中秋节英文简介

中秋节英文简介（精选7篇）

中秋节英文简介 篇1

中秋节英文版简介

In ancient times the “On the eve of Autumn Twilight” practices. On the eve of that worship Goddess. Set large incense table, put the moon cake, watermelons, apples, dates, plums, grapes other offerings, moon cake and watermelon is definitely not small. Also cut into the lotus-shaped watermelon. Under the month, the moon god on the moon that direction, Candle high burning the whole family followed by worship the moon, then the charge of the housewife cut happy moon cake. Pre-cut people who count the number of good family, at home, in the field should count together, can not cut more and no cut less the same size.

外国中秋节介绍

韩国“秋夕”

“秋夕” 是全家团圆以及为祖先祭祀扫墓的日子。我去过我一个韩国朋友家见过他们过中秋节。 比较隆重有盛大的祭祀活动。韩国的“中秋节”重视程度等同于我们的“春节”。他们的“秋夕”比我们的“中秋节”过的隆重。

韩国中秋节最大的特色，也是最重要的活动就是祭祖和省墓。农历八月十五当天清晨，河宗大一家人早早就准备好了祭祀用的供桌和各种供品，河宗大和哥哥、弟弟三人为已故的父亲分别磕头、敬酒、献食。祭祀之后，家人一起分享祭祀所用的各种水果和食物，并不时对着父亲的灵牌说上几句话，这不仅表示对长辈的尊重，也表示一起获得“福”的含义。祭拜父亲之后，河宗大兄弟三人又来到“宗家”参加祭祀，“宗家”是指同姓家族中长子的家，“宗家”负责召集家族人员对祖父、曾祖以及祖先进行祭拜，因此“宗家”的祭祀规模要更大、更加隆重。河宗大“宗家”的供桌上摆满了水果和食物，并专门准备了祭祀用的屏风，祭祀活动依然是磕头、敬酒、献食。“宗家”的祭祀活动结束后，河宗大和所有家族成员一同到祖先的墓地去扫墓，在祖先的墓地前磕头、敬酒、献食，并除去祖坟周围的杂草，以尽孝道。扫墓在韩国又称省墓，这项仪式结束后，中秋节的所有祭祀活动才算结束。在古代，人们在所有祭祀仪式结束后还要开展一些民俗游戏，如踢毽子、坐跷跷板、抽陀螺等，现在这种风俗在普通人家已经很难见到，人们更多的是在仪式结束后喝茶、聊天等。

越南“中秋节”

越南人农历八月十五也过中秋节，只是以孩子、鲤鱼为贵，显出自己特点。当晚，孩子们聆听关于阿贵的传说。相传阿贵得到仙树后，未遵仙训，用污水浇树，结果仙树腾空飞上月宫，阿贵因手拉树根，也被带往受责。晚上彩灯齐放，传说是条鲤鱼成精后害人，包公为救民用纸扎了鲤鱼灯以镇之。于是，越南人，尤其孩子在中秋夜均要提鲤鱼灯出游玩耍，还预示长大“跳龙门”之意哩!

中秋节美食

吃桂花鸭

江南一带的民间在中秋节人习俗也是多种多样。南京人中秋爱吃月饼外，必吃金陵名菜桂花鸭。“桂花鸭”于桂子飘香之时应市，肥而不腻，味美可口。酒后必食一小糖芋头，浇以桂浆，美不待言。“桂浆”，取名自屈原《楚辞·少司命》“援北方闭兮酌桂浆”。桂浆，一名糖桂花，中秋前后采摘，用糖及酸梅腌制而成。江南妇女手巧，把诗中的咏物，变为桌上佳肴。 南京人合家赏月称“庆团圆”，团坐聚饮叫“圆月”，出游街市称“走月”。

吃蟹

大闸蟹是江浙地区人们中秋必不可少的助兴菜肴，每人一只，伴着姜醋，拆分食之，是最好的消磨时间的方式。不过，大闸蟹属凉性，吃的时候要配一些黄酒暖胃，食后再饮一杯姜茶，对健康有益。

吃麻饼

四川人过中秋除了吃月饼外，还要打粑、杀鸭子、吃麻饼、蜜饼等。有的地方也点桔灯，悬于门口，以示庆祝。也有儿童在柚子上插满香，沿街舞动，叫做“舞流星香球”。嘉定县中秋节祭土地神、扮演杂剧、声乐、文物，称为“看会”。

吃南瓜

江南各地过中秋节，有钱人家吃月饼，穷苦人家有吃南瓜的风俗。“八月半吃南瓜”的风俗是怎样来的呢?传说很久很久以前，南山脚下住着一户穷苦人家，双亲年老，膝下只有一女，名叫黄花。那时连年灾荒，黄花的父母病在床上，八月十五那天，黄花在南山杂草丛中，发现两只扁圆形野瓜。她采了回来，煮给父母吃。两老吃了后食欲大增，病体也好了。黄花姑娘就把瓜子种在地里，第二年果然生根发芽，长出许多圆圆的瓜来，因为这是从南山采来的，就叫南瓜。从此，每年八月十五这一天，江南家家户户流传着八月半吃老南瓜烧糯米饭的风俗。

中秋节英文简介 篇2

Martin和White等新韩礼德 (Halliday) 学派的代表人物创立了属于人际功能范畴的评价系统 (appraisal system) , 又称评价理论 (appraisal theory) , 将表达作者/说话者的观点、态度和立场的语言资源称为评价系统, 属于阐释性研究, 主要通过评价词汇来对语言使用者的意识形态进行评价。评价理论是基于系统功能语言学探讨语篇中评价资源以揭示人际意义实现手段的理论分析框架 (李战子, 2002) 。评价理论包括三个子系统:态度 (attitude) 、介入 (engagement) 、级差 (graduation) 。其中态度分为情感 (affect) 、判断 (judgement) 、鉴赏 (appreciation) ;介入系统 (engagement) 分为会话紧缩和会话开放;级差系统 (graduation) 分为语势 (force) 和聚焦 (focus) , 语势又可以分为上升和下降。

其中, 语言在评价系统中作为“手段”, 通过对语言的分析, 来具体评价语言使用者对于某项行为、文本/过程以及事态的观点立场和态度, 所以说, 评价系统不仅仅局限于语言的表层含义, 而是通过语言的表层深刻挖掘其内涵的深层意义取向。评价理论的三个子系统态度 (attitude) , 介入 (engagement) 和级差 (graduation) 又分别进行次系统化, 态度可以划分为情感 (affect) , 判断 (judgment) 和鉴赏 (appreciation) , 三者的关系。如图2

