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from 篇1

摘要：Personal names reflect splendid cultures from different perspectives and culture is also restricted the choice of names.English personal names are studied in this paper in order to reveal the culture information reflected in names.

0 Introduction

Personal names are the products of the historical development of human society.They reflect the ancient civilization and splendid cultures from different perspectives.The choice of names tells us about human thought processes at that time and reflects the social reality.Therefore the personal names cannot be divorced from the social culture.On the one hand, personal names are restricted by culture.On the other hand, as a kind of social reality, personal names exert its influence and action on society and culture.In short, personal names and culture influence each other, restrict each other and act on each other.So making a study of personal names helps us to know better about a culture.

1 Definition of Names

Ernst Pulgram in his“Theory of Names”offers a more detailed definition of a name as following:“A proper name is a noun used in a non-universal function, with or without recognizable current lexical value, of which the potential meaning coincides with and never exceeds its actual meaning, and which is attached as a label to one animate being or one inanimate object for the purpose of specific distinction from among a number of like or in some respects similar beings or objects that are either in no manner distinguished from one another or, for our interest, not sufficiently distinguished.”

From the definition, we can see a name is basically functioned as a“label”, with the purpose of“specific distinction”.The article in the following will focus on personal names, which makes up of a special branch in the system of names.Personal names are people’s names--the names that they inherit at birth and the other names that are given to them.

2 English Names and Their Culture Reflection

2.1 The structure of English names and its culture reflection

English names are also mainly made up of two components as Chinese ones are:surnames and given names.But in English given name comes first and the surname is at the end.Therefore, the surname to English native speakers is also called the last name and given name the first name.For example, John Taylor, John is the given name and Taylor is the surname.First name is also called baptized name or Christian name, because most English native speakers believe in Christianity or Catholicism, and their babies who are born around one week should be baptized and named by the priest or parents in the church.

The different order of English names from Chinese ones reflects the different culture of English native speakers.English people put their family names, which represent their ancestors, clans and groups, after their given names, the symbols representing individual and individuality.That means the western people attach much importance to individuals and individuality and they value the independent personality and selfconsciousness.They think the given names are life and soul of a person, so they highly value them.Contrary to the high esteem of given names, they think family names are not very important.Incidentally, as mentioned above, the given names in English speaking countries are also called Christian names.The phenomenon reflects the important role of religion in people’s life.

2.2 The source of English surnames and its culture reflection

English surnames are unlimited in number, but generally speaking, English surnames can be grouped into 8 sources.1) Use given names and the affix indicating blood ties as family names.For example:the suffixing represents the descendants of the family, such as Browning, Pauling.2) Occupational names.Such as:Goldsmith, Blacksmith.3) Use the names of nationality as family names.For example:Angles, Dane.4) The names of official position.Such as:Chancellor (a judge) , Chamberlain (the close servant of a king) .5) Place names.For example:Hill, River.6) Family names from nature, like Bird, Flower, Frost, etc.7) Use the description of personal features or human body parts as family names.For instance:Strong, Grand.8) Use names in the Bible as family names, for example, James, John.

English family names coming from the names of saints and Bible reflect the religious influence in people’s life.Christianity became important social power in Rome in about the 3rd century.Then it was spread to other European countries and Bible became foundation of western culture.English culture is inevitably influenced by Christianity and the influence can be seen from the names.

Among English family names, many came from Greek, Latin or Hebrew languages.Most of these family names came into English with the Bible and Christianity.They became a part of English culture, for example, Michael (like God) from Hebrew language, Andrew (manly) from Greek, Theodore (a gift from God) from Latin and Devil (a man of a town) from French.This reflects the accommodation of English culture.

2.3 the naming of English given names and its culture reflection

The phenomenon that the members of younger generation use members of older generation’s given names as their own names is very common in Britain or America, for example, British politician William Pitt and his son William Pitt.It’s also the tradition of naming that he naming of a child in Britain or America is totally decided by the parents.In western countries, the individual thought is emphasized and advocated.This idea is embodied in the respect for individuals and all members are equal.This is the reflection of individualism orientation in English culture.

3 Conclusion

Names are an inseparable part of culture and the inevitable outcome of the cultural evolution.Culture infiltrates into every aspect of human social lives and exerts an imperceptible influence on people’s behavior.In this paper the phenomena of personal names is studied in the scale of culture with the purpose of getting the deep-going culture information reflected in English names.Through the analysis of the structure of personal names, origin of English surnames and the given names we can see English culture reflected in English names:religion, individualism and equality.It is hoped that their culture reflection helps us to have a better understanding of English language and English people, thus in the intercultural communication we can communicate more effectively and successfully.

