壮观的什么填空词语

2024-12-09|版权声明|我要投稿

壮观的什么填空词语(共6篇)

壮观的什么填空词语 篇1

春雨,有三层意思:

(1)春天的雨。

(2)用以比喻恩泽。

(3)曲名。

此问题中的春雨指的是春天的雨,春天的雨具有:柔和,细密,飘渺,朦胧的特点。

春雨是季节变迁的.使者,它预示着从严寒的冬天到温暖的春天的过度。春雨带来的是万物复苏,生机勃勃!

形春雨的词,就要根据春雨的特点来选择。

形词,很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。形词主要用来描写或修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征或属性,常用作定语,也可作表语、补语或状语。

壮观的什么填空词语 篇2

问:教中年级语文, 过去是十分重视段的教学的。新课改以来, 段的教学逐渐为教师所生疏, 乃至一些常见的构段方式也很少为学生所知道。譬如说教学《白鹅》, 大家所关注的是课文读得如何, 词句是否理解, 却没人去关注这篇文章在结构上有什么特点, 更没有人围绕段来进行相关的训练。请问编辑老师, 这样做是否合适?

答:正如你所言, 课改以来, 段的教学的确受到了颇多的冷遇, 并为多数教师所忽视。以为新课程在中年级是不需要进行段的教学的, 甚至认为搞段的教学就是增加学生负担, 就是“繁难偏旧”, 必须予以摒弃。这种理解其实是不对的。事实上, 中年级的段的教学是十分重要的。段的教学是从读懂词句到读懂篇章的重要一环。能读懂段, 才能更好地去读篇。换言之, 段的教学不落实, 篇的教学就难以更好地落实。新课程淡化段的教学, 的确有纠正繁琐分析, 减轻学生负担过重的考虑。但这绝不意味着段的教学不重要, 更不意味着不能进行段的教学。相反, 它要求更灵活、更适度地进行段的教学———抓住典型课例, 结合具体内容, 读好段———概括段的意思, 理解段的叙述顺序, 了解构段的基本方法。以《白鹅》而言, 丰子恺先生先写刚把这只鹅抱回家时, 对白鹅留下的“高傲”的初步印象, 继而以“鹅的高傲, 更表现在它的叫声、步态和吃相中”。这一过渡段统领全文, 细致刻画了鹅“严肃郑重”的声调, “大模大样”的步态和“三眼一板”“一丝不苟”的吃相。这样的叙述结构是应该而且必须让学生有所领悟的。否则的话, 学生就不可能体悟到文章构思的精巧, 便是对白鹅的特点的把握也是难以深刻的。

描写场面壮观的词语 篇3

2、气势磅礴:磅礴:广大无边的样子。形容气势雄伟壮大。

3、势如破竹:势:气势,威力。形势就象劈竹子,头上几节破开以后,下面各节顺着刀势就分开了。比喻节节胜利,毫无阻碍。

4、人山人海:人群如山似海。形容人聚集得非常多。

5、一望无垠:辽远广阔,看不到边际。

6、汹涌澎湃:汹涌:洪水猛烈上涌的样子;澎湃:波浪互相撞击。形容声势浩大,不可阻挡。

7、排山倒海:推开高山,翻倒大海。形容力量强盛,声势浩大。

8、繁弦急管:形容各种乐器同时演奏的热闹情景。

9、鼓角齐鸣:鼓:战鼓;角:古代军队中的乐器,即号角。战鼓响,号角鸣。形容军队出击时的雄壮阵势。

10、万马奔腾:成千上万匹万在奔跑腾跃。形容群众性的`活动声势浩大或场面热烈。

11、波澜老成:波澜:波涛,形容文章多起伏;老成:指文章很老练。形容文章气势雄壮,语句老练。

12、鹏程万里:相传鹏鸟能飞万里路程。比喻前程远大。

13、马水车龙:犹言车水马龙。形容来往车马很多,连续不断的热闹情景。

14、人语马嘶:人叫喊,马嘶鸣。形容纷乱扰攘或热闹欢腾的情景。

15、万马奔腾:成千上万匹刀在奔跑腾跃。形容群众性的活动声势浩大或场面热烈。

16、飞流直下:飞流:指瀑布;直下:垂直泻下。瀑布垂直泻下。形容瀑布垂直泻下的壮观景象。

17、热火朝天:形容群众性的活动情绪热烈,气氛高涨,就象炽热的火焰照天燃烧一样。

18、波涛汹涌:汹涌:水势腾涌的样子。形容波浪又大又急。

19、天震地骇:震:震动。震动了天地。形容声音或声势极大。有时形容事件、场面令人惊骇。

20、翻江搅海:形容水势浩大。多喻力量或声势非常壮大。也形容吵闹得很凶或事情搞得乱七八糟。

21、一片狼藉:场面非常的混乱不堪,到处乱七八糟,杂乱不堪。

22、高朋满座:高:高贵。高贵的朋友坐满了席位。形容宾客很多。

23、急拍繁弦:犹言急管繁弦。形容各种乐器同时演奏的热闹情景。

24、一泻千里:泻:水往下直注。形容江河奔流直下,流得又快又远。也比喻文笔或乐曲气势奔放。也形容价格猛跌不止。

25、人头攒动:人很多,拥挤着移动。一般用于形容某些地方人口密度较大,程度不如人山人海高。

26、欢声雷动:欢笑的声音象雷一样响着。形容热烈欢乎的动人场面。

27、驷马高车:驷马:一车所驾的四匹马。套着四匹马的高盖车。旧时形容有权势的人出行时的阔绰场面。也形容显达富贵。

28、八音迭奏:八音:古代对乐器的统称;迭:交互,轮流。八类乐器轮番演奏。表示器乐齐全,演奏场面盛大。

29、接踵而至:指人们前脚跟着后脚,接连不断地来。形容来者很多,络绎不绝。

30、波澜壮阔:原形容水面辽阔。现比喻声势雄壮或规模巨大。

31、摩肩接踵:肩碰着肩,脚碰着脚。形容人多拥挤。

32、蔚为大观:蔚:茂盛;大观:盛大的景象。发展成为盛大壮观的景象。形容事物美好繁多,给人一种盛大的印象。

33、天翻地覆:覆:翻过来。形容变化巨大。也形容闹得很凶。

34、踵趾相接:谓脚迹相连。形容人数众多,接连不断。

35、波澜壮阔:比喻声势雄壮或规模巨大。

36、熙熙攘攘:熙熙:和乐的样子;攘攘:纷乱的样子。形容人来人往,非常热闹拥挤。

37、人声鼎沸:鼎:古代煮食器;沸:沸腾。形容人群的声音吵吵嚷嚷,就象煮开了锅一样。

38、江翻海倒:犹江翻海沸。形容水势浩大。多用以比喻力量或声势壮大。

39、鼓乐齐鸣:击鼓和奏乐声一齐响。形容热闹景象。

40、百万雄师:为数众多、威武雄壮的军队。

41、江翻海沸:形容水势浩大。多用以比喻力量或声势壮大。

42、蔚为壮观:蔚:盛大;壮观:壮丽。形容盛大壮丽的景象。

43、马咽车阗:形容车马繁多,非常热闹。

44、车水马龙:车象流水,马象游龙。形容来往车马很多,连续不断的热闹情景。

45、鼓乐喧天:鼓:弹奏。喧天:声音大而嘈杂。弹奏着各种乐器,声响大得直冲云天。形容十分欢乐热闹。

46、翻江倒海:原形容雨势大,后形容力量或声势非常壮大。

★ 形容场面壮观的成语

★ 形容壮观的成语

★ 场面描写四字词语

★ 描写场面欢乐的词语

★ 形容时间词语

★ 形容笑的词语

★ 形容女人的词语

★ 形容海浪的词语

★ 形容时间长的词语

四字词语填空 篇4

()盆大雨()不犹豫 饥肠()()()瓜()熟 流光()彩()()有味()长()久 如醉如()浮想()()()()吞枣 不求()解 悲欢()()()肠()肚 如()似()不言而()千()一()别出()()与()不同 大显()()心安()()()()不忘()心()血 能书()画 风()雪()低头()节()天()地 香()十里()光闪闪()负()名()()相助 安然无()()断丝连()往()来()然大()()()万千 小心()()不容争()()()不舍 星()棋()大喜过()心()手巧()()不断()()不绝 受用不()()用不()不动()色 水()石()()()群游 迂回()()()()敬敬()洋过海()世无双 抑扬()()()色()香 凤()龙()()然起敬()拔如峰()()如海()()如脂()头()息 失()落()()()不休 欢声笑()()怀()心

