary School, served as squad leader, and participated in Mathematical Olympiad competitions, received second prize

Social experience:

.09-.12 repeatedly engaged in home, work-study, and has done service in the restaurant.

2006.12-2007.01, Nanchang University School of Medicine to participate in the fourth student to join the party activists and satisfactory completion of training.

Job search intention:

Multi-disciplinary knowledge and professional skills, both inside and outside the department is willing to engage clinicians.

Contact:

Mobile:

Address: XX

英文简历-临床医学 篇2

制作英文简历有以下几个步骤: (1) 收集个人信息、确认应聘职位; (2) 组织信息; (3) 选择简历格式; (4) 增加个人风格; (5) 校对。

一、收集个人信息、确认应聘职位

写简历时首先收集有关自己的信息, 例如从事过的工作、工作中的职责及表现、教育程度、具有的技能和参加过的社会活动等。这些内容构成简历的原材料。在收集信息的过程中你也能够对职业目标加以考虑, 思索过去所从事的工作中哪个 (些) 是你喜欢的, 以及喜欢它 (们) 的理由。

收集好这些信息后, 要研究你所感兴趣的职位并且确认岗位职责, 以及应聘者所要具备的资格和技能。

针对不同职位来筛选个人经历、专长, 最好能写不同的简历, 使每一份简历只强调与一个职位相关的信息。切记:尽管你不具备专业的技术技能, 但大部分的职位都需要应聘者具有诸如可信赖、团队合作, 以及良好的沟通能力等品质。而这对于初入职场的人而言尤为重要。接下来就是将你收集到的个人信息组织起来。

二、组织信息

大部分人在简历中包含有下列几项:

1. 联系方式 (Contactinformation)

其内容包括姓名、常住地址和学校地址 (如果还在上学并且学校地址和常住地址不同) 、电话号码, 以及电子邮箱。将姓名置于简历的最上端, 在姓名的下方写联系方式。这样安排比较醒目, 也便于招聘人员查找信息。

2. 资力概述 (Qualifications summary) /求职目标 (objectives tatement)

这项内容是可选项, 置于联系方式的下方。资历概述是应聘者列出与职位相关的最佳资历向招聘者阐明“为什么你要雇佣我。”对于经历丰富的应聘者而言, 资历概述是一项极为有用的内容, 它可以在细节的论述中突出重要信息。

求职目标可以让招聘者轻易地掌握到应聘者是否为其所需。每一份简历最好只针对一个求职目标。在界定求职目标时避免太狭隘, 以免丧失机会。如果应聘者求职范围广泛, 而且兴趣不固定, 最好省略此项, 以免受限而失去其他面试机会。

3. 教育背景 (Education)

这部分内容要列出所接受过的相关培训、教育, 以及所获得的证书。采用倒叙的方式, 从最近的时间往前填。列出学校的名称、地点、所获得的学历、证书、学位, 以及相应的时间、专业或研究领域、所获荣誉。如果还未获得学位, 要在毕业日期前使用“expected”。如果不知道何时毕业, 要在未结束的学位前加上“in progress”。

对于新近毕业的学生来说, 教育背景尤为重要。如果有帮助的话, 在这部分中还可以包括所有课程的平均成绩, 或者是专业平均成绩, 或班级排名。学生也可以考虑将大学阶段与应聘职位相关的4~8门课程单独列出来说明你已具备工作中需要的一些知识。

4. 工作经历 (Workexperience)

要注明所服务机构的名称和地点、服务的起止时间、岗位名称、岗位职责和工作业绩。如果带薪的工作经历比较少, 这部分内容还可以包括相关的义务活动、实习经历, 以及学校中所从事的项目研究工作。

在描述岗位职责时, 要强调你在该岗位所取得的成绩, 以及你在工作中的表现。要明确岗位职责的范围, 例如, 每天要接多少个电话、所处理的问题类型、或者所监管的人员数量。如果你同他人同时参与一个项目, 应该在岗位描述中说明所取得的成绩是团队合作的结果。同时, 也要提及被提拔或职责增加的情况。

具体说明所取得的成绩会给人留下深刻的印象。例如说明你在工作中做出的改进、节省的时间或资金, 以及解决过的任何问题。要将所取得的成绩量化, 例如销售额增加了15%, 成绩为优秀的学生人数增加了20%。

5. 社会活动和团体任职 (Activities and associations)

