cheerful同义词

cheerful同义词（共3篇）

cheerful同义词 篇1

关键词：同义词,同义现象,修辞

一、同义现象在修辞学中的意义

词汇同义现象包括词义和修辞两个方面。如果从语言修养来谈论语体应有的特征, 那么区分同义现象在含义上的差别就极为重要了。但是就语言的同义现象而言, 核心修辞手段是那些词义颇近或等同, 却在修辞色彩和运用上有所差别的修辞性同义现象。所以, 把同义现象分为语义性的和修辞性的两类是相对而言的。同义词作为一种重要的修辞资源, 在语言的运用中, 它的修辞手段和本身具有的修辞功能, 必然影响着语言的表现力和表达效果。因为修辞学所研究的是语言在上下文中的功能问题, 同义词的基本功能是代换功能, 正是这种相互代换的可能性符合修辞学的一个原则———选择原则。这就是说, 同义词本身的代换功能, 同时造就了自身的修辞功能。

二、同义词的定义

同义词作为同义形式的一部分, 不仅是语义学和语用学, 也是修辞学非常关注的问题。大多数同义词都是相对同义词, 即在意义、深浅、搭配、感情色彩和风格上存在着细微的区别。还有些词只是在特定的语境中才成为同义词, 即语境同义词。一种通行的同义词定义, 是以同义词汇所表达的物象———概念相符为基础的, 即同义词汇含义相近或等同, 同时又有词义和修辞上的细微差别。在叶夫根耶娃的著作中, 同义词的定义表达的比较完善:Снонимы—это《словаблизкиеилитождёственныепозначениюобозначающиеодноитожепонятие, ноотличющиесядруготдругаоттенкамизначений (близкие) , либостилистическойокраской (тождественные) , либообоимиэтимипризнакими》 (А.П.Евгеньева) 同义词是, 词义相近或等同, 表示同一概念, 但相互间或在含义上有细微的差别 (词义相近) , 或在修辞色彩上有细微差别 (词义等同) , 或含义及修辞色彩上都有细微差别的词。

三、同义词在修辞中的运用

修辞现象是随着社会交往的扩大和语言的发展而产生的。它是指在交际时, 人们根据环境、对象、目的和内容, 选择合适的语言材料和表达方式。修辞现象与同义词有着密切的联系, 同义词同样具有浓厚的修辞色彩。

1. 同义词与语体

语体是人们在长期的语用过程中形成的言语功能变体。除了所适用的交际领域、交际任务、修辞主体等, 语体的修辞特点主要表现在修辞手段和修辞方法方面。语体分为口语体和书面语体。例如, “папа (爸爸) ”、“мама (妈妈) ”, 多用于口语语体, 而“отец (父亲) ”、“мать (母亲) ”, 则多用于书面语体。

2. 同义词与语境

作为一种言语行为, 修辞是离不开人及其所处的社会文化环境。不论是口语交际, 还是书面语交际, 都是在一定的社会环境和人际关系中进行的。人们通常把修辞交际行为实施的环境及其相关因素, 叫做言语环境, 简称语境。例如, 普希金致诗人中的选词:…Тысамсвойвысшийсуд, всёстрожеоценитьумеешьтысвойтруд.Тыимдоволенли, взыскательныйхудожник?你自己对自己是最高的审判者, 你对自己的作品能作出最严格的评价。你对它满意吗, 苛求的艺术家?

这里普希金对艺术家用了一个分量很重的修饰语взыскательный, 事实上, 作者曾经过精心的选择, 对разборчивый (严谨的) 和взыскательный (苛求的) 两组同义词反复敲定才定下来взыскательный (苛求的) 这个词的。在挑选的过程中, 为了突出“严格”的意思, взыскательный (苛求的) 这个词是最合适的。作为同义词, 俄语中还有строгий (严格、严厉的) 以及требовательный (要求严格、求全责备) 等, 由于韵律关系不能放在诗句那个位置上。再从上文всёстрожеоценить (越加严格评价) 看, 这两个词也不能充分表达作者的意思。

3. 同义词与情感态度

在语言表达中, 说话者对所叙述的对象会表现出不同的态度。这些态度可以通过词语不同的褒贬功能体现出来。例如俄语中表达“脸”意义的词汇:лицо是一个中性的词汇, 而лик具有褒义, морда, рожа, образина, харя都具有一定的贬义。而相应指小的词语却具有了一定的情感态度, 例如:Унеехорошенькаямордочка. (她有一张可爱的小脸。)