摇摇()()雪上加()按()索()破烂不()一如()往 来日()长()()不安()()于无()世闻名 众星()月 金()辉煌 玲珑()()()台楼()()情()意 天南海()()珍()宝 满腔()火 悬()绝()()钉()铁 居高()下()七()八()身()骨 昂首()()坚强不()()天动地 气()山河 风雨()()()()上升 同()敌()临危不()前()后()力()狂()中流()()大义()然()情()志 不屈不()披()斩()()发()强()精()治 众志成()舍()取义()重()远 再()再()()往直前 万()千()四()八()()山()海()轰()炸 原()不动()以()日()()正正 大()无()轻()自()()耳欲()大()一惊 全神()注 五年级上册四字词语:

花花绿绿 倾盆大雨 饥肠辘辘 舒舒服服 依依不舍 绿林好汉 滚瓜烂熟 能文能理 毫不犹豫 流光溢彩 呐喊助威 津津有味 如痴如醉 浮想联翩 泪落如珠 囫囵吞枣 不求甚解 牵肠挂肚 如饥似渴 不言而喻 花纹驳杂 黯然神伤 千篇一律 天高气爽 云淡日丽 香飘四野 又圈又点 别出心裁 与众不同 天长日久 泪眼蒙胧 守望相助 干干净净 古往今来 大喜过望 受用不尽神气十足 末梢放纵 井然有序 挺拔如峰 震耳欲聋 指点指点 举世闻名 奇珍异宝 悬崖绝壁 坚强不屈 同仇敌忾 豪情壮志 任重道远 徐徐上升 古今中外 悲欢离合 指指点点 面容清秀 安然无恙 银光闪闪 垂头丧气 鲜红嫩绿蹦来蹦去 不方不圆 恭恭敬敬 清亮如溪 迫不及待 按图索骥 众星拱月 天南海北 斩钉截铁 惊天动地 临危不惧 不屈不挠 再接再厉 整整齐齐 大显身手 颇负盛名 香飘十里 闪闪发光 藕断丝连 小小翼翼 心灵手巧 爱慕之心不动声色 若行若飞 顿挫抑扬 浩瀚如海 一如既往 忐忑不安 金碧辉煌 大举进犯 热血沸腾 气壮山河 勇往直前 披荆斩棘 万水千山 原封不动 真情实感 风欺雪压 满头满身 蛰伏不动 冬暖夏凉 筋疲力尽 源源不断 又细又亮 天色入暮 龙蛇盘绕 盖世无双 凝滑如脂 满怀信心 聊胜于无 玲珑剔透 英勇奋战 居高临下 一笔一画 前赴后继 奋发图强 迎风招展 夜以继日 心安理得 顶天立地 依依多情 连蹦带跑 无影无踪 依依不舍 与众不同 轻松自在笑而不答 鹰隼雄立 古色古香 欢声笑语 喋喋不休 大吃一惊 亭台楼阁 满腔怒火 粉身碎骨 风雨归程 力挽狂澜 励精图治 四面八方 端端正正 念念不忘 低头折节 日出而作 端端正正 庞然大物 月光如水 络绎不绝 斑斑驳驳 口角纷争 鸿鹄群游 风舞龙翔 破烂不堪 摇摇晃晃 来日方长 山乡村野 全神贯注 叽里呱啦 微微颤抖 中流砥柱 众志成城 排山倒海 越推越慢 呕心沥血 整整齐齐 日落而息 光光溜溜 气象万千 不容争辩 星罗棋布 生意葱茏 七嘴八舌 排兵布阵 能简能详 失魂落魄 雪上加霜 不可估量 诗情画意 横七竖八 昂首挺胸 悄然落地 大义凛然 舍生取义 大江南北 细细端详

(一)根据意思写词语:

1、形容雨极大,就像一大盆一大盆倒下来似的。()

2、丝毫不迟疑,指态度非常坚决。()

3、肚子饿得咕咕响,形容十分饥饿。()

4、形容朗读、背诵得非常熟练流利。()

5、流动的光影,满溢的色彩。形容色彩丰富明丽。()

6、指吃得很有味道或谈得很有兴趣。()

7、时间长,日子久。形容长久。()

8、形容神态失常,失去自控。()

9、头脑里涌现的感想连续不断。()

10、比喻读书不做细致地分析,不管懂不懂,全盘接受。()

11、只求懂个大概,不求深刻理解。()

12、指生活中经历的各种境遇和由此产生的各种心情。()

13、形容十分惦念,放心不下。()

14、形容要求很迫切,好象饿了急着要吃饭,渴了急着要喝水一样。()

15、不用说就能明白,形容道理明摆着。()

16、指文章都一个样,形式呆板雷同,没有新意。()

17、独创一格,与众不同。()

18、充分显示出本领和才干。()

19、觉得事情合乎道理,心里很坦然。()20、比喻费尽心血。()

21、懂书法,会作画,有书写和绘画的才干。()

22、遭受寒风冰雪的袭击,指天气恶劣。()

23、形容大无畏的英雄气概。()

24、低下头,弯下腰。比喻屈服。()

25、香味飘到数里之外,形容香气浓郁,在很远的地方都能闻到。()

26、为防备外来的侵害,相邻各处协同守卫瞭望,遇警互相通报支援。本文指家乡的人们互相帮助、和睦相处的生活情景。()

27、平平安安没有受到任何损伤。()

28、比喻表面上好象断了关系,实际上仍然挂牵着。()

29、指从古代到现在的意思。()30、外表看上去非常大的东西。()

31、形容景色和事物多种多样,非常壮观。()

32、非常小心,丝毫不敢疏忽。()

33、不允许争论、辩说。()

34、像天上的群星似的罗列着,像棋盘上的棋子那样分布着。形容数量众多,散布的范围很广。()

35、结果超过了原来的期望,因而特别高兴。()

36、心思灵敏、手艺精巧。()

37、连续不断的样子。()

38、形容过往的人或车辆前后相接,往来不断。()

39、享受、得益不完。()

40、不说话,不流露感情。形容态度很镇静。()

41、形容非常残破的样子。()

42、形容心神不定的样子。()

43、完全跟过去一样。()

44、耳朵都被震得快要聋了。()

45、说话没完没了。()

46、比喻一再遭受灾难,损坏更加严重。()

47、未来的日子还很长。()

48、心神不定。()

49、比完全没有好一点。()

50、无数的星星环绕着月亮。比喻许多东西围绕着一个中心。()

51、形容器物精致通透,结构奇巧。()

52、像诗、像画一样优美动人,给人以美的意境。()

53、指相隔很远的不同地区。()

54、奇异罕见的宝物。()

55、形容说话办事坚决果断,毫不犹豫。()

56、形容山和水很多。()

57、比喻力量强大,声势浩大,不可阻挡。()

58、白天的时间不够用,夜晚接着干。()

59、物体不歪斜,保持平衡状态。()

(二)照样子写词语

如火如荼:()()()()花花绿绿:()()()()一了百了:()()()()翩翩起舞:()()()()小心翼翼:()()()()

绿油油:()()()()四字词语解释:

饥肠辘辘:饿得肚子直叫。依依不舍:留恋,不忍分离。

滚瓜烂熟:形容朗读、背诵得熟练流利。

毫不犹豫:一点也不迟疑,坚决果断。文中指在常人难以作出选择的问题上,自己会坚决地选择一本书,表达了对书喜爱的程度,鲜明地亮出了自己的观点。流光溢彩:流动的光影,满溢的色彩。形容色彩明丽。

