英文读书笔记

英文读书笔记（通用8篇）

英文读书笔记 篇1

英文写作读书笔记 王跃

2006年4月5日9点25分 英文文章写作训练

1.阅读10 篇文献，总结100 个常用句型和常用短语。经常复习。注意，文献作者必须是以 英文为母语者，文献内容要与你的专业有关。这属于平时看文献的副产品。

2.找3-5 篇技术路线和统计方法与你的课题接近的文章，精读。

写出论文的草稿。要按照标题、作者、摘要、背景、目的、材料、方法、结果、讨论、致谢、参考文献、图例、图、表、照片和说明的统一格式来写。这样做的好处是从它可以方便地改成任何杂志的格式。

3.针对论文的每一部分，尤其是某种具体方法、要讨论的某一具体方面，各找5-8 篇文献阅读，充实完善。这里讨论的只涉及英文表达，也只推荐给缺乏英文写作经验的人。

4.找到你想投的杂志的稿约，再找2-3 篇该杂志的article，按它的格式改写。注意，每次改写都要先另存为不同的文件名，以免出了问题不能恢复。

5.找英文高手改。找不到合适的人，就去找提供英语论文编辑服务(English correction and improvement，not translation)的公司，在此向有钱没时间的人强烈推荐。

你可以通过以下三种方式来了解英文文体格式：

1）杂志。浏览杂志中的文章，并且模仿你所看到的文章结构。

2）组里以往发表的文章。通过读以往发表的文章，你可以确切地知道一篇文章“看”起来 应该怎样。如果你写的文章与众不同，那麽它可能不是我们想要的。

3)ACS的编辑的作者手册：A Manual for Authors and Editors.(Janet S.Dodd, Editor Washington, D.C.USA 1997)含有有用的细节，特别是针对引文部分。

我也建议你们读一读Strunk和White撰写的《The Elements of Style》一书（Longman: New York, 2000年, 第4版），从中可以找到一些使用技巧。关于图表的设计也有两本非常精彩的书：《The Visual Display of Quantitative Information》，Edward R.Tufte著，Graphics Press出版社（1983）；《Envisioning Information》Edward R.Tufte著，Graphics Press出版社（1990）。注意事项：

1文摘中的特殊字符(Special Characters)

特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母，它们无法直接输入计算机，因此都需转成键盘上有的字母和符号。在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式。因为它们的输入极为麻烦，而且极易出错，影响文摘本身的准确性，应尽力取消，或改用文字表达和叙述。更复杂的表达式几乎难以输入，应设法用文字指引读者去看原始文献。

2缩写字及首字母缩写词(Abbreviations and Acronyms)

我们可以自己扩展缩略词，但必须是本专业范围内常用的、几乎是众所周知的，而且在第一次出现的缩写词后面必须用括号将全称括在里面。

如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 1)在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表

2)在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来提醒读者。

3打文章时，要使用两倍行距（不用一倍或一倍半）。冒号、逗号和句末的句号后要空一格。要留出足够的页边空间（通常，在文章两侧、页首和页尾留出1.25英寸的空间）。

英文论文的逻辑性

一、句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立

常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore...用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。比如：

1）如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..2）如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA pput forward that...In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary(表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明两种对立的观点，用in contrast)，BB..如果两种观点相近,可用 AA suggest Similarily, alternatively, BB..Or Also, BB or BB allso does..表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。

二、段落的整体逻辑

经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份

...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.The first questuon involves...The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with...上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,..当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。

三、讨论部份的整体结构

小标题是比较好的方法，把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。

一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以只了解文章的主要观点，而把比较专业的讨论当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。

总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种措施方便于读者。注意：为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出较为详细的解释。英文摘要（Abstract）

Abstract 基本类型： 报道性，指示性，报道－指示性和结构式文摘。

一、英文文摘题目(Title)

即原始文献的题目，力求简单明了直接反应文献的主题。英文题目开头第一字不得用 The、And、An 和 A；英文题目第一个字母大写其余小写，下列情况除外：

⑴专用名词首字母大写；

⑵首字母缩略词全大写；

⑶德语名词第一个字母应大写；

⑷句号后任何首字母均大写。文献的主副标题(题目)必须用句号分开, 不得用分号或破折号;题目中尽量少用缩略词, 必用时亦需在括号中注明全称(尽管中文文献题目中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音首字母缩略字);特殊字符即数学符号和希腊字母在题目中尽量不用或少用。

二、Abstract特性

注意摘要与前言的区别，有关背景资料（background information)放前言中。1 基本特性（独立短文：独立性）文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性强 句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子

EI的文摘长度一般不超过150 words，或1500字母。美国物理学会Style Manual, 不超过500个单词。2 时态

以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时。

（1）作者过去的工作，可用一般过去时；若要强调其延续性或对现在及以后影响，也可用现在完成时叙述作者已完成的工作；

如文中指出发生的日期和时间是写文章之前，必须用过去时，例：This was first known in 1930.（2）实验结果或结论，用一般现在时；对已取得的阶段性成果也可用现在完成时；（3）在一定范围内的有局限性的认识可用一般过去时；（4）作者告诉读者论述怎样的主题时，可用现在时。3 语态

目前，英文摘要仍以被动语态具多，主动语态也偶有出现，并有增长的趋势。尽量应用主动语态代替被动语态：如 A exceeds B 比 B is exceeded by A好.用过去时及其被动语态叙述实验方法与过程,；如表示实验前业已完成的动作（过去的过去），可用过去完成时。例如：

The crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5％ HF solution at a temperature of 25℃ for 2 s.4 语法修辞(1)力求简捷：

at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ → at 250 to 300℃

at a high pressure of 2 kPa → at 2 kPa has been found to increase → increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that → the results show 注意冠词用法，分清 a 是泛指，the 是专指； 如

Pressure is a function of temperature 而不应是 Pressure is a function of the temperature.(2)能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语，那用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语 measuring accuracy →measurement accuracy experiment results →experimental results

(3)可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用of句型 accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy structure of crystal → crystal structure(4)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式

Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made →Thickness of plastic sheet was measured（5）一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰，可改用复合词，兼用后置定语，如：thermal oxidation apparent activation energy →apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation 或者用预置短语或连字符(hyphen)断开名词组，作为单个形容词(一个形容词)。

如：The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.→ The choloring-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.（6）文词要纯朴无华，不要用多姿多彩的文学性描述手法；

如 Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.（7）组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语；

如The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 hr.of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.→ When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10hr.of UV irradiation.（8）用重要的事实开头, 尽力避免用辅助从句开头;

如: From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined.→

Power consumption of telephone suitching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally.5 一个典型示例

A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry.The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.At extrusion ratio(ER)greater four, two melting peaks were observed.With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature.The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.此例回答了如下四个问题： 回答做了什么?（研究工作范围）

——用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行为 回答怎样做的?（实验要点）——固体拉伸取向

回答结果如何?（主要结论）——两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化 回答原因何在?（结果的解释,结论）——存在不同晶体 6 常用句式（1）研究范围

（to be）carried out / performed / made / conducted(to be)studied / investigated(to be)described / deal with / elucidated / given / presented / developed / employed / derived / prepared / synthesized / monitored / determined / measured / observed / recorded / examined / characterized / identified / tested / calculated / proposed / used to study / used to establish / evaluated / discussed(2)实验要点

（to be）prepared by the reaction of … with … synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation by means of / by using / by the use of / using … as …

over a wide range of … / over a broad composition range / over most of the range of …/ over the entire … range / covered the ranges from … to … / in the range of … / in the temperature range from … to … / with a variety of … contents /containing … percent or more … / in the presence of …/ in the absence of …（3）主要结论

用That 从句或由It 引起的that 从句表示实验结果：

The results indicated that … / The results show that … / The results demonstrated that … / The results reveal that …

It was shown that …It can be seen that …It was found that …It was discovered that …It was concluded that …It has been demonstrated that …It was clarified that … It was revealed that …It is considered that …It was confirmed that …It is suggested that …It was supposed that …It has become apparent that …

以… to be 后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果

The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1.The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.表示具有某种影响，以及数量的依赖、增减关系 … 与 … 有关

…（to be）correlated with …associated with …related to …dependent upon …independent of …in relation to …in a linear relationship with …proportional to …inversely proportional to …… depends on …The dependence of … on …… increase with the increase of …… decrease with the increase of …（不）相符的表示方法

…(to be)in good agreement with…(to be)found to agree well with ……(to be)consistent with ……(to be)essentially identical with ……(to be)found to coincide essentially with ……(to be)closely analogous to ……(to be)similar to …Good agreement(to be)found between ……(to be)contrary to ……(to be)in contrast with …（4）结果解释（结论）

…(to be)due to …(to be)attributed to …(may be)…(to be)assigned to ……(to be)interpreted on the basis of …… can be caused by …… may be explained by …… originate in ……(to be)discussed in terms of …

关于结构式文摘

据统计，目前世界上约有60％的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。

结构式文摘是按Objective（目的）、Methods（方法）、Results（结果）和Conclusions（结论）逐一阐述论文的梗概。

1、Objective项，可直接用动词不定式的一般式主动语态，如To provide, To explore, …;使用第一人称时，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。如：In this paper we conclude …

2、Methods和Results 项，可用一般过去时（有时也用现在完成时）及其被动语态； Methods用完整的句子，以被动句和过去时态为主。Results用一般过去时陈述实验结果。

3、Conclusions 则用一般现在时

英文文章常见语言技巧 前言部分

一、如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性： 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如

However, little attention...little work...little data / little research have focusd on...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：

However, data is still： scarce / rare / less accurate 为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等，比如： 1)时间问题

如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足 2)物性及研究手段问题

如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。3)研究区域问题

首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足 4)不确定性

虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清 5)提出自己的假设来验证

如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。We aim to test the feasibility(reliability)of the...It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved(fall away)with our proposed method(approach).二、提出自己的观点

在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that...2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用 We believe that...3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，用：

Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...4)在极其特别的情况才可以用

We put forward(discover, observe..)..“for the first time”.来强调自己的创新。

5)如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward(interrprete this to..)Or The results may be due to / caused by / attributed to / resulted from..Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that..can account for(interpret)this..Or It is pisible that it stem from...三、圈定自己的研究范围

前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围： 1)时间尺度问题

如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。We preliminarily focus on the older(younger)...或者有两种时间尺度的问题(long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种 2)研究区域的问题

和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区

四、最后的原场

在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。

或者说，further studies on...will be summarized in our next study(or elsewhere)总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).注意事项：

一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：

Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they...Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.讨论部分

讨论部份包括什么内容? 1.主要数据特征的总结

2.主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3.本文的不足

事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。所谓不足，包括以下内容: 1.研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说，It should be noted that this study has examined only..We concentrate(focus)on only...We have to point out that we do not..Some limitations of this study are...2.结论有些不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of...但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest..However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。

英文读书笔记 篇2

With increasing development of the reform and opening up and globalization,China's frequently involving in foreign affairs and activities.In order to effectively and quickly to make up for the lack of outstanding interpreters,work and research on interpretation has been concerns of many scholars.Accompanied by the convening of2012 the Ninth National Assembly of Interpretation,many experts at the meeting put forward the unique personal insights on the interpretation techniques,teaching and practice of interpretation and the theoretical study,which highlighted consecutive interpretation has made great achievements in China.As one of the most prominent feature in consecutive interpretation--notes,in recent years has also become an important area for studies.