四、同义词的修辞功能

1. 使语言形象生动

俄语有着极为丰富的同义词, 如:царьзверей—лев (兽中之王———狮子) , зелёноезолото—лес (绿色的金———森林) , городнаНеве—Лениград—Санкт-петербург (涅瓦河之城———列宁格勒———圣彼得堡) 等。比如普希金的诗中, 用Унылаяпора, очейочарование (凄凉而迷人的时节) 代替осень (秋天) , 用лазурныйсвод (蔚蓝的苍穹) 代替небо (天空) , 给人以诗意的美感。有时还可使用一些在语言体系中并非同义, 但在特定的语境中“临时同义”的词语, 如:Неуспелярасплатилсясостарыммоимямщиком, какДунявозвратиласюьссамоваром.Маленькаякокеткасовтороговзглядазаметилавпечатление, произведённоееюнаменя… (Пушкин) 我还没付清老车夫的钱, 冬尼娅已经把茶炊拿来了。小妖精第二眼看出了她给我的印象… (普希金) 这里Маленькаякокетка“小妖精”就是用来代替“Дуня”。

2. 避免重复

写文章需要重复, 但最忌单调重复。有了丰富的同义词可供选择, 就能使得那些意思相同相近的语句表达得更准确生动, 增强修辞色彩, 提高语言的表达力度。如: (1) КатяобожалаприродуиАркадийеёлюбил, хотьнесмелпризнатьсявэтом. (Тургенев) 卡佳热爱大自然, 而阿尔卡也喜欢大自然, 就是他不敢承认这一点。 (2) Вотпролетелидикиегуси, пронесласьвереницабелыхкакснегкрасивыхлебедей. (Чехв) 那里飞过一群野雁, 掠过一行洁白美丽的天鹅。 (3) Желалтыславы—идобился, хотелвлюбиться—ивлюбился. (Пушкин) 你期求荣誉———你获得了, 你想恋爱———你恋爱了。

3. 相互补充

同义词在意义上既相近又相互补充, 不仅使句子的内容得到了丰富, 而且使句子的节奏感增强, 加强了感染力, 具有独特的修辞效果。如:УОлеганебылоотнаснисекретов, нитайн. (Кошевая) 奥列格对我们没有机密, 没有隐私。由于同义词的细微差别, 有时几个同义词表达的意思会逐步加深, 以增强语言的表现力:Миражаждетвсёчеловечество, изамиронабудеттвёрдорешительно, непоколебимовлюбойточкеземногошара. (Паваенко) 全人类渴望和平, 他们将在地球的任何角落坚定、果敢、毫不动摇地争取和平。

4. 释义功能

在方言或地方话中有很多语词外地人不明白, 这时候我们就可以用书面语把那些语词替换出来, 这实质上就起到了一种翻译的效果。在词典和教科书中, 通常用同义词来相互解释。如: (1) Отчегобымненесделатьсяпедагогомили, говоряпопросту, учителем. (ургенев) 为什么我不当教员, 或通俗些, 不当老师。 (2) Началасьанархия, тоестьбезначалие (С.Щедрин) 无政府状态, 即无领导的状态开始了。

参考文献

[1]张会森.修辞学通论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.

[2]陈汝东.当代汉语修辞学[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2004.

[3]解静莉.浅谈同义词[J].语文教学研究, 2007 (1) .

[4]陈秀梅, 等.论俄语同义词的修辞功能[J].沿海企业与科技, 2005 (7) .

[5]顾霞君.俄语同义词的修辞功能[J].中国俄语教学, 1985 (5) .

cheerful同义词 篇2

谁都有权设计自己的服装

Cheers的创始人之一王辰晨，毕业于北京大学光华管理学院，毕业时他放弃成为金融界高级白领的机会，特立独行地选择自己经营一个互联网服装设计公司。

其实在大学里王辰晨因为喜欢时尚，就一直参加各种相关的社团。“大三，我作为发起人之一，跟师兄师姐一起创办了北京大学时尚管理协会，那时只是想跟喜欢的东西更近。”他说。大学刚毕业，王辰晨就忙着开办自己的第一家服装工作室。“父母经常不放心地问我在做什么，我不想多说，就用最简单的话，做裁缝！”