津津有味:指吃得很有味道或谈得很有兴趣。文中指看画片时非常有兴趣。天长日久:形容长久。

如醉如痴:形容神态失常,失去自制。文中指作者读书读到入迷的程度。

浮想联翩:浮想:飘浮不定的想象;联翩:鸟飞的样子,比喻连续不断。指许许多多的想象不断涌现出来。文中指作者读书进入意境,产生许多联想。

悲欢离合:悲伤、欢乐、离散、聚会。泛指生活中经历的各种境遇和由此产生的各种心情。

牵肠挂肚:牵,拉。形容十分惦念,放心不下。

如饥似渴:形容要求很迫切,好像饿了急着要吃饭,渴了急着要喝水一样。不言而喻:喻:了解,明白。不用说话就能明白。形容道理很明显。

囫囵吞枣:把枣整个咽下去,不加咀嚼,不辨滋味。比喻对事物不加分析思考。黯然神伤:心情不愉快,无精打采的样子。

千篇一律:一千篇文章都一个样。文中指文章公式化,非常机械、乏味。不求甚解:指只求懂得个大概,不求深刻的了解。

大显身手:显:表露,表现;身手:指本领。充分显示出本领和才能。别出心裁:另有一种构思或设计。指想出的办法独创一格,与众不同。与众不同:跟大家不一样。

念念不忘:念念,一遍遍地思念,时刻思念,永不忘记。呕心沥血:比喻极度劳心苦思。

倾盆大雨:雨大得像盆里的水直往下倒。形容雨大势急。心安理得:得:适合。自以为做的事情合乎道理,心里很坦然。

朵朵冷艳,缕缕幽芳:冷艳,形容花耐寒而艳丽。幽芳,形容香味清淡而芬芳。冷艳和幽芳写出了梅花的清高品格。颇负盛名,就是名气很大。不甚在意:不太在意。

星罗棋布:像天上的群星和棋盘上的棋子那样罗列分布。形容数量众多,散布的范围很广。

大喜过望:望,希望。所得超过了原来的期望,因而特别高兴。心灵手巧:心思灵敏,手艺精巧。

络绎不绝:络绎,往来不断,前后相继。形容过往的人或车辆连接不断。

斑斑驳驳:指一种颜色中夹杂有别种颜色,花花搭搭的;也指阳光透过物体的缝隙照射下来,形成许多不规则的光点,明明暗暗的。本文指吊兰的叶子在阳光下明明暗暗,颜色不一,相互交错。

生意葱茏:文中形容草木生长旺盛,充满生命活力。

水滴石穿:比喻学习或者做事只要有恒心,坚持不懈,就能够战胜困难,取得成功。失魂落魄──形容极度惊慌,行动失常的样子。震耳欲聋──耳朵都震得快要聋了。形容声音很大 得意扬扬:称心如意,感到非常满意的样子。一如既往:跟过去一样。喋喋不休:说话没完没了。雪上加霜:比喻由于另外的原因使祸事加深。

按图索骥:照图上画的样子去寻求好马。本文是说照样子做。忐忑不安:心神不定,心中不安。毫无疑义:一点不怀疑。

不可估量:“估量”是推算、计算的意思。“不可估量”是说圆明园的毁灭损失巨大,无法计算。

众星拱月:无数星星环绕着月亮,比喻许多东西围绕着一个中心。“ 金碧辉煌:形容建筑物异常华丽,光彩夺目。

玲珑剔透:“玲珑”,精致灵巧;“剔透”,剔除多余的部分,使透空明晰。“玲珑剔透”,形容器物小巧玲珑,精致奇妙。

全神贯注:贯注,精神、精力集中。全部精力集中在一点,形容注意力高度集中。居高临下:处在高处,俯视下面。形容处于有利的地位。昂首挺胸:仰着头挺着胸无所畏惧的样子。

斩钉截铁”比喻处理事情或说话坚定果断,毫不犹豫。

夜以继日:以,用来。用晚上的时间接上白天,形容日夜不停。小心翼翼:非常小心,丝毫不敢疏忽。不容争辩:不允许争论,辩解。

安然无恙:是形容平安,没有受到一点儿伤害。本课指夹丝玻璃非常坚硬,受到猛击,仍不会伤人。

藕断丝连:原是比喻表面上好像已经断了,实际上仍有牵连。本文是指玻璃虽然碎了,但玻璃片仍粘在一起,不会四处飞溅伤人。

大公无私:指办事公正,没有私心。现多指从集体利益出发,毫无个人打算。四面八方:指各个方面或各个地方。

排山倒海:推开山岳,翻倒大海。形容来势猛,力量强盛,声势浩大。万水千山:形容路途遥远.。

端端正正:物体各部分保持应有的平衡状态。亭台楼阁:泛指建造在园林庭院中供游憩欣赏的建筑。诗情画意:像诗画里所描摩的能给人以美感的意境。

天南海北: 形容距离遥远的不同地区。亦形容(谈话)漫无边际。奇珍异宝:珍异难得的宝物。满腔怒火:心里充满着极大的愤怒。悬崖绝壁:形容山势险峻。

欢声笑语:又说又笑,气氛欢快热烈。破烂不堪:破破烂烂的不成样子。满怀信心:心中充满自信心。

大吃一惊:形容对发生的事感到十分意外。

来日方长:将来的日子还长着呢。表示事有可为或将来还有机会。聊胜于无:比没有要好一点。源源不断:形容接连不断。

受用不尽:得到的好处一生也用不完。

轻松自在:感到非常轻松愉快,做什么事都顺心。

不动声色:在紧急情况下,说话、神态仍跟平时一样没有变化。形容非常镇静。银光闪闪:闪着的银光特别耀眼。

古往今来:历数过去的,再看看现在有的。

庞然大物:高大的样子。指高大笨重的东西。现也用来形容表面上很强大但实际上很虚弱的事物。

气象万千:形容景象或事物壮丽而多变化。风欺雪压:形容在恶劣的环境中生存。

顶天立地:头顶青天,脚踏大地;形容堂堂正正,志向远大,气概不凡。低头折节:低下头,丧失气节,屈服于他人。能书善画:书法又好绘画又好,形容多才多艺。香飘十里:形容香气浓郁。

守望相助:为了对付来犯的敌人或意外的灾祸,邻近各村落互相警戒,互相援助。同仇敌忾:指全体一致痛恨敌人 临危不惧:遇到危难,一点也不害怕。勇往直前:勇敢地一直向前进。