对于没有丰富工作经验的学生来说, 参与各种各样的社会活动是积累经验的绝好选择。因此, 学生们可以在此项中列出所参与的学校或课外活动, 向未来的雇主展示你们的能力。

这些活动可以包括所参加的团体组织, 学生机构, 或者社区活动。尤其要列出和应聘的职位相关的活动或是可以展现应聘者的勤奋和领导才能的活动。

6. 特殊技能 (Special skills)

如果你拥有专业的计算机, 外语, 或者技术技能, 可以考虑单独列一项来突出这些技能, 尽管有时这些技能和你所要申请的职位没有直接的联系。

7. 荣誉与获奖 (Awards and honors)

这部分包括所获得的正式认可, 例如专业或学术奖励。这部分内容可以放在经历或教育背景中, 也可以置于简历末端。

8. 推荐人 (Reference)

这项内容是可选项。应聘单位没有要求时, 不须主动附上, 但可以在简历末端注明“References available upon request.”。

无论在简历中是否提及推荐人, 应聘者都需要单独准备一份推荐文档在需要时呈现, 并且面试时应随身携带。文档上要给出了解你能力的3~5名推荐者的姓名, 职衔, 办公地址和电话号码。当然, 应该确信这些人同意推荐你。在文档的上部, 写上你的姓名和联系方式, 格式如同简历。

三、选择简历格式

最常见的简历格式有时序式 (chronological) 和功能式 (functional) 。两种格式各有利弊, 应聘者应该选择一种能够充分突出个人所长的格式。

1. 时序式

这是最普遍的一种格式。根据所担任的不同工作来组织安排你的经历。对于有连贯的工作历史或者先前所从事的工作和求职目标密切相关的人来说, 这种格式是最佳的选择。

时序式的简历中列出所从事的职位, 并按时间倒叙排列。每一个职位要注明工作职衔, 单位名称, 工作起止年。接下来描述岗位职责, 以及所取得的成绩。在描述时, 使用短语而不是句子。省略“I”是约定俗成的用法。例如, 应该是“Managed a fund ra is ing c a mp a ig n.”而不是“I ma na g e d a fund ra is ing c a mp a ig n.”每一个短语都使用强有力的动词开始。

在描述工作时要具体但切忌过于详细。雇主们认为每项工作用3~5个短语通常就足够了, 不需要用多于四行的信息描述, 因为大段的文字不便于阅读。如果必须占用更多的空间, 可以将信息分类表达。

简历中最重要的职位占用的空间最多。如果之前所从事的工作和要应聘的岗位不相关, 可以考虑将经历分为两部分:相关工作经历 (relevant experience) 和其他工作经历 (other experie nc e) 。充分地描述相关的工作, 简要地提及其他工作。如果从事过很多工作, 可能不需要提到最早的或是最不重要的工作。

由于时序式强调日期和工作职衔, 对于跳槽者、具有不连续工作经历的应聘者, 或是初聘者而言, 这种格式不是最佳选择。对这些人而言, 功能式是更好的选择。

2. 功能式

功能式简历围绕技能而不是工作职衔来组织经历。这种格式对于有一些工作经历但是所从事过的工作与所要应聘的工作不直接相关的学生而言是理想的选择。按照技能来组织经历能够将所从事的不太相关的工作和求职资质联系起来。例如, 一项收拾餐桌的工作可以与其他职责合起来说明你具有组织和为顾客服务的技能。

采用功能式简历, 需要确定3~4个和求职岗位相关的技能。每一种技能, 用3~5个具体例子加以说明。同样, 在完成这部分内容时要使用动作短语而不是完整的句子。

按照重要性来排列你的技能。你的技能和雇主的需要越接近, 就意味着你越有资格。

功能式的最后一部分是工作经历的简要描述。这部分只需要写工作岗位、公司名字, 以及工作起止时间。如果工作经历中有空缺, 则可以通过求职信来解释, 或者可以填入义务工作、社区服务或者是家庭职责。

四、增加个人风格

如果你的简历引人入胜且易于阅读, 你会给招聘者留下极好的印象。引人入胜的风格会将招聘者的目光吸引到你的资质上。如果你能善待招聘者的眼睛, 他们可能会花更多的时间阅读你的简历, 并且记忆更久。

简历要便于阅读和复印, 用质量好的白色或浅色纸打印。鲜艳的色彩能够引人注意, 但是会给人以不专业的印象。此外, 使用激光打印机, 并且字号大于10。招聘人员不需要费劲的读你的文字。