2 The Role of Note-Taking in Consecutive Interpre-tation

Different from simultaneous interpretation,consecutive interpretation is a process of listening,understanding,analysis and restatement.Having a special reserved time for long text translation,it is beyond the memory capacity of an interpreter.Therefore,notes play an important role in consecutive interpretation.Interpretation notes is not dictation.It is unnecessary to record the spokesman's speech word for word,but the interpreter should analyze the contents of his speech and record the main ideas by using a series of keywords,logical links,numbers,proprietary terms,symbols.Hence these indicative notes can wake up and strengthen the memory of the interpreter,reduce the burden of the interpreter's memory,and ultimately improve the quality of interpretation to some extent.

3 The Contents of Notes

As we know from above,the notes are helpful to the interpreter as a supplement to his memory and the interpreter should not write down everything because the notes are not the verbatim records o the speech.The notes should be economic in nature.What to note?The answer is in process of listening,the interpreter should use simple words or symbols to write the content of speech that may stimulate his memory.In this section,I will introduce two basic elements that should be record while listening.

3.1 Record conjunction

When taking notes in consecutive,first and foremost the conjunctions should be record,for they embody the logic and framework of the speech.These words represent how the different information connect together,such as“and”,“but”,“as”,“so”,“if”,“on the contrary”and so on.Their roles are like the joints in the human body,which are able to easily connect different bones up.Conjunctions are very important in sentences,only to link together many messy and trivial information.They help the interpreter to reproduce the structure of speech and to ensure efficiency,loyalty and integrity of interpretation.

3.2 Record details

There are some elements added the difficulties for interpreters One of them is numbers.When encountering numbers,interpreters must take apriority to record in order to avoid omissions.Furthermore,proper nouns,including names,places,organizations and agencies,the interpreter may be very strange about them,in this case we record the pronunciation as accurately as possible.When taking notes,these details can not be predicted,we must record accurately and timely so as not to cause mistranslation.

4 Techniques of Taking Notes

In 1956,Hawthorne published a book named Consecutive Interpretation Notes in which he said that'if you want to be a qualified interpreter,that interpreters must get rid of the limitations o words.Therefore,when taking notes,what you remember should be meaning rather than words'.In this book,he proposed seven principles,they are:remember the meaning rather than the words,principle of abbreviation,connection,negation,focus,vertical notation and indentation.Recent years there are a lot of books on notes domestically,such as Feng Jianzhong has said in his book that in view of the features and functionality of the interpretation notes,although note taking is a very personal activity,there is still some standards abide by,such as the rapidity of the notes,the clarity of logic and accuracy of the information.(Feng Jianzhong,Practical English tutorial for Interpreter,2002)I combine the insights of two scholars,and my own experience and understanding,summarizing the following five techniques and methods while taking notes.

4.1 The use of symbols

As an interpreter,we should firstly establish our own symbol system.The set of symbols should conform to our ways of thinking and memory mode.It can evoke memories of an interpreter in the shortest time to recover the complete information.Although symbols are simple,we should not fabricate temporarily.Otherwise we can not recall the meaning of symbols after a few minutes.The commonly used symbols in consultive interpretation,including mathematical symbols,arrows,slash,graphics,punctuation,and logical symbols,the examples as follows:

+:many,lots of,a great deal of,a good many of

-:little,few,lack,in short of/be in shortage of

×:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative

>:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than,superior to,surpass

<:less/smaller,inferior to

=:means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to

≠:be different from

∴:because of,owing to,due to,thanks to

∵:so,therefore

::say,speak,talk,marks,announce,declare,etc.

?:question,issue

√:right/good,famous/well-known,stand up for,support,agree with sb,certain/

☆:important,exemplary best,outstanding,brilliant

∥:end,stop,halt,bring something to a standstill/stop

In addition to the common symbols listed above,interpreters can establish their own symbol system according to their preferences and habits.In short,the purpose of symbols in notes is to quickly record,but over more than complex symbols will disperse the translator's attention,and to reduce the quality of translation.

4.2 The use of abbreviations

We may use some abbreviations.They can increase the speed of recording and help the interpreters to save time in taking notes,thus adding to the efficiency of note-taking.Commonly used abbreviated mode as follows:

Firstly,use the superscript abbreviation method.

education=edn,educational=edl,educator=edr.

Secondly,use the accepted abbreviation for countries and organizations.

US=United States,UN=United Nations

Thirdly,use only the first syllable of a word.

pol=politics,dem=democracy,lib=liberal,cap=capitalism

Fourthly,omit vowels and retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.

ppd=prepared,prblm=problem,estmt=estimate,bkgd=background,gvt=government

By reducing an idea,which may be expressed by a long word or a number of words,to an abbreviation,the interpreters find it easier to escape the trap of word-for-word translation.

4.3 Noun structure

Chinese sentence is characterized by a chain structure.Multi-noun phrases,the four-character structures lay out and pile together.Will be translated into English?Interpreters do not have time to hear the verbatim record,so they can only record some key points and main ideas.It is not able to remember the primitive vocabulary and sentence.Under the circumstance of no affecting the basic content of the spokesman,interpreters can do some semantic translation and adaption.