前仆后继:前面的冲上去了,后面的紧跟上来。形容不断投入战斗,奋勇冲杀向前。力挽狂澜:比喻尽力挽回危险的局势。中流砥柱:在某个领域举足轻重.。

大义凛然:由于胸怀正义而神态庄严,令人敬畏。豪情壮志:豪迈的情感,远大的志向。

不屈不挠:比喻在压力和困难面前不屈服,表现十分顽强。披荆斩棘:比喻在创业道路上或前进道路上清除障碍,克服困难。奋发图强:振作精神,以求强盛。

励精图治:振奋精神,想办法治理好国家。

众志成城:万众一心,象坚固的城墙一样不可摧毁。比喻团结一致,力量无比强大。舍生取义:牺牲自己,获取正义。

GRE考试句子填空常见词语 篇5

inherently adv. 天生地; 本质上

calculated a. 有计划的,适当的,适合的,计算出的

cogent a. 使人首肯的,使人信服的,切实的

dogmatic a. 教条的,独断的

burnishing 挤光; 擦亮; 磨光; 摩擦抛光

outdated a. 旧式的,落伍的,过时的

recognized adj. 公认的; 经过证明的; 普遍接受的

guess n. 猜测,臆测

adaption n. 适应

unclear a. 不易了解的,不清楚的,含混的

familiar a. 熟悉的,常见的,亲密的

partial a. 部分的,偏袒的,偏爱的

mediocrity n.平常,平庸之才

credence n. 信用,祭器台,供桌,凭证

ornamental n. 装饰物

intricacy n. 纷乱,复杂,错综

documentary n. 记录片

aesthetic a. 美学的,审美的,有美感

recount vt. 详述,叙述,重新计算

loath a. 不情愿的,勉强的

contravene vt. 1 违反,违背,冒犯 <习惯法律等

abstract n. 摘要,抽象

helpful a. 有帮助的,有益的,有用的

beneficial a. 有益的

rare a. 稀罕的,罕有的,珍贵的,非常的,

ubiquitous a. 到处存在的,遍在的`

medium n. 媒体,方法,媒介

proliferate vi. 增殖,激增,扩散

expand vt. 使膨胀,详述,扩张

scarcely ad. 简直不,一定不,仅仅

insincere a. 不诚实的,无诚意的,伪善的

evince vt. 表明,表示

benevolence n. 善意,慈悲,善行

inconsistency n. 不一致,不调和,矛盾

disinterested a. 无私欲的,廉洁的,公平的

hardly ad. 刚刚,几乎不,勉强是

conventional a. 传统的,习惯的,约定的

bromide n. 溴化物,平凡的人,佣俗的人

superficial n. 表面,外表

expediency n. 权宜,方便,私利

specious a. 徒有其表的,似是而非的,外表美观的

mundane a. 现世的,世俗的,宇宙的

renowned a. 有名的,有声誉的

poetic a. 诗的,诗意的,诗人的,理想化的

★ gre考试句子填空常见词汇精选整合

★ 古诗词常见意象知识点

★ 爱情古诗词经典句子

★ 古诗词句子励志

★ 高考语文常见古诗词鉴赏及病句答题须知是什么

★ 英语常见5种句子结构

★ 考研面试英语口语常见句子

★ GRE填空常见答题错误原因分析和正确技巧讲解

★ 赞美春天的古诗词句子

壮观的什么填空词语 篇6

现今世界充满了以都市爆炸式增长为特点的新的城市景观, 无论是城市人口的指数增长, 还是大城市日趋集中化, 都同时伴随着土地的扩张占领和延伸。

但同时我们必须注意到这些所谓的主要中等城市的发展潜力, 以及乡村社区和乡村环境下小型城市的弹性的持久。

都市世界是多面的, 拥有迥异的风格形式。面对倾向于将卫星城化的特大城市当作更不容置疑的范例的论述, 我提出一个更为开放的视角, 即把现实理解为一个土地状况在空间地理和时空多样性方面的宏大全景。

本文对全球城市化现象当前发展水平综合概述, 旨在对大型城市群作为一种蔚为大观的流行模式异军突起提出疑问, 从而强调进行对大规模城市土地溢出和浪费做出限制这一主题。我们为什么要继续消耗大量宝贵土地来建设新城市, 而不是利用如此多的未被充分利用的土地来更新城市, 满足由社会需求引发的新要求?

一、城市究竟去向何方?区域的未来在哪里?景观又将如何?

土地使用总是追求一种扩张的趋势。但是直到20世纪, 城市所表现出的还是受控制的状态。如今, 城市和区域不可阻挡地发生了改变, 因此对其的理解也随之改变。我们所理解的“城市景观”或“区域景观”必须源于既不留恋过去、更不能预示将来的立场。我们必须回顾城市和区域的状态来对其进行改善, 并且——根据“景观是区域的灵魂”这句格言——以建设优质的景观为目标。任何时候都是从头开始的好时机。就城市、区域和景观的品质而言, 没有什么被彻底错失。

诚然, 现在有许多关于探索新的城市景观, 特别是大都市景观的研讨会、展览和文章。我想特别强调的是, 在被高度占用的区域环境中发展形成的景观, 其中诸如“扩张”等现象已成为社会关注的决定性特征, 我希望用重建的方式对其进行环境管理。但是在全球层面上, 现在是时候来反思和讨论全世界正在发生什么, 看似永无止境的城市扩张的影响又是什么。

美国城市已经经历过了同样的区域扩张, 比城市诞生历史悠久的古老欧洲大陆还要早得多。现在, 亚洲和非洲城市也正经历着前所未见的新一轮城市扩张, 甚至亚洲“四小虎”等国家原本紧凑型的大城市开始呈现无限的城市扩张。

就都市圈形成这一现象所进行的研究可谓卷帙浩繁, 有数量众多的文献对此进行阐释。其中, 《没有城市的城市》——“未来都市景观:会议反思” (The Future Metropolitan Landscape:Conference Reflections) 研讨会的开场演讲——试图去理解当代区域性大都市景观, 断言了传统城市形态 (或多或少的紧凑, 可度量, 有明确边界) 的一去不再, 与无限城市 (区域分散且无限扩张, 边界模糊, 构成和形态多样) 的逐步建立之间的相关性;也断言了被一些文献作者视为一个“混合凝结体”的城市——一个由很多区块或是建造于被基础设施割裂、楼宇占据且保持地理连续性的碎片化的一片区域的各种形态所构成的城市。

一些城市无限的扩张形成了外在平庸且品质缺失的大都市区, 彻底削弱了社会结构的完整性和凝聚力以及经济实力。而且, 由此也会造成品质低下的景观, 生活其中、目睹新的大都市边缘区的影响的居民对此有相当负面的感受。这些边缘区包括扩建的“城市化”住区、现已废弃或退化的农业区、高危环境或已废弃的工业区、大都市主要公路交叉处的大型“意大利面条碗” (译者注:指多条公路错层交叉) 。

抛弃城市风格降低了区域的品质, 暴露了令人失望的不和谐景象。我们由此感到需要重新发展以高品质的空间、高密度的使用、功能的混合以及最根本的个体优势为特征的混合型城市。重新思考并塑造大都市边缘的景观, 确实是找回已失去的城市品质的唯一方式。

二、景观不仅是对区域的感受, 也是项目

“景观”这个词可以有很多含义, 以致有时候人们会混淆不清。如果我们不加选择地使用这个词, 会发生什么呢?一个积极的反应是设法在对这个词的含义和确切使用方面达成共识, 以确定或表明是关于区域感知的共同问题。我特意使用了两个关键词语来解读景观所提供给我们的——区域和感知。

“区域”对于界定所讨论的空间而言是必不可少的, 而“感知”一词则能丰富我们对该区域所发生事情的理解。区域是有形的现实, 而感知则在我们观察、分析景观并给出具体评价时, 提供了我们对该景观解释性和批评性的观点。形成感知、认知和情感等一系列作用。景观是区域中可见和不可见事物的融合, 是一种深层结构、先前的并决定这种结构的历史的综合表达——正如Eugenio Turri所提出的“隐藏的语义”, 包括生活在这一区域内并从地理和社会角度配置这一区域的群体。为了改善区域的状况, 我们已经把“景观”这个词的含义太过神圣化, 以至于失去了它是什么和意味着什么的优势和力量。

地域因媒介特性得以阐释, 因生活方式而有所转变。景观, 如果是地域的一种表达, 那么它必须重新恢复其“自成一国”的状态。不管是对不可恢复的从前景观的怀念, 还是对非场所和均质的全球化景观的辩解和伪现代痴迷, 都是毫无意义的。如果区域没有灵魂, 那么它的肌肤就会变硬变干。在介入区域时, 我们可以利用景观新的居住形式 (新的社区和城市) 的表现, 且不会失去已有空间的品质, 即在已决定用于城市化的区域内建造一些新的东西。

三、都市膨胀下的当代区域:多样景观

可以说, 膨胀已经成为当代的标志, 无论是人口、城市、迁移、机动性还是经济, 更确切的是一种打破传统范例的社会膨胀。观察我们如何为了最大程度的城市占有、大都市、耕地完全缺失和沙漠而在某些条件的限制下与区域抗争是一件非常有趣的事。但是, 这种极端的二元性正起着误导作用, 沙漠区域逐渐失去明确隔离, 与此同时, 在一些大都市地区人们却遭受着日趋隔离。自然变得越来越城市化, 而城市却恢复了放任的新形态。

城市的膨胀导致实体空间发生无法控制的碎裂, 而成为破碎的镜子、断裂的区域和脆弱的马赛克, 其碎片仍然保留着被分解了的所有含义。这种碎裂带来了试图理解区域整体性的荒芜而破裂的景观, 因为各部分之间既无顺序也无联系。这便是现今已经转变为不和谐且乏味的众多边缘区的寻常边缘地区的景观, 被污染且嘈杂、被公路割裂、且交通不便。而且反常的是, 这些区域要么拥有大量基础设施, 要么几乎没有……城市的发展伴随着迥然不同的过程, 形成了复杂的形态和新的都市风格, 但我们可以对其产生的新景观提出更高的要求。正如昂利·列斐伏尔 (Henri Lefeb v r e) 所提出的, 我们必须区分“城市”和“都市”, [1]但是我们无法理解, 更无法确定真正的当代城市的现实。因此, 对毫无标准的弹性和放松规范管制这种混乱的颂扬, 或是对作为新型现代空间的城市边缘地带的赞美, 都是没有意义的。我们现在把当代城市理解为多样景观的背景, 在其中发展新的项目。

为了理解城市转型带来的挑战, 我们必须认识到描绘了当代大都市特点的相关现象:城市不加控制地扩张, 伴随着必然的功能浪费;住区分散, 不断迁离市中心;大都市交通节点的核心功能的极化;集中型城市的大规模的内部转型;以交通中心为基础的新增长点之间缺乏联系;由粗放型发展的膨胀导致的城市边缘地区的扩张;新基础设施的建设不足所导致的现有基础设施使用的拥塞;某些荒地的再利用因污染程度而成为难题。