1. 设计

好的作者能够策略地运用设计元素。黑体、大写字母、居中或者水平线条可以让各级标题醒目。着重号或者斜体可以突出重要成绩。一英寸的页边距, 以及每一部分之间的空白行会让信息更便于阅读。

简历风格要前后保持一致。每一部分的设计元素也要保持一致。例如, 教育背景的标题是粗体、居中, 其他的标题也应该是粗体、居中。同样, 全篇应选择一种字体如Arial或Times New Roma n。

简历制作完成后, 要仔细地检查。确信简历易于阅读, 并且信息均匀地分布在纸张上。可以尝试几种不同的风格, 然后决定最终的选择。

2. 长度

冗长的简历不利于招聘者的阅读和记忆。并且, 鉴于每天能收到大量的简历, 招聘者常常忽略冗长的简历。对于刚毕业的学生而言, 简历通常1页纸;其他有工作经历的人的简历可以1~2页长, 经历非常丰富的人可以是2~3页长。如果你的简历不符合这些规定, 很可能你的简历中有多余的内容和不相关的信息。要删除掉无法证明你能胜任该岗位的信息。

五、校对

应该花时间来准备一份精美的简历。或许你不是胜任每份工作的最佳人选, 但是你的简历会让你在竞争中获得优势。最常见的错误是格式和拼写错误。计算机不能纠正错误使用但拼写正确的词汇。例如“of”还是“on”, “their”还是“there”。希望你的简历能够引人注目, 但是绝不是因为错误。可以让不同的人帮你校对简历, 这样可以很好的避免错误。

在递交简历前, 要了解职位要求。用职位描述中的语言来点缀你的简历, 如果简历中有资历介绍, 一定要对这部分内容予以格外关注。

参考文献

[1]Crosby, Olivia.Résumés, applications, and cover letters.Occupational Outlook Quarterly?Summer2009, 18-29

高效英文简历模板 篇3

一份出色的Resume,是向外企求职的关键之一。不了解有关的常识和程式,不花费相当的心思来展示,光有纯正娴熟的英文功底,并不能获得用人单位的青睐。在一大堆错误百出、英文表达低劣或平庸、毫无针对性和创造性的Resume中,你的那份若能让人眼睛一亮,成功的机会必将大大增加,下面结合一个具体的例子给出说明和评述。

Balance Sheet基本方法

选择要应聘的工作后,必须看清招聘广告上所列出的每项要求,再将自己的学历、能力与兴趣逐一与之比较,作一张balance sheet。

例如,一则关于marketing management trainee和job requirement是这样写的:

We are looking for a competent person to fill the captioned position:

-University graduate major in Marketing Management. Prepared to develop career in the commercial field

-Outgoing personality

-Able to communicate at different levels

-Good knowledge of PC operations

-Proficiency in written and spoken English/Mandarin

那么你相应地考虑自己的qualification的选择和表述,就可以这样写(与上列各项对应):

-University graduate with major in Marketing

-Having actively participated in Business clubs activities and learned accounting and management

-Good in communication with people and like a lot of out door activities, know how to tackle with people from all walks of life

-Skillful in operating Words, Excel, Lotus1-2-3, etc

-Fluent in English and Mandarin

这个方法的好处是可以让求职者清楚了解该职位是否适合自己,而本身资料又是否切合要求,而且,明白了各项要求后,就可依据每一点在履历表上重点提出自己在该方面的强项。突出卖点(selling point),将之放在最吸引人的地方,使招聘者一眼可见,有利于present自己。

Work experience工作经验的陈述

工作经验是resume中令招聘者相当感兴趣的一项内容,措词得当是不可忽视的要务。

刚毕业,何来工作经验?其实,读书时的兼职、实习、实践,以至所曾参加的一些课外活动,如:协助出版校刊、举办活动、展览、宣传……都可算是工作经验。不过,表达起来要有针对性地展开,列出那些与所找工作有关的项目重点介绍,必要时更可使用summary的方式,以让招聘者深入地了解。

下面的写法显得相当简陋呆板:

2006/7-2006/8 General Clerk, IBM

2007/7-2007/8 Account clerks, Manley Toy Trading

2008/6-2008/8 Salesgirl, Esprit.