参考文献

[1]程裕祯.中国文化要略[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1998.

[2]黄维合.英语姓名与文化[J].山东师大外国语学报, 2001 (1) .

[3]李忠华.英汉姓氏初探[J].解放军外国语学院学报, 2001, 24 (5) .

[4]魏光奇.天人之际:中西文化观念比较[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社, 2000.

from 篇2

Chinese financial regulators sought to alleviate those fears at a news conference during the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on November 11.

“Shadow banking is inevitable when there is a growing need for diversified financial services which traditional banks can’t provide,” said Zhou Xiaochuan, Governor of the People’s Bank of China(PBC), the country’s central bank, at the conference.

“But China’s shadow banking system is different from that in some developed countries and its size is much smaller.”

In the West, the core of the shadow banking system is turning credit relations by traditional banks into securitized credit relations. Shadow banking activities have grown nearly threefold in the last 10 years. The estimated assets of shadow banking totaled $67 trillion as of the end of 2011, according to a report released by the Financial Stability Board (FSB), a Baselbased organization mandated by the Group of 20 economies to coordinate a regulatory response to the financial crisis.

In China, there is no complete, unified or accurate definition for its shadow banking system. Generally speaking, it refers to all non-bank loans, such as wealth management products with cooperation between banks and trust companies, underground finance, micro-credit companies, pawn shops, private financing, private-equity investment, hedge funds, and off-balancesheet lending transactions, wrote business commentator Yu Fenghui in his blog.

The PBC has introduced the concept of“social financing,” which in addition to net new bank loans includes off-balance-sheet lending from banks, trust loans, corporate bonds and equity and funding from insurers, similar to Chinese shadow banking activities.

Social financing in the first three quarters of 2012 was 11.73 trillion yuan ($1.86 trillion), among which 43 percent was from credit access channels other than traditional banks, according to the PBC. The proportion has increased quite a bit during the past several years.

Shadow banking in developed countries is a product of financial innovation, which is specially designed to evade regulation and supervision.

“Unlike in some foreign countries, most financial activities by non-bank financial institutions in China are under supervision,” said Zhou.

Trust products and money management products are within the supervision of the China Banking Regulatory Commission(CBRC),” said Shang Fulin, Chairman of the CBRC, at the same conference.

In October 2011, the CBRC required all financial institutions to report in detail their off-balance-sheet transaction activities.

Even though “we should remain alert and maintain effective supervision against all possible risks, we should encourage the diversification of China’s financial businesses,” said Zhou.

A forced move

Shadow banks are a reaction to China’s financing restrictions and tight monetary policies. Whilst the financing environment benefits government-background companies, many private firms, especially small and micro-sized ones, are ruled out of the lending decisions of banks, said Huang Yiping, a professor in economics at Peking University, in a paper titled Will China’s Shadow Banks Be Another Subprime Mortgage Crisis?

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are never the main clients of commercial banks in China and banks have a high financing threshold for them. In the past several years, China has stuck to prudent monetary policies, which intensified the cash-strained situation for SMEs.

In 2011, only 21 percent of SMEs managed to borrow money from traditional lending financial institutions such as banks and rural credit cooperatives, and around 20 percent of them have never borrowed any money, according to a survey jointly conducted by Peking University and the Alibaba Group in east China’s Zhejiang Province.

Around 50 percent of SMEs have to borrow money via non-bank channels such as private lending and from relatives, said the survey.

Yu also said that the dramatic increase of shadow banks in China is partly the result of an overly rigid financial system.

“Serious defects in traditional financial institutions, especially banks, have made it very difficult for the real economy, and SMEs in particular, to get enough financing,” said Yu.“That’s why financing offered by non-bank financial institutions has taken off in China over the past several years.”

Supervision is key

Scrutiny of the shadow banking system has increased since the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States in 2008.

“Appropriate monitoring and regulatory frameworks for the shadow banking system need to be in place to mitigate the build-up of risks,” said the FSB report.

“There is still a vacuum of supervision in China’s shadow banking system,” said Yu. Some transaction activities in China’s shadowing banking system don’t receive much scrutiny, such as guarantee companies and micro-credit companies. They are not within the supervision of the PBC and the CBRC but are subject to oversight from regulatory bodies specified by local governments.