四、区域的模糊界限所带来的影响:多重边缘区和内部微边缘区

城市忽略了其与各区域之间源远流长的关系, 于是产生了大量的异质形态, 通常是碎片状或混合态。当前城市是一个大型的“城市星云”, 为了采取相应的行动, 必须解释并理解这一现象。我们试图从现象学角度解读城市现实的这些新词汇成为对新的城市进程进行规划和管理的工具。

机动性影响并决定了21世纪区域的新形态。区域中的人口膨胀决定了大城市的规模, 这与物质、商品、信息和人口的活动或流动是分不开的。这一机动性的“产品”和“结果”是区域的巨型城市化, 而其无论深层还是表面的最明显表现就是大都市的出现, 这是其真实的景观。我们并非在城市的格局和地理结构中, 而是在其动态感知以及日常景观中所展现的变迁中发现它。

从区域的模糊界限产生的空间效应中我们认识到, 逐渐影响着城市生活形态的区域扩张, 使城市在广阔的地理环境中扩张。这导致了一个高耕地比的地理区域, 以及一个越来越反城市化且封闭的城市系统。城市的扩张、过度拥挤和高度耕地化、碎片化的区域占用形式拉大了乡村和城市、乡村和乡村以及城市和城市之间的边缘接触区, 在很多情况下制造了当代的消费景观 (商业地带) 、基础设施景观、棕地、荒地、工业景观、运输和机动性枢纽、边缘景观 (收缩城市) 以及被边缘化的景观等城市现实。

五、通过区域重组创造新的城市景观

区域是一份永恒的档案。它使得生物物理基底显而易见, 表达了环境的动态, 同时也是社会行动的见证。它是空间产生的历史和地理。从把区域作为一种当代表达——包括了对过去的记忆和对更美好未来的证明——的整体观点, 我们认为介入并且改变某一地域的病态是最可能的。而最适当的策略, 就是对其进行重组和再造。

重组已经被提到人类活动的多个领域的日程上。“重新混合、重新制造、重新配置、重新考虑”适用于社会行为, 并且, 因此从坚定的生态学观点看来, 也适用于对我们的区域进行重组, 为在不可阻挡的演变的城市和永恒的区域之间进行环境调节。为此, 作为重建的策略, 我们已在整理、规划和管理当代城市时见证了一些有效的原则, 包括:面对分散, 趋向集中;面对低密度, 主张新而合理的较高密度;面对地域碎片化, 采取更为合理的紧凑模式;面对过度专门化, 推动混合及混合使用;面对社会隔离, 加强社会性空间、凝聚力和团结;面对缺乏向心力, 开展城市空间的更新建设;面对单一向心力, 构建网状的多极化;面对畸形的特大城市, 编织中等大都市组成的都市网;面对城市某部分具有的排他性竞争力和自主权, 达成互补和协同。

再造城市景观涉及到形成与区域及其使用和管理相关的新途径, 并反思趋向通过景观项目达成一种新的空间性进行改变的可能性。

六、重新思考大都市效率的新范式——“区域性拼图城市”

区域性改造项目常涉及碎片间的衔接和不同城市形态的调整, 以满足在新的物质和功能组织系统下新项目需求。“地域性拼图城市”是从城市接合的角度——也就是说, 从衔接空间出发——来解读城市现实的方案, 与此同时, 它也是对形态和环境的方案, 根据相互作用的城市和自然生态系统间的生态适应和协同进化来进行设计。包含了带有区域生物物理矩阵的完整空间的城市碎片, 其中遍布河流及其要素、径流和更加细小的排水网络、农田、果园和森林。基于将城市碎片的拼图与区域环境矩阵连接, 其目标是增强环境的平衡。

“区域性拼图城市”范式的视角是将区域和城市不同部分无缝相连并衔接, 包括:以环境矩阵作为支撑;坚实的城市结构;扩大的城市边缘区域;大都市周边和空隙中的城市边缘空间;重要基础设施交汇处新的吸引力节点;区域性开放空间。

这一模型的概念中具有下述若干运作目标:促进城市和乡村之间的渗透和界限的消除;为生态系统之间的渗透和转换进行规划;改造城市边缘 (生态过渡带) ;通过一些重要的空间对城市空间碎片进行连接;对机动性进行高效管理;设计更为细致的道路网络;改造和衔接大都市内的空地。

七、作为万花筒景观的当代城市

城市和其环境之间紧密而不可分割的关系给我们带来了很多复杂的感受, 并且形成了一系列在不同区域环境中毁誉参半的多元化景观和意象。

我们常会觉得自己在区域项目管理中十分孤立无助。看来我们现在必须在某个时候, 通过汇集不同甚至辩证对立的主张的研讨会来讨论多样学科的丰富性。最致命的自由主义主张的研讨会和“为了区域”这一新的区域文化宣言 (根本上包含了居住其中的人) 之间的紧张关系, 构成了我们生活环境真正的生态系统。

如果可以的话, 我们应当从建造城市的规划师的角度来发表意见, 干预自然和建筑之间模糊界限的微妙平衡, 思考约瑟夫·里克沃特 (Joseph Rykwert) 说过的:“今天的规划师……必须仍然从其前辈处学到重要的经验, 即城市所提供的任何‘模式’都必须足够强大以便在不可避免的混乱中得以幸存……并且必须构成城市体验”。[2]我们将探索城市景观的各种可能性, 不怀旧, 同时对管理我们所处城市的项目充满深深的热情, 思考在趋向无限城市的道路上建造出一个“新”的空间。

因此, 我们必须把景观的各种可能性作为一种工具进行重新诠释。在大都市里, 景观干预必须创造社会共识, 其目的在于提高生活品质 (环境、文化、审美等) , 为社区、为高效的机动性、为创造宜居环境、为适宜环境的健康创造有用之地, 创造一种新的美、一种新的审美, 以及一种让大都市人觉得能够创造舒适和公平的新感受……

景观的利用必须成为用于管理变化的社会调解工具。当我们规划区域转型时, 会发现面前开启了新的景观。景观项目因而成为一种工具, 是形成对土地滥用的批判视角并提出新的使用范式的一种文化中介。

重新利用大都市边缘地带被滥用的区域, 意味着一座新的景观工厂的诞生, 连同新的形态和空间, 为居民带来新的伦理观念。正如加斯东·巴歇拉尔 (Gaston Bachelard) 所提出的, “如果在深思熟虑之前、在成为刻意的奇观之前去梦想, 那么所有的景观都是一场梦的体验。它们只会被人们以之前在梦境中所见的审美热情来思量。我们意识到, 人类的梦想是自然之美的前奏。”[3]如果以这种方式来看待大都市, 那么我们将丢弃各种限制性的陈腐思想, 从而分辨出一个包含着很多中小城市的大城市带来的千变万化的景观, 这些城市正处于快速建设中, 但是需要有新秩序来清晰表达其形态的多样性。

八、奇观城市!

从词源学来说, “奇观 (spectacle) ”一词包含意为“看”的词根“spec”;而当我们看一个城市的时候, 我们视其为奇观, 即在城市中发展形成的功能的外在表达, 或是与这些表述相关的一系列活动。城市是一个构造物, 但是同时又是在其中居住、访问、展示和感受它的人们的面孔。

无论是日常还是特别节日, 城市已然成为一个典型且永恒的活动舞台, 因此它呈现并形成一个符号或者生成不同的具有可识别性的符号。从历史上看来, 城市是以图像学的方式通过其建筑符号呈现的, 包括其轮廓、高度和独特的城市植物, 或是其历史的见证和来自空间飞地的记忆。但是, 城市本身从来都不是一道奇观, 在城市中发生的一切才是奇观。后现代城市为更胜一筹而疯狂竞争, 从而开始了一个奇观城市的新阶段, 向社会推销媒体节目 (迪士尼化、麦当劳化等) 、“第二种生活” (形象的可视化虚拟界面) 、品牌推广 (可识别的品牌特征) 、“想象工程” (鼓励以虚拟来创造新的城市奇观的媒体环境产物) 以及“营销” (根据需要产生的多元的合适的消费供给) 所带来的无法形容的多样化的社会图景消费。在这一奇观的漩流中, 城市伪装了起来, 呈现了一个上演新的乌托邦梦想的舞台, 感染着游客和移民、居民和城市管理者, 成为宏大的悲喜剧露天剧场。