倘能换一种表述如:

Three years of job experience in different positions have offered me opportunity: As a General Clerk (IBM),Accounts clerk (Manley Toy Trading), I have learned how to prepare purchasing orders,place orders, handle accounting matter, check voucher,… also (Salesgirl, Esprit) developing the technique of selling, serving and stocking.

就能更好地突出个人工作经验,吸引招聘者的注意力!

Job objective 事业目标

通常,一般求职者只会在履历表开端简单地写上所应征的职位-Position Applied: Management Trainee或I am applying for... 其实,若懂得利用这小小空间写出自己的事业目标(job objective),更能显示出你对该工作的热爱及憧憬,能令招聘者对你加倍留意。

比如这个不错的例子:

Job objective:

To begin as a Marketing Management Trainee, with opportunity to advance to executive level and contribute to the development of firm.

医学英文简历免费 篇4

Name: Huang xx Sex: Male photos

Height: 175cm Weight: 65Kg

National: Han origin: Hubei

Date of birth: training in December 1986 by: the National统招

Education: Undergraduate: Medicine

Political landscape: the post of party members who: Section chief

Branches: a series of clinical teaching hospital: The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine

Loving expertise:

Love sports, good at basketball, football, running 1,500 meters, like reading books, reading newspapers, listening to music, repairing electronic products, making friends widely.

Self-evaluation:

Born in rural areas, long in rural areas, a firm belief, perseverance strong, sincere man of integrity, can bear hardships and stand hard, a prudent and realistic character, a strong sense of responsibility and initiative. On the work of a conscientious and responsible, careful and meticulous work, a comprehensive and thoughtful consideration; to respect teachers, united students, a strong collective sense of honor; the positive attitude of life, optimistic about the up and pay attention to not do any work; demanding their own, daring敢拼continuously improve individual self-cultivation and moral, intellectual, physical, such as overall quality.

Life motto:

Without long and short term, there is fear.

Practice of Road:

The elimination of the suffering of patients;

Income-generating benefits for the hospital;

To contribute to the country;

For social development.

English and computer:

4 has passed the national examination in English, have good English listening, speaking, reading and writing ability; two national computer examination, to carry out skilled Word document, Excel spreadsheet, computer programming, such as the initial operation.

Majors:

In science, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, diagnostics, human anatomy, embryology, physiology, medical immunology, pathogen biology, pathology, pharmacology, pathophysiology, medical imaging, infectious diseases , ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, Dermatovenereology, neurology, psychiatry, oral science.

Internship experience:

2007.3-2008.2 First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University internship.

Attachment period, has heart medicine, digestive, pediatric, endocrine, respiratory, renal, Platts, the brain, the bone, maternity, Hematologists and ECG departments, such as internships. After nearly a year of serious training, is now able to wear the completion of thoracic, abdominal wear, puncture and ECG, surgical hand-washing clothes, disinfection techniques, dressing change, debridement and suturing, such as clinical operations, can be read common heart ECG disease.

Education and experience:

From an early age by the formal school training, the formation of the orthodox philosophy of education, values and world view.

2003.09-2008.07, Nanchang University School of Medicine, clinical medicine, five-year, undergraduate professional, as to defend the members of

广昌县a 2000.09-2003.07, the focus of science classes, as a life member of 1992.09-1997.07 Changqiao Central Primary School, served as squad leader, and participated in Mathematical Olympiad competitions, received second prize

Social experience:

2004.09-2006.12 repeatedly engaged in home, work-study, and has done service in the restaurant. Job search intention:

Multi-disciplinary knowledge and professional skills, both inside and outside the department is willing to engage clinicians.

Contact:

医学本科销售助理英文简历 篇5

i overview

name: xxx

sex: male

height: 176cm

academic qualifications (degree): undergraduate

profession: marketing

contact tel:

mobile:

email:

educational background

graduate institutions: institute of business and technology in fujian .9 - .7 marketing

the course: business economics, management, marketing, consumer psychology, market research, market forecasting, public relations, business negotiations, marketing theory and methods, market information, science, modern advertising, advertising planning, international trade theory and practice, marketing planning, new product development management.

other: other training

* english national levels through the examination, have a better ability to read and write english listening and speaking

* a driver's license

work experience

* 2004.9 - .9 xx medical device company sales representative

responsible for the company in beijing, tianjin, shanxi and other areas of sales, quarterly sales plan to develop and expand customer base and maintain good relations of cooperation, tracking sales, expected sales target.