However, financial supervision is quite specialized field, and letting non-specialized local governments supervise them is far from enough, he said.

“This is the key reason for the rampant expansion of micro-credit companies, guarantee companies, loan sharks and illegal private banks in recent years,” said Yu.

“Despite the possibility of facilitating efficiency and economic growth, the shadow banking system is a high-risk business that needs stricter regulation and supervision,”Huang said. Several steps are needed to contain the risks posed by China’s shadow banking sector.

First, in the short run, supervisory bodies should formulate more rules and regulations for companies that are engaged in the shadow banking system. Second, a clear supervisory framework must be designed to manage this business. Finally, a deeper transformation of China’s financial system must be made, including a market-oriented interest rate regime. This will enable more companies to gain financing from banks and China’s capital markets, said Huang.

While further oversight is necessary, Shang said, regulations should be formulated based on the specific qualities that make up China’s shadow banking system.“For the next step, the CBRC will further study the functions, scale, structure and risks of the shadow banking system in China, based on the actual reality in the shadow banking sector,” Shang said.

“Also, we will promote further bank reform and innovation to offer better and safer financial services,” he added.

from 篇3

This article sets out to analyze the Englishness by closely studying their distinctive linguistic class codes,identifying the specific hidden rules governing these codes,and then figuring out what these rules reveal about the Englishness,namely,their love of words,their denial of meritocracy and their characteristic of hypocrisy.

2.Linguistic class codes

One cannot talk at all without immediately revealing one’s own social class.And one cannot talk about English conversation without talking about class.Language,as it were,is the strong reflection of social and cultural phenomenon.All Englishmen communicate with one common language,which is English.However,one Englishman may use a type of English language that is different from the type of English language used by another Englishman.It is believed that one’s pronunciation and terminology betray him/her.

3.Pronunciation

The first class indicator concerns which type of letter you favor in your pronunciation–or in other words,which type you fail to pronounce.In England there are various accents,areas and stratum.The reason why the Standard Pronunciation in England is popularly regarded as the noblest accent is that it symbolizes the status of the speaker.The Standard Pronunciation is a label of upper-class and the royal and noble accent gives them the sense of superiority to ordinary people.

4.Terminology-seven deadly sins

Terminology is another main indicator accounting for linguistic class codes.There are seven words that the English uppers and upper-middles regard as infallible shibboleths.Utterance of any one of these“seven deadly sins”in the presence of these higher classes will immediately place you as middle-middle class,at best,probably lower and in some cases,working-class.

4.1 Pardon

This word is the most notorious pet hate of the upper and uppermiddle classes.One recalls overhearing her son telling a friend“Mummy says that‘pardon’is a much worse word than‘fuck’”.

4.2 Toilet

Toilet is another word that makes the higher classes flinch–or exchange knowing looks,if it is uttered by a would-be social climber.The correct upper-middle/upper term is“loo”or“lavatory”.

4.3 Serviette

This is another example of a“genteelism”like those trying to pretend themselves by using a fancy French word instead of a plain English one.It has been suggested that“serviette”was taken up by squeamish lower-middles who found“napkin”a bit too close to“nappy”,and wanted something that sounded a bit more refined.

4.4 Dinner

There is nothing wrong with the word“dinner”in itself,but if you use it to refer to the midday meal,which should be called“lunch”,you are immediately regarded as a working-class.

4.5 Settee

You could ask your hosts what they call their furniture.If an upholstered seat for two or more people is called a settee or a couch,they are no higher than middle-middle.If it is sofa,they are upper-middle or above.

4.6 Lounge

And what do English people call the room with the settee or sofa?Settees are found in“lounges”or“living rooms”,sofas in“sitting rooms”or“drawing rooms”.

4.7 Sweet

Like“dinner”,this word is not in itself as a class indicator,but it becomes one when misapplied.The upper-middle and upper classes insist that the sweet course at the end of a meal is called“pudding”–never the“sweet”,or“afters”,or“dessert”,all of which are indecent and unacceptable words.

5.Conclusion

Overall,by analyzing English linguistic class codes,particularly pronunciation and terminology,what has been proved is that class in England is quite closely related to the speech.It is safe to draw a conclusion that English speech reflects the Englishness,namely,their love of words,their denial of meritocracy and their characteristic of hypocrisy.