这并非是在妖魔化奇观城市, 因为我们必须明白它们对定位和城市经济的贡献, 但是我们也应该问自己几个问题:当望着城市的时候, 我们看到了什么?或者想看到什么?或者更好的问题是:我们相信自己看到的是什么?更进一步的话是:我们看到的还是它们让我们看到的?如果能回答这些问题的人都来回答, 答案将写满数不清的纸张——因为我们不会对任何一个城市无动于衷。在质疑中, 我们通过城市所提供的景象和感知问自己是什么刺激了我们或使我们麻木。

我于是建议把我们主要的注意力集中在奇观城市意味着什么——奇观城市, 壮观的城市, ——以便用“我们不要奇观城市”的论点来结束。我们要欢迎给人期待的城市, 或朝着创造服务、知识和社会文化创新迈进的令人充满期待的城市;我们要欢迎以优质的城市空间来培养文明、友好市民的城市, 智慧地适应抵制巨型化的尺度, 创建便利的、易读的、易通行的公共空间。

九、奇观城市和当代城市的奇观

奇观城市摧毁了市民的真实生活并使人疏远, 在很多情况下市民成为城市风景的一部分, 而将其现实生活变为奇观城市里怪诞的表面装饰, 就此我们可以例举出很多例证:明信片纪念碑式城市、以标志性建筑隐藏平常街区的“立面主义”面具城市, 以及在过度神圣化历史遗产光环下、脱离日常生活的木乃伊化的城市。

确实, 城市越来越像城市公众剧院的舞台, 包罗万象:奇观可以是戏剧化的、悲剧的或者喜剧的。

无论如何, 依我之见, 为了“壮观城市”的利益, 我们必须对“奇观城市”所意味的予以批判, 因为当代城市的奇观所造成的边缘性、城市贫困和不平等的现象, 都是与休闲和文化商品化的城市相对立的。事实上, 所讨论的城市的奇观, 指的是并非从真正的城市水平上贬值或者部分贬值的城市——聚居区域、城池、和大都市, 那些展示着其表面属性和梦寐以求目标平庸的和平庸化的城市, 尽管我们应该还记得由重要展会 (世界博览会和国际交易会) 、奥运会或不同类型的表演性活动 (文化功能、文学、哲学和烹饪节等) 对城市的影响而来的好的和不好的。

十、反对奇观并为了新的壮观城市:城市群vs标志性大城市

有一些城市在寻求其价值、属性和优势的新可能。那些能看到自身潜力, 并重视战略性改造的城市, 将因此不断得到改善。

通过历史中心及其文化价值的提升、城市活动和创新型社交网络, 一些城市正借由增加创新产业和文化管理方面的工作机会来尽力发展文化产业的全部潜能, 投资兴建促进创新和创造的新的基础设施和空间。在我看来, 对壮观城市这些新形态的思考重新安排了城市的社会空间, 使街道恢复为生活场所、住宅成为庇护所、生产空间成为令人难忘的场所, 而机动性的空间则成为相遇和共享的场地。杂乱、脱节文化和社会凝聚力匮乏的城市群体的冷漠形成对照的是, 一个体面而温暖高质量空间, 就可培养出有教养的自由的公民。壮观城市将真正地展示它应有的面貌:拥有优质公共环境和一些适当的私密空间的、供社群进行交流的肥沃土壤;创造共鸣且将市民重组到具体和真实的共享空间中的城市, 胜过在虚拟网络中可能引起排外的团体解散;作为信息的来源以及知识、资源支持的来源。

具体而言, 新的城市必须脱离大都市或巨型都市的大型化趋势, 并在城市星座中为自身重新制订规划, 按照社区居民认可的方式组织并使用城市场所;重新夺回并布局作为好的城市元素的状观空间, 如街道或广场, 以使用生活空间来取代参观或活动消费。公民权是在生活场所中被创造和形成的, 而不只是来自主要的文化活动或城市重商主义的装备。这不是一件容易的事, 因为如果没有一个大型的共同组织和自由互联的社区, 那么城市的规划承诺可能无法一一实现。为此, 矛盾冲突管理应该成为新的公民权力的武器。区域性拼图城市考虑到城市不同部分的质量管制, 没有忽视任何部分。若要连接整个城市, 城市项目、中等规模的良好城市形态、街道和广场的建筑、绿色空间系统的建设、以及体现完整空间的构想的每个城市区域的建筑, 仍是一个美好城市的关键所在。

Globalization is changing our perception of the urban world.While new cities emerge within new global contexts, the old world cities suffer from the various aging cycles of their buildings and the obsolescence of their infrastructures and urban services.

This is a world of new urban landscapes characterized by urban explosion, in both the exponential growth of urban populations and this concentration in large cities, along with dilated occupation and sprawl over the territory.

At the same time, however, we must note the power of these socalled intermediate cities and the resilient permanence of the rural communities and microcities within these rural environments.

The urban world is multi-faceted and possesses a great diversity in its forms of urbanity.Facing a representation that tends to place the conurbanized megalopolis as a more decisive paradigm, I pose a more open vision that understands rea lity as a grand panorama of spatial geographies and of simultaneous multiplicity in time and space for territorial situations.

This overview of the state of the art of globa l urban phenomena aims to raise questions about the hegemony of large agglomerations as a prevailing model and of great spectacularity, in order to reinforce the thesis that places a limit on the large urban overflow and waste of territory.Why do we continue to generate cities that consume valuable territories instead of regenerating city territory with so much committed land while supporting new demands that arise from social needs?

1. Quo Vadis, City?Quo Vadis, Territory?Quo Vadis, Landscape?

Land use has always pursued an expansionary trend.The city, however, presented controlled forms until the last century.Now, the city and territory have inexorably changed and, therefore, their interpretation has also changed.What we perceive as"urban landscape"or"territorial landscape"has to arise from positions that are not nostalgic and even less apocalyptic.We must review the state of the city and territory in order to improve them and--following the aphorism"the landscape is the soul of the territory"--aim to build qua lity landscapes.It is always a good time to start over.Nothing has been definitively lost with respect to the quality of the city, territory and landscape.

Indeed, there are many seminars, exhibitions and artic les dea ling with the exploration of new urban landscapes and specifically metropolitan ones.I would like to especia lly high light those that have deve loped in high ly-occupied territoria l contexts, in which phenomena such as sprawl are the determinant characteristics of a social concern that I wish to address with a renewed approach for environmental management.But now is the time, on a global level, to reflect and comment on what is happening and the effects on a planetary scale:urban development where urban expansion seems to be limitless.

American cities have already experienced the same territorial dilation, much earlier than the old European continent where city developments were historically produced.Now Asian and African cities are experiencing a new urban expansion under never-before-seen circumstances.Indeed, large Asian"tiger"economies show boundless urban explosions for traditional compact cities.

Multiple and ample works interested in the metropolitanization phenomenon have generated a consistent bibliography of explanation and interpretation.One of these, "Cities without Cities", the introductory conference tit le for The Future Metropolitan Landscape:Conference Reflections seminar tries to understand the contemporary regional metropolitan landscapes, affirming the relevance of the lost form of the traditional city--more or less compact, but measurable and definable--and the progressive establishment of an infinite city--scattered and dilated over territory, less definable, heterogeneous and multiform--;a city that some authors have already qualified as a mixed colloidal, a city of lumps, or a variety of forms built on a territory fractured by infrastructure, punctuated by buildings and fragmented in its geographic continuity.

The unlimited spread of some cities sets up metropolitan territories that are not only supporting a physical banalization, but also a loss of quality that completely influences a weakening of the integrity and cohesion of the social fabric and economic power.Moreover, a degraded landscape is created, one that is negatively perceived by the citizens who inhabit it, seeing the effects of the new metropolitan peripheries where they are extensions of"urbanized"residence, currently abandoned or degraded agricultural areas, industrial areas in a precarious situation or that have already been abandoned, large spaghetti bools at the intersections of major metropolitan streets.

The abandonment of urbanity degrades the territory and revea ls a belligerent and disappointing landscape, one in which we feel a renewed need for the development of a mixed city, characterized by the quality of space, use density, mixture of functions, and, ultimately, the strength of its individuals.Rethinking and remaking the peripheral metropolitan landscape is truly the only way to rediscover lost urban quality.