* 2008.10 - xx electronic technology since the company sales manager trainee

headquarters is responsible for marketing plan development and implementation of timely collection of sales and marketing back to the headquarters of the organization department of training sales staff to learn and expand customer base, sales are expected to complete the goal.

profile

professional knowledge and practice for many years, i accumulated a wealth of work experience, and have achieved outstanding sales performance. in addition, i also engaged in the training of departmental staff, management has some work experience. i am cheerful personality, positive, willing to communicate with people, likes to meet new challenges.

i personality: cheerful, modest, self-discipline, self-confidence (based on the person's circumstances).

ps: xxxxxxxxx! look forward to working with your interviews!

如果您对面试有任何疑问可以参看58求职助手,

医学本科销售助理英文简历范文

医学类中英文双语简历 篇6

个人 简历

Personal Resume

姓名        性别 女    年龄 43

Name:               Sex: Female            Age: 43

联系地址:上海市东汉阳路(80)

Address: Suite        , No.     , Lane   , East Hanyang Road, Shanghai

电话:      手机        E-mail

Phone:      Mobile:     E-mail:

教育情况

Educational Background:

1994 -     日本神户学院大学药学研究科   获硕士学位

1994 -      Had studied at Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Kobe Gakuin University, Japan. Had obtained a master’s degree.

1992 - 1993年    ○○○○○○○○日本语学校日语进修

1992 - 1993      Had studied Japanese language at       Japanese Language School.

1979 - 1983年    中国华东理科大学生物化学专业  获学士学位

1979 - 1983      Had studied Specialty of Bio-Chemistry at East China Science University. Had obtained a bachelor’s degree.

工作经历

Career Experience:

6月 - 至现在   中央直属大型集团企业(中国○○集团)制药事业部   高级经理

主要承担组建集团下属大型液体制剂生产基地投资项目相关以下工作

June - Now   Has acted as a senior manager of Medicine Manufacturing Division of a big-sized group      enterprise the “China XX Group Corp.” - a subsidiary company directly owned by the  Chinese central government. Had mainly handled the following related jobs of project investment in establishing a big-sized liquid medicament manufacture base owned by the group company

输液产品选择、市场调研、项目策划 (市场部)

l Selection of transfusion product, conduct of marketing research and handling project scheming etc. (the Marketing Division)

项目立项、设备招标、技术引进等国内外的.合作事务(对外事务部)

“医学类个人 简历 ”版权归作者所有;请注明出处!

; l Co-operation matters with partners at home and abroad such as project initialization, equipment bidding invitation and technology importation; (the Outsourcing Affairs Division)

从新产品研发到上市的推进协调 (新事业发展(NBD)部)

l Promotion and co-ordination of new product in the stages from their research and development to launching them onto the market; (the New Business Development Division)

2000 - 20    上海○○○○科技有限公司   总经理 (个人公司)

2000 - 2002       Had acted as the general manager of Shanghai      Technology Co. Ltd. (an individual-owned company)

进口药品添加剂的国内销售  技术支持  财会等全面管理

l In charge of overall management affairs of selling the imported medicinal additives on the home market, handle the technical support jobs and those in the finance division.

1996 -     日本著名大公司  药品及食品添加剂部   中国市场经理

1996 -         Had been a Chinese Marketing Manager of Medicine and Food Additives Division of a famous big-sized Japanese company.

药品相关法规及市场调研  市场策略  工作目标及计划

l Research of medicine-related regulation and study of marketing affairs, as well as responsible for marketing strategy and scheming of work objectives and plans.

为公司主要产品进入中国市场进行药品进口注册

l Conduct registry work for company’s major product being exported into Chinese market.

策划 实施大型产品发布会  行业展览  产品演示等市场拓展活动

l Scheme and conduct market development activities of big-sized product release show, exhibition within the trade, and product roadshows etc.

构筑全国范围内同大学院校  科研机构的技术合作交流网络

l Had Built a technical cooperation network with some colleges and universities all over the nation and with a few technical research institutions.

协调由产品进口-代理商-用户的产品流通各个环节

l Had coordinated in various stages of product circulation from their importation to the distribution dealers, and finally to the customers.

产品销售  技术支持(如速崩、控释制剂等药品固体制剂新技术)

l In charge of product sale and technical support (for new technology on solid medicines such as those for curing frusemide, dediabetes insipidus and for controlling urine release.

