非谓语动词的三种形式

2024-09-15|版权声明|我要投稿

非谓语动词的三种形式(共7篇)

非谓语动词的三种形式 篇1

具体来说, 总体词汇分为实词和虚词, 实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词;虚词则含连词、介词、冠词、代词、关系代词、关系副词等。语法填空可能考到的考点还有词性转换、习惯用语和特殊句型。考生一定要先对各种词性在句中所能充当的成分有所了解。要做到掌握用法, 熟练运用和准确定位;对于动词考点, 考生要根据句子结构判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。确定是谓语动词的考点后, 还要明确语态时态;如果是非谓语动词的考点则需要根据实际情况确定是考不定式、过去分词还是动词-ing形式。

自2007年广东高考出现语法填空这一新题型以来, 动词是每一年的语法填空的重要考点:2007年考过2道;2008年考过2道;2009年出现3道;2010年出现2道, 这些都是和动词有关的考点。

一、就四年来广东高考英语卷语法填空动词的考点情况做些具体分析

2007年广东卷高考语法填空题, 其中含第31小题动词考点的句子The sun was setting when my car (break) down near a remote and poor village.31【答案】broke, 【解析】考查谓语动词, 时态为过去式。是一个含有when引导的状语从句的主从复合句, 主句The sun was setting是一个完整的主系表结构的句子, 状语从句中, 主语是my car, near a remote and poor village形容词短语做地点状语, 得知本句缺少谓语动词。确定所需词是谓语动词之后再根据主句的时态was确定从句的动词为过去式。break down是不及物动词短语, 车抛锚应为my car broke down.要正确作对这个语法题必须知道一下几点: (1) 要知道break down一词的意思; (2) 要明确它是及物还是不及物动词; (3) 还要知道when引导的状语从句句式结构。

而含有第34小题动词settle考点的句子While she was getting me (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to small town some 20 kilometresaway there was a garage.34【答案】settled, 【解析】考查非谓语动词, get...done的固定结构。由while一词可知它引导的是一个语义与主句语义转折的状语从句。单从这个句子成分分析可以看出句子主语是she, 谓语是表示进行时态的was getting.本句话关键是一个习惯表达:get sb./sth done.意为请别人做某事。这句话原意应为正当她 (那位老太太) 叫人把我安顿在一间狭小, 但很洁净的房间时, 村里的领导正把我的车绑在他的马车上, 拖去一个20英里外的有修车厂的一个镇子。此处settle为非谓语, 因为句子已经有谓语结构, 即was getting.

2008年广东卷高考语法填空, 含有动词考点的句型分析:

For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop (help) it grow”, is based on the following story.32【答案】to help, 【解析】考查非谓语动词, 不定式做目的状语。

Being too anxious to help an event develop often (result) in the contrary to our intention.40【答案】results, 【解析】考查动词时态, 一般现在时三单加-s.being too anxious to help an event develop是动名词短语做句子主语, 所给词result在句子里做谓语动词, 时态为一般现在时, 需加s为第三人称单数。

2009年广东卷高考语法填空, 其中含有动词考点的句型有:

She wished that he was as easy (please) as her mother, who was alwaysdelighted with perfume.32.【答案】to please。【解析】在形容词后作状语, 只能用动词不定式eg:John is easy to gt on with.等。

people stepped on your feet or (push) you with their elbows (肘部) , hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.34.【答案】pushed。【解析】由并列连词or可知push在句中作谓语, 且与stepped并列, 也用一般过去时。

“Your father has at last decided to stop smokin g, ”Jane (inform) .40.【答案】was informed。【解析】因Jane是主语, inform在本句中作谓语, Jane与inform是被动关系, 又是一般过去时。

2010年广东卷高考语法填空, 含有动词考点的题:

After a four-day journey, the young man (present) the water to the old man.33【答案】presented.【解析】从句子结构判断本句是一个简单句, After a fourday journey, 是时间状语, the young man是句子主语, the water是名词短语, to the old man是介词短语。本句有主语宾语, 2个名词短语之间缺少谓语动词。根据句义可翻译为年轻人把找来的水递 (呈现) 给年长者, 可知本句为主动语态。本文是一篇夹叙夹议的除最后一段议论部分时态是一般现在时外, 前几段的叙事部分都是过去时, 所以本题答案确定为presented.