例如:改革开放取得的成就是有目共睹的,但是,随着经济形势的变化,又出现了一些新的矛盾和问题。比如,国企改革问题、大量失业和待业问题、两极分化问题、腐败问题、金融风险问题、生态环境破坏问题等。这些问题都需要我们高度重视,尽快找到有效的解决办法。

笔记应该是:

4.4 Numbers

It is not surprised to find that numbers are difficult problems in interpretation,because the numbers are not easy to predict.The counting unit of the numbers are different in English and Chinese,and the Chinese numbers are four numbers divide,while English numbers are three figures split.On the basis of this,interpreters must converse between them,increasing the difficulty of translation no doubt.

First step,record what you hear.That is to say when record numbers,it is unnecessary to make any processing and conversion in the first step.For example:the original English number is"thirty-six million eight hundred twenty one thousand",you only record36m 821t;the original Chinese number 7561500,you only record756万1500.

The second step,after the accurate record,you should do some processing.According to the characteristics of the counting unit of English system,for example,36m 821t,crossed a dash after number2 behind the dash,the result is 36m 82/1t and 75601500,crossed a comma after number 1 and number 7,the result is 7,561,500.

The third step,after dealing with numbers,you can smoothly interpret in accordance with the habits of another language.

4.5 Choice of language

Chinese is our mother tongue,it is natural reaction to useChinese in taking notes.Because it is faster,more accurate,the majority of interpreters are preferred source language while interpre Chinese to English;on the contrary,in E-C interpretation,our selections are quite different.In order to explore the problem that the choice of language in note taking,I do an experiment among nine graduates major in interpretation.They respectively listen to an article about 300 words and they are required to take notes,and then to interpret.Please see the following table 1.

The result of experiment shows that five students choose the source language,and four students choose the target language while taking notes.The proportion is 56%:44%,which does not show the sharp contrast of the choice of language.To answer"what language to use when writing down notes,Professor Liu Minhua once said that interpreters should not be restricted to use the source or targe language,as long as it is convenient,both of them can be used.I have the same point of view with her.You can use the language to record which reflect in your mind immediately after listening.

5 Conclusion

In short,notes are the key points of consecutive interpretation.It is precisely because the notes can share the pressure of the interpreter’s memory,which make them importan to improve the quality of interpretation.Note taking should be based on the understanding then extract the backbone of content and write down the keywords by using of appropriate symbols and abbreviations,and reorganize them from the perspective of the target language.Moreover,interpreters should also be noted that the accumulation and expansion o knowledge.Through hard practice,the correc technique in note taking,interpreters are certain to do accurate,smooth,and self-confident translation.

摘要：由于人脑短时记忆容量的有限性,这就使笔记在口译中,尤其是在交替传译中显得十分重要。虽然每个人的记忆、思维和反应都有各自的特点,经仔细研究仍有一些规则可循。该文从交传中笔记的重要性谈起,并对常见的笔记技巧进行了总结和概括。

关键词：交替传译,笔记,技巧

参考文献

[1] Bao Gang.Overview of Interpretation Theory[M].Beijing:Tourism Education Press,1998.

[2] Feng Jianzhong.Practical English tutorial for Interpreter[M].Nanjing:Yilin Press,1997.

[3] Lin Chaolun.Actual Interpretation[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008.

[4] Liu Minhua.Consecutive Interpretation and Notes[M].Taiwan:Fu Jen Catholic University Press,1993.

[5] Liu Miqing.Translation and Interpretation Theory[M].Beijing: Chinese Translation and Publishing Corporation,2004.

读书，请做读书笔记 篇3

钱钟书真是一个狂人，但他的“狂”绝不是轻狂，他敢睥睨天下，是因为他学问非凡，又性情率真，固守“文章之德，真理之勇”的学人信念，不惺惺作态。

钱钟书被誉为中国20世纪的“文化昆仑”，他的学识都是读书做笔记得来的。他离世后，夫人杨绛整理他的笔记，仅外文笔记就有34000多页，“日札”（随意写的读书心得）也有23册2000多页。

对照钱钟书，我以为，我们今天的中学生，如果真想学习，做到学业有成，进而做学问，还是要做好两件事：一是静下心，认真读书；二是不怕烦，扎扎实实做读书笔记。

有的同学说，现在是网络时代，资讯检索很容易，哪里还需做读书笔记！这是不对的。网络检索得到的信息，一般只能停留在“了解”“知道”这一低级层面，往往转瞬即逝，不会产生深刻的体验和理解，很难积淀深化为思想和智慧，不是真正的学问。做笔记会迫使我们深度阅读、感悟，这样，我们就有了深刻的体验。如果能再不断回顾、更新，融会贯通，便会积淀成为学问。

我曾教过一位小卢同学，女孩子，个子不高，小小的年纪，性格沉静得像一湖水。我很惊异地发现，她的思维和表达能力远远超过了其他同学，显得是那样的出类拔萃。原因很简单，她从小学就开始坚持做读书笔记。她有三本并不太厚的笔记本，内容大多是摘抄的优美词句，间或记录自己的阅读心得，甚至还记录了对文章中人物、事件、思想的思考、评判。她的很多思想都是通过读书获得的，都可以在笔记上找到痕迹。

朱永新说，阅读和思考是达到精神高峰的唯一途径。撇开有些功利色彩的“学习”“做学问”，毫无疑问，读书有益于人的成长，而做读书笔记则使我们在成长的“途径”上走得更加坚实，更快更好。

所以，读书，请认真做读书笔记。

简爱读书笔记的英文 篇4

简爱英文版读后感

This is a story about a special and unreserved woman who has been exposed to a hostile environment but continuously and fearlessly struggling for her ideal life. The story can be interpreted as a symbol of the independent spirit.