1993 - 1994年    日本神户学院大学药剂研究室  访问交流学者

浅谈医学论文英文摘要的写作 篇7

1 英文摘要的作用

摘要是作者的“卖点”, 目的是把自己的研究与同行分享。英文摘要能否恰当地反映论文主题是非常重要的。医学研究通常的思路是在一定的条件下, 对特定的指标进行检测, 根据检测结果验证预先提出的假设。因此, 医学论文包含以下几个指标:研究目的、研究对象、研究方法、研究过程和研究结果。要在论文摘要中包括所有的内容是不现实的, 但我们可以以某方面为主, 从不同角度反映论文的基本内容。一是要概括要点, 尽可能简洁;二是要符合逻辑, 结构合理;三是要用完整句表述, 行文流畅。

2 英文摘要的写作

完整的医学论文英文摘要应包括: (1) 标题; (2) 作者姓名、单位和地址; (3) 正文摘要; (4) 关键词。

2.1 标题的处理

文章标题具备信息功能 (是对文章内涵的高度概括和浓缩) 、祈使功能 (吸引读者阅读和购买) 和检索功能 (便于储存、检索及查阅) 。医学论文标题中医学英语术语的特征相对明显, 因此, 熟知医学英语术语, 选择专业词汇, 避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如:“常规化疗”应译为“conventional chemotherap”, 而不是“regular chemotherapy”;以英语为母语的人表达“遗传代谢性疾病”习惯用“inborn error of metabolism”, 而不是“inherited disorder of metabolism”;“大黄”、“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和“Salvia miltiorrhiza”, 而不是“Da Huang”和“Dan Shen”[2]。

英文标题还应简短明了, 既要引人注目, 又要便于编写索引。在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法3要素组成的题名。在表达方式上, 英文标题应多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当, 重要的词放在文题的起始, 如treatment、therapy、surgery、observation等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容, 要放在文题的起始。例如:“革兰氏阴性菌休克的治疗”译为“Treatment of gram-negative shock”。

除了最基本的要求———语句通顺以外, 英文标题还要特别注重准确用词、语法恰当、符合语言习惯和词序合适。而且医学论文英文用词强调词义单一、准确, 忌用多义词。根据这一特点, 在英译时应用词义单一的词来代替词义较多的词, 如用“to transmit、to convert、to obtain、to insert、to consume、to absorb”来替代常用的“to send、to change、to get、to put in、to use up、to take in”。对于标题的翻译, 还要忠实于原文, 一般都采用直译法, 并且要注意各成分之间的关系。以下是几种常用的标题句式:“诊断方法+in+病名”、“药物名称+in/for+病名”、“药物名称+in the treatment/management of+病名”、“治疗方法+for/in+病名”、“Diagnosis of+病名+by/with+诊断方法”。例如:“血透析治疗牛皮癣”翻译为:“Hemodialysis in the treatment of psoriasis”。

此外, 用词要准确。注意应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际《核心医学期刊文摘》中, 对缩写词的使用非常谨慎, 对非公认的缩略词语, 第一次出现必须先写全名, 缩写附后加括号。如:婴儿猝死综合征:Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ;严重急性呼吸道综合症:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 。

2.2 作者姓名、学位与工作单位的处理

欧美人在给论文署名时, 先“名” (first name and second name) 后“姓” (last name) , 一般将first name与last name用全文写出, 而将second name缩写, 如:Patrick St.Clair。中文姓名在英译时则相反, 先“姓”后“名”, 姓与名应分开书写, 而双姓与双名则不必再分开写, 如:Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景) 、Sima Xiangru (司马相如) 。在英美杂志中, 论文作者的姓名之后, 往往附有学位, 如:John L.Bush, MD (医学博士) ;有时还可附有几个学位, 如:Thomas L.Gerry, MD, PhD (医学博士、哲学博士) 。

在我国的医学杂志中, 作者的工作单位一般直接置于作者姓名之下, 英译工作单位排列次序一般是小单位在前, 大单位在后。不论是医学院校的“教研室”还是医院的“科”, 都译为“Department”, 一般与of后置介词短语搭配;“组”是“科”的下一级组织, 译为“division”或“section”, 后可接介词短语, 还可接名词或形容词定语。例如:“江西省人民医院心血管内科小组”, 译为:“Division of cardiovascular, Department of Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital”或“Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital”。在英美杂志中, 作者的工作单位一般置于标题页下方, 以注脚形式表示, 这时, 工作单位名称前一般要用介词“from”。

