Ⅰ～Ⅱ度

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度（精选8篇）

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇1

摘要：目的:探讨Ⅰ、Ⅱ度婴幼儿急性喉炎的急救与护理方法。方法:收治Ⅰ、Ⅱ度婴幼儿急性喉炎患儿86例, 在相同消炎抗病毒等综合治疗的基础上, 及时足量给予普米克令舒雾化吸入, 无效者追加地塞米松。结果:显效40例, 有效42例, 无效4例。结论:及时足量普米克令舒悬液雾化吸入简单、有效、可行, 不良反应少, 减少了护理工作量。

关键词：婴幼儿急性喉炎,普米克令舒,急救

2012年3月-2014年2月收治Ⅰ、Ⅱ度婴幼儿急性喉炎患儿86例, 现将急救及护理体会报告如下。

资料与方法

本组患儿86例, 男59例 (68.6%) , 女27例 (31.4%) , 年龄6个月~6岁8个月, 平均2岁6个月, 继发于上感者45例 (52.3%) , 急性扁挑体炎引起者2例 (2.3%) , 无明显诱因者39例 (45.3%) , 均出现不同程度的血像改变, 或有声音嘶哑、咳嗽犬吠样、喉鸣、发热伴不同程度的吸气性呼吸困难。其中Ⅰ度喉炎37例 (43.0%) , Ⅱ度喉炎49例 (57.0%) 。

治疗方法:患儿来诊后, 采用相同的消炎抗病毒等基础治疗措施, 予布地奈德悬液1 mg雾化吸入, 每20 min×3后改为3次/d或4次/d, 无效者予地塞米松静滴。

疗效评定指标: (1) 显效:治疗后咳嗽、声音嘶哑消失, 精神状态明显好转, 无烦躁, 呼吸、心率平稳。 (2) 有效:治疗后咳嗽、声音嘶哑减轻, 精神状态好转。 (3) 无效:治疗后咳嗽声音嘶哑无改善。

结果

Ⅰ度婴幼儿急性喉炎37例, 雾化治疗后显效24例 (97.3%) , 有效13例 (2.7%) , 总有效率100%;Ⅱ度喉梗阻49例, 在雾化治疗后显效16例 (32.7%) , 有效29例 (63.2%) , 无效4例 (4.1%) ;总有效率95.3%, 其中显效40例 (46.5%) , 有效42例 (48.8%) , 无效4例 (4.7%) 。

讨论

急救接诊处理:急诊护士接诊后, 应密切观察患儿缺氧情况, 采取一切措施保持呼吸道通畅。医师未到达之前及时予面罩吸氧等。

保持呼吸通畅:婴幼儿多采用面罩吸氧2~3 L/min, 给氧开始速度不宜过快, 应逐渐加大给氧量[1];尽量不吸痰, 频繁多次吸痰不但不能减轻痰液梗阻情况, 反而会加重喉头黏膜的水肿, 加重呼吸困难, 有痰不易排出;适当足量地添加普米克令舒雾化吸入, 加速喉部炎症及水肿的消退, 保持呼吸道通畅。

雾化吸入:普米克令舒雾化吸入能够湿化呼吸道, 促进黏液排除, 并使药液微粒直接到达呼吸道黏膜, 起到药物治疗作用[2]。雾化使用德国的QW2605C1型气体压缩式雾化机及其022G876B型简易喷雾器, 指导患儿及家属在每次雾化时用面罩包住口鼻, 大口吸气, 雾化后洗净脸部, 年长能配合的患儿指导其漱口, 小婴儿可让其饮水, 以减少药物在口咽部及脸部的沉积, 减少局部不良反应的出现[3]。

建立留置通路:迅速建立留置静脉通路, 抽血送检, 仔细观察吸氧及雾化效果, 效果不佳者予地塞米松3~5 mg入生理盐水50~100 m L静滴;早期应用足量有效的抗生素, 病情严重者可联合应用2种以上抗生素, 临床多用益宏、派舒等;高热者由于大量出汗, 可予以补液, 可适量添加维生素C以改善血管通透性。

全程心理护理:患儿由于缺氧、呼吸困难等原因多烦躁不安, 情绪不稳定, 加之抢救时家属的哭喊声更加导致患儿心理不适, 而且小儿的语言表达能力受限, 病情变化快, 及时有效的心理护理, 安静舒适的环境氛围, 能有效稳定患儿情绪, 减少负面影响。

合理饮食护理:婴幼儿发生急性喉炎后, 进食时加重咽喉疼痛会出现拒食;患儿进食时容易呛咳, 急性期应禁饮食, 缓解后宜少量多次给予高蛋白、高维生素、易消化的流质半流质食物, 避免呛咳或过饱, 禁食生冷辛辣刺激性食物。严重缺氧、呼吸困难者需待呼吸平稳后喂食。小儿发热引起的机体水分额外丧失及禁食导致水分不够, 易致患儿脱水, 应注意补充的营养、能量及水分, 防止引起脱水及水电解质紊乱。喂养患儿要以小口小勺喂食为主, 避免发生呛咳加重病情。

家属应意识到急性喉炎的严重性, 一旦发生急性喉炎及时就诊。就诊后及时给予足量普米克令舒悬液雾化吸入可有效防止喉梗阻的发生, 减少地塞米松的应用, 不良反应小, 避免静脉输液带来的不利影响, 减少了急诊护理的工作量, 简单可行, 有效率高。

参考文献

[1]赵珊.院前急救医学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 2007:728.

[2]柯宁.小儿急性喉炎伴呼吸困难的护理[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报, 2004, 25 (10) :1182-1183.

[3]李婷.氧喷治疗婴幼儿哮喘的护理进展[J].中国当代医药, 2010, 17 (9) :140-141.