It seems to me that many readers’ English www.duhougan.com reading experience starts with Jane Eyer. I am of no exception. As we refer to the movie “Jane Eyer”, it is not surprising to find some differences because of its being filmized and retold in a new way, but the spirit of the novel remains----to be an independent person, both physically and mentally.

Jane Eyer was a born resister, whose parents went off when she was very young, and her aunt，the only relative she had，treated her as badly as a ragtag. Since Jane’s education in Lowwood Orphanage began, she didn’t get what she had been expecting——simply being regarded as a common person, just the same as any other girl around. The suffers from being humiliated and devastated teach Jane to be persevering and prize dignity over anything else.As a reward of revolting the ruthless oppression, Jane got a chance to be a tutor in Thornfield Garden. There she made the acquaintance of lovely Adele and that garden’s owner, Rochester, a man with warm heart despite a cold face outside. Jane expected to change the life from then on, but fate had decided otherwise: After Jane and Rochester fell in love with each other and got down to get marry, she unfortunately came to know in fact Rochester had got a legal wife, who seemed to be the shadow following Rochester and led to his moodiness all the time ----Rochester was also a despairing person in need of salvation. Jane did want to give him a hand, however, she made up her mind to leave, because she didn’t want to betray her own principles, because she was Jane Eyer. The film has finally got a symbolist end: Jane inherited a large number of legacies and finally returned. After finding Rochester’s misfortune brought by his original mad wife, Jane chose to stay with him forever.

I don’t know what others feel, but frankly speaking, I would rather regard the section that Jane began her teaching job in Thornfield as the film’s end----especially when I heard Jane’s words “Never in my life have I been awaken so happily.” For one thing, this ideal and brand-new beginning of life was what Jane had been imagining for long as a suffering person; for another, this should be what the audiences with my views hoped her to get. But the professional judgment of producing films reminded me to wait for a totally different result: There must be something wrong coming with the excellence----perhaps not only should another section be added to enrich the story, but also we may see from the next transition of Jane’s life that “Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you would get.” (By Forrest Gump’s mother, in the film “Forrest Gump”)

What’s more, this film didn’t end when Jane left Thornfield. For Jane Eyer herself, there should always be somewhere to realize her great ideal of being independent considering her fortitude, but for Rochester, how he can get salvation? The film gives the answer tentatively: Jane eventually got back to Rochester. In fact, when Jane met Rochester for the first time, she scared his horse and made his heel strained, to a certain extent, which meant Rochester would get retrieval because of Jane. We can consider Rochester’s experiences as that of religion meaning. The fire by his frantic wife was the punishment for the cynicism early in his life. After it, Rochester got the mercy of the God and the love of the woman whom he loved. Here we can say: human nature and divinity get united perfectly in order to let such a story accord with the requirements of both two sides. The value of this film may be due to its efforts to explore a new way for the development of humanism under the faith of religion.

Life is ceaselessly changing, but our living principles remain. Firmly persisting for the rights of being independent gives us enough confidence and courage, which is like the beacon over the capriccioso sea of life. In the world of the film, we have found the stories of ourselves, which makes us so concerned about the fate of the dramatis personae.

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both physical and mental effects on us call for a balance. We are likely to find ourselves bogged down in the Sargasso Sea of information overload and living unconsciousness. It’s our spirit that makes the life meaningful.

1010英文读书笔记-海水老化 篇5

1.P.Y.Le Gac, V.Le Saux, M.Paris ,Y.Marco.Ageing mechanism and mechanical degradation behaviour of polychloroprene rubber in a marine environment: Comparison of accelerated ageing and long term exposure[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability.2012(97):288~296

在海水环境中的氯丁橡胶的老化机制和机械降解行为：加速老化和长时间暴露的对比 聚合物由于其优异的性能和良好的耐候性被广泛应用于海洋环境中。尽管被广泛应用，但是在那样恶劣的环境中的长期行为仍不能被人熟知。为了评估合理时间内绝毫无的耐久性，有必要来进行人工老化测试来加速降解动力过程，但是不会对降解过程进行任何修饰。因此本课题建议加速老化测试来研究用于海上应用的有二氧化硅填充的氯丁橡胶海水老化。实验观察了在更新的天然海水中温度范围为20-80℃的几个加速老化实验。这些老化结果是使用物理测试（傅里叶红外变换，固态核磁共振）和以单一拉伸测试为基础的力学性能测试。为了准确描述样品的厚度的老化梯度变化，实验中也应用了仪表微压痕测试。把从加速样品测量结果和23年服务条件下的海上输油管线的老化的测量结果进行对比。对于这两种样品，氯丁橡胶材料迅速发展变化最明显的代表是硬度的增加，这可以验证人工老化过程。

格列夫游记英文读书笔记 篇6

不论是不是真正读过，或者通读过，大约谁都知道《格列夫游记》是一部世界名著。在中国读者中，乔纳森.斯威夫特的名字或者不如莎士比亚、狄更斯、萧伯纳来得响亮，可是这些响亮名字的作品，真正读过的又有几人呢？相反，小人国、大人国的故事倒差不多称得上家喻户晓了。在“家喻户晓”的同时《格列夫游记》在一般人的心中仿佛成了一本儿童读物，那么到底是不是呢？如果不是，它究竟又是怎样的一部书呢？