He spit it out, (say) it was awful.37【答案】saying【解析】本句he spit it out, 是一个简单句与37题间没有并列连词连接, 所以能判断出37题应该选择非谓语动词。句子的主语he和所给选择词say之间应该是主动关系, 故答案为saying, 现在分词作状语。他把发臭的水吐了出来, 说水的味道太恶心。

从近四年高考语法填空的考试方向可知动词的考点是考察的重点语法项目之一, 考生要做对此考点的题目必须对含有动词考点的句子进行成分分析, 或是从篇章结构先判断是考察谓语动词还是非谓语考点, 大方向明确后再根据谓语动词与非谓语动词的不同情况具体分析。

二、平时学生们的语法填空题中动词考点的答题情况所暴露的问题

1. 忽略时态的前后照应, 不能根据明显的时间状语的提示判断句子的主要时态。

2. 忽略语态。与谓语动词的考点联系最紧密的即时态语态, 因为平时少用到被动语态, 所以在答题时常常没有语态概念。

3. 忽略整体句型, 断章取义, 不能根据句子成分来判断所需填词在句中的功能。

4. 忽略句子结构, 不管是并列谓语、并列句还是单句用非谓语句型。

5. 忽略词性转换, 对一些常见词项的形态掌握不牢固, 比如动词的第三人称变形, 过去式, 过去分词的变形以及动词-ing形式的变形。即便是最常考的一些不规则动词的过去式过去分词, 也没有把握牢固。

三、针对以上的问题, 应采取的措施

1. 强化简单句的训练, 针对学生不了解, 分析不清句子结构这一特点, 老师应该加强基本句型的学习, 帮学生理清句子主干。

2. 加强学生对各种动词的形式以及作用认识:一个动词有很多形式, 以make一词为例, 它就有

动词原型make

第三人称单数makes

现在分词形式making

过去式made

过去分词made

在以上几种形式中, 能在句中充当谓语的有动词的原型, 第三人称单数及过去式, 而be+动词的ing形式构成进行时态的谓语, 以及助动词havehashad+动词的过去分词构成现在完成时和过去完成时的谓语。其余单独的动词的过去分词和现在分词形式不能够在句子中作谓语, 只能担任定, 状, 补或表语等功能。下面用一些例句说明以上问题。

(1) Lily makes her own clothes.

(2) Can you made yourself understood in Russian?

(3) My children often make me laugh.

(4) Jo hn has made a fortune on the stock market since 1980.

(5) Mrs.Smith was making coffee when the bell rang.

以上前三个句子中的makes, made及make都做谓语动词。其中例句 (4) 中的谓语动词是助动词have+过去分词made, 例句 (5) 中的谓语动词是连系动词was+making

又如:

(6) I keep making the same mistakes.

(7) He tried to make a good impression on the interviewer.

(8) Cars made in Japan are quite popular.

(9) My dream is to make more progress.

例句 (6) 中的making和例句 (7) 中的to make一词分别在句中做宾语。例句 (8) 中的made一词在句中做定语。例句 (9) 中to make一词在句中充当表语。

3. 巩固常见不规则动词过去式和过去分词的正确拼写。由于学生对一些常考的不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的拼写把握不够准确, 平时不在意, 考时写不出, 久而久之就会产生急躁情绪。我们老师在平时要注意帮学生总结且要长期反复加强记忆。如:buy, break, bring, catch, choose, drive, eat, fall, feel, forget, hear, held, go, know, make, pay, rise, stand, speak, teach, think, win, 等等。其中2007年高考语法填空中第31题就是对不规则动词break进行了考查。

总之, 学生只要了解每一个动词的不同形式在句中能充当的成分并能正确拼写出相应的单词, 就能在做语法填空有关动词考点时, 做到胸有成竹。这需要长期不懈地坚持。

摘要:根据普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (广东卷) 的题型特点, 语法填空是广东省自行设计的一种新题型。从2007年至2010年四年高考语法填空题中不难看出, 动词的考点占较大比重。本文就语法填空题中的学生对动词 (谓语动词和非谓语动词) 题时常出现的错误做进一步剖析。

关键词:广东高考英语,非谓语动词,动词的不定式,动词的过去分词,不规则动词

参考文献

[1]全日制高级中学.《英语教学大纲》..1999年.

[2]《普通高中英语课程标准》 (实验) (一) 《中小学外语教学》.2003.

[3]《普通高等学校招生考试广东高考考试说明》.2009年.

[4]《大学英语课程教学要求》 (试行) :21st.Century January1.2004.

[5]普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (广东卷) 英语2007、2008、2009及2010年语法填空试题.

[6]《张道真语法》.

非谓语动词的定义与形式 篇2

【关键词】中学英语 非谓语动词 定义与形式

要想学好英语语法,就必须要摆脱汉语语法,真真正正从零开始,认真学习,因为两种语言的语法千差万别。就动词而言,汉语中动词一般充当句子的谓语部分,而英语中动词不仅可以充当句子的谓语部分,还可以充当句子的其他部分。具体的划分如下:

一、非谓语动词的定义

非谓语动词,就是指在英语中,不作为句子谓语,且除谓语之外还具有其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词不随句子的主语人称和数量的变化而变化,因此又称之为非限定性动词。通过归纳可以了解到,非谓语动词有动词不定式、分词和动名词,其中分词又可以分为现代分词和过去分词,它们均具有动词的性质。通过实践应用可以发现,非谓语动词的用法非常灵活,因此在应用实践中常常会出现问题。