介入系统 (engagement) 分为单声 (monogloss) 和多声 (heterogloss) ;级差系统 (graduation) 分为语势 (force) 和聚焦 (focus) 。作为系统功能语言学的新发展, 评价系统具有三大功能:一是对作者/说话者的个人意见的表达, 是个人和社会的价值系统的反应;二在作者/说话者和读者/听众之间建立维护关系的纽带;三最显而易见的功能时作者/说话者将自己对于某事某物的看法观点和感受向读者表达, 然而确定作者/说话者的看法仅仅是评价功能的一个方面, 作者/说话者的每次评价表达都形成于共同的价值系统之上, 并共同组成这种价值系统, 然后价值系统总体又反过来变成深深蕴含于所有语篇中的意识形态的组成部分。本论文为了研究中美教授简介的评价资源的分布, 作者自建语料库, 并在评价理论框架下进行分析。

二、语料来源和研究方法

本研究中, 作者自建语料库, 两个语料库分别标示为美国大学教授英文简介语料库Corpus of American Professor’sIntroductions (简称CAPI, 下同) 和中国教授英文简介语料库Corpus of Chinese Professor’s Introductions (简称CCPI, 下同) 。所有文本均依照大学排名从最新更新的中国和美国大学的英文网站上下载, 其中选取的中国大学全部具有海外教育交流计划项目。CAPI和CCPI中各包括35个文本, 每个文本的字数在135字到150字之间。为保证研究的客观性, 这些文本没有经过人为的筛选。建立语料库之后, 作者对两个语料库中的评价资源逐一标注并使用AntConc3.2.1软件进行统计分析。

三、研究发现和解读

借助Antconc3.2.1软件, 作者将标注好的评价资源统计出来, 发现两个语料库中都有丰富的评价资源出现。在CAPI中, 共有评价资源837处, 占语料总词数 (14189词) 的5.9%;而在CCPI中, 共有评价资源435处, 占语料总词数 (13293词) 的3.3%。详见表2:

1.态度资源分析

(1) 情感。通过对比分析, 发现情感资源在两个语料库中出现的最少。CAPI中出现8处, 而CCPI中仅出现3处。例 (1) :As the principal scientist, he has finished more than 15 researchprojects with honor (affect: satisfaction) . [CCPI]

例 (1) 中“with honor”是“非作者情感”, 体现了教授对学术工作的积极态度。教授简介作者称赞这位教授并公开邀请读者分享这种评价, 以此形成对该教授的好印象。“非作者情感”听起来更客观, 这符合教授简介语篇必须翔实, 有说服力的本质特点。教授简介作者把对教授的情感评价投射在潜在读者身上, 显示教授们的良好形象, 以满足潜在读者, 唤起潜在读者形成对教授们的积极印象。同时根据统计, CAPI中的情感资源比CCPI中的情感资源要多, 这也表明了母语教授简介作者倾向于公开赞美, 而中国人则倾向于含蓄。

( 2 ) 判断。在两个语料库中, 判断资源最为丰富。C A P I中出现3 9 5处, 而C C P I中出现1 9 5处。例 ( 2 ) : A n internationally renowned, prize-winning legal historian, Lawrence M. Friedman has for a generation been the leading (judgment: normality) expositor of the history of American law to a global audience of lawyers and lay people alike—and a leading (judgment: normality) figure in the law and society movement. [CAPI] 例 (3) : It was in SERC that he started work on the speciation of toxic metal ion (aluminum) and its biological effects, a research area that his group has contributed (judgment: tenacity) to for the past 12 years. [CCPI]

为了显示教授们的杰出性, 美国高校英文简介作者更倾向用“leading”“first”和“outstanding”等“常态” (normality) 资源表明教授们的杰出性, 展示教授们的独特性, 这些评价资源的使用开辟了美国大学教授简介和潜在读者之间谈判的空间, 使简介的说服力大大增强。而中国高校英文简介作者倾向于使用用“devoted”“committed”和“contributed”等“坚定” (tenacity) 资源展现教授们的献身精神和投身教学和学术工作的坚定决心。

(3) 鉴赏。在两个语料库中, 鉴赏资源也是非常丰富的, CAPI中出现212处, CCPI中出现153处。例 (6) : In 2006, hereceived the Lifetime Award for Distinguished (appreciation:quality) Contributions to Advancing the Management AccountingProfession. [CAPI] 例 (7) : He has received various awards andhonors, including: Prize for Excellent (appreciation: quality) Bachelor Thesis of Tsinghua University (1986) ; Prize for Excellent (appreciation: quality) Master Thesis of Tsinghua University (1988) . [CCPI] 例 (8) : He carried out systematical (appreciation:balance) research on distribution and productivity of coniferousforests and their modeling in China and Eurasia. [CCPI]

鉴赏系统中的“质量” (quality) 资源是显示教授良好资质的直接资源。在例6中, 政府当局授予教授的奖项或教授的代表作出版这些事件都值得读者信任教授们的学术能力, 由此可见美国教授简介作者更重视教授们在学术课程和学术论著出版上的努力;而在例7中, 中国教授简介作者更重视教授们在学术生涯中获得的奖项, 这体现了中国文化对等级和权威的尊重, 因此评价资源的不同分布清楚地显示了中西文化价值取向的的差异。鉴赏系统中的“平衡” (balance) 资源在中国教授简介文本中更频繁地出现, CAPI只中出现2次, 而CCPI中出现了8次。中国教授简介作者写出的教授简介比较“套路化”, 从中可以投射出中国文化心理, 那就是中国正在构建和谐社会, 学术的发展也应该是和谐的。

2.介入资源分析

在本文的两个语料库中, 介入资源出现的很少。用AntConc3.2.1软件统计后, 介入资源的分布如下:介入资源只出现在“借言”系统中, CAPI中出现18处, 而CCPI中仅出现8处。教授简介作者用“借言” (heterogloss) 的方式赞扬教授们在各个领域取得的荣誉, 告知潜在读者教授们在教学和学术活动中的能力。借言的应用很明显的原因是其听起来更加客观。例 (9) : Professor Liu Wenhua pointed out that the researchachievements“not only laid stress on the research direction ofeconomic legal history in the studies of legal historiography, but (engagement: contract: counter) also filled the blank in thetheory research of economic law science”. [CCPI] 例 (10) :This metric allows us to define boundaries and detect change incomplex patterns in the landscape which up until now was not (engagement: deny) possible. [CAPI]