《格列夫游记》是一部奇书，但我不同意有些评论家的观点，认为这是一本儿童读物，神奇的想象，夸张的手段，寓言的笔法，固然是一般儿童读物普遍的特点，但《格列夫游记》是以其杰出的讽刺而垂名世界文学史的。而斯威夫特的大名，至少在英国讽刺作家中，至今仍罕有其匹。

《格列夫游记》一共由四部分组成，第一卷利立浦物游记和第二卷布罗卜丁奈格游记写于一七二一年至一七二二年之间。第四卷慧因国游记先于第三卷，写于一七二三年。第三卷比较松散，铺的面较开，以勒皮他游记为主，兼及巴尔尼巴比，拉格奈格，格勒大锥和日本四个地方的游记，从一七二四到一七二五写了两年。四个部分应该说是相互独立的，表面上的某种联系或者对照也许只存在于第一卷和第二卷之间。格列夫由小人国中的“巨人山”一下变为大人国中的可怜的矮子。当然，不论是从正面颂、还是从反而颂，斯威夫特的情感和思想，在四个部分中都是一以贯之的。那就是不留情面地对十八世纪前半期的英国社会进行全面的批判，尤其对统治阶级的腐败、无能、无聊、毒辣、荒淫、贪婪、自大等作痛快淋漓的鞭挞，范围也似乎要越出十八世纪的初期的英国，而将茅头指向罪孽深重、愚蠢肮脏，毫无理性的整个人类。

第一卷是标准的讽刺。虽说大家现在都承认小人国实际就是暗指英国利立浦特宫廷也就是英国宫廷的缩影，但人们还是不得不佩服斯威夫特惊人的想象力。他何以会想得出小人国这么一个点子来的呢？格列夫与利立浦特人之间的大小比例为1：12。这一比例在全书中从头到尾都得到严格遵守，不曾出一点差错。从写作技巧上讲，这种视觉上的选择是天才的，而它所产生的效果则是无处不在的幽默。我们当然知道作者是在讽刺，在挖苦，然而这种讽刺和挖苦是理性的、冷静的，甚而至于是较温和的。作者还没有完全激动起来，他只是在煞有其事的给你讲故事，讲一连串在读者看来是闻所未闻的有趣故事。

读者就是这样被他——斯威夫特——这些故事给迷住了，忘记了他的每一个故事其实差不多都是有所指的。不论是“高跟党”还是“低跟党”，“大端派”还是“小端派”，甚至于像财政大臣这样具体的人，都可以从当时的英国上层社会找到他们的影子。有些评论家甚至认为，那么一些“有所指”的讽刺，其实也完全适用于整个人类，而并不仅仅限于英国。

第一卷中讽刺是正面的、直接的。格列夫俨然以巨人的身份在由袖珍的人、事、物组成的立利浦特雄视阔步。虽然他也时常受到骚扰，经历种种不如意。在大街上走路必须时刻注意，以免不小心就将人踏死，或者将房屋踩塌，可他永远是居高临下的，无论皇帝还是大臣，任其自傲自狂，在格列夫的眼中，永远只是一群荒唐愚蠢的，微不足道的小动物。这里的比例是1：12，格列夫从头至尾享受着“俯视”的便宜和痛快。当然，就是这么一个小人国，其内部和腐败的纷争，也终有一天会将其自身毁灭。

第二卷布罗卜丁奈格游记与第一卷适成对比，格列夫来到了大人国，一下子由“巨人山”缩为“格里尔特里格”。置身大人国，自己仿佛变成了一个利立浦特人。比例倒了过来，成了12：1。格列夫的视角一下由居高临下变为处处仰视。这一强烈的对照手法是有象征意义的。这种反讽相当尖刻，具有叫对方无法还手的力度。斯威夫特也显然越说越没有顾忌了。

不论作者是出于何种考虑，第三卷的出现多少有点破坏了《格列夫游记》作为一个整体的形式的完美性，就组成第三卷的那一系列断片来说，本身也缺乏力度，结构显得较为松散。涉及的范围扩大了，可更多的倒好像是作者在说笑话，许多地方还谈不上是讽刺。第三卷充当了一种缓冲剂，缓和了第二卷和第四卷之间强烈的感情。

第三卷是由五个游记组成的。勒皮他游记是第一个，它讽刺的主题显而易见，就是英国对爱尔兰的统治和剥削。在接下来的巴尔尼巴比游记中，斯威夫特的讽刺是直接的，不加掩饰的，讽刺的对象是拉格多大科学院。此外，斯威夫特还讽刺了文学和历史学的所谓新批评主义的方法。

第四卷慧因国游记看来是最有争议的一部分了。斯威夫特在这一卷里到底想告诉我们一些什么？两百多年来，人们对这一问题的探讨已远远超出了学术的范围。《格列夫游记》一出版就受到了广泛的欢迎。但几乎就在斯威夫特刚刚告别人世之后，一场旷日持久的针对第四卷的抨击就开始了。斯威夫特到底是不是反人类的呢？人类的发展，一方面展示了它的真正的文明和美德，同时也更全面地，更清楚地暴露了它的堕落和丑恶。而讽刺作家不过在这条路上走得更远罢了。其实，批判或讽刺往往并非出于恶意，倒可能是因为更深的爱；也许是“怒其不争”吧。

这就是斯威夫特的反人类吗？如果是，我们也就不妨接受吧，我们由此看到了最强烈，最深刻、最有力度、最不妥协的讽刺，《格列夫游记》的价值和斯威夫特的伟大也正基于此。

要学会写读书笔记 篇7

一、写心得

心得, 也叫读后感, 是将自己阅读后的感受经系统整理而形成的一种形式。可以针对一个问题、一个观点, 也可以就读物中的某些问题、某些观点发表看法。紧扣原文, 联系自己的思想、学习实际写心得, 能使学生练习写作, 提高修养, 对书中的内容和道理理解得更透彻。