动词不定式在在句子中充分主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语以及状语;动名词在句子中不能够充当宾补和状语;现在分词和过去分词在句子中均可以充当宾补、表语、定语和状语。因此,在遇到非谓语动词时,要先确定动词属于动词不定式、动名词、现在分词还是过去分词,进而使其在句子中充当恰当的部分,能够避免出现错误。

二、非谓语动词的形式

1.动词不定式。动名词不定式是非谓语动词的形式之一,它具有名词、形容词以及副词的性质,在英语句子中可以充分句子的主语、宾语、表语、定于、宾补以及状语。动词不定式应用实践中,大多数情况下带有不定式符号“to”,极少数情况下“to”可以省略,也就是说不用“to”。

动词不定式在做宾语补足语时可以分为带“to”和不带“to”两种情况。如:

What stores do you want me to order? (P.7, Senior Book3)

But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water. (P.10, Senior Book3)

And I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future. (P.1, Senior Book1B)

I read about you in the newspaper and decided to come and hear you play. (P.68, Senior Book2B)

2.分词。分词分现在分词和过去分词两类,具有形容词和副词的语法功能,在英语句子中不可以充当主语和宾语。

如,They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.

(P.16, Senior Book2B)

I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P.16 Senior Book2B)

The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A)

以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语,其中第三句的 shut 在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补,改为被动语态后,主动语态的宾语 gate 变为被动语态的主语,因此语法上称之为 “主补”。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分,然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中,宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系,这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的 man 是宾语,和宾语补足语 lying on the floor 之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系,man 发出 lying on the floor 的动作。第二句中 it 是宾语,同宾语补足语 fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall 具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系。

3.动名词。动名词与现在名词统称为“ing”形式,且动名词与现在名词都可以在英语句子中充当定语与表语,但是动名词与现在名词的概念却有所区别。在练习中,遇到动名词与现在名词时,可以采用回避或者淡化的方式进行处理,因为要想清楚理解清楚动名词与现在名词的概念又很难的难度,且不理解的情况下也无伤大雅。

如,动名词做宾语

After a short while he started directing films himself. (P.26, Senior Book2A)

Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. (P.2, Senior Book2A)

三、结语

非谓语动词在中学阶段英语的整个知识系统中,占据着重要位置,因此必须要明确非谓语动词的定义域形式,才有可能将其运用得当,避免出现问题。

参考文献:

非谓语动词教案 篇3

赵维

高考英语翻译题型的方法与技巧

一、分析句子结构,把握句子主干部分。1.掌握各种从句

1.状语从句有时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等,它的位置比较自由,可以在句首或是句末。以下是考题中的一些难点,也往往是学生最容易犯错的地方。

例1保护环境是每个公民的职责。(it„)(2002年上海春季)全句译为:It is the duty of every citizen to protect our environment.这里it作形式主语,真正的主语是to protect our environment。It作形式主语或形式宾语在翻译中是个难点。再如:正是你的帮助使得我们有可能在旅游的季节住到一个中国人的家里。It was your help that made it possible for us to stay with a Chinese family during the tourist season.这里用it作形式宾语即make it possible的句型。而整个句子又是为“It is/was„that„”的强调句式。看到中文表述“正是„„”,往往可能用到强调句。

2.定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的。在中文中一般位于名词或代词前;而在英语中,紧随名词代词之后。我们可以根据中文进行判断:限制性定语从句,中文中有“的”结构;而非限制性定语从句,则有“这指的是、这意味着”等总结上文的词出现。

例2 这张照片让我们想起了在夏令营里度过的日子。(remind)(2000年上海高考)全句译为: The picture reminds me of the days that were spent in the summer camp.该句中“在夏令营里度过的日子”是一句定语从句。days在定语从句中是充当主语的,不是状语,用that 或which,而不能用 when来引导定语从句。

不管翻译何种定语从句时都要注意:1)定语从句紧跟在先行词后;2)先行词不能重复在从句中出现;3)选择正确的关系代词和副词。

局门路

赵维

3.名词性从句一般由that, whether, if以及疑问代词或疑问副词引导的。以疑问代词或副词引导的宾语从句往往是考题中的难点。

例3我觉得便宜的物品未必质量一定不好。(necessarily)全句译为: I don’t think cheap articles are necessarily bad in quality.该句的中文似乎有些拗口,是个双重否定。若完全按照字面上翻译就成了I think cheap articles are not necessarily bad。但是,根据英语的习惯,该句宾语从句应否定在主句。所以,句子必须由I don’t think引导。

2.非谓语

1.动词作主语应该用动名词或不定式 2.伴随状语doing及having done的用法 3.It is saidreportedknown that...此外,在翻译从句时要注意:

1)时态语态主从一致; 2)从句中要用陈述句语序。3)there be句型 4)中文语序与英文倒装

二、掌握课文短语,熟记短语搭配

在对短语的考核中,动词短语的地位是不言而喻的。高考的短语,十有八九考的是动词短语。

例1 充分利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停地看书。(keep)(1999年上海高考)全句译为:Making full use of time doesn’t mean keeping(on)reading books from morning till night.。

该题考核点为两个动词短语:make full use of(充分利用)和keep(on)doing(不断做某事)。如果考生掌握了这两个短语的话,写出翻译句子便是水到渠成了。

局门路

赵维

例2 过去我很害羞,但今年我下定决心要变得活跃,还要交一些朋友来分享我的快乐和悲伤。(determine)全句译为: I used to be shy, but this year I’m determined to become active and make some friends to share my happiness and sadness/joys and sorrows.该题考核点为四个动词短语:used to do(过去常常做某事), be determined to do(下定决心做某事), make friends(交朋友)和happiness and sadness/joys and sorrows(快乐和悲伤)。

三、理解成语意义,直译不如巧译

从成语的实际意义入手,用意译的方法,用英语把中文成语的意思表达出来。如“胸有成竹”不能直译成“heart has bamboos”, 它是“很有自信”的意思,因此可以用“confident”来翻译。“三言两语”也不能翻成“three sentences and two words”, 它表示“用很少的言语”的意思,可以翻译成“in a few words”。下面通过具体实例,进一步体会以下意译的妙处。

例1 请尽早作出决定,不然你会坐失良机。(or)(2003年上海高考)全句译为:Please make up your mind/make your decision as early as possible, or you’ll miss the good/golden chance/opportunity.该句中“坐失良机”就是“失去好机会”的意思,千万不能翻译成“sit to lose the chance”, 这样的直译会让不少人感到莫名其妙。

例2 众所周知,成功来自勤奋,不努力则一事无成。(without)(2000年上海高考)全句译为:As we all know, success comes from hard work;without efforts nothing can be done.该句中要注意的是“一事无成”不能按照字面直译成“a thing can’t be done”。

例3这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜,我简直爱不释手。(so„that„)(2003年上海高考)全句译为: The historical novel about World War I is so attractive that I can’t stand parting with it.该句中的“引人入胜”和“爱不释手”在英文里完全找不到对等的词。首先要理解这两个词组的意义,“引人入胜”的意义实际上是“非常地吸引人”,要

局门路

赵维

用到“attractive”这个词。“爱不释手”的意思为“非常喜欢,以至于不舍得把它放到一边。”

由于英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,在结构上有很大的差异,真正意义上的对等词少而又少,所以做汉译英时,往往要摆脱原句结构的束缚,用符合英语习惯的句式来表达汉语的意思,不能字字对译。

四、增加课外阅读,积累俗语、谚语

1.如果成语、谚语和俗语的组成结构中英文相差不大,可以用直译的方法,但其中的用词要符合英语的习惯。

例1 许多外国游客都想要去长城一游,他们知道不到长城非好汉。(visit)(2002年上海春季)全句译为:Many foreign tourists want to visit the Great Wall.They know that he who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.在翻译这个俗语时,如果把“好人”翻译成“a good man”是不正确的。没有去过长城的人并不意味着不是“好人”。也不能翻译成“a real man”,这样就变成了没有去过长城的就不是“人”了。这里的“好汉”指的是顶天立地的男子汉,因此翻译成“a true man”最为妥当。

2.如果成语、谚语和俗语的组成结构中英文相差很大,可以用意译的方法。例2 他们应该从这件事情中吸取教训:玩火者必自焚。(burn)(2001上海高考)全句译为:They should learn a lesson from this incident: he who plays with fire will surely get burnt.这句句子中的玩火者不能翻译成“fire player”, 把该句在理解的基础上,在口语化一些,就可以通过意译较好的把它的意思表达出来了。

非谓语动词典型试题讲解 篇4

1.His English was so poor that he found it difficult to make himself _______.A.understood B.understand C.be understood D.to understand 答案是 A 答:常考题,make himself understood 是make others understand him的另一种说法。让自己被理解=让别人理解他,也就是听懂他的话的意思。还有一个是make oneself heard.(让别人听得见自己的说话声),一般都是make sth.done句式。2.They found the lecture hard _______ A.to be understood B.to understand C.being understood D.understood 答案是B 答:首先你要掌握这个句型:The lecture is hard to understand.这个讲座很难懂。sth.is +adj.+及物动词。不定式动词与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,可改为To understand the lecture is hard.或It is hard to understand the lecture.然后再记They found(that)the lecture was hard to understand.最后记:They found the lecture hard to understand.found后跟的是复合宾语。lecture是它的宾语,hard to understand是形容词短语作宾语补足语。两句话的意思是一样的。