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇2

年高考全国I卷生物试卷(以下简称“试卷”)遵循高考评价体系理念，全面贯彻和落实“立德树人”的根本任务，通过核心价值引领，突显对核心知识和关键能力的考查，检测考生学科素养发展水平，体现了基础性、综合性、应用性、创新性的基本要求。试卷整体稳中有新，彰显了生物学科的特点，通过创设新情境，运用必备知识，解决实际问题。

一、注重基础综合，引导“中学教学”

必备知识是学科素养的基础支撑。试卷以核心主干知识、课堂实验为蓝本，注重对知识的准确记忆和综合运用的能力，考生必须对基础知识理解透彻，才能将所学知识融汇贯通。

例如，考查考生对细胞呼吸、群落、细胞结构与功能、微生物培养等核心主干知识的准确记忆;考查考生对课内基础实验的精确记忆和运用。

二、重视“关键能力”，助力人才培养

关键能力是高水平人才的必备素质，试卷通过实验探究题考查学生的实践操作能力，通过综合运用题考查思维认知能力，通过开放性试题考查语言表述能力。

如设置试题，以农作物生产、药物探究为情境，给出表格、文字信息，考查学生的信息获取能力和实验探究分析能力;以实验探究形式，设置问题步步深入，环环相扣，最后概述总结，考查思维认知能力。此外，还设置开放性试题，考查考生的语言表述能力。

三、立足情境创新，突显素质教育

创新型人才培养是国家科教兴国和人才强国战略的重要方向。试卷通过创设新情境，设置开放性题目，考查考生能否在新颖和陌生的情境中，摆脱思维定势的束缚，主动思考，大胆创新，完成开放性或探究性任务，并发现新问题，找到新规律，得出新结论，成为创新型人才。

例如，有试题以与现实紧密相连的新冠疫情为情境，考查考生运用病毒和灭菌等知识，解决实际问题;以中耕松土的农业生产为情境，考查考生对基础知识的灵活运用和问题分析能力。

总的来说，2020年高考全国I卷生物试卷体现了“稳中有新、注重基础、突显能力、素养导向”的命题思路，加大回归教材的力度，有利于中学素质教育的实施，对中学生物教学具有很好的导向作用。

2020年高考全国Ⅱ卷生物试题评析

一、总体评析

2020年高考全国Ⅱ卷理综试卷生物试题(以下简称“生物试卷”)紧密围绕“一核四层四翼”的高考评价体系展开，在考查生物学科素养、关键能力、生物必备知识的过程中，引导考生增强社会责任意识，充分体现了“立德树人”的核心。

在考查方式上，保持生物试卷一贯的风格特征，稳中有进，突出基础性和应用性，倡导学以致用。在考查内容上，重视核心概念与主干内容，强化基础，引导教学回归本质，助力推进素质教育。

二、试卷结构

三、试题特点

1.重核心知识纵观整套生物试卷，对于必备知识的考查突出基础性，重视核心主干知识。

如第2题、第4题、第29题，依次从记忆、理解、应用三个层面上对免疫、变异、遗传的分子基础三部分核心知识进行了考查，对学生生物知识积累和深度理解提出了要求。

2.重知识在情景中的应用

在情景中灵活运用生物知识解决实际问题，在实际应用中考查生物学科素养也是生物试题的一大特点。

如第1题、第6题、第31题、第38题，设置了生活及科研中常见的情境，试题较为灵活，既考查基础也考查思维。第1题结合社会热点，在考查生物知识的同时也在向社会传递问题解决要以科学知识为依托的信号。

3.重实验应用

生物是一门实验性学科，高考中对实验的考查始终是一个热点。本套试题从教材基础实验及实验探究两方面进行了考查。

教材基础实验方面，如第3题对必修一中涉及的多个基础教材实验进行考查。再如第30题则将教材中的一种实验技术在实际应用中进行考查。

实验探究方面，第38题结合选修知识考查了实验结果的分析，需要考生在平时的实验训练中形成良好的实验素养。

4.重新技术与生态治理

关注生态文明，倡导环境保护理念，落实社会责任。试题坚持学科素养导向，着意传递保护环境的社会责任意识与建设生态文明的使命担当。

如第38题针对生态环境保护和改善问题，创设无废弃农业、污水净化灯等情境，考查考生对生态工程、生物净化的理解和运用。

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇3

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取我院2011年1月-2012年1月就诊的烧烫伤患者114例,入选标准:参照《黄家驷外科学》[3]和《烧烫伤》[4]的有关标准。排除标准:Ⅲ度烧烫伤及严重感染者;正在使用其他药物治疗者;植皮治疗者;其他原因影响用药依从性者。其中男69例,女45例;年龄0.5~62岁,中位年龄40.64岁;其中热液烫伤67例,火焰烧伤29例,化学烫伤11例,其他原因热损伤7例。所有患者随机分为A、B、C 3组各38例。3组性别、年龄等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 治疗方法

3组均尽快清理创面污物,用药前局部使用利多卡因麻醉止痛。A组:予烫伤合剂适量涂于创面处,未结痂前每小时1次,结痂后4~6h 1次,暴露创面,保持湿润,必要时包扎;B组:予紫花烧伤膏(山东华润制药有限公司生产)均匀涂敷于创面,每天1~2次;C组:予磺胺嘧啶银乳膏(昆明圣火药业有限公司生产)涂敷创面,厚度约1.5mm,每天1~2次。如患者出现过敏症状,应立即停药。3组疗程均为28d。治疗后观察3组临床疗效并行成本—效果分析。

1.3 疗效评定标准[5]

治愈:症状消失,创面愈合,无红肿、无渗出;有效:症状消失,创面未完全愈合,有瘢痕;无效:症状未改善,创面感染不能控制。总有效率=(治愈+有效)/总例数×100%。

1.4 成本—效果分析

1.4.1 成本的确立:

总成本应包括直接成本、间接成本及隐形成本。由于交通费用、营养费、误工费等间接成本及隐形成本较难统计,所以只考虑直接成本,包括药费、检验检查费、治疗费、护理费、膳食费和其他费用。所有费用均从病案室计算机系统直接导出。