2. T h e L andscape a s t h e Perception of Territor y b ut a lso a s a Project

Multiple meanings can be attributed to the word landscape.So many so, that there is confusion at times.What happens when we use this word so indiscriminately?A healthy reaction is to try to establish a consensus on the meaning and the precise use that we've given to this word in order to identify or signify shared questions about the perception of territories.I have intentionally utilized two key words to understand what the landscape provides us:territory and perception.

Territory is essentia l to define the discussed space and perception is the word that enriches the interpretation of what happens in this territory.Territory carries a tangible rea lity while perception provides the opinion that we have, hermeneutically and critically, of the landscape when we observe it, when we ana lyze it and when we establish a specific valuation.Perception, cognition and affectivity are categories developed with our landscape gaze.The landscape is the fusion of what is seen and what is not seen of the territory, texture as an expression of a profound structure and of the preceding and conditioning history, "a semantic latency", as proposed by Eugenio Turri, consisting of communities that have lived in the territory and have geographically and socially configured it.We have made the content of the"landscape"too sacred and have lost the strength and forcefulness of what it is and what it means in order to improve territory conditions.

Territory is explained by the characteristics of the medium, transformed by ways of living.The landscape, if it is the expression of territory must rediscover its"country"status!Neither nostalgia for old unrecoverable landscapes nor an apology or pseudo-modern fascination for non-places or landscapes of homogenizing globalization make any sense.If the territory does not have a soul, the skin hardens and dries.Intervening in the territory, we can use the landscape as a figuration of new forms of habitability--new neighborhoods and cities--that do not lose their quality of pre-existing space, that is, building something new on territory already to committed to urbanization.

3. Cont em por a r y Ter r it or ie s in a Wor ld o f Ur b a n E x p lo sion:Multiple Landscapes

Once could say that explosions have marked contemporaneity:demographic, urban, migratory, mobility, economic and, most definitely, a social explosion that breaks classic paradigms.It is interesting to observe how we oppose territories within the limits of certain thresholds for maximum urban occupancy, the metropolis, and the total absence of anthropization, the desert.This extreme duality, however, is misleading, given the progressive loss of definitive isolation in the desert territories, which occurs in parallel to the growing isolation that man suffers in atopy in some metropolitan areas.Nature becomes increasingly urbanized and the city recovers new forms of wild abandon.

Urban explosions cause an uncontrolled fragmentation of physica l space, which becomes a broken mirror, a cracked area, a brittle mosaic, in that the fragments still retain the meaning of all that decomposed.This fragmentation provides desolation and a broken landscape that seeks to understand territoria l integrity, because there is neither sequence nor connection between the parts.It is the landscape of the ordinary periphery that has now been transformed into a multitude of incongruent and banal peripheries, those that are polluted and noisy, shredded by roadways and poor communication, with both a great deal of infrastructure and, paradoxically, little infrastructure...The city grows following very different processes, materializing in plural forms and with new urbanities, but we could be more demanding with resulting landscapes.We have to distinguish between the"city"and"metropolis", as proposed by Henri Lefebvre, 1but we are unable to understand and even less able to identify the rea lity of the rea l contemporary city.Therefore, it makes no sense to eulogize a city that has been abandoned to the chaotic order of non-standard flexibility or normative deregulation, nor praise the periphery as a new type of modern space.We now understand the contemporary city as a setting for multiple landscapes where our new projects are developed.

It is necessary to be aware of some of the relevant phenomena that characterize the contemporary metropolis in order to understand the challenges of a possible transformation:

--Uncontrolled extension of the city over the territory with dissipation of entailed functions.

--Residential dispersion over territorial environments increasingly removed from centers.

--Polarization of central functions in the nodes of metropolitan accessibility.

--Large internal transformations of the consolidated city.

--Loss of new growth relationships based on the centrality of transportation.

--Increase in the peri-urban perimeters because of extensive growth dilation.

--Congestion of existing infrastructures due to the absence of new infrastructure.

--Problems with the reuse of certain wastelands because of their levels of contamination.

4. The Effects of B lurred Limits of Territor y Use:Mu ltiperipher-ies and Interior Microperipheries

The city has ignored its atavistic relationship with the territory, a fact that has generated a multitude of heterogeneous forms, often fragmentary and mixed.The current city is a large"urban nebula", which one has to decipher and understand in order to act accordingly.New lexicon that we seek to phenomenologically understand the urban reality are devices for the plan and management of new urban processes.

Mobility conditions and determines the new morphologies of the twentieth century territories.The dilation of people in the territory determines the metropolitan scale.This does not exist without the movement or flow of materials, goods, information and people.The"product"and"construct"of this mobility are the mega-urbanization of territory, while the most visible expression of the background and surface is the metropolis, its real landscape:we find it not in the urban geometry and topology, but in its kinetic perception and in the changes and transformations manifested in everyday landscapes.

Extended use of territory, which has progressively marked forms of urban life, has expanded the city over a wide geography that we recognize from the spatia l effects of the blurred limits of territory use.This has resulted in a highly-anthropized territorial geography and a system of cities increasingly conurbanized and close.The dilation of the city, overcrowding and fragmented forms of territorial occupation have increased the perimeters of contact between the countryside and the city, between countryside and countryside and between city and city, in the many situations that produce contemporary urban realities:commercial strips, infrastructure landscapes, brownfields, waste lands, industrial landscapes, transport and mobility hubs, marginal landscapes (shrinking cities) , marginalized landscapes, etc.

5. Generating New Urban Landscapes through the Recomposi-tion of Territory

Territory is a permanent file.It makes the biophysical substrate evident, it expresses environmenta l dynamics and is a testimony to social actions.It is the history and geography of the production of space.From a holistic view of the territory as a contemporary expression, which includes the memory of the past and vindication of a better future, we believe that it is possible to intervene and modify territory pathologies.The most appropriate strategies are its recomposition and also its reinvention.

Recompositions are on the agenda in multiple fields of human activity."Re:mix.Re:make.Re:configure.Re:consider"are applicable to social behaviors and, consequently, to the recomposition of our territories from a committed ecological perspective, for the environmental conciliation between the city which evolves and changes inexorably and the permanent territory.For this, and as a strategy for rebuilding, we have witnessed some of the efficient principles when ordering, planning and managing the contemporary city:

--Facing dispersion:concentration.

--Facing low density:new and reasonable higher densities.

--Facing territorial fragmentation:more reasonably compact models.

--Facing hyper-specialization:mixture and mixed uses.

--Facing social segregation:social space, cohesion and solidarity.

--Facing lack of centrality:construction of renovated urban spaces.

--Facing monocentrality:reticulated polarization.

--Facing the macrocephaly of mega cities:a network of intermediate metropolitan cities.

--Facing exclusive competitiveness and autonomy of parts:complementarity and synergy.

Reinventing landscapes involves generating new ways of relating to the territory, of using it and managing it, reflecting on the possibilities of changes towards a new spatiality that will be possible through the landscape project.

6. A New Paradigm for Rethinking the Efficiency of the Me-tropolis:the"Territorial Mosaic City"

The renewed territorial project involves the articulation of fragments and adjustment of different forms of the city to the demands of new programs in a new system of physica l and functiona l organization.The"territorial mosaic city"is a proposal to understand the urban realities from the urban synapses, that is, from the spaces of articulation;at the same time, it is a proposal for the morphological and environmental structure, designed according to mutual ecologica l adaptation and co-evolution of interacting urban and natura l ecosystems, i.e., urban pieces with the entire space of the territory's biophysical matrix, full of rivers and their elements, water runoff and the more capillary drainage network, crop fields, orchards and forest areas.Based on the articulated mosaic of urban pieces with the environmental matrix of the territory, this aims to increase environmental balance.

The territorial mosaic city entails a vision of interrelation and interfaces between the different components of the territory and the city without discontinuity:

--The environmental matrix as support.

--Consolidated urban structures.

--Urban tiles of the dilated peripheries.

--Peri-urban spaces in the metropolitan perimeters and interstices.

--New attraction nodes at the intersections of major infrastructures.

--Territorial open space.

The conceptualization of this model has a number of operational objectives:

--Favoring osmosis and dissolution of boundaries between the urban and the rural.

--Planning for the permeability and exchange between ecosystems.