2.3 英文摘要正文的写作

2.3.1 写作格式

医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要 (Structured Abstract) , 我国大多数医学期刊都采用了四段式结构式摘要, 即目的、方法、结果和结论。 (1) 目的 (Objective) :简要说明研究的目的, 常常涵盖文章的标题内容。 (2) 方法 (Methods) :简要说明研究思路, 使用何种材料和方法, 如何对照分组, 如何处理数据等。 (3) 结果 (Results) :简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据, 有何新发现, 说明其价值及局限。 (4) 结论 (Conclusion) :简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论, 并进行总结, 给出符合科学规律的结论。

2.3.2 时态、语态的运用

在医学论文英文摘要中, 英语时态、语态的准确运用是很重要的, 它无疑是确保医学论文质量和准确性的一个重要环节。医学论文英文摘要中时态、语态的不恰当使用, 会导致读者对论文作者的研究发现和已被接受的医学知识或真理混淆不清、产生误会。英文摘要中的时态不仅与所叙述的具体内容有关, 还与论文摘要这一特定的体裁有关。受汉语的影响, 在目前国内医学刊物中, 英语时态出错实非罕见。汉语表达时间概念主要依靠上下文衬托或时间状语, 动词无词形变化, 但英语中除了必要的时间状语外, 时间概念的表达主要体现在动词词形的变化上。英语动词的时态运用是非常严谨的, 掌握医学论文中英语时态的特点并正确使用时态对准确传达论文摘要内容有至关重要的作用。

(1) 时态的运用。 (1) 目的部分:用一般现在时, 常常省略主语, 用不定式短语进行表达。如“to study、to evaluate、to understand”等。

例:The purpose of this report is to understand the value of radiation therapy.或To understand the value of radiation therapy.

本研究旨在了解放射治疗的价值。

(2) 方法、结果部分:除指示性说明外, 一律用一般过去时。在着手研究前的情况或研究中如有2个前后相连的动作, 先发生的那个动作则用过去完成时。

如:Among 866 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 7.

866例胃癌患者中, 有7例原来已确诊有恶性贫血。

Two patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax died despite intensive treatment.In the first the pneumothorax had been present for 10 days……

2例原发性自发性气胸患者, 虽然得到积极治疗, 仍然死亡。第一例气胸已持续达10天之久……

(3) 结论部分:提出结论性意见时, 如果作者认为具有普遍意义, 用一般现在时。如果作者认为自己的结论仅仅是当时的研究结果, 只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性, 则用一般过去时为好。

例:It is concluded that collateral vessels are functionally very important to the myocardium in the presence of coronary disease.

我们的结论是:冠心病患者的侧枝血管对心肌功能非常重要。

The trial showed both drugs to be effective and there was no statistically significant difference between them in their effect.

这一试验表明:2种药物都有效, 其效果在统计学上无显著性差异。

(2) 语态的运用。在英语中, 被动语态的使用远不及主动语态广泛。然而, 在翻译医学论文摘要时, 却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的叙述, 让事实本身来说明真理, 更能显出整项活动的科学性。如:“We concluded that……” (我们的结论是……) 往往写成“It is concluded that……”同时, 被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的修饰余地, 有利于使用必要的修辞手段, 扩大句子的信息量, 从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容。如:“Three new cases of gastroduodenal Crohn’s disease are presented, two with obstruction and one with massive gastrointestinal bleeding.”用被动语态译句上下连贯, 结构紧凑。

2.3.3 尽量少使用代词

在英文摘要中应该少用“it”、“that”、“which”, 否则容易引起理解上的困难。在英文表达中能找到主语的句子也一般不用“there be”句型, 例如:“there were 77 limbs survived after operation”应改为“seventy-seven limbs survived after operation”。

2.4 关键词的书写

关键词是从论文中选取出来表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语, 必须鲜明、直观, 才有助于检索。关键词一般3~7个, 通常用逗号或分号间隔。

英文摘要是中文医学论文科研成果进行国际交流最重要的一部分, 同时摘要还是电子数据库检索的依据, 而且大多数读者首先阅读的就是摘要部分, 写好英文摘要是作者写作医学论文的基本技能, 写好英文摘要重要的是多练习、多模仿。医务研究人员在编写英文摘要时, 要力求克服文化差异, 按各类期刊要求编写, 提高写作水平和期刊质量。

参考文献

[1]章恒珍.医学英文摘要写作[M].广州:暨南大学出版社, 2004.

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