可王辰晨并不是一个安分的裁缝，“我找设计师做衣服的过程中，渐渐地发现，不管是什么样的设计师，设计出来的衣服总会有某些细节被嫌弃，客户会说，面料要是雪纺就好了，裙子再短一点点更美。在看到样衣后顾客可能会问，同样的款式有亮黄色吗？诸如此类。”王辰晨说，“所以我就想，要是客户要啥就能给啥就好了。因为谁都有权对自己的衣服指手画脚，谁都有权利做自己的服装设计师。事实上，也有很多人希望这样。”

王辰晨之所以这么说，并不是信口开河。他组织过一次关于自己设计服装意愿的调查。结果显示，所调查的20～35岁的年轻人中有78.6%的人希望在网上购置服装的时候对自己的衣服有一些改进的可能。

既然这样，已经有了服装工作室经验后，王辰晨想，为什么不建一个网站，把线上的设计要求与线下的制作联系起来呢？他说：“年轻人特别讨厌的就是撞衫，大家都在追求个性化。通过建立网站，实现用户的设计梦想，满足他们服装设计的需求，应该有前景。”

王辰晨的想法是：通过在网站上输入各项身体数据，成立符合用户身体特征的模型。然后对面料、款式、风格进行自主设计，及时呈现用户的想法，下单后送实体店由设计师为客户把握版型进行制作，从而设计出具有个性化、用户满意的服装。

就在这个想法在脑子里面不停打转的那段时间，他的第一位合伙人陈辉出现了。陈辉是个典型的技术男，他是通过北京高校某创业协会知道王辰晨的名字的。“有一次偶遇后，我俩就想简单的认识一下，交个朋友。于是就约着一起去了喝咖啡。当谈到能不能把他的想法通过我熟悉的IT技术在网上实现时，我们都激动了。”

陈辉是学计算机的，从开始上大学就一直想做电商方面的工作。毕业时，有一份中国移动公司的数据工作摆在面前，但是，“日复一日的工作显然不适合我，我还是个为数不多的对时尚感兴趣的技术男，为什么不跟辰晨一起创业呢？”陈辉说。

从那以后，走到一起、成为合伙人、参加比赛直到正式注册公司，一切都显得顺理成章。有了技术大神陈辉的加入，再加上毕业于北京服装学院等高校的专业设计师，“Cheers在线时装设计平台”终于迈出了自己的第一步。

我不喜欢“创业”这个词，太浮夸

说起怎么来到青年创业示范园，王辰晨现在想起来都觉得不可思议。2013年，他们参加了北京市青年创新创业大赛。“参加那场比赛的都是成型的公司，只有我们是学生团体。我们甚至没有完整的方案，就带着一份策划案去了。”但更加不可思议的是，他们获得了整场比赛的第一名，得到了赞助也得到入驻北京青年创业示范园的机会。从此，他们正式开始了自己的创业之路。

谁都觉得创业是九死一生的事儿，身边的亲戚朋友，越是亲近的人越是不赞成他选择创业。“可是没有办法，还想试试。”王辰晨倔强地说。不过，王辰晨并不十分认同创业的说法：“其实，我并不喜欢创业这个词，太浮夸，我们就是做点自己喜欢做的事情。”

“我一直喜欢时尚、服饰之类的东西。高考时可能更多地还是按照家里人的想法去做的。但进入大学之后，不想再这么走下去，于是决定死心塌地做自己喜欢的关于时尚的事。”也许正是带着这样的想法，他们才能坦然面对创业初期的艰辛：“我的同学好几个已经赚了人生第一个100万忙着结婚生子了，我现在还不敢找女朋友，网站还没盈利，下个月的房租说不定就交不上了，真怕耽误人家。”王辰晨说。

“但既然选择了，就走下去，生米已经快要煮成熟饭了。”王辰晨笑着说。“我们创业的人一开始都是不甘于做个朝九晚五的上班族，没想到如今的生活却便成了朝五晚九了。”陈辉打趣道。

尽管头脑中的创业思路异常清晰，但是真正实施起来却着实让他们犯难。“首先缺人。我们是在线时装设计平台，除了设计师，更重要的是程序员。网站制作、后台操控、运营和更新都需要大量的程序员，但我们现在很难找到满意的。”陈辉遗憾地说。

因为Cheers想要实现的是能够将用户的安排及时呈现，并且下单、试衣、送货一气呵成，但是实现的技术难度比较大，现在网站做出来了，但达不到这些要求，只能实现用户与后台的留言交流，这就存在呈现速度的问题。“我们的网站暂时不上线，就是想要等实现最终安排的功能之后。”陈辉说。