3.She is going to town__________.A.repairing her watch B.for repairing her watch C.to have repaired her watch D.to have her watch repaired 答案是D 答:这又是一个have sth.done句式。表示“让某事被做”。这里就是拿表去市区让人给修一下。4.I have no objection ________ the evening with them.A.to spend B.spending C.of spending D.to spending 答案是D 答: to是不定式符号,后跟动词原形;to有时候是介词,后跟名词,还跟动名词!你要记住这少数几个常考的,容易误以为是不定式的介词to的短语,这是其中一个。有一个简单的方法,当to作介词时,其意思不外“对。。来说”,“到。。上”如look forward to , be used to , stick to , 这里就是:对于和他们一起过夜这件事,我没有反对意见。

5.Over 80,000 people are reported ______ in the big earthquake which happened in Sichuan Province on May 12.A.being killed B.having been C.to have been killed D.killed 答案是C 答:这是据说/据报道的固定句型:sb / sth is said to do/to be doing/have done =it is said / reported that-从句。不定式的时态取决于句子的语境。

此题which happened in Sichuan Province on May 12.说明事情已经发生了,所以用不定式的完成时的被动语态,have been done.6.My good friend Rose went to the party with her husband, _____ a happy evening of wine, food and song A.expecting B.to expect C.expected D.having expected 答案是A 答:现在分词做伴随状语,表示主动。不定式做状语表示目的,意思是为了。C选项是过去分词做状语表被动。Rose被期望...,显然不对。

7.Five people won the “China’s Green Figure ” award, a title ______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environment protection.A.being given B.is given C.given D.was given 答案是C 答:过去分词做定语。表示被动和完成。是“被给予”的意思。

A选项是现在分词的被动式,表示进行和被动。是“正被给予”的意思。显然不对。8._____ from the plane, the clouds below are just like cotton fields.A.Seeing B.Having seen C.Seen D.Being seen 答案是C 答:过去分词做状语表被动,clouds云彩被看。

非谓语动词考点全解 篇5

[链接高考]

(1) All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be receivedD. So as to be receiving

(2005辽宁)

【简析】 答案是C。 因为句子主语All these gifts与不定式receive式被动关系,只有

选项C是被动式。

(2) _______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.

A. Being separated B. Having separated

C. Having been separated D. To be separated

(2005湖北)

【简析】 答案是C。因为Australia与separate是被动关系,且separate发生在谓语动词has之前,所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语。

二, 考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语

所作句子成分 宾语和表语 定语 状语 宾补

逻辑主语 句子的主语 所修饰的词 句子的主语 句子的宾语

[链接高考]

(1) While watching television, _______.

A. the doorbell rangB. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings

(2005全国III)

【简析】 答案是C。 因为watching 的逻辑主语一定是句子的主语,能作其主语的只有选项C和D 中的we,有因为在hear后能作宾补的应是省略to 的不定式。

(2)In order to make our city green, _______.

A. it is necessary to have planted more treesB. many more trees need to plant

C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees

(2002上海春)

【简析】 答案是D。 作目的状语的不定式的逻辑主语应为句子的主语,选项中的主语能作不定式的逻辑主语的只有we。

三, 考查非谓语动词的否定式

[链接高考]

(1) Victor apologized for _____ to inform me of the change in the plan.

A. his being not able B. him not to be able

C. his not being able D. him to be not able

(2004上海春)

【简析】 答案是C。 在介词for后作宾语用动名词,排除B和D;非谓语动词的否定式式将not放在非谓语动词之前,排除A;只有选项C 正确,题中not放在动名词being 之前,逻辑主语his之后。

(2) _______the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

A. Not completing B. Not completed

C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

(2004广东)

【简析】 答案是C。 因为非谓语动词的否定式,要将not等放在非谓语动词的前面,排除D;they与complete是主动关系,用现在分词,排除B;“还没有完成”,发生在“决定”之前,所以用现在分词的完成式,排除A。

四, 考查非谓语动词作主语和表语

[链接高考]

(1) It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview;_____ the answers ready will be of great help.

A. To have had B. Having hadC. Have D. Having

(2005北京)

【简析】 答案是D。 因为动名词短语作主语,表示一般的情况。

(2)______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk

(1992全国)

【简析】 答案是B。 因为a good form暗示泛指一般性行为,用动名词作主语。

注:(1)有时这种区别并不是很严格。但要注意:主语和表语要用同一种形式;平行结构中要用同一种形式。

[链接高考] Fishing is his favourite hobby, and _____.

A. he’d like to collect coins as well

B. he feels like collecting coins, too.

C. to collect coins is also his hobby

D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure.

(2001上海)

【简析】 答案是D。 因为and连接两个并列句,前一分句用动名词作主语,与之并列的后一分句也应用动名词作主语。

(2) 在seem, appear, prove(结果是,后来表明),remain(尚须),grow (达到……的程度)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语,但不用-ing形式作表语。

[链接高考]I think you’ll grow _____ him when you know him better.