在例 (9) 中, 单词“but”会激发读者的比较认知。教授简介作者首先指出了教授的经济法律史学术成果, 然后通过使用“但是”, 调用了读者的注意, 让读者关注他对经济法的理论研究。而“否认” (deny) 资源只出现在美国教授的简介里, 在例 (10) 中, 简介作者用“not”强调了这一事实, 那就是教授们可以处理之前无法解决的复杂性的问题。由此, 读者可以轻松地共享美国教授简介作者的对教授学术能力的的赞美, 毫无疑问, 教授的学术水平是吸引读者在录取某些大学之前作出选择的关键因素。

3.级差资源分析

在本文的两个语料库中, 级差资源的分布排在第二位。CAPI中出现212处, 而CCPI中出现153处。分析发现“聚焦” (focus) 资源很少发生在两个语料库中, CAPI中只出现27处, CCPI中仅有9处, 这不难理解:教授简介作者用上升的“语势” (force) 来彰显教授们的能力。两个语料库中的语势资源大大多于聚焦资源, 这意味着大多数的级差资源都是关于教授学术质量和过程的度的评估。例 (11) : AfterBerkeley, Dick's work took two closely (graduation: process) related directions. [CAPI] 例 (12) : Owing to his idea, the rateof success of this operation has been increased significantly (graduation: process) . [CCPI] 例 (13) : She is fully (graduation:focus) committed to helping teachers use the knowledge gainedthrough her research and has authored the Causal Patterns inScience Curriculum series. [CCPI]

级差资源通常很难绝对地剥离开, 因为它贯穿整个评价系统。在例 (11) 中, “closely”, 和“significantly”的语势是上升的, 着重强调了教授和他们的学术课程之间的关系, 从而加强了读者关于教授们献身他们教学科研岗位的印象。虽然级差资源在两个语料库中大量出现, 并且所有的语势都是上升的, 但是聚焦资源出现的频率并不高, 因为像单词“truly”, “wholly”太过于绝对性, 不是非常适合去传达教授们的个人魅力。

四、结语

综上, 通过细致的对比分析, 发现中美高校网页上的教授英文简介在评价资源的分布上有以下共同之处。第一, 在态度系统中, 中美高校网页上的教授英文简介都倾向使用“非作者情感”而不是“作者情感”, 判断和鉴赏资源都是最丰富的, 其中判断的“能力”资源占据最大的比重;第二, 在介入系统中, 中美高校网页上的教授英文简介都使用“借言”而非“自言”;第三, 在缉查系统中, 所有的语势都是上升的。同时, 中美高校网页上的教授英文简介在评价资源分布上又有以下两方面的差异。第一, 中国高校教授英文简介的评价资源大大少于美国高校英文简介中出现的频率;第二, 在判断子系统中, 美国高校教授简介作者倾向使用“常态”来彰显教授的次性, 而中国简介作者倾向使用“坚定”来显示教授在教学和科研中的献身精神。基于以上研究结果, 希望未来的研究者能扩大评价理论在教授简介语篇中的应用, 进一步发掘这一语篇丰富的人际意义。同时, 作者希望上述研究结果能够对中国教授英文简介的写作带来一些启发:通过改进中国高校网络媒体英文语篇的质量, 提高中国高校的国际知名度, 促进中国高校的对外交流与合作。

摘要：近年来, 随着中国高等教育对外交流的发展, 高校网络媒体上的英文语篇逐渐受到研究者的关注。高校英文网站上的教授英文简介是高校向世界展示学校形象的重要窗口, 也是促进高校国际交流的主要平台。评价理论是基于系统功能语言学探讨语篇中评价资源以揭示语篇人际意义实现手段的理论分析框架。本文为了研究中美高校英文网站教授简介语篇中评价资源的分布, 作者自建语料库, 并在评价理论框架下对评价资源在态度、判断、级差三个子系统中的分布进行了对比分析。

关键词：评价理论,态度,介入,级差,对比分析,中美高校,英文网站,教授简介

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中秋节英文简介 篇3

关键词元话语 分类 交际元话语 互动元话语

中图分类号:H03文献标识码:A

1 引言

语言是交际的一种手段,而交际不仅涉及信息、物品或服务的交换,而且涉及交际双方的个性、态度和观点。而元话语则可以帮助我们了解说话人或作者对语篇内容和读者/听话者(以下合称“受众”)的态度。什么是元话语?元话语一词最早由Zellig Harris 提出, 早先常常被称作“关于话语的话语”和“关于谈话的谈话”(Hyland, 2005),到现在它被定义为“用来协商语篇互动意义的自我反省表达形式,能帮助作者/说话人表达观点,与作为社会成员的读者进行交际。(Hyland, 2008)”。

语言包含两个层面:基本话语 (primary discourse) 和元话语(metadiscourse)。Hyland和T se(2004: 157)认为,对元话语的理解有狭义和广义之分,狭义的观点是,强调话语的组织篇章的功能;广义的观点是,元话语体现了作者在篇章中所表现出来的运用语言和修辞的方法以及把话语组织和话语含义结合起来的方法。元话语的分类存在许多不同意见,使人莫衷一是,但大多数分类都是基于由Vande Kopple(1985)的分类上。目前,中国社会科学院语言所的徐赳赳将元话语分为了三大类词语元话语、标点元话语、视觉元话语。

笔者基于前人的研究成果对中英文学校简介的元话语使用情况进行比较,需要强调的是笔者谈的元话语是书面语。笔者分别考察了五个国外著名学府的英文简介和五个国内著名学府的中文简介,以此来进行比较。

2 元话语分类及讨论

元话语可以分为三大类:词语元话语、标点元话语、视觉元元话语。

2.1词语元话语

对元话语分类的讨论主要集中在词汇类,从目前研究来看,主要有三种分法: (1)篇章元话语(textual metadiscourse)和人际元话语( interpersonal metadiscourse); (2)交际元话语( interactive resources)和互动式元话语( interactional resources); (3)内部篇章元话语( intra-textual)和外部篇章元话语( inter-textual)。我们现就第二种分类来进行分析。

根据Hyland(2008)交际元话语包含:过渡语(transitions),框架标记(frame markers)回指标记(endophoric markers),言据标记(evidentials)、语码注释(code glosses);而互动元话语包含:模糊语(hedges)、增强语(boosters)、态度标记(ttitude markers)、自称语(self mentions)、介入标记(engagement markers)

英文学校简介中出现的框架标记回指标记言据标记语码注释比较少,过渡语的比例也不大。而中文学校简介中,交际元话语相对出现较多且尤以过渡语出现较多,也就是说,就交际元话语来说,中文学校简介比英文学校简介使用的频率较多。举例如下:

But it is not just longevity and global reach过渡语

However, you can ask students and professors about their research. Also, displays of various projects are posted on the walls of most departments. 过渡语

也是当时中国最高教育行政机关。过渡语

据不完全统计,北京大学的校友和教师有400多位两院院士 言据标记

并成为国家“211工程”重点建设的两所大学之一。过渡语

然而,在学校简介中,互动元话语的情况则相反。英文学校在简介中大量使用了介入标记、自称语等。例:

you are visiting for more detailed instructions 介入标记

we hope you have a day to spend in Cambridge 自称语、介入标记

There are labs you might not have heard of, activities that you might expect, and others that will surprise you. Let us show you around. 模糊语、介入标记

Caltech students are very friendly and approachable. They also are refreshingly honest. Most will be happy to tell you about their classes,增强语

we do not offer tours of or access to the labs.(自称语)

Perhaps the best way to get to know Caltech is to soak up(模糊语)

we are delighted that via this website you are joining that long tradition.态度标记

That is why we believe that the greater we can make Oxford, the greater its contribution to the well-being of the world you and I share. 自称语通过使用第二人称代词、评价性评语等互动话语能使作者(本文中即学校)参与到文本中从而更清晰地表达信息并激发读者参与的激情。然而,在中文学校简介中几乎很少看到有互动元话语。也这可能主要是因为中国人写文章讲求严谨,客观性,而少有考虑到与学生的互动。

2.2标点元话语

在书面文本中,各种各样的标点符号及版面排版等,例如:下划线、首字母大写等也能表明文本的重点和作者的态度。(Crismore et al 1993)Hyland和Tse (2004: 157)认为,通过使用元话语,作者就可以把单调的、零散的篇章组成相互关联的、读者所喜爱的篇章,元话语还可把篇章跟语境联系起来,表达作者的人际意义,提高篇章的可信度,提高读者的阅读兴趣。从这个角度看,元话语是属于功能的范畴,因此,有些标点、句子排列的次序等都可列入元话语的范畴。在中英文学校简介中有例:

They would love the challenge!

豫章故郡,旧邦维新,我们一起见证江西在中部的崛起!

斯文正印,继往开来,我们相与共建昌大在中华之腾飞!

形成了“前湖之风”周末讲坛

2.3视觉元话语

人们对元话语的研究都集中在篇章本身,给人的感觉好像篇章只是涉及词、句子和段落。其实,元话语还应包括篇章的视觉成分,如版面排版、颜色搭配等。

在中英文各大学的学校简介中我们可看到许多附上的彩图,从而在视觉上给读者以冲击力,以吸引更多的学生到校求学。

3 结语

从以上比较我们可看出英文学校简介更注重与学生的平等对话,且英语国家重视受教育的公平性人性化管理。英国的教育注重人本化,以人为本是教育的核心理念学校与学生没有教育方(老师)和受教育方(学生)尊严的隔阂,更多的是民主平等的师生关系,是人与人之间的平等沟通。在中国的学校似乎将学生永远放置在从属地位。对于学生而言,对老师的绝对服从就是尊师的体现——“尊师如尊父”。所以在中国的学校简介中,只是将大量的有关学校的信息灌输给学生,学生只是被动地接受信息。而没有注重与学生互动,以便引起学生积极性。

中国已经加入WTO多年,我们在经济和社会与国际接轨的同时,也要注重教育与国际的接轨,在面向各国宣传学校文化时,可以在元话语的使用上做适当调整,使我们的学校及教育更容易被全世界的大众所接受。相信随着中西文化交流的日益加深,人们之间的距离会逐渐变小,希望通过对中英教育文化中的几个非常具有代表性方面的略述,能够提供中西方文化交流、取长补短的方便。

参考文献

[1] yland,K.Metadiscourse:ExploringInteractioninWriting[M].London:Continuum,2005.

[2] Hyland,K.Metadiscourse.2008.

[3] 徐赳赳.关于元话语的范围和分类[J].当代语言学,2006(4):345～353.

法国英文简介 篇4

Official name French Republic Capital Paris Official language French Population 64,100,000 people Rank among countries in population 21st Major cities Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse

210,000 square miles Area

544,000 square kilometers Rank among countries in area 47th

Mont Blanc Highest point

15,782 feet/4,810 meters Currency Euro

VARIED LANDSCAPES France is the biggest country in western Europe.Most of the land in the north is flat and close to sea level.Hills cover central and southern France, and huge mountains rise along the country’s borders.The Pyrenees divide France from Spain, its neighbor to the southwest.The Alps mark its border with Italy and Switzerland to the east.Most of France has mild weather.However, the French Alps get plenty of snow.Some of the world’s finest ski resorts are found here.In the southeast, France borders the Mediterranean Sea.The coast along the Mediterranean is called the Riviera.Warm, dry weather and beautiful scenery make the Riviera a famous winter resort.It’s long been associated with wealth and glamour.THE FRENCH COUNTRYSIDE The French countryside is divided into tidy farms and dotted with pretty towns.Here and there, old castles loom on hills.The castles were built hundreds of years ago, when nobles ruled France.Big rivers, like the Loire and the Seine, provide water for French farms.Canals connect the major rivers in France.People can travel on this network of waterways.The canals are like an extra set of highways.WINE AND CHEESE Vineyards and dairy farms in the countryside produce products for which France is best known.Vineyards grow grapes that are made into wine.Cheese comes from the dairy farms.France produces more wine than any other country in the world.Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Champagne are important grape-growing regions in France.All three have given their names to kinds of wine.France also is known for producing some of the best cheeses in the world.They include Camembert, chèvre(made from goat’s milk), and Roquefort.THE CAPITAL OF FUN Three-fourths of the people of France live in cities and towns.France has ports, such as Marseille, and factory towns, such as Lyon.Paris, however, is by far the most important French city.About 10 million people live in and around this lively and lovely city.Artists have long been drawn to Paris.A famous art movement called impressionism was born here.The best-known museum in France—the Louvre—is in Paris.The Louvre contains one of the world’s most famous paintings, the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.Tourists also love Paris for its nightlife, restaurants, and sidewalk cafés.They flock to see beautiful buildings such as Notre Dame, a huge church that is more than 700 years old.They visit the Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark that’s nearly 1,000 feet(300 meters)high.THE BIRTH OF FRANCE Paris was founded more than 2,000 years ago.It was just a small town until the AD 800s.At that time, France was the western part of a big empire built by a tribe called the Franks.The greatest king of the Franks was Charlemagne.He ruled from 768 to 814.After his death, his three grandsons divided his empire.The western part eventually became France.For about four centuries, the kings of France had little power.During a conflict with England, the French came to think of themselves as a nation.The conflict, known as the Hundred Years’ War, lasted from 1337 to 1453.After the war, the power of the French king began to grow.The king’s power peaked with Louis XIV, who ruled from 1643 to 1715.He was known as the Sun King because he took the Sun—the brightest star in our sky—as his symbol.Louis XIV built the world’s grandest palace at Versailles, just outside Paris.All over Europe, people came to think of Paris as a center for art, culture, and fun.THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The fun didn’t last.The king and the members of his court lived splendidly, but the French people were dreadfully poor.In 1789, the poor rebelled.They overthrew the king and the nobles.They demanded liberty and equality for all.These events began the French Revolution, which lasted until 1799.After the revolution, a military leader named Napoleon seized power in France.He led French armies as they conquered much of Europe.Britain and Russia joined forces to defeat him.TODAY’S FRANCE