1.4.2 成本—效果分析:

成本—效果分析的目的在于寻找使用最低成本达到某一治疗效果的治疗方案,即在成本(C)和效果(E)之间找到一个最佳的平衡值。成本—效果比(C/E)则将两者有机联系起来,采用单位效果所花费的成本表示,比值越小越好。

1.5 统计学方法

应用SPSS 13.0软件进行数据处理。计数资料以率(%)表示,多组间两两比较采用q检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 临床疗效 3组临床疗效两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

2.2 成本—效果分析 与B、C组相比,A组的C/E值最小。见表2。

3 讨 论

烧烫伤为临床常见疾病,中医学认为烧烫伤是因热毒之气炽盛,腐烂皮肉,甚者火毒内攻可现不同脏腑兼证[5]。火性炎上,需用凉性或寒性药材降低温度,阴阳才得以平衡,清热解毒、凉血止痛为中医治疗烧烫伤指导思想,常用药包括紫花烧伤膏、重组牛(人)碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(贝复新)等。西医则主要从消炎抗菌、促进创面愈合着手,常用药包括磺胺嘧啶银乳膏、重组人表皮生长因子等。

烫伤合剂为我院自制制剂,处方包括金银花、虎杖、十大功劳、地榆、两面针等数味中药。方中地榆性微寒,可凉血止痛、解毒敛疮,可消除创面炎性反应;金银花、虎杖亦能清热解毒、化腐生肌,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等有良好的抑菌或杀菌作用,还能改善皮肤微循环、促进皮下组织生长;两面针可行气止痛、活血化瘀;此外,地榆、虎杖中还含有大量鞣质,起收敛和收缩血管的功效;诸药同用,疗效较满意。紫花烧伤膏主要成分为紫花、花椒、地黄、黄连、冰片等,具有活血化瘀、祛腐生肌、清热解毒、止痛抗菌等功效[6]。磺胺嘧啶银乳膏具有磺胺嘧啶和银盐的双重作用[7],对多数革兰阳性和革兰阴性菌均有抗菌作用;银盐具有收敛作用,可促进创面愈合。

在同一疾病的治疗方案中,最终效果相同或接近时,选择成本—效果比值最小的药物治疗方案最为合理。总之,与紫花烧伤膏、磺胺嘧啶银乳膏相比,烫伤合剂治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ度烧烫伤的成本—效果比最低,是最为合理、经济的治疗方案。

参考文献

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《理论力学Ⅰ,Ⅱ》评介 篇4

《理论力学I》由静力学、运动学和动力学3篇12章构成, 《理论力学II》由第4篇专题部分的10章构成.静力学篇包括静力学的基本概念、力系的简化、力系的平衡以及桁架和摩擦等应用问题.运动学篇包括点的运动、刚体的平面运动、点和刚体的复合运动、刚体的定点运动和一般运动动力学篇包括质点运动微分方程、相对运动动力学、单自由度振动和有心力运动、质点系的动量定理、动量矩定理和动能定理、刚体动力学、碰撞、达朗贝尔原理、动静法、分析力学基本概念、虚位移原理、动力学普遍方程、拉格朗日方程及其积分.专题篇包括概率问题、打击运动、运动稳定性、非线性振动、动力学逆问题、变分原理、哈密顿力学、非完整力学、伯克霍夫力学、对称性和守恒量.

该书内容丰富, 覆盖知识广泛.特别是一些专题性的内容, 在国际范围内首次写入本科生理论力学教材, 例如动力学逆问题、伯克霍夫力学、对称性和守恒量等.理论力学中的概率问题, 在一些俄罗斯教材中有讨论, 在国内教材中出现也是首次.许多专题内容, 是梅凤翔教授所领导团队的研究成果, 已经总结于相关专著, 例如运动稳定性[3]、动力学逆问题[4]、非完整系统力学[5]、伯克霍夫力学[6]、对称性和守恒量[7].各专题的小结部分都有进一步阅读的参考资料, 可以供有兴趣的读者深入学习.因此, 该书在把研究成果转化为教学资源方面, 做了非常有益的尝试.在基本部分中也增加一些引申性的内容.例如, 运动学中提到了加速度, 动力学中动量定理对动轴的投影和对动轴的动量矩定理等.

对于各种理论力学都要包括的基本内容, 该书也有些独到的处理.仅以运动学部分为例说明该书与众不同的处理方式.从体系安排上看, 该书先讲刚体平面运动, 然后讲复合运动, 最后讲刚体定点运动和一般运动.这样既不同于主要是力学专业教材例如参考文献[8-9], 先讲刚体运动包括刚体定点运动和一般运动, 再讲复合运动;也不同于多数工科教材例如文献[10-11], 先讲刚体的基本运动, 再讲复合运动, 然后是刚体平面运动、定点运动和一般运动.各种安排都有其合理性, 但从笔者本人的教学经验看, 平面运动内容比复合运动更具体, 放在前面讲学生易于接受;而学生掌握了平面运动的内容, 对理解复合运动也很有帮助.因此, 这种安排降低了教学难度.从具体内容看, 该书对于刚体平面运动和复合运动都给出了解析和几何两种处理方式, 有些例题中也给出相应的不同解法.运动学中的某些内容似还有斟酌余地例如, 运用矩阵的运算可以直接从速度公式的矩阵形式导出加速度公式的矩阵形式, 而不必先导出加速度公式再写成矩阵形式.又例如, 该书把刚体的平移和定轴转动都局限于平面运动的情形, 但研究刚体一般运动时需要刚体的空间平移运动.再例如, 该书推导平面运动刚体上两点直之间速度关系时, 应用了大小不变仅方向向改变矢量的矢端速度公式, 而该公式先前只对定轴转动刚体提到, 直接应用于刚体平面运动至少是显得很突兀.