A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking

(2005江西)

【简析】 答案是C。 因为在表示“达到喜欢的程度”的grow后用不定式作表语,排除A;like作喜欢讲是动词,前面不用be,排除B,like一般没有进行式,排除D。

五, 考查不定式和动名词作宾语

表示“需要”的need,want和require等后的动词形式这时,其主语一般是事物,其后的动词形式可以是不定式的被动式,也可以是动名词的主动式。

[链接高考]There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______.

A. that, to be improvedB. which , to be improved

C. where, improving D. when, improving

(2003上海)

【简析】 答案是A。 因为“公路状况需要改善”,need后接improving或to be improved都可以。后面的从句应是problem的同位语,应用that引导。

六, 考查不定式,现在分词和过去分词作状语

[链接高考] (1)My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my wrting skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take

(2004北京)

【简析】 答案是D。 因为me 与take式主动关系,且take 发生在谓语动词encouraged之后,要用不定式作宾语,即encourage sb. To do sth。

(2) Paul doesn’t have to be made ______. He always works hard.

A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning

(1995全国)

【简析】 答案是B。 因为在使役动词make, let, have后,一般用不带to的不定式作宾补,但在其被动式后作主补的不定式要加to。

七, 考查不定式,现在分词或过去分词作状语

1. 在表示时间,条件,让步,方式或伴随情况等时,通常要用分词,不用不定式。

句子主语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系,句子主语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系。注意:现在分词的被动式,习惯上不作伴随状语。

[链接高考] (1)Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _____fun.

A. had B. have C. to have D. having

(2005重庆)

【简析】 答案是D。 因为作伴随状语不能用不定式,we与have fun是主动关系,要用现在分词。

[链接高考] (2)______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To waitB. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited

(2004北京)

【简析】 答案是C。 表示时间不能用不定式,而要用现在分词。Having fun=After he had waited…

[链接高考] (3)When ______ help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “ It’s kind of you.”

A. offeringB. to offer C. to be offeredD. offered

(2005福建)

【简析】 答案是D。 某人说“谢谢”应当是他被提供了帮助,所以要用过去分词。When offered help = when he is offered help…

2。不定式和分词表示原因的区别

表示原因时,分词短语常放在句首,也可放在句末,多用逗号格开;不定式短语却只能放在句末,但不用逗号,且多用于表示情绪或情感反应的动词,形容词之后。

I’m surprised to see you here .在这时遇见你真让我感到意外。

[链接高考] _______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

A. DressedB. To dress C. DressingD. Having dressed

(2005湖南)

【简析】 he 和dress是被动关系,要用过分词作原因状语,故选A.Dressed in … = As he isdressed in …

3.不定式和现在分词表示结果的区别

不定式表结果,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,往往表示未曾预料到的或令热不快的结果,不定式前常加only;另外,还用于too…to, enough to, never to, so/such… as to等固定结构中。现在分词表示的结果,式伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生),有时在前面加上thus,谓语动词于现在动词的动作式因果关系。

[链接高考] (1) He hurried to the station only _____ that the train had left.

A. to findB. findingC. foundD. to have found

(2005广东)

【简析】 答案是A。only后接不定式,表示“结果却,不料”,hurried和find是先后发生的两个动作。

[链接高考](2)Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record US57.65 a barrel on April 4.

A. have reached B. reachingC. to reach D. to be reaching

(2005山东)

【简析】伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果,用现在分词作结果状语。故选B。

4.作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语只能用不定式

[链接高考] (1) ____ more about university coursed, call (05920)746-3789.

A.To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out

(2005浙江)

【简析】作目的状语要用动词不定式,故选A。

[链接高考] (2)You were silly not ______ your car.

A. to lock B. to have lockedC. locking D. having locked

(2004 湖南)

非谓语动词对比教学 篇6

非谓语动词包括动名词、现在分词、不定式、过去分词。现依据它们在句子中的成分来进行对比分析:

一、动名词、不定式做主语

1. 时间上有区别

Playing with fire is dangerous. (动名词具有泛时性、经常性。)

To play with fire will be dangerous. (不定式具有一次性、后时性。)

(2014 湖南卷) ______ (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions. (答案Understanding, 动名词做主语。)

2. 形式上有区别

To learn English well is not easy.

=It is not easy to learn English well. (不定式可以转化为it做形式主语。)

(2015 吉林模拟卷) I think it is a great honor___ (invite) to visit your country. (答案to be invited, 不定式做主语。)

(2014 山东卷) It’s standard practice for a company like this one (employ) a security officer. (答案to employ, 不定式做主语。)

注意:It is +adj of/for sb. to do———形容词是修饰人的, 用介词of;是修饰事物的, 用for, 常用的修饰人的词有careless, clever, considerate, stupid, nice, silly, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty.

eg.①It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.

②His arriving added to our excitement.

注意:动名词除以下几种句型外, 不可转为it做形式主语。

It is no use /no good/no fun doing...