水稻简介(英文描述) 篇5

Introduction: Introduction The world’s first genome of a crop plant that was completely sequenced Rice-monocarpic annual plant that usually grows between 1 and 1.8 meters tall with long slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad.Its small, wind-pollinated flowers are characteristic of grasses.The seed is a grain normally 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick The rice genome is well mapped and well characterized, estimated 400 to 430 Mb.Japonica and Indica: Japonica and Indica three main varieties-Oryza sativa : Indica : variety is long-grained, for ex.Basmati rice, grown notably on the Indian sub-continent.Japonica : Japonica rice is short-grained & high in amylopectin(thus becoming “sticky” when cooked), and is grown mainly in more temperate or colder regions such as Japan.Javonica : Javonica rice is broad-grained & grown in tropical climates.Rice is a model cereal plant: Rice is a model cereal plant The small size of its genome(430 Mb)its relatively short generation time its relative genetic simplicity(it is diploid, or has two copies of each chromosome).easy to transform genetically.belongs to the grass family the greatest biodiversity of cereal crops

Institute which sequence the particular chromosome: Institute which sequence the particular chromosome Sr no.Rice sequence participant Chromosomes 1 Rice Genome R esearch Program(RGP)Japan 1,6,7,8 2 Korea Rice Genome Research Program(Korea)1 3 CCW(US)CUG(Clemson university)Cold spring Harbor University 3,10 4 TIGR –US 3,10 5 PGIR-US 10 6 University of Wisconsin-US 11 7 National Center of Gene Research Chinese Academy of science-china 4 8 Indian rice genome program-university of Delhi 11 9 Academia sinica plant genomic center(Taiwan)5 10 Genoscope-France 12

PowerPoint Presentation: Sr no.Rice sequence participant Chromosomes 13 Universidad fedral de Pelotas-Brazil 12 14 Kasetsant University –Thailand 9 15 MG Gill University –Canada 9 16 John innescenter –U.K 2

Milestone in rice genome sequencing : Milestone in rice genome sequencing 2)Feb 1998-IRGSP launched under coordination of RGP 1)Sept 1997 – Sequencing of the rice genome was initiated as an international collaboration among 10 countries 5)Dec 2002 – IRGSP finished high-quality draft sequence(clone-by-clone approach)with a sequence length, excluding overlaps, of 366 Mb corresponding to ~92%-RG 3)April 2000 – Monsanto Co.produced a draft sequence of BAC covering 260 Mb of the rice genome;95% of rice genes were identify identified 4)Feb 2001 – Syngenta produced a draft sequence & identified 32,000 to 50,000 genes, 99.8% sequence accuracy & identified 99% of the rice genes 6)Dec 2004-IRGSP produce the high-quality ’ sequence-entire rice genome;with 99.99% accuracy & without any sequence gap

Indian complete work on RG sequence : Indian complete work on RG sequence The IRGSP initiated Japan in 1997 and it got under way in 1998.The project estimated to cost about $200 million.India joined-IRGSP in June 2000 and chose to sequence a part of chromosome 11.India has invested Rs.48.83 crores for the “Indian Initiative for Rice Genome Sequencing(IIRGS)”.The initiative is a joint effort by the Department of Plant Molecular Biology(DPMB), University of Delhi South Campus(UDSC)and the National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology(NRCPB)and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute(IARI), New Delhi.PowerPoint Presentation: The Indian share of chromosome 11 has been equally divided between these two centres.It was known to carry several diseases resistant gene including in Xac1bacterial blight resistant gene-selected Finding: chromosome segment sequence by IARI involve-6.825 million bp & predicted 1005 gene –with unknown function

Methods: Methods Clone-by-clone Generate a genomic library endonuclease digest Ligation into BACs Transformation in E.coli Collection of clone DNA fragment result in genomic DNA library

PowerPoint Presentation: Shotgun sequencing Genome is broken into much smaller, overlapping fragment.Each fragment is sequenced Genome is assembled on overlapping sequencing Useful for sequencing small genome

Structure of rice chromosome: Structure of rice chromosome

Observation Table : Observation Table Organism type relevance Genome size Chromosome no.No.of predicted gene Organisation Year of completion Sequence method done Rice Oryza sativa.J aponica nipponbare Crop & model plant 466MB 12 35,000-50,000 IRGSP 2002 Shot gun Rice Oryza sativa.indica Crop 420MB 12 46,022-55,615 Beijing genomic institute 2002 Whole genome shot gun

Significant findings from the sequencing of rice genome : Significant findings from the sequencing of rice genome The rice genome is about 389 mb , 370.7 mb has been sequenced, 18.1 mb unsequenced.Sequenced segment represents 99% of euchromatin and 95% of rice genome The rice genome has-40,000 genes(37,344 coding genes)One gene can be found every 9.9 kb, a lower density than that observed in Arabidopsis.29% in clustered gene families 71% putative homology with Arabidosis , 90% Arabidopsis genes have putative homologue with rice.2,859 genes unique to rice and other cereals

Application : Application Understanding-plant evolution & the differences between monocots & dicots Improve-efficiency of rice breeding.Improve-nutritional value of rice, enhance crop yield by improving seed quality, resistance to pests and diseases & plant hardiness Development of gene-specific markers for marker-assisted breeding of new and improved rice varieties How a plant responds to the environment and which genes control various functions-plant

PowerPoint Presentation: Repetitive DNA is estimated to constitute at least 50% of the rice genome