技术的限制、人员的稀缺、还有沉重的工作压力，这些都给技术总监陈辉出了很大的难题：“我们当然希望网站一推出就能一炮打响。但是，如果我们没做好就直接推出来了，一方面用户会觉得我们很水，另一方面我们的想法会被更大更有实力的公司借鉴，那我们的心血就功亏一篑了。”即便如此，陈辉仍然很坚定。“坦白说，遇到技术难题的每个晚上都会想放弃，”陈辉说，“但是白天又会忙得连放弃的想法都顾不上了。”

而对陈辉而言，带给他最大成就感和幸福感事儿还是在于此。“我们的确面对很多困难，有时候因为某个问题开会争吵，当我们为了公司利益将自己的想法让步从而做出最佳的解决方案的时候，我就特有幸福感，就觉得我们是可以成功的。我们在努力解决一个个问题。为了公司的事情争吵是我们团结一致的表现。”

骄傲地列出我们的名字

虽然网站还在内部测试，但值得高兴的是，公司的融资已经有了眉目。“公司的财务和融资方面是我和吴晓伟负责，他也是北大毕业，有三年IPO工作经验，公司融资方面还算顺利。”王辰晨说。但是，对于Cheers来说，融资并不只是找钱，比金钱更重要的是资源，这一点他们看得很清楚。“在融资选择时，我看重全资公司是房地产公司的某投资机构，因为，除了投钱，我们更看重的是投资商能够带给我们的资源。”王辰晨说。Cheers决定在相关住宅小区物业开创裁缝基站，从而实现真正的上门服务，满足顾客的“贴身”需求。所以，“要找的是能够提供长久资源的投资公司或个人，这样才会让我们接下来的路走得更畅通” 。

其实，除了发展互联网和服装设计，他们还有别的打算。“我们国家不像外国，普通的裁缝店和服装设计工作室的发展情况很不好，尤其是北方的境况会更糟糕一些。我们想要盘活整个链条，用户的需求我们接收之后，交给线下的服装设计室来制作，我们负责与顾客接洽和提供样衣，做一个综合的统筹。”陈辉说。

“将Cheers发展成为网络终端、APP终端、裁缝基站、体验店服务为一体线上线下都包括的平台。这是我们的最终想法。在它没实现之前，我们会一直努力。”王辰晨说。

cheerful同义词 篇3

FROM my father I received the best inheritance, namely a “good temper.” “And who was my father?” That has nothing to do with the good temper; but I will say he was lively, good-looking round, and fat; he was both in appearance and character a complete contradiction to his profession. “And pray what was his profession and his standing in respectable society?” Well, perhaps, if in the beginning of a book these were written and printed, many, when they read it, would lay the book down and say, “It seems to me a very miserable title, I don’t like things of this sort.” And yet my father was not a skin-dresser nor an executioner; on the contrary, his employment placed him at the head of the grandest people of the town, and it was his place by right. He had to precede the bishop, and even the princes of the blood; he always went first,- he was a hearse driver! There, now, the truth is out. And I will own, that when people saw my father perched up in front of the omnibus of death, dressed in his long, wide, black cloak, and his black-edged, three-cornered hat on his head, and then glanced at his round, jocund face, round as the sun, they could not think much of sorrow or the grave. That face said, “It is nothing, it will all end better than people think.” So I have inherited from him, not only my good temper, but a habit of going often to the churchyard, which is good, when done in a proper humor; and then also I take in the Intelligencer, just as he used to do.

I am not very young, I have neither wife nor children, nor a library, but, as I said, I read the Intelligencer, which is enough for me; it is to me a delightful paper, and so it was to my father. It is of great use, for it contains all that a man requires to know; the names of the preachers at the church, and the new books which are published; where houses, servants, clothes, and provisions may be obtained. And then what a number of subscriptions to charities, and what innocent verses! Persons seeking interviews and engagements, all so plainly and naturally stated. Certainly, a man who takes in the Intelligencer may live merrily and be buried contentedly, and by the end of his life will have such a capital stock of paper that he can lie on a soft bed of it, unless he prefers wood shavings for his resting-place. The newspaper and the churchyard were always exciting objects to me. My walks to the latter were like bathing-places to my good humor. Every one can read the newspaper for himself, but come with me to the churchyard while the sun shines and the trees are green, and let us wander among the graves. Each of them is like a closed book, with the back uppermost, on which we can read the title of what the book contains, but nothing more. I had a great deal of information from my father, and I have noticed a great deal myself. I keep it in my diary, in which I write for my own use and pleasure a history of all who lie here, and a few more beside.