二、动名词、现在分词、不定时、过去分词做表语

My job is cleaning all the desks. (动名词做表语表示泛时性和经常性, 主语和表语可互换。)

He is cleaning all the desks. (现在分词表示正在进行的动作。)

My next task is to clean all the desks. (不定式表示后时性。)

No one is paid at the end of every month. (过去分词表示被动, 但也有不表示被动而表示状态或动作、结果的, 如:be married, be dressed, be changed。)

注意:下列词做主语时常用不定式做表语, wish, aim, goal, hope, idea, plan, purpose, suggestion, next.

eg. The next measure is to match kinds of food with animals.

三、动名词、不定式做宾语

(2014 江西卷) When it comes to____ (speak) in public, no one can match him. (答案speaking, 做介词宾语。)

(2014陕西卷) It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like________ (go) for a swim. (答案going, 做fell like的宾语。)

1. 后接不定式做宾语的动词

2.接不定式和动名词没有区别的

begin/continue/like/love/prefer/start/hate, 但begin, start在以下三种情况下接不定式:①主语是事物, ②本身是进行时be starting to do, ③不定式是表示心理状态的start to see/realize/understand.

3.接不定式和动名词在意义上有区别的

四、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式做定语, 一般都是单词做定语置前, 短语做定语置后

1. the waiting room (动名词表用途。)

the sleeping boy (现在分词表主动或正在进行。)

a broken glass (过去分词表被动或动作完成。)

2.The house to be built next year. (将要发生的动作。)

The house built last year. (已经完成的动作。)

The house being built now. (正在进行的动作。)

(2014 浙江卷) Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_______ (appoint) to guard her. (答案appointed , 做a nurse的定语。)

(2014 北京卷) Last night, there were millions of people_____ (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV. ( 答案watching, 现在分词做定语。)

(2014 北京卷) There are still many problems_______ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the moon. (答案to be solved, 做problem的定语, 表后时性。)

(2015 郑州模拟卷) Shanghai Disneyland Park, _______ (complete) in 2015, will attract tourists from all over China then. (答案to be completed, 做定语, 表后时性。)

3. have sth. to do /have sth. to be done (主语是施动者用主动, 否则用被动。)

eg. ①The baby’s mother had some clothes to wash.

②The baby had some clothes to be washed.

4. 当名词被the first/the second/the next/the last/the only修饰时, 常用todo做定语。

eg.①She is always the first one to come.

②He was the only waiter to knowthe truth.

五、过去分词、现在分词、不定式做宾补 (看宾语与宾补的关系。)

The lady went out, with housework finished. (过去分词与宾语是被动关系。)

The lady went out, with the baby crying. (现在分词与宾语是主动关系。)

The lady went out, with the door open. (形容词表宾语的状态。)

The lady went out, with some food to buy. (不定式表后时性。)

(2015 石家庄模拟卷) Marry received an invitation to the Christmas party, but with her homework ______ (finish) , she refused it unwillingly. (答案unfinished, 做宾补。)

六、过去分词、现在分词、不定式做状语

(2014 福建卷) ______ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hongkong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age. (答案Having spent, 做状语。)

1.过去分词转化的形容词做状语, 多为反身动词

Dressed in red, she looks young for her age.

Dressing herself in red, she looks young for her age.

2.分词的悬垂现象

The book has sold one million a year, making it the most popular. (making与句子之间是主动关系。)

3. 不定式做状语

eg. To catch the early bus, he gets up early every day. (目的状语。)

I’m glad to see you. (原因状语。)

The book is hard to understand. (方式状语。)

He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. (结果状语, 出乎意料的结果。)

七、非谓语动词的特殊用法

1. 独立主格

Spring coming, the fields are full of life. (coming与逻辑主语spring之间是主动关系。)

The man went out of the room, food in mouth.

The workers went home from work, with their task finished. (finished与task之间是被动关系。)

I have no time to see a film, with a lot of clothes to wash. (to wash表示要做的事。)

2.compare的用法 (compare to只用过去分词做定语;compare...to...做状语依据和句子主语的关系, 主动关系用现在分词, 被动关系用过去分词。)

eg. ① Compared to/with his car, my car can stand long distance.

② Comparing my car with yours, I can’t find the difference.

3. 分词的连词化。以下分词起到连词的作用:considering /granted/ granting /provided /providing/ supposing/assuming /seeing that.

eg. Supposing I have free time, I will go to see my grandmother.

4.分词的介词化。以下分词起到介词的作用:concerning /considering /including /counting/saving/given

eg. Most young men like popular stars, including me.

5. 评价性状语 (有些分词和不定式可以做独立成分, 用来解释整个句子, 不受句子主语的限制。)

generally speaking/ strictly speaking/ personally speaking/ exactly speaking/ judging from/ judging by/ taking everything into consideration/ not to say/ to say nothing of.../not to mention/to be frank/ to be honest/ strange to say/to make matters worse/etc.

eg. ① Judging from his actions, Jim’s words is true.