参考文献

[1]Aslet,Clive.Anyone for England?A search for British Identity[M].London:Little,Brown,1997.

[2]Bangbose.Language and Nation[J].England:University of Edinburgh,1991.

[3]Bernard Shaw,George.Pygmalion[M].The United States:the Pennsylvania State University,PA 18202-1291,2004.

[4]Brown,P.and Levinson,S.C.Politeness:Some Universals in Language Usage[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.

[5]Fasold,Ralph.The Sociolinguistics of Language[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Blackwell Publishers Ltd,2000.

[6]Fox,Kate.Watching the English–the Hidden Rules of English Behavior[M].生活读书新知三联书店,2010.

[7]Gorer,Geoffrey.Exploring English Character[M].London:Cresset Press,1955.

from 篇4

2)are you/ they from….?

3)do you / they come from..?

4)what about you /he/her…?

二、教具

录音机;磁带;一张世界地图;几件学习用具。

三、课堂教学设计

1.值日生报告。

2.教师让学生齐读第23单元的对话。

3.教师拿出中国地图世界，并提出问题：where is Taiyuan? 学生回答。然后让学生相互之间根据地图中各个城市的地理位置进行句型操练。

4.教师拿出世界地图，指着地图上的国家和城市说：This is Paris.并问学生：Where is Pair? 同时教师板书France该词，学生反复跟读。教师继续教授新单词USA, Australia, Canada, UK, Japan, America。当确信大家已初步掌握之后，教师再次拿起地图与学生进行如下问答练习：

T：where is …?

Ss：It’s….

T： How do you spell it?

Ss：(拼写这个单词)。

from 篇5

Li Wensheng（李文生）

Guiping, Guangxi

Wow, there is a colourful T-shirt! I want to wear it. It can make me become a colourful panda.

Guo Shurui（郭书瑞）

Xiantao, Hubei

Let’s play hide-and-seek（捉迷藏）! Are you ready? I’m coming!

Wang Xuehan（王雪涵）

Wuhu, Anhui

Oh, help! My head is stuck（卡住） on the slide（滑梯）!

Liu Haoren（刘昊仁）

Nanning, Guangxi

The bird (Left): What’s the matter with you?

The bird (Right): Oh, I’ve got a stiff neck（落枕）!

Mo Shuyao（莫舒尧）

Baise, Guangxi

The bird (Left): I’m the best model（模特）! Don’t you think so?

The bird (Right): Where are you?

Zhu Yimeng（朱翊萌）

Tangshan, Hebei

The bird (Left): Look, I can make a face（做鬼脸）!

The bird (Right): Ha ha, you’re ugly. Look at me. I’m better than you. Am I funny?

Liu Xinyue（刘欣悦）

Xuzhou, Jiangsu

from 篇6

Beautiful melodies echo throughout a newly refurbished synagogue in Harbin， capital of northeast Chinas Heilongjiang Province on the border with Russia， on an August evening. A small concert is being held by four female Russian violinists. The compositions they play include both Chinese songs， such as Butterfly Lovers and Jasmine Flower， and Russian ones， like Katyusha.

The synagogue is located on Tongjiang Street in Harbins Daoli District. It was built in the early 20th century， and has a history that spans more than 100 years.

“When the Chinese Eastern Railway began construction， a large number of Jewish Russians swarmed to Harbin. By the 1920s， the number of Jews living in the city had reached over 20，000，” said Li Shuxiao， a researcher with the Jewish Research Center of the Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences.

“The synagogue used to be a place for Jews to carry out religious ceremonies and political and social activities，” Li said.

Built by Russians in the late 1890s and early 1900s， the Chinese Eastern Railway ran across northeast China to link the Russian cities of Chita and Vladivostok. The railway centered on Harbin， with tracks stretching to Manzhouli， Inner Mongolia in the west and Suifenhe， Heilongjiang in the east and a southern branch reaching Dalian， Liaoning， measuring around 2，400 km in total. The route helped Russia divert natural resources from northeast China and strengthen its control of the Far East.

Harbin opened to foreign trade in 1905. At that time， many Western immigrants flocked to the city： Over 200，000 immigrants from more than 30 countries came to call Harbin home， and 19 countries set up consulates there. Soon after， the city developed into a highly international metropolis.