笔者个人特别欣赏的该书突出特点是有大量翔实的历史背景资料.绪论中不仅有理论力学学科简史, 而且有理论力学教材简史.第1篇和第2篇篇后的注记中分别简述了静力学和运动学发展历史.专题部分各章的章首语或小结中有相应的历史注记.特别是用一节专门阐述达朗贝尔原理, 包括达朗贝尔的原来叙述, 力学史专家的评论, 国内外教材作者的阐述和《中国大百科全书·力学》的解释, 强调了达朗贝尔原理处理约束系统的意义, 突出了该原理在从牛顿力学到拉格朗日力学发展过程中的重要作用.在细节上注意历史的真实, 而非简单沿用以往习见的说法.例如, 将广义能量积分称为雅可比-班勒维积分, 而不是简单的雅可比积分.又例如, 没有将广义坐标和拉格朗日方程简单归功于拉格朗日.

该书还有个值得称道的特点, 对于引自他书的材料, 都明确给出了出处.作为教材, 叙述的内容都属于公共知识, 因此知识内容本身不必处处说明出处, 对于重要的知识点可以用历史注记的形式承认发现者的贡献.但对于知识的表述, 有时候可以择善而从, 这时就有必要说明来源.该书有些历史注记和图表等直接取自相关教材或专著, 也有极少量内容或者叙述的思路取之其他教材, 都一一标明了来源.甚至有些较为特别的例题, 也说明了出处.

该书的例题和习题也有特点.不仅是常见的计算题, 也包括部分理论公式推导的习题.例题中有些难度较大的题目, 有些例题给出了多种解法.

该书作者梅凤翔教授是我国分析力学学科带头人.不仅在分析力学研究方面硕果累累, 在力学教学中也卓有建树他曾获全国高校教学名师奖和国家级教学成果二等奖, 是国家级精品课程负责人和国家级教学团队带头人.并在《力学与实践》上发表了系列教学文章“理论力学札记”和“分析力学札记”.该书合作者尚玫师从梅凤翔教授获得博士学位, 现任北京理工大学副教授.

参考文献

[1]梅凤翔, 尚玫.理论力学I——基本教程.北京:高等教育出版社, 2012

[2]梅凤翔, 尚玫.理论力学II——专题教程.北京:高等教育出版社, 2012

[3]梅凤翔, 史昌荣, 张永发等.约束力学系统的运动稳定性.北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1997

[4]梅凤翔.动力学逆问题.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009

[5]梅凤翔.非完整系统力学基础.北京:北京工业学院出版社, 1985

[6]梅凤翔, 史昌荣, 张永发等.BIRKHOFF系统动力学.北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1996

[7]梅凤翔.约束力学系统的对称性和守恒量.北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2004

[8]朱照宣, 周起钊, 殷金生.理论力学 (上) .北京:北京大学出版社, 1982

[9]李俊峰, 张雄.理论力学 (第2版) .北京:清华大学出版社, 2010

[10]刘延柱, 朱本华, 杨海兴.理论力学 (第3版) .北京:高等教育出版社, 2009

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇5

A popular movie, If You Are The One, has achieved great success in box office and is welcome by people from all walks of life.Its verbal humor creation is so interesting, and unexpected that some of its stage lines have become catchwords of many young people.What is the generation production mechanism of verbal humor in the movies?

Grice's Cooperative Principle is used to"describe rational means for conducting cooperation exchanges" (Levinson 2005:103) .The observance of the CP maxims is to provide a rational philosophy of language use.Moreover, the CP is widely used to give explanations to humorous effects.However, the CP is not the only principle in conversational communication.As Grice once claimed, "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims, such as'Be polite', that are also normally observed by participants in talk exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures." (Grice 2002:28) .Another principle which applies to conversation in addition to the Cooperative Principle is the Politeness Principle (shortened as PP) .

2 Literature Review

What on earth is humor?Here are some definitions of the meaning of humor from different dictionaries.As is stated in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, humor is the ability to understand and enjoy what is funny and makes people laugh or the quality of causing amusement. (2000:747) .According to Cambridge Dictionary of American English, humor is the ability to be amused by something seen, heard, or thought about, sometimes causing you to smile or laugh, or the quality in something that causes such amusement. (2000:426) .A definition from the pragmatic point of view is:a humorous text is a text whose perlocutionary goal is to amuse its hearer. (Attardo and Chabanne, 1992)

Among the various definitions of humor, there is one thing in common:to cause amusement, or make the hearer laugh.Therefore, humor plays a significant role in people's daily life, which may reduce tension and produce a harmonious atmosphere.

Bergson (1917) divides humor into"situational humor"and"verbal humor."

In Grice model, humor analysis involves particularized conversational implicatures, because a humorous utterance must always be adapted to the current situation and context, and should be well understood by the listener.Attardo (1994) claims that there is no pragmatic theory that covers all types of humor.Some basic pragmatic theories are introduced as follows.

2.1 Introduction of cooperative principle

The cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another.Paul Grice introduced a number of general rules called the maxims of conversation, or the Gricean maxims.Cooperative Principle states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice, 1989:26) Speakers select what they say in obedience to these rules, and hearers draw inferences about the speaker's meaning based on the assumption that these rules guide speakers'communication.

2.1.1 Maxim of quantity

1) Make your contributions as informative as required;2) Do not make your contribution more informative than required.

2.1.2 Maxim of quality

1) Do not say what you believe to be false;2) Do not say something if you lack adequate evidence.

2.1.3 Maxim of relation:be relative

2.1.4 Maxim of manner:be perspicuous (or express your ideas clearly)

1) Avoid obscurity of expressions;2) Avoid ambiguity;3) Be brief;4) Be orderly.

2.2 Introduction of Politeness Principle

Under the influence of Grice's CP, Geoffrey Leech advanced Politeness Principle, which is a necessary complemen needed for cases where the CP fails to offer a reasonable explanation.Politeness is a strategy for interlocutors to achieve various purposes, such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relations in conversation.The PP consists of six maxims, related to the notion of cost and benefit, and related pairs of values:

2.2.1 The tact maxim

1) Minimize cost to other;2) Maximize benefit to other.