北平居英文简介 篇6

责任公司（国有企业），是经营老北京特

色佳肴、北京烤鸭为主的连锁餐饮分公司。

Bei Ping Ju restaurant attach to Beijing HuaXingXinYe commercial limited liability company(state-owned business), and it is a restaurant specializing in traditional Beijing cuisine, Beijing roast duck, and other delicacies.Bei Ping Ju is a restaurant specializing in cooking traditional Beijing cuisine, Beijing roast duck and other delicacies, which is under the Beijing HuaXingXinYe commercial Ltd., Co.(a state-owned enterprise).旗舰店简介：

北平居地安门店地处繁华的什刹海旅游商业区，南临地安门商场，北接鼓楼大街，西靠后海风景区，经营面积达2000平方米，是一家以经营老北京特色佳肴、烤鸭为主的餐厅。2011重新开业，店面装饰华丽，古色古香，将精美的菜品与传统的地域风格融为一体，给人以古朴典雅之感。地安门店开业一年来不断挖掘和创新老北京菜肴精品，代表菜有挂炉烤鸭、扒猪脸、家炖黄鱼、炸咯喳等美味佳肴。许多中外宾客慕名而来，感受鼓楼风情、享受老北京佳肴。逛什刹海风景、品北平居烤鸭。地址：西城区地安门外大街29号

电话：010-6402001

2Brief introduction of flagship store:

Bei Ping Ju Di’anmen branch store located at the prosperous recreational business district of Shicha Lake, surrounded by the DiAnMen shopping mall Gulou Street and HouHai beauty spot.Its business area covers 2000 square meters, and it is a restaurant specializing in the food of Beijing traditional delicacies and Beijing roast duck.It is splendid and is of antique beauty now after the renovation of 2011, combining delicacies with the area style, which impresses on customers the feeling of quaint and elegant.For over a year, the restaurant has created numerous Beijing traditional delicacies continually, such as roasted duck in stove, 扒猪脸, stewing yellow croaker, 炸咯吱 and so on.Many home and abroad guests are attracted here to enjoy the style of GuLou, Beijing traditional delicacies.Strolling ShiCha Lake and tasting roast duck.Our flagshop DiAnMen branch located at the ShiCha Lake area----which is one of most prosperous recreational business regions in Beijing.Being the

southern end of archaic GuLou street, facing the DiAnMen shopping mall, it is also a place to tour the beauty HouHai sceneries.After renovation in 2011, it has 2000 square meters area of an antique-style available for guests who may tasting plenty of delicious traditional Beijing delicacies here, such as roasted duck in stove, Braised pig faces, stewing yellow croaker, Fried creakand so on.For the fame, guests are coming here to enjoy crusine, strolling ShiCha Lake, feeling the antique-style of GuLou.Address: No.29 DiAnMenWai Street Xicheng district

Telephone: 010-64020012

第一店简介：

北平居第一店是由地安门外大街108号，拆迁搬至北新华街96号。它北临长安街、北京音乐厅，南临和平门地铁站，东临天安门广场、国家大剧院。经营面积达600平方米，装修复古、舒适，尽显老北京风貌。品纯正的北平居菜肴，带您欣赏老北京风情。北平居自2004年创办以来，一直以经营老北京菜为主要特色，经过不断地改良和创新，以菜式之精，服务之诚，价格之忧、环境之雅，赢得了新老朋友的口碑相传，许多消费者慕名远道而来，为企业创造了良好的经济效益和社会效益。特色豆汁、麻香豆腐，晶莹剔透的炒红果、老北京炸酱面、诱人的挂炉烤鸭都会让人唇齿留香，回味无穷。相信到北平居 就餐，是您无悔的选择。地址：西城区北新华街96号

电话：010-66057097

Brief introduction the First store

Bei Ping Ju first store originally located at No.108 DiAnMenWai Street, and now moved to No.96 NorthXinHua Street, and it is surrounded by ChangAn Street, Beijing music hall, HePingMen railway station, Tiananmen Square and National Centre for the Performing Arts.Its business area covers 600 square meters, and it is decorated with tradition and comfort reflecting the traditional Beijing.Tasting delicacies and enjoying the style of traditional Beijing.Since it has been set up in 2004, Bei Ping Ju, specializing in the Beijing traditional food at all times.Through the food improvement and innovation, with delicious dishes, warm services, good price, elegant

atmosphere, the restaurant gains public praise by the new and old customers.Numerous guests are attracted here by its reputation, which create good benefit for the company in economy and society.You will be fascinated by the Douzhir, MaToFu, Fry hawthorn, Traditional Beijing Bean sauce noodles, Roast duck in stove, we firmly believe that having meal in Bei Ping Ju will be your best choice.Bei Ping Ju first store, now located at No.96 North XinHua Street, there are ChangAn street, Beijing Music Hall at north, near by HePinMen MTR station at south, and TianAnMen square, National Performing Center at east.It is decorated with as traditional Beijing style, has 600 square meters available for dinners.Since it has been set up in 2004, Bei Ping Ju, specializing in cooking the traditional Beijing foods at all times.After continuingimprovement and innovation, it is famous for it’s delicious dishes, warm services, good price, elegant atmosphere, and gains public praise by the new and old customers.Guests might be fascinated by the Douzhir, MaToFu, Fry hawthorn, Traditional Beijing Bean sauce noodles, Roast duck in stove.Having a meal in Bei Ping Ju will be the best choice surely.Address, No.96 NorthXinHua Street Xicheng district

中秋节英文简介 篇7

China has witnessed a rapid growth in tourism industry and the number of overseas visitors coming to China is increasing every year.For overseas visitors,historical scenic spots and museums are always the first choice for sightseeing,since the various cultural relics there offer them a good opportunity to learn Chinese history and culture.Therefore,the translation of the introductions of displayed exhibits serves the bridge of effective communication between cultures.

The translation of cultural relics has always been attracting experts’attention in researches.However,most of them study from the perspective of foreignization and domestication,the criteria of“faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance”or Theory of Adaptation,and the analysis of cultural relics usually focus on the lexical level.For example,Shi Xinmin examines the criteria for translating the cultural relics and lists some English translations of bronzes unearthed in Shannxi province[1].Liu Qingyuan[2]studies the translation of the names of cultural relics in Hunan Provincial Museum with the principle of expressiveness and faithfulness.This paper,therefore,will concentrate on how to mind-shift between cultures when translating the introduction of cultural relics,which covers both the lexical and textual level.

2 The Theoretical Frames of Analysis in This Paper

Since translation and culture are closely related with each other,how to deal with the cultural issues in cultural relic’s translation has become the focus of this paper.Jin Huikang[3]points ou that translation is difficult in that language reflects culture,is loaded with cultural connotation and influenced by culture.It is the same case with translating introductions of cultural relics,for these valuable exhibits excavated from the earth usually conveys culturespecific features and information,which are difficult to communicate across cultures.