Now we are in the churchyard. Here, behind the white iron railings, once a rose-tree grew; it is gone now, but a little bit of evergreen, from a neighboring grave, stretches out its green tendrils, and makes some appearance; there rests a very unhappy man, and yet while he lived he might be said to occupy a very good position. He had enough to live upon, and something to spare; but owing to his refined tastes the least thing in the world annoyed him. If he went to a theatre of an evening, instead of enjoying himself he would be quite annoyed if the machinist had put too strong a light into one side of the moon, or if the representations of the sky hung over the scenes when theyought to have hung behind them; or if a palm-tree was introduced into a scene representing the Zoological Gardens of Berlin, or a cactus in a view of Tyrol, or a beech-tree in the north of Norway. As if these things were of any consequence! Why did he not leave them alone? Who would trouble themselves about such trifles? especially at a comedy, where every one is expected to be amused. Then sometimes the public applauded too much, or too little, to please him. “They are like wet wood,” he would say, looking round to see what sort of people were present, “this evening; nothing fires them.” Then he would vex and fret himself because they did not laugh at the right time, or because they laughed in the wrong places; and so he fretted and worried himself till at last the unhappy man fretted himself into the grave.

Here rests a happy man, that is to say, a man of high birth and position, which was very lucky for him, otherwise he would have been scarcely worth notice. It is beautiful to observe how wisely nature orders these things. He walked about in a coat embroidered all over, and in the drawing-rooms of society looked just like one of those rich pearl-embroidered bell-pulls, which are only made for show; and behind them always hangs a good thick cord for use. This man also had a stout, useful substitute behind him, who did duty for him, and performed all his dirty work. And there are still, even now, these serviceable cords behind other embroidered bell-ropes.

It is all so wisely arranged, that a man may well be in a good humor. Here rests,- ah, it makes one feel mournful to think of him!- but here rests a man who, during sixty-seven years, was never remembered to have said a good thing; he lived only in the hope of having a good idea. At last he felt convinced, in his own mind, that he really had one, and was so delighted that he positively died of joy at the thought of having at last caught an idea. Nobody got anything by it; indeed, no one even heard what the good thing was. Now I can imagine that this same idea may prevent him from resting quietly in his grave; for suppose that to produce a good effect, it is necessary to bring out his new idea at breakfast, and that he can only make his appearance on earth at midnight, as ghosts are believed generally to do; why then this good idea would not suit the hour, and the man would have to carry it down again with him into the grave- that must be a troubled grave.

The woman who lies here was so remarkably stingy, that during her life she would get up in the night and mew, that her neighbors might think she kept a cat. What a miser she was!

Here rests a young lady, of a good family, who would always make her voice heard in society, and when she sang “Mi manca la voce,”* it was the only true thing she ever said in her life.

“I want a voice,” or, “I have no voice.”

Here lies a maiden of another description. She was engaged to be married,- but, her story is one of every-day life; we will leave her to rest in the grave. Here rests a widow, who, with music in her tongue, carried gall in her heart. She used to go round among the families near, and search out their faults, upon which she preyed with all the envy and malice of her nature. This is a family grave.

The members of this family held so firmly together in their opinions, that they would believe in no other. If the newspapers, or even the whole world, said of a certain subject, “It is so-and-so;” and a little schoolboy declared he had learned quite differently, they would take his assertion as the only true one, because he belonged to the family. And it is well known that if the yard-cock belonging to this family happened to crow at midnight, they would declare it was morning, although the watchman and all the clocks in the town were proclaiming the hour of twelve at night.

The great poet Goethe concludes his Faust with the words, “may be continued;” so might our wanderings in the churchyard be continued. I come here often, and if any of my friends, or those who are not my friends, are too much for me, I go out and choose a plot of ground in which to bury him or her. Then I bury them, as it were; there they lie, dead and powerless, till they come back new and better characters. Their lives and their deeds, looked at after my own fashion, I write down in my diary, as every one ought to do. Then, if any of our friends act absurdly, no one need to be vexed about it. Let them bury the offenders out of sight, and keep their good temper. They can also read the Intelligencer, which is a paper written by the people, with their hands guided. When the time comes for the history of my life, to be bound by the grave, then they will write upon it as my epitaph- “The man with a cheerful temper.” And this is my story.