2.2.2 The generosity maxim

1) Minimize benefit to self;2) Minimize cost to self.

2.2.3 The approbation maxim

1) Minimize dispraise of other;2) maximize praise of other.

2.2.4 The modesty maxim

1) Minimize praise of self;2) Maximize dispraise of self.

2.2.5 The Agreement Maxim (in assertives)

1) Minimize disagreement between self and other;2) Maximize agreement between self and other.

2.2.6 The Sympathy Maxim

1) Minimize antipathy between self and other;

2) Maximize sympathy between self and other.

(Watts, 2003:66-67)

2.3 Introduction of FTAs

Brown and Levinson define politeness as a number of strategies designed to preserve or acquire"face", which they describe as"the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself", ranging from"the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, and rights"to"self image or'personality' (crucially including the desire that this self image be appreciated) " (1987, p.61) .They holds that a number of speech acts will intrinsically threaten the speaker's or the hearer's face ("facethreatening acts"or"FTAs") , and so need to be undertaken in the manner best suited to address the risk to that face.The various strategies for performing an FTA are as follows (note that the higher the number, the less effort is being given to reducing the threat to face) :

1) off record, remaining ambiguous and indirect;

2) on record, with negative politeness ("self-effacement, formality, restraint") ;

3) on record, with positive politeness (claiming common ground) ;

4) baldly on record ("direct, clear, unambiguous and concise") .

(Brown and Levinson, 1987, pp.68-71)

3 Analysis of Verbal Humor from the Perspective of CP

In this section, the production mechanism of verbal humor in the movie series If You Are The One is explored from the perspective of the violation of Cooperative Principle.

3.1 Flouting the maxim of quantity

"One's contribution should provide sufficient, but not too much information." (Grice 2002:26) It suggests that providing information less than required or more than needed are both violation of maxim of Quantity.In the examble 1, QinFen is talking with the applicant to his Lonely Hearts Ads, who is actually a gay.

Example1:

QinFen:You are…?

Moli:Yes.

QinFen:Huh?But I'm not.

---If You Are The One (I)

QinFen does not say"You're a gay?"directly, since a gay is generally considered strange and not widely accepted in China, he would not like his words to be heard by others in the restaurant.His two words"you are"seem far from informative enough, while most people may infer that the following word is"gay", omitted implicitly in the context.When QinFen hastily added, "But I'm not.", omitting"a gay", it shows that he is helter-skelter at that time, afraid to be regarded as a gay, too.By flouting the maxim of Quantity, he creats a funny atmosphere.

More information than is required is also uncooperative:

Example 2:

Xiaoxiao:What are you saying about me?Are you sane and uncomplicated?

QinFen:Oh, not you.You are not good-looking.

Xiaoxiao:Huh?

QinFen:Calling you"good-looking"would be an insult.You are ravishingly beautiful.A rare, precious beauty.If you were royalty.You'd be up there with Diana.Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.But, no exaggeration, even to a foe, you'd be beautiful.Don't hold it in.Laugh.

---If You Are The One (I)

In this exchange, Xiaoxiao infers that QinFen regards her as not good-looking, in other words, ugly, which is generalized implicture from the pragmatics point of view.According to Grice (1975) , one of the characteristics of conversational implicature is"cancellability".QinFen cancelled the implicature by adding:"Calling you'good-looking'would be an insult.", which flatters Xiaoxiao immensely.The following clauses by QinFen are all smooth things which mean the same.They are so wordy and excessive that slighty violate the maxim of Quantity.

3.2 Flouting the maxim of quality

This maxim requires the speaker's contribution to the conversation should be truthful.However, this maxim is often violated on purpose or unintentionally."You violate the quality maxim when you deliberately lie or communicate in a way that does not reflect an honest intension" (Grice 2002:34)

Example 3:

FanWei:Shall we speak English or Chinese?

Qinfen:Your decision, Whichever is more natural

FanWei:Then let's use our mother tongue.

Nice to meet you!

---If You Are The One (I)

As common sense, after FanWei says, "let's use our mother tongue", it is easy to conclude that he will say something like"幸会"in Chinese, however, he still speaks in English:Nice to meet you!Maybe he does it deliberately to show his identity as a returnee who has been abroad for many years.The unpredictable way of flouting the maxim of Quality creates humor.

The following is another example which QinFen flouts the Maxim of quality.

Example 4:Qinfen:Life is short, I would love to continue making this mistake with you.

---If You Are The One (II)

To correct the mistake immediately once aware of it is a traditional merit of Chinese culture, however, Qinfen says"I would love to continue making this mistake with you".Actually he aims to convey his affection for Xiaoxiao in a special way.A humorous effect is generated by the utterance which flouts the maxim of quality.

Example 5:

Qinfen:Please swear on this money that what you are going to say is completely honest, everything was carefully thought through.---If You Are The One (II)

In this example, Qinfen certainly knows that money is not a proper thing to swear on, people usually swear on life, death, ancestors, or somebody, etc, in short, something very serious and sacred.Yet he asks the"lovers-that-used-to-be"to swear on money, which is not the appropriate choice for swearing.Thus humorous effect is generated by flouting the Maxim of Quality:"Do not say what you believe to be false".

3.3 Flouting the maxim of relation

The maxim of Relation requires the speaker to offer relevant and pertinent information to the topic.In some occasions, people express their ideas in a roundabout way, flouting the maxim for the sake of avoiding embarassment.Here is an example in which the maxim of Relation is violated.

Exemple 6:

Priest:Execuse me.The time.It's very late.

QinFen:I'm just getting started……

Priest:Miss, excuse me.Your friend is extremely pious.But he has far too many sins.We're a small church.We don't have enough room.In our neighbourhood there is a much bigger church.So please be so kind and take him there for confession.