Russian culture has exerted the most prominent—and lasting—influence upon the city， among the Western cultures once present there. Just last year， the Harbin Municipal Government launched a 100-million-yuan （$16.3 million） project to revamp the old Russian Jewish synagogue to fit its original appearance. The project finished in May this year. The main hall of the synagogue has been transformed into a concert hall， designed for string instrument performances， and every week， four small evening concerts are put on in the building.

“The concert hall aims to provide a place for citizens， music lovers and tourists to listen to music，” said Qu Ming， Chairman of the Harbin Culture and Tourism Corp. “Its not enough to simply renovate the old synagogue. Putting on musical performances in the old building gives it new life.”endprint

The concert hall has given the city a vibrant musical atmosphere， together with the Harbin Summer Music Concert. This summer event was started in 1961 and has been held 31 times since. In 2010， Harbin was even awarded the title of a UNESCO City of Music.

Indeed， the city has always held a fascination for classical music lovers thanks to its Russian influence. In 1925， a Russian violinist and his wife founded the Glazunov Conservatory of Music， which is located near the synagogue. After a suspension of 78 years， it reopened in August.

The Harbin Conservatory of Music， another school of music that is currently under construction， will recruit students in two years. “The conservatory will cooperate with Russian music experts in the future to develop into a cradle for nurturing outstanding musicians，” said Lu Hao， Governor of Heilongjiang Province， on August 16 at the opening ceremony of a provincial tourism bureau-sponsored activity for the 100 top travel agencies in China. This activity was held to attract travel companies to offer more tour packages in the province.

“In the meantime， the conservatory serves to enrich the citys cultural atmosphere and improve Harbins image as an official City of Music，” Lu added.

Russia， redux

Western influence in the city， however， extends far beyond music. As a popular tourist destination， Harbins Central Avenue bears the strong imprints of Russian culture. Walking into a boutique along the avenue， one can find a bevy of Russian handicrafts for sale including matryoshka dolls， chocolates and candies， and many varieties of vodka. Shops selling Russian sausages can be seen up and down the street. One would not be remiss in mistaking Central Avenue for a street in Russia.

The avenue is now the most prosperous commercial area in Harbin and has become a must-see tourist destination. During peak season， it receives as many as 1 million visitors per day. Buildings that represent a variety of architectural styles， from the Baroque period to Art Nouveau， line both sides of the street to form a veritable gallery of Western architecture trends.

In the early 20th century， Russians—along with merchants from many other European countries—set up banks， stores， hotels， cinemas and bars along Central Avenue. Thus， the street recreated the fashions and prosperity of Europe at that time. The Saint Sophia Cathedral， a Russian Orthodox church that stands to the east of the avenue， provides a marked contrast to the markets hustle and bustle.endprint

“Harbin residents often come here not for the purpose of making any purchases， but simply to walk and relax，” said Geng Wei， a local tour guide.

The street was paved in 1924 with pieces of granite shaped like small Russian breads. At that time， it is said， the value of just one such stone could feed a person for a month. Thus， the avenue was dubbed a “street paved with gold.”

“On the one hand， Russians took advantage of many of the areas natural resources， but on the other， they left valuable legacies like the architecture in the city，” said Geng.

Wide-reaching influence

Russias mark upon the city is not only represented in such tangible forms as music and architecture， but pervades the lives of locals as well.

“The influence is everywhere，” said Liu Qinggang， an official with the Harbin Municipal Tourism Bureau. “For example， Russian people founded a beer factory in the city in 1900， the first beer brewery in all of China. Today， people here have kept up the brewing tradition.”

Since 1988， an annual beer festival has been held in Harbin each July. Drinking beer has become an important means for local people to socialize and negotiate business.

In addition to beverages， people in Harbin adopted their winter dress code from the Russians. In the worst of the cold， women wear thick fur coats， skirts and warm silk stockings.

“This way of dressing was first adopted from Russians and has been passed on through the present，” said Liu.

Governor Lu noted， “Though the per-capita income of Harbin residents does not rank high， their per-capita fashion industry consumption has often ranked among the top three highest in the country.”

Even the local love of picnics was adapted from Russian pastimes. On nice weekends， people spread out a sheet of cloth in one of the citys many parks and sit to enjoy food and beer with family and friends while feasting their eyes on the beautiful scenery.

“As summers in Harbin are very short， usually only two months long， people have to use the nice days for outdoor activities before the extremely cold winter returns，” Yin Feng， a local citizen， told Beijing Review.