Translating is never a decoding-encoding model,which cop-ies the surface information from the original text to the target text.Instead,translators are suggested to take frame-driven approach,in which the mediator will be able to understand the frames of inter-pretation in the source culture and will be able to produce a textwhich would create a similar set of interpretation frames to be ac-cessed in the target reader’s mind[4].Here in the case of translat-ing cultural relics,we are not looking for linguistic equivalence be-tween English and Chinese,but how reality is constructed betweendifferent languages so that the overseas visitors can understand andappreciate the cultural relics as Chinese do.Therefore,translation studies should be explored in the broad

context of cultural studies,for translation aims to exchange cul-tures and concerns culture rather than language[5].In order toachieve this goal,translators should be good at mind-shifting be-tween cultures in practice,and three ways will be discussed intranslating cultural relics:generalization,deletion and distortion.Generalization is often employed when there is no equivalence be-tween languages or cultures.What’s more,we can turn to chunk-ing up,chunking down and chunking sideways to find a possible so-lution in translating culture-specific images between different lan-guages.Deletion,in a broad sense,includes both adding and delet-ing in translation,so that we can bring the implicit information toexplicit.This method is widely used in translating cultural relicsbecause such texts usually contain persons,times,poems or eventswhich cannot be understood by target readers through literal trans-lation.As for distortion,it is a way of directing addressee to whatthe speaker or writer considers is important[4].Peter Newmark cate-gories texts into three types:expressive type,informative type andvocative type[6].The introductions of cultural relics fall into the in-formative type,as they offer visitors the basic information and back-ground information about the valuable objects in museums or sce-nic spots.Therefore,translating informative texts usually adopt acommunicative approach,which are reader-oriented.In practice,sometimes it is acceptable to leave behind some words or evensome sentences when translating these texts[7].

3 Case Study of Cultural Relics Translation in Yun-gang Grottoes

By far we have discussed various ways of mind-shifting between different cultures in translation.In this chapter,the ChineseEnglish translation of the cultural relics in Yungang Grottoes will be analyzed in details.

Yungang Grottoes is located near Datong city,Shanxi Province.They are one of the three most famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China(the others are Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang).The 252 caves and 51,000 statues in Yungang Grottoes represent the outstanding achievements of Buddhist cave art and stone carving in China during the 5thand 6th centuries[8,9].These masterpieces of Chinese ancient caves therefore have attracted tens of thousands of visitors both from home and abroad every year.In order to promote visitors’understanding of these excellent ancient works,a brief introduction is displayed outside of each cave,both in Chinese and English version.However,these English versions are not always without problems.On one hand,the English versions of caves are full of grammatical mistakes;on the other hand,even if the English version is grammatically acceptable,the cross-cultural awareness is weak in translation.These problems will surely pose obstacles in appreciating the marvelous works of the overseas visitors.The following analysis will only deal with the culture-related problems in C-E translation which is collected in 2012,and adapted versions will be provided.

3.1 Generalization

Example a.第十四窟

公元四九四—五二五年

……西璧下层方形龛内,左维摩,右文殊,正中一立菩萨右手托钵、左手执莲,表现的是……

...In the square niche on the lower level of the west wall arecarved with Vimaiakirti on the left side,and Majusri on the right...A standing bodhisattva between them hold an alms bowl in theright and a lotus in the left.

“维摩”(full name“维摩诘”),“Vimalakīrti”in Sanskrit,is a central figure in the Buddhist and originally refers to those who are clean and pure.“文殊”is also a bodhisattva in Chinese Buddhism,who represents the soul of wisdom and intelligence.The English version“Vimaiakirti”and“Majusri”are the exact literal translation from Chinese,but this kind of translation does not always make sense to overseas visitors,especially those who come from America and European countries and share a totally different reli-gious system with the Orientals.

Therefore in this case,where there is no equivalence of“维摩”and“文殊”in English,translators should perform generalization so that the foreigners can understand who these two persons are and why they are significant figures in religion.Firstly we chunk up“维摩”and“文殊”to a higher level in Chinese culture,that is“two important figures in Chinese Buddhism”;and then we chunk sideways to find the English equivalences at the same level,that is“two bodhisattvas”.There is no need to chunk down and dig out some important figures in western religions,who have the same significance as“维摩”and“文殊”in Chinese Buddhism,so we just stop chunking here.The whole procedure of chunking up and sideways chunking can be shown in Figure 1.

Here is the suggested translation:

“Cave No.14

494-525 A.D.

...In the square niche on the lower level of the west wall,thereare two carved bodhisattvas,who are the important figures in Chi-nese Buddhism...”

3.2 Deletion

In the introductions of caves in Yungang Grottoes,there are numbers of poems and religious stories which are strange to Chinese people,not to mention the overseas visitors.Therefore,when translating the cave introductions into English,the absent informa-tion should be added to facilitate visitors’understanding of the cul-tural relics.Here are some examples in terms of addition or dele-tion of information in the C-E translation.

Example b.石鼓洞(第一窟)

公元四七一—四九四年

第一、二窟为一组塔庙双窟,窟外两侧各残存一座单层方塔。第一窟外壁明窗东侧题刻清代朱廷翰《游云冈石佛寺诗》。……北璧主像为交脚弥勒菩萨。东璧下层浮雕“晱子本生”故事。据考证,第一、二窟辽代以前建为护国寺,为云冈十寺之一。明清号曰“石鼓寒泉”,属云中八景之一。

Stone Drum Cave(Cave No.1)

471-494 A.D.

Cave No.1 and Cave No.2 are a set of stupa shrine typedcaves.On both outsides of one cave still remained a square pagodaseparately.Zhu Tinghan,the poet of Qing,whose poem“Visit Yungang Grottoes”is inscribed on the eastern side of hamming windowoutside of Cave No.1....The primary image on north wall is cross-ing feet Maitreya.On the bottom of east wall depicted a Jataka story of Samaka in relief.According to the textual research,Cave No.1and Cave No.2 are Hu Guo Temple before Liao Dynasty,is one often temples in Yungang,it is named“Stone Drum Cool Spring”during Ming and Qing,belong to one of eight sights of Yungang.