---If You Are The One (I)

In this conversation, the priest talks with QinFen's friends in order to let QinFen out of his church, since it is already dark.While he gives an excuse that the little church has no room for so many sins told by QinFen.Obviously the capacity or space of the church has nothing to do with whether he has the ability to hear the confession and give absolution to a penitent or not.He just can not bear shriving all day long.These are two entirely irrelevant matters so that a humorous effect is produced.

3.4 Flouting the maxim of manner

The maxim of Manner requires interlocutors to make their utterance perspicuous, brief, and orderly to avoid misunderstanding or unnecessary usage of too many words.If a speaker does not observe this maxim, obscure or ambiguous statement migh occur.Example 2 is a case in point.The talk exchange also violates the maxim of manner.The remarks are all of the same meaning---Xiaoxiao is a belle.Why is QinFen so laborious as to make quite a conversation of the topic?Because he intends to bring about a humorous effect in order to please Xiaoxiao.

4 Analysis of Verbal Humor from the Perspective of PP and FTAs

A large number of reseachers have claimed that the flouting of the Politeness Principle may result in humor with examples While this paper holds that the observance of PP can produce a humourous effect, too.

In Exemple 2, the words by QinFen follow the Approbation Maxim, since he not only minimizes dispraise of Xiaoxiao, bu also maximizes praise of her.He overuses the Politeness Principle by using lengthy fair words, which creates a humorous effect.

Exemple 7:

QinFen:Looking for hot guys?Don't bother.No gold-diggers either.To avoid mutual disappointment, PhDs need not reply Women entrepreneurs need not reply. (tradeswomen and peddlers excepted) .

---If You Are The One (I)

This is an award winning jocosity of QinFen's lonely hearts ad.QinFen's remarks comply with the Tact Maxim---minimize cost to other, "Don't bother."and"need not reply"are used to announce his requirements explicitly, in order not to disturb any applicants who are not his ideal wife.In another aspect, the type of women that he decline is a satire on certain social phenomenon.

Exemple 8:

QinFen:I constantly ask myself:Why am I so narrow-minded?With such a big heart why can't I make room for a man?Each time I clear a woman out.Guess what happened next?Another woman fills in the space.

---If You Are The One (I)

In this situation, QinFen is very embarassed to meet his former classmate, a gay, as a candidate in a blind date.He tactfully blames himself, suggesting that he will not accept a male and he is not at all a gay.He applies the Modesty Maxim---Maximize dispraise of self so skillfully that not only declines his classmate but also retains a casual atmosphere.By dispraising himself, he avoids giving offense to his classmate.

Exemple 9:

Xiaoxiao:If we do get married, do you want kids?

QinFen:Only if they inherit your looks.

---If You Are The One (II)

QinFen's answer has two implications:Xiaoxiao is beautifu while he himself is not handsome, and he would like their future kids look like Xiaoxiao.It complies with two maxims in PP, respectively, the Approbation Maxim---maximize praise of other and the Modesty Maxim---maximize dispraise of self.The tactfu use of these maxims generates a humorous effect.

Exemple 10:

Unmarried mother:You said you didn't care if it was your own!

QinFen:An orphan, I can accept.But with a full set of parents?You can't just put a Mercedes ornament on the hood of a BMW.

Unmarried mother:It will still be a good car.

QinFen:But if it breaks down.Mercedes parts won't fit, and BMW won't repair it.We should forget it.I'm flattered you like me.But I'm not the right man.I'll have to bite the bullet.

---If You Are The One (I)

In this conversation, effort is being given to reduce the threat to face in the light of FTAs theory.In order to maintain the unmarried mother's good self image, QinFen doesn't say directly that when the the foetus is born, she will face many problems, such as the child's legal rights, identity…especially their relationship with natural father of the child.QinFen doesn't expect to be obsessed with troubles, so he uses a metaphor to illustrate his point indirectly, avoiding face-threatening acts.By using the car metaphor, the unmarried mother can conclude his meaning easily in a comic relief.

5 Conclusion

The analyses above reveal that some types of verbal humor are caused by deliberate violating of the maxims of cooperative principle, the special use of politeness principle and avoiding face-threatening acts.Knowing the generative mechanism of verbal humor may help people in comprehension and appreciation o humor.Hopefully, this paper may introduce entertaining Chinese movies to overseas audiences, and provide insights for playwrights to creat verbal humor in play writing.

参考文献

[1]Attardo S.Linguistic Theories of Humor[M].Berlin and New York:Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.

[2]Attardo, Chabanne J C.Jokes as a Text Type[J].HUMOR:International Journal of Humor Research, 1992:165-176.

[3]Bergson H.Laughter:An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic[M]//Brereton C, Rothwell F, Trans.New York:The Macmillan Company, 1917.

[4]Brown, Levinson.Politeness:some universals in language usage[M].Cambridge, etc.:Cambridge UP, 1987.

[5]Cambridge Dictionary of American English[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.

[6]Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English[M].London:Longman, 2000.

[7]Grice H P.Logic and Communication[C]//Cole P, Morgan J.Syntax and Semantics.NewYork:Academic, 1975:3.

[8]Grice H P.Studies in the Ways of Words[M].Cambridge, MA:Harward University Press, 1989.

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[10]Levinson S C.Pragmatics[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2005.