--Regeneration of the urban margins (ecotones) .

--Articulation of the mosaic pieces through referent urban spaces.

--Effi cient management of mobility.

--An increasingly careful traf f ic mesh project.

--Regeneration and articulation of the empty spaces of the metropolis.

7. The contemporary city as a kaleidoscope landscape

The intense and inseparable relationship between the city and its environment has given us a great many mixed feelings and generated a set of imagined and multiple landscapes that are either praised or criticized in diff erent territorial situations.

Often we feel as if we are mode l orphans managing the territory project.It seems that we now have to discuss the richness of discipline diversity, from a forum of visions and polyhedral opinions, even dialectically opposed, in uncertain times.The tension between the most pernicious liberalism and claim of a new territory culture or"for the territory", which is, ultimately, incorporating the people who inhabit it, constitutes the true ecosystem where we live.

We must speak from the perspective of the planner who, if I may, builds the city, intervening in the subtle balance of the blurred border between the natura l and the constructed, taking into account the words of Joseph Rykwert:"The planner of today...must still learn an important lesson from his predecessor..., that any'pattern'that the city off ers has to be strong enough to survive the inevitable disorder..and must structure the urban experience".2 Without nostalgia for the past and with a profound enthusiasm for managing the city project, which has been our lot to live, and thinking about the construction of a"new"space on the road towards the infi nite city, we will explore all landscape possibilities.

Thus, we must reinterpret the possibilities of the landscape as a tool.In the metropolis, landscape interventions have to create social consensus in order to improve the quality of life (environmental, cultural, aesthetic...) in useful places for the community, for efficient mobility, for the creation of habitability, for health within a suitable environment...A new beauty, a new aesthetic, a new sense of possibilities for the metropolitan man to generate comfort and equity...

Landscape use has to be a socia l mediation too l for m anaging change.When we plan territorial transformations, we find that new landscapes are opened.The landscape project is therefore a tool, a cultural mediation to generate a critical vision of the abuse of territory and to raise new paradigms of use.

Recycling abused territories in the metropolitan peripheries means generating a new factory of landscapes that, along with new forms and spaces, brings about new ethica l attitudes for the inhabiting citizens.As Gaston Bachelard proposed, "if you dream before contemplating, before being a conscious spectacle, all landscapes are a dream experience.They are only contemplated with an aesthetic passion previously seen in dreams.We recognize that the human dream is the preamble of natural beauty."3 Looking at the metropolis this way, we will lose the limiting clichéand will distinguish the possibilities of the kaleidoscope landscape of a city containing many cities within itself, constructed in spurts but in need of new orders that articulate the multiplicity of its forms.

8. Spectare civitates!

In its etymological root, the world spectacle contains"spec"which means to see;and when we see a city, we perceive it as a spectacle, that is, as a representation or aspect and expression of the functions that are developed in the city, or the set of activities that relate to these representations.The city is a fabrication, but at the same is the face of those who live, visit, show and perceive it.

The city has been and is quintessentially a permanent stage of events, both ordinary and specia l;and, thus, is represented and constitutes a symbol or generates different identifying symbols.Historically, the city is iconographically shown through its architectural symbols, with profiles, elevations and specific urban plants or testimonies of its history and memory from its spatial enclaves.However, the city was never a spectacle in itself, but for what was happening inside.It is the post-modern city that begins a new phase of spectacle city in its crazy competitiveness resulting in primus inter pares and the selling of an image to society of the generating consumption of an indescribable multiplicity of media shows (Disneyfication, McDonaldisation, etc.) , of"second life" (iconic visual virtual interfaces) , branding (distinguishing brand attributions) , "imagineering" (media environment creations that encourage fiction to create new urban inconceivables) , "marketing" (diversified and adapted consumption offerings on demand) .In this whirlwind of spectacle, the city disguises itself and presents a stage for new utopian dreams that affect both the tourist and the immigrant, the inhabitant and the urban manager, and becomes great tragi-comedy theatre.

This is not about demonizing spectac le cities, since we must be aware of their contribution to sustainment and the urban economy, but we should ask ourselves a few questions:What do we see when we look at the city?Or what do we want to see?Or better still:what do we be lieve we are seeing?From there:do we see or are they making us see?Count less pages would be filled, if a ll those who could answer these questions did--because no city leaves us indifferent!In questioning, we ask what motivates us or anaesthetizes us through the vision and perception that the city off ers.

I propose then that we focus our critical attention on what the spectacle city means--the spectacle city, spectacular cities--, in order to finish with a thesis:look under the spectacle cities!Welcome the expectant cities or cities with expectations renewed towards the creativity of their service, knowledge and sociocultural offerings;the cities that build civility from kindness to their citizens based on quality urban space, to keen adaptation of sca le against gigantism, to ease, to legibility, access and to public space.

9. Spectacle cities and the spectacle of contemporary cities

Spectacle cities come to destroy the authenticity of the citizen and alienate;on many occasions they become a player in the urban scenery and within the reality of the lives of their citizens, a grotesque and epidermic decoration of spectacle cities;among the many possibilities that we could highlight:the postcard monument cities, the"façadism"mask cities with iconic architecture that conceals the ordinary, the mummified cities, under a patrimony sacralized in excess and uprooted from daily life.

Indeed, cities have become increasingly like the stages of urban civil theatre.Nothing is left out:the spectacle can be dramatic, tragic or comic.

In any case, and from my point of view, we must be critical of what"spectacle cities"mean for the benefit of"spectacular cities", since the spectacle of the contemporary city in its expressions of marginality, urban poverty, inequality, etc.are opposed to the city that commodifies leisure and culture.Sure enough, to speak of the spectacle of cities is to refer to cities that are not, or that are only a spectrum devalued from the true urban city—civitas-polis;the banal and banalized cities, who show their epidermal attributes and deliriouslycoveted objects;although we must bear in mind the good and bad mode ls derived from the effects on cities from major exhibition events (universal exhibitions and international fairs) , from the Olympic games or different kinds of performances (cultural functions, literature, philosophy, gastronomy festivals, etc.) .

10. Against spectacle and for new spectacular cities:the urban constellations vs.the iconic city

There are cities that seek new possibilities for their values, attributes and virtues.Cities that are spectators of their potential and make the strategic role of renewal important and, therefore, are permanently re-founded.

Cities that are strategica lly deve loping the full potential of their cultural industries though creative employment and cultural sector management, investing in new infrastructures and spaces for innovation and creativity;through the revitalization of historic centers and their cultural offerings, urban events and creative social networks.Speculating on the new modalities of the spectacular city, in my view, reschedules the social spaces of the city, regenerating the street as an abode, the house as a refuge, productive spaces as memorable places, and spaces of mobility as places of encounter and sharing.Against the coldness of the urban agglomerations of disjointed, unarticulated and culturally and socially discohesive companies, only a decent, warm and qualified space can foster an educated and free citizenship.The spectacular city will genuinely demonstrate what it should be:a fertile enclave in community exchange with a quality public sphere and a few qualified intimate spaces;a city that creates empathy and regroups citizens into concrete and real shared spaces, going beyond the corporate dissolution that would provoke an exclusivity of virtual networks;a source of information and of support in knowledge and of resources.

New cities, specifically, must escape the metropolitan or metapolitan gigantism and reprogram themselves in urban constellations that return to organizing and living around urban places as recognizable as the neighborhood;reconquering and configuring the spectacular spaces as good urban elements, like streets or plazas, replacing visits or the consumption of events with living spaces.It is in living in places where citizenship is created and generated, not just from the programmers of major cultural events or urban mercantilist paraphernalia.It will not be any easy task, since the commitment of the city may not be atomized in its neighborhoods if there is not a large federation of connected and freely interrelated neighborhoods;for that, conflict management shall be the weapon of the new citizenship.The territorial mosaic city allows for quality regulation of the different parts of the city, without any disregard.Articulating the city, the urban project, the intermediate scale that addresses the good urban forms, the architecture of the street, of the plazas, the building of a system of green spaces, and the architecture of each urban piece with a comprehensive vision of space, remain the key to a good city.

参考文献

[1]LEFEBVRE H.Espacio y Política[M].Barcelona:Editions Anthropos, 1972.

[2]RYKWERT J.La Idea de Ciudad:Antropología de la Forma Urbana en Roma, Italia, y el Mundo Antiguo[M].Ediciones Sígueme, S.a., 2002.

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