When translating“清代朱廷翰《游云冈石佛寺诗》”,thetranslator adds the additional information“the poet of Qing”afterZhu Tinghan.This is a good example of addition in translation,be-cause both Zhu Tinghan and his poems are not familiar to foreignvisitors.However,the English version of“‘晱子本生’故事”(“a Jataka story of Samaka”)is too simple and overseas visitors willshow blank comprehension when facing such strange words.Mean-while,the translator literally transfers“护国寺”into“Hu GuoTemple”,which makes no sense to foreigners.Therefore additionalinformation about this story and the temple should be added to en-hance the effectiveness of the translation.What’s more,translating“辽代”into“Liao Dynasty”is not enough and therefore the time ofreign should be given.

A suggested English version would be“On the bottom if theeast wall,there depicted a Jataka story of Samaka in relief,the sto-ry of a dutiful son.Archeological evidence has shown that CaveNo.1 and Cave No.2 were built as Hu Guo Temple(a temple for theblessing of the nation)before Liao Dynasty(around 901-1125 A.D.)”

Apart from these,it is unnecessary to translate expressionslike“云冈十寺之一”、“云中八景之一”in English.“one of tentemples in Yungang”and“one of eight sights of Yungang”will en-tail greater efforts for visitors to understand and may confuse theminstead.Therefore,it is suggested that this kind of information inChinese should be deleted when translating into English.

3.3 Distortion

Example c.寒泉洞(第二窟)

公元四七一—四九四年

窟外壁明窗上方及西侧题刻“山水有清音”、“云深处”。窟内三级方塔居中,塔面上刻出瓦筒、檐椽、门拱等仿木建筑构件,上层四角镂刻八角柱。

Cool Spring Cave(Cave No.2)

471-494 A.D.

The words of“landscape has clear sound”and“the deep of the cloud”are inscribed on the top and western side of hamming win-dow outside wall of the cave.The central pillar is three levels...

The translation of“山水有清音”、“云深处”(“landscape has clear sound”and“the deep of the cloud”)is acceptable literally.But judging from the perspective of cultural communication,thistranslation is far from satisfactory.As a matter of fact,the inscrip-tion on the wall is in Chinese.If we translate the inscription intoEnglish words,it leaves visitors an impression that the inscriptionwas originally in English,which is full of absurdity.Therefore,thetranslation should be distorted somehow and present the truth tothe public.A suggested version would be“The words of‘山水有清音’and‘雲深處’are inscribed on the top and western side ofhamming window outside the wall of the cave.”

Example d.释迦佛洞(第六窟)

公元四七一—四九四年

该窟为中心柱窟,亦名支提、塔庙窟,雕饰富丽,被誉为“云冈第一伟观”,是世界雕刻艺术史上的奇迹。窟内中央方形塔柱分上下层,高15米。上层四面各镌一立佛二菩萨,四角镂雕大象承驮九级楼阁式方塔;下层四面开龛坐佛。窟内四壁上层环列立佛十一尊,华盖承悬,器宇轩昂。窟顶格状,格间可见骑乘各种动物的多臂多首天神。窟内现存反映释迦一生的佛传故事图三十余幅,集中表现了佛主从诞生到出家、弘法等一系列具有标志性纪念意义的场面。这些故事图雕刻,结构合理,手法简朴,为犍陀罗艺术东传的新创造,弥足珍贵。

Cave of Sakyamuni(Cave No.6)

471-494 A.D.

This is a cave with a central column,also known as a stupa temple cave”.It is richly decorated and is praised as the most spectacular one in Yungang.The square column in the center is 15 meters high and was divided into two levels.Each side of the upper level enshrines a standing Buddha and two Bodhisattvas.The elephant at the four corners carries a nine-story square pagoda on its back which is depicted in hollow relief.Each side of the lower level has a niche with one sitting Buddha.Eleven standing Buddhas are depicted on the upper portion of the four walls.The ceiling of the cave is decorated with a checkered pattern.Some celestial beings with many heads and many arms are riding in animals in each checkered square.There are about 30 plots from the story of Buddha’s life.These tell the entire story from the birth of Buddha to how he became a monk and the Buddha,forming a series of magnificent scenes,the carvings of the story are properly composed,simple and plain,it is a new creative work of Eastern Gandhara Bud-dhist art,and is rare in existing Buddhist art.

The above English version of the Chinese introduction of Cave No.6 is a very loyal translation,for the translator nearly puts every word into English and no information is left behind.However,setting aside the grammatical mistakes,this loyal translation will not always work for overseas visitors as expected.Actually Cave No.6in Yungang Grottoes is famous for its stone carvings,which vividly shows visitors the life story of Sakyamuni,and it is this part of introduction(words in italics)that should be highlighted in translation Therefore the translator is responsible for manipulating and distorting the original text.It is a way of directing addressee to what the speaker or writer considers is important and functions like a zoom lens allowing the reader to focus on certain aspects,leaving other aspects in the background[4].What’s more,introductions of caves,as a kind of public signs,convey information in a clear and effective way.Therefore,the translation should follow the principles of consistency,conciseness and comprehensibility[10].

The adapted version suggests giving a general description of the decoration and carving in the cave and putting much more emphasis on the carving of the life story of Sakyamuni.

“Cave of Sakyamuni(Cave No.6)

471-494 A.D.

Cave No.6 is richly decorated and is praised as the most spectacular one in Yungang.The square column in the center is 15 meters high and there are numerous animals and Buddhas carved on each side of the column.Eleven standing Buddhas are depicted on the upper portion of the four walls.The ceiling of the cave is decorated with a checkered pattern.There are about 30 scenes of Buddha’s life,which covers the entire story of Buddha such as his birth,how he became a monk The carvings of the story are properly composed in a simple and plain way.It is a new creative work of Eastern Gandhara Buddhist art and is rare in the existing Buddhist art.”

4 Conclusion

From the analysis of translation in Yungang Grottoes,we can see that grammatical mistakes are not the only factor that results in confusion and misunderstanding of the Chinese cultural relics.It is the loss of cross-cultural awareness and the absence of creating frames in translation that lead to the less effective translation of cultural relics.The above-mentioned examples show us how to employ generalization,deletion and distortion when translating the introduction about cultural relics in details,which may also offer some guidelines to the practitioners so that they can mediate be-tween languages and cultures effectively.

摘要：文物翻译需要译者在不同文化框架下进行思维转换,通过概括、增/减译和变译等翻译技巧将原文信息传递给译文读者。山西大同云冈石窟为世界文化遗产,其现有的洞窟简介英译值得商榷。译者在翻译洞窟简介文本时,不仅要勘正译文语法错误,还应在英语和汉语文化框架下灵活转换,同时在英译过程中适当运用概括、增减和转变原文信息等技巧,以便国外游客更有效地理解石窟造型和佛教文化。

关键词：文化翻译,概括,增/减译,变译,文物,云冈石窟

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