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇6

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

褥疮患者40例, 随机分成激光治疗组 (治疗组) 和常规治疗组 (对照组) 。治疗组20例, 男10例, 女10例, 年龄65~85岁。褥疮浅度溃疡期14例, 坏死溃疡期6例;对照组20例, 男10例, 女10例, 年龄70~90岁。褥疮浅度溃疡期18例, 深度溃疡期2例。2组资料经统计学处理, 差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05) , 具有可比性。

1.2 方法

对照组受压部位采用充气床垫, 每2小时翻身1次。Ⅰ期压疮局部涂搽碘伏, 2次/d;Ⅱ期压疮用75%乙醇消毒创面周围, 用0.9%氯化钠注射液擦洗创面, 局部用呋喃西林纱条换药, 1次/d。治疗组:在常规治疗的基础上加用局部激光照射。照射前先用无菌生理盐水清洗创面及周围皮肤, 光斑直径根据褥疮创面大小而定, 每次照射5min, 每日2次。2组均避免局部受压, 均连续用至局部红肿消退, 皮肤颜色恢复正常或局部痂皮脱落, 组织完全修复为止。

2 结果

2 组均治愈。

治愈时间观察组 (4.35±1.66) d, 对照组 (10.45±3.18) d, 2组比较, t=6.85, P<0.01, 差异有显著性意义。治疗组治愈时间显著短于对照组。

3 讨论

褥疮是晚期癌症、瘫痪、昏迷、久病卧床等患者的危害极大的并发症之一, 尤以老年人为多见[2]。褥疮全身治疗应保证适当的营养, 纠正低蛋白血症和贫血, 补充维生素A、C及增加微量元素锌的摄入, 使用抗生素以控制感染。局部治疗以解除局部压迫和创面处理[3]。本组采用随机对照, 结果表明常规褥疮治疗加激光照射后, 疗效明显提高, 即使处于坏死溃疡期褥疮, 通过激光照射, 治愈时间得到显著的缩短, 具有良好的临床应用价值。

激光治疗褥疮的作用机制: (1) 具有提高人体免疫功能与痛觉阈值、促进血液循环、减轻组织水肿以及抑菌的作用; (2) 使伤口组织的胶原含量增加, 加强胶原分子的交链或使原有分子的功能增强, 从而促进伤口愈合; (3) 减轻组织水肿以及抑菌的作用。

摘要：目的 探讨快捷、有效的治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期压疮的方法。方法 对40例压疮患者, 按压疮发生的先后顺序分为观察组及对照组各20例, 治疗组20例, Ⅰ、Ⅱ期压疮应用激光照射, 对照组20例采用常规方法进行治疗。结果 治疗组的治愈率为80%, 总有效率100%。较对照组治愈率和总有效率明显提高 (P<0.01) , 差异有显著性意义。结论 用激光治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期压疮可缩短疗程。

关键词：压疮,激光照射,治疗效果

参考文献

[1]高祖梅, 薛菊兰, 张铃.马齿苋炭外敷治疗Ⅲ期压疮效果观察[J].护理学杂志, 2005, 20 (4) :25.

[2]林丽嫦.褥疮护理的进展[J].华夏医学, 1998, 11 (4) :517～518.

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇7

1 资料和方法

1.1 样本选择

在接诊的安氏Ⅱ1错病例中选择10例应用FR-Ⅰ进行矫治,治疗开始年龄9～11岁(平均年龄10.2岁),其中男性5例,女性5例,均处于替牙末期或恒牙初期。左手腕骨片显示处于生长发育高峰期前或高峰期。经面型、牙模型及头影测量分析,属于下颌后缩,磨牙远中关系,面下1/3短,上颌基本正常或稍前突。

1.2 矫治设计

所有患者均为非拔牙矫治,其中4例牙列无拥挤,单纯经FR-I治疗,其余病例双期矫治,第一期用FR-Ⅰ调节颌骨及上、下牙弓间矢状、垂直向关系后,第二期应用固定矫治器作进一步治疗。所有病例经FR-I矫治结束后,磨牙均达到中性或中性偏近中关系,面型得到明显改善,平均疗程8个月。

1.3 FR-Ⅰ应用

首先进行下颌前伸定位的咬合重建。下颌前移量一般不超过3mm,垂直打开的量约2.5mm,若覆盖4mm左右下颌可前伸到前牙切对切的关系。若覆盖过大,则需逐步前伸,每隔3个月左右再前伸3mm。初戴时,第1～2周每天戴用3h,若无不适逐步延长时间,当患者完全适应矫治器后,要求患者戴用时间,每天达18h左右。当患者前牙覆、覆盖关系正常,颌面部侧貌改善后,治疗结束。以后每天午后戴用2h和夜间戴用,半年后仅夜间戴用一年予以保持,牙齿替换后进入二期治疗。

1.4 研究方法

将矫治前后的X线头颅定位侧位片进行定点测量。软组织厚度参考平面为FH面[3],测量项目如下:

硬组织:1.SNA 2.SNB 3.ANB 4.OJmm 5.NP-FH 6.NA-PA 7.U1-NA 8.U1-NAmm 9.L1-NB 10.L1-NBmm 11.L1-MP 12.U1-SN 13.U1-L1 14.MP-FH 15.MP-SN 16.Y轴角17.下颌体长Go-Pgmm 18.下颌升支长Go-Cdmm。

软组织:1.面凸角Ns-Sn-Pos 2.面角FH-Ns-Pg'3.Z角4.上唇基角S-N-Sn 5.下唇基角S-N-B'6.鼻底厚Sn-Amm 7.下唇凹厚B'-Bmm 8.颏厚Pos-Pomm 9.颏唇沟深Si-Li-PgSmm10.上唇倾角FH-UL 11.下唇倾角FH-LL 12.上下唇角UL-LL13.上唇凸厚UL-U1mm 14.下唇凸厚LL-L1mm 15.上唇长Sn-Stom mm。

2 结果

测量结果进行统计学分析,结果见表1,表2.