二、抄摘要

摘抄式读书笔记, 是抄录原文有关内容的一种方法。就是教学生将书中富有哲理的或精彩生动的词语、句子、段落、论点、结论、重要的史实、资料等摘下来, 便于继续钻研或随时查考。必要时, 在摘录后结合所摘录的内容写一点自己的认识和体会。

三、列提纲

学生阅读时, 引导学生在通读全文的基础上, 逐段分析原文的每一部分要点, 写出各部分的标题和大意。这有助于学生分清层次, 抓住中心, 记住要点。我引导他们借鉴文章和书前的内容提要和内容梗概练习, 在训练中使他们逐步掌握规律性的东西。

四、记日记

这种形式易把一点一滴的读书体会记下来。如果学生每天能结合读书, 养成记日记的良好习惯, 会慢慢地积累下宝贵的知识财富。

五、下批语

就是教学生在原文顶端、原文后面、行与行之间的空白处或者文章的佳妙处、精辟处, 加上眉批、尾批、旁批、旁点、旁圈等。这有助于培养言简意赅的好文风。

六、画符号

读书笔记的写作指导 篇8

读书笔记主要包括读后感和赏析短文两种，这里笔者以指导“读后感”和“赏析短文”两种个性化写作形式为例，以修改学生文章为实践，来谈谈自己对写作读书笔记的理解。

一、读后感的写作指导

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

(一)读后感的一般写法：

1、确定正副标题，正标题一般标明文章的中心内容，副标题标明题材，一般为“读《×××》有感”。

2、读后感的一般思路：引——议——联——结。

①引——扼要写出“读”的内容或直接引用原文某些语句，很快引出“感”的观点或中心。

②议——就自己“感”的重点、观点进行分析议论，说明道理。

③联——就议论的中心展开联想，记叙某些典型事例。也可联系社会和自己的实际抒发感受。

④结——结尾概括中心，总结全文得出结论。

结论可与开头照应，可归纳出结论性的意见，可强调某一重点，可发出号召。四部分中，“议”和“联”是核心；引和结为次要部分。

(二)一篇读后感只论述一个中心。

一篇文章可能有多个中心，如读《执竿入城》这个故事，从不同的角度，确立的感受中心也不尽相同，也就是说从不同的角度可确立以下多个中心，但写作一篇读后感时只论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到。

鲁人的角度：①寻求解决问题的最佳方案，必须打破思维定势束缚；②多想才能出智慧；③轻信盲从是可悲的。老者的角度：①好为人师要不得；②自作聪明者戒；③经验主义者行不通等。

(三)读后感要准确选择感受点。

读一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会，对一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法、受到不同的启迪。所以应对众多感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新、现实针对性最强、自己写来最顺畅的一个感点。

例如《滥竿充数》三个感点：①南郭先生行为——人要有真才实学，靠蒙骗过日子是不会长久的。②齐宣王行为——应当实事求是不要搞形式主义。③南郭先生在两代齐王不同遭遇——应当打破大锅饭，让一部分人混不下去。比较三个感点，对照当前的形势，我们发现第三个感点是当前的热门话题。最切合人们的思想实际，与现实联系最深。

(四)读后感的关键是议和联。首先。针对论点，进行多角度说理。比如例文论点“我们的社会需要这样讲诚信的人”，作者从两个角度摆出理由：①诚信是做人的一个起码要求；②诚信也是人类社会发展、进步的要求。

其次，可以运用正反对比说理来突出论点。比如例文论述“诚信是做人的一个起码要求”论点时，进行对比说理使论点更加鲜明。

例文：《亲近自己的双腿》中的残疾车夫坚决只收事先讲好的3元车资，不肯多收一分钱，即使多骑一站路。付出比别人多的汗水和努力，我觉得我们的社会正需要这样讲诚信的人。(引)

诚信是一个涉及人的道德修养和做人准则的问题。做人要讲诚信，要表里如一。要言而有信。(议)

诚信首先是做人的一个起码的要求，是人人都应具有的品质。试想，如果我们做人不讲诚信，那么我们周围的社会就将是一个尔虞我诈、彼此设防、充满虚伪的冷漠社会，生活在这样的环境中会快乐么?(议、联)

其次。诚信也是人类社会发展、进步的要求。随着经济的飞速发展，人们的生活水平日益提高，对生活的质量提出了更高的要求，诚信在高度文明的社会大环境中是精神文明的重要标志。(议、联)

社会呼唤具有诚信品质的人，讲诚信人才能赢得别人的尊重。(结)

(五)学生文章修改前后对照。

修改前：

我们要勇敢面对生命的暴风雨

张抗抗《窗前的树》的中洋槐，在夏日的暴雨中毫不动摇，“任凭狂风将树冠刮得东歪西倒”，让我感触颇深。

我们要像洋槐一样，勇敢面对生命中暴风雨的侵袭。由此我想到了贝多芬，他在耳朵失聪的情况下创作了《命运交响曲》，谱写了一曲生命的赞歌。

生命中常常会有暴风雨，软弱的人会赶快跑到避风港，把自己保护起来，而那些坚强的人，他们会迎着暴风雨前行，雨很大，风很大，但是刮不倒他们的信念和坚定，暴风雨在他们面前也因此变得软弱。

让我们勇敢面对生命中的暴风雨，做一个坚强的自己。

修改后：

我们要勇敢面对生命的暴风雨

张抗抗《窗前的树》的中洋槐，在夏日的暴雨中毫不动摇，“任凭狂风将树冠刮得东歪西倒”，让我深刻地感受到：我们要像洋槐一样，勇敢面对生命中暴风雨的侵袭。(引)