②Generallyspeaking, girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.

英语非谓语动词的用法 篇7

关键词:不定式 动词的-ing形式 过去分词

非谓语动词,顾名思义就是在句子中不能充当谓语的动词,但是,可以充当其它的句子成分,也有时态和语态的变化。这类动词包括不定式(to do)、动词的-ing 形式(分为动名词和动词的现在分词两种形式,书写形式都是doing)和过去分词(done)。

▲▲一、做主语

不定式和动名词形式都可以做主语,但过去分词不可以。如:To do such things is foolish. (做这样的事是愚蠢的。),Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)。在这一用法中,需要注意的是:1)动名词可以做主语,但动词的现在分词不可以做主语。2)不定式和动名词做主语时,谓语要用第三人称单数。3)不定式做主语时,如果主语较长,为了避免句子头重脚轻,往往用形式主语it做主语,把真正的不定式主语放在句子的后边,同时,用of或for引导出不定式的逻辑主语,置于不定式前。如:It is kind of you to stay with me in such a difficult situation.(在这样的困境中,你还能陪在我身边,真是太有爱心了。)

▲▲二、做表语

非谓语动词的这三种形式都可以用做表语。如:Her job is to clean the hall.(她的工作是清扫大厅。),Her job is washing and cooking. (她的工作就是洗衣服、做饭。),His good days is gone. (他的好日子一去不复返了。)。过去分词做表语时,要注意和句子的被动语态相区别。过去分词做表语表示主语的状态,而被动语态强调动作。例如:The glass is broken.(玻璃杯是破的。),broken 做句子的表语,表示玻璃杯的状态。The glass is broken by me .(玻璃杯被我打碎了。),这个句子属于被动语态,强调动作“被打碎了”。

▲▲三、做定语

不定式、动词的-ing形式、过去分词都可以做定语,但所表示的意义并不相同。例如:I have a lot of work to do.(我还有许多工作要做。),She is a sleeping beauty.(她是个睡美人。),He takes sleeping pills every day.(他每天吃安眠药。)The stolen book is as same as his.(偷来的那本书和他的一模一样。)。1)不定式做定语表示将来的动作。例句中的不定式表明将要做的工作还有很多。2)动名词做定语时,表示作用和用途,如例句中的“sleeping pill”(安眠药),pill 的作用是to sleep。现在分词做定语表示动词和被修饰的词之间是主动关系,或正在进行的动作,如例句中的“sleeping beauty”(睡美人),表明“Beauty is sleeping”.3)过去分词做定语表示动词和被修饰词之间是被动的关系,或已经完成的动作,如例句中的“the stolen book”表明 “The book is stolen”.这一用法要注意和现在分词做定语相区别。

▲▲四、做宾语

不定式和动词的-ing形式可以做宾语,过去分词不能做宾语。一般,一次性的动作用不定式做宾语,如:I like to swim.(我想去游泳。)。动词的-ing形式做宾语,表示习惯性或经常性的动作,如:I like swimming.(我喜欢游泳)。常用不定式做宾语的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer 等,用动词的-ing 形式做宾语的动词和动词词组有:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit,deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like.

▲▲五、做狀语

非谓语动词的三种形式都可以做状语。1)现在分词做状语时,动词所表示的动作和逻辑主语之间是主动关系。如果逻辑主语和主句主语相一致,则逻辑主语省略,否则,逻辑主语要写在现在分词的前面。如:He stayed at home ,washing and cooking.(他呆在家里,洗衣服做饭),表示wash\cook的执行者是he, The sun shining in the sky, I worked on the farm happily.(艳阳高照,我快乐的在田间干活),因为shine的逻辑主语the sun与主句主语I不一致,所以补出来。2)过去分词做状语,动词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间是被动的关系。如果逻辑主语和主句主语相一致,则逻辑主语省略,否则,逻辑主语要写在过去分词的前面。如:Seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.(从山上看,我们的城镇很漂亮)。

▲▲六、做宾语补足语

非谓语动词的三种形式都可以做宾补。1)不定式做宾补时,需要注意,如果谓语动词是感官动词或使役动词,不定式要去掉“to”。如:I heard him cry last night.(昨天晚上,我听到他哭了),但在被动句中,“to”不能省略。如:He was heard to cry last night.(昨天晚上,有人听到他哭了)。2)现在分词做宾补,表示动词所表示的动作与宾语之间是主动关系,或正在进行的动作。如:He kept the car waiting at the gate.(他让小汽车在门口等着)。3)过去分词做宾补,表示动词所表示的动作与宾语之间是被动关系,或已经完成的动作。如:I heard the song sung several times last week.(上周,我听到这首歌被唱了好多遍)。

以上是笔者在实际教学中,总结出的非谓语动词的几点用法,希望能够帮助英语学习者区分非谓语动词三种形式。

参考文献:

[1]薄冰.薄冰英语语法[M].开明出版社,2012

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