表1显示,矫治后下颌骨骨骼有明显改变,SNB增大和ANB减小,下颌体长和下颌升支长均有所增加,硬组织侧貌改善明显,面角增加,颌突角减小,前牙覆减小,上前牙轻度内收,下前牙少量唇倾,下颌平面角和Y轴角虽有增加,但无显著差异性。

表2显示,治疗后面凸角减小,软组织面角和Z角增加,反映软组织侧貌突度减小。颏唇沟变浅,面下1/3侧面观更协调美观。下唇基角,下唇倾角及上、下唇角均有明显增加,具有统计学意义。显示上、下唇闭合改善,下唇厚度也有较明显增加。

3 讨论

3.1 FR-Ⅰ对上、下颌及牙齿产生的作用

经FR-I矫治后,SNB角增加和面部突度减小,下颌体长度和升支长都有增加,说明不仅下颌骨位置发生改变,同时还促进了下颌骨的生长。在B点前移的同时,A点基本无变化,这可能与FR-I在导下颌向前同时上颌唇弓对上颌产生反作用而使上颌骨生长受到一定程度抑制有关。

覆盖减小除受下颌位置改变影响外,还与上、下切牙移动有关。上颌前牙唇倾度减小,是因为前导下颌产生的反作用力作用于上颌唇弓而引起。下切牙有轻度唇倾,量较小临床意义不大,且下切牙相对下颌平面角度变化不显著。在骨骼与牙齿变化中,下颌骨变化是硬组织侧貌改善的主要原因。

3.2 软组织产生的反应

FR-Ⅰ治疗开始3个月侧貌就会有明显改善。在本组病例中,治疗结束后软组织侧貌凸度减小,颏唇沟变浅,与侧貌美学密切相关的面凸角、软组织面角、Z角、下唇倾角[4]都发生了显著改变.与硬组织变化主要发生在下颌相一致,软组织变化主要表现在软组织Po点和下唇相关的指标上,这表明了软硬组织有一定的相关性;同时下唇厚度的增加又体现了软组织变化的相对独立性。

摘要：目的研究早期应用FR-Ⅰ治疗安氏Ⅱ1前后牙颌面软硬组织的变化并探讨相互关系．方法对10例应用FR-Ⅰ治疗前后的9～11岁安氏Ⅱ1病例X线头颅侧位定位片进行分析，共测量18项硬组织和15项软组织项目，分析治疗前后软硬组织的变化．结果矫治后的硬组织改变主要为SNB角的增大和ANB角的减小，提示下颌骨的生长，面角增加和颌突角减小，上前牙轻度内收和下前牙少量唇倾．软组织面凸角减小，软组织面角和Z角增加，反映软组织侧貌突度减小．结论对安氏Ⅱ1病例早期应用FR-Ⅰ能够产生下颌骨骨骼改变，并达到相应的软组织侧貌的改善．

关键词：安氏Ⅱ1错,FR-I,头影测量,骨面型,软组织

参考文献

[1]赵美英，罗颂椒．陈扬熙主编．牙(牙合)面畸形功能矫形[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，2000．6．

[2]徐芸，白玉兴，宋一平主译．口腔正畸功能矫形治疗学[M]．2版．北京：人民卫生出版社，2004：266．

[3]张端强．安氏Ⅱ1错(牙合)病例矫治前后软硬组织变化及相关分析[J]．口腔正畸学，2003，3：123-127．

Ⅰ～Ⅱ度 篇8

1资料与方法

1.1 临床资料

2008年12月至2009年12月来本科住院患压疮的患者, 将符合Ⅰ～Ⅱ期压疮的病例随机分为两组, 共计26例, 观察组13例, 男9例, 女4例, 年龄26～82岁, 压疮分布在骶尾部, 髋部, 坐骨结节处, 外踝。对照组13例, 男8例, 女5例, 年龄32～79岁, 压疮分布在骶尾部, 髋部, 内外踝, 坐骨结节处, 两组患者的性别, 年龄, 分期及面积经统计学处理, 差异无统计学意义, 具有可比性。

1.2 治疗方法

对照组给予一般护理及常规压疮护理, 而观察组除一般护理外, 加用康惠尔透明贴。一般护理:做好基础护理, 定期观察受压危险部位, 如有大小便失禁者及时采取措施, 更换床褥, 保持床单平整、整洁、无渣屑, 翻身困难或不能翻身者, 辅以气垫床和翻身垫, 在翻身过程中防止拖、拉、拽、扯。观察组在一般护理的基础上使用康惠尔透明贴覆盖压疮处, 粘贴后注意从中心向四周抚平, 敷贴必须完全覆盖创面, 勿使空气滞留于敷贴与创面之间, 轻压边缘使其黏合紧密, 形成封闭的环境。每3～5 d更换一次。

1.3 压疮的分期采用美国压疮协会分期

第Ⅰ期:受压后30 min不消失的红斑, 但皮肤完整;第Ⅱ期:损害累及表皮或达到真皮, 溃疡表浅, 可表现为皮肤擦破、水疱或浅火山口状改变;第Ⅲ期:损害涉及皮肤全层及其皮下脂肪组织;第Ⅳ期:深层组织的损害, 穿透皮下组织直至筋膜、肌肉、骨骼和关节。

1.4 判断标准

痊愈:创面完全愈合上皮覆盖;好转:创面干净, 渗出液减少, 肉芽生长良好, 创面日渐缩小;无效:创面无肉芽组织生长、无缩小。

1.5 统计学方法

所有数据采用χ2检验, P<0.05有统计学意义。

2结果

Ⅰ期压疮均痊愈, 未继续发展。Ⅱ期压疮创面累及表皮但未穿透真皮的均于7 d愈合, 两组痊愈数、好转数、无效数、加重数及有效率比较, 差异均有统计学意义P<0.05。见表1。

3讨论

康惠尔透明贴其作用:①维持创面适宜的湿度, 促进伤口愈合;②维持适宜的氧分压, 促进血管和肉芽组织的形成;③疮面在湿润环境下可加快伤口修复湿润的创面能维持创缘到创面中央正常的电势梯度, 促进更多的生长因子结合, 这将促进创面愈合。透明贴与创面不粘连, 对新生上皮和肉芽组织无损伤, 患者疼痛减轻, 使用该敷料后创面分泌物减少, 换药时简便, 省时, 省力, 无不良反反, 同时也减轻护理工作量。

参考文献