人生中暴风雨是常有的，与暴风雨搏斗时一定是要受伤的，但如果这样就向暴风雨低头就将意味着将要停滞不前。(议)

贝多芬，在双耳失聪的情况下创作了《命运交响曲》，谱写了一曲生命的赞歌；张海迪，在下身瘫痪，半身不遂的情况下，创造了轮椅上的奇迹，让世人惊叹于她那暴风雨后的美丽。霍金身残志不残，提出了黑洞学说，实现了生命的真正价值。生命中常常会有暴风雨，软弱的人会赶快跑到避风港，把自己保护起来，而那些坚强的人，暴风雨在他们面前也会变得软弱。(议、联)

让我们勇敢面对生命中的暴风雨。做一个坚强的自已。(结)

二、赏析短文的写作指导

写赏析短文是一种很好的学语文的方法，学生可选择自己喜欢的内容写赏析，“一千个读者有一千个哈姆莱特”，对同一篇文章不同的赏析展示的是学生不同的个性，体现了阅读是一种个性化的行为。作品赏析是对文学作品的审美认识，它主要考查对文学作品的内容、语言、艺术手法等的赏析。

如何写好赏析短文?

(一)明确鉴赏要点：

1、内容赏析：

(1)归纳内容要点，概括中心思想；

(2)评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度。

表达格式：本文通过……，抒发了(赞美了)……，并流露出……(通常用在鉴赏短文第1段)

2、语言赏析

赏析短文的语言要做到通顺、流畅，力求生动、有文采。孔子说：“言之无文，行而不远。”写作时只有做到语言优美、有文采，才能有助于提高鉴赏的品位。也才会博得阅卷老师的青睐。

从语言角度：

(1)用词之美——本文中的……，抓住了……的特点，运用……几个极富表现力的动词，把……写得惟妙惟肖，给我们展现出一幅……的图画，令人读后有身临其境之感，所见之景如在目前。

例：说说下列语句中加点字的表达效果。(《请允许我满含泪水地回

来》)

之后，她捏紧了口袋中的安眠药。她想找个结束烦恼的地方，但她起不了身。

“捏紧”表现主人公已经陷入深深的绝望，下定了轻生的决心；“起不了身”表现了网友对她的鼓励、关爱和理解使她受到震动，不忍心草率地作出轻生的举动。

(2)修辞之美——找文中的比喻句、排比句、拟人句、对偶句、反问句等。(作用：比喻使语言生动形象；排比使语言气势磅礴、感情强烈；拟人使事物形象可感；对偶使语句形式整齐、音韵铿锵；反问句增强语气……)

例：自选角度品析下列语句。(张抗抗《窗前的树》)

“雪后的洋槐一身素裹银光璀璨，在阳光还未及融化它时，真不知是雪如槐花，还是槐花如雪。”

赏析：运用了比喻、回环的手法，细腻地描写了雪后洋槐银装素裹的美丽姿态，给读者展示了一幅美妙的画卷，使人有如临其境之感。

(3)哲理之美——本文语言极富哲理，特别是……几句，告诉我们……，使我们读后懂得了……的道理，并能启发我们对……进行更深层的思考，令人受益匪浅。

如：品析下列语句的哲理。(张洁《我的四季方舟》)

“一个生命不可能再有一次四季，未来的四季属于另一个新的生命。”

生命不可能重复，时间也不会再来，要认真对待生命，就要学会珍惜。珍惜生命中的分分秒秒。在人生的春季里，我们更应该懂得珍惜青春，春天去了还会来，青春一去可就不复返了。

3、艺术手法赏析

(1)表达方式角度：

①感官角度描写：视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉、触觉等。

②动静结合角度：以动衬静，动静结合等。

③描写方式角度：正面与侧面，直接与间接。

④描写内容角度：外貌、语言、神态、动作、心理等。

(2)表现手法角度：

以小见大、象征、托物言志、欲扬先抑、烘托、对比、虚实结合、借景抒情、卒章显志、首尾呼应……

(3)具体模式

①小中见大：选文从我们熟知的……人题，抓住……的……特点。让我们从平常小事中领悟到深刻的生活道理。如莫怀戚《散步》。

②象征：选文运用象征手法，抓住了……与……相似的特点。通过对……准确的描写刻画，更好地达到了表现……的目的。如张晓风《行道树》。

③托物言志：选文巧妙地运用了托物言志的写法，作者紧紧抓住……的……的特点，精心刻画，从而含蓄地表达了作者……的生活态度。如周敦颐《爱莲说》。

④烘托：选文大量运用环境烘托，把表现对象的……心理，放在一个……的环境里，更好地表现了人物内心世界，增强了文章表现力。如曹文轩《孤独之旅》。

⑤卒章显志：选文运用了卒章显志的写法，层层铺叙，直到最后才突然揭开谜底，……令人有恍然大悟之感，然后又转入深深的思考。如张晓风《春之怀古》。

(二)把握赏析注意点

赏析中肯与否，最重要的是要读懂文本，如果对所赏析的内容把握不准。或理解失误，就好比走路选错方向，赏析无从谈起；同时要选择好赏析的切入点，善于灵活运用各种不同的手法。我们无论从哪个角度人手，只要合情合理，有自己的见解，都是可以的。

赏析短文的结构一般为“总－分－总”的形式，即开头总起，主体部分从几个方面进行分述，结尾归纳总结；也可根据实际写成总分或分总。