陶渊明的课件(精选8篇)
陶渊明的课件 篇1
教学内容
人教版八年级上册第六单元第30课。
课文解读
陶渊明于公元4辞官还乡,从此终老田园。归来后,作《归园田居》诗一组,共五首。描绘田园风光的美好与农村生活的淳朴可爱,抒发归隐后的愉悦心情。为诗史上的名作,对后世的山水田园诗影响深远。课文中所选的是第三首。
《归园田居(其三)》记晨起至晚于南山为田豆锄草,在辛勤劳作中抒发自己脱离尘俗回归自然的恬静愉悦的心情。但与其它诗作对比来看,这里的“愿”有它特殊的的内涵。陶渊明宁愿归乡务农,也不肯出卖灵魂换取荣华富贵,反映了他对社会现实的不满和知识分子的清高与正直的思想品格。
这首诗语言朴素无华,不事雕饰。然而却在平淡的外表下,包容有浓郁的生活气息和一颗纯净逸世的诗心。如青山、豆苗、绿草、狭道、月光、露珠,这些看似平常的东西,一经诗人的笔触,就充满美感,流淌着一种古朴醇厚的涓涓诗意,这自然平淡的诗句融入全诗淳美的意境当中,使“质而实绮,癯而实腴”,而这正是此诗的重要特色。
点评:课文解读,是老师备课过程中的重要一环。解读要富于个性,为课堂教学服务,有所取舍,并不是照搬教参,或堆砌网络资料。好的课文解读,全面、准确、深刻,富于创见,就是一篇短小精悍的论文。这里的解读,简明扼要,抓住了特点,既介绍了时代背景、创作过程,又分析了诗歌内容、写作特点,为课堂教学内容“教什么”奠定了基础。
教学设想:
《语文课程标准》(版)指出:“诵读古代诗词,能借助注释和工具书理解基本内容。注重积累、感悟和运用,提高自己的欣赏品位。”本课教学拟据课标来进行设计:以朗读把握诗歌重点词语切入,感知理解诗歌的主要内容。拓展阅读背景,结合自身生活积累,与诗人对话,感悟体味诗人寄寓诗中的情感。最后,以画面想象读懂意境和诵读演绎情感的形式结束。根据学生特点,本课的主要教学方法是:激趣、朗读、思考、讨论、想象、背诵。总之,不仅要让学生的品味欣赏始终在老师的引导和指导中,更要让课堂成为学生活动、思考、展示的天地。
点评:教学设想,呈现的是教师的教学理念,展示教师的理论素养,描述教学设计的思路,谋划教学各个环节,策划教学重难点如何突破等等问题,不仅要说出“教什么”、“怎么教”,更要揭示“为什么这么教”。这里的教学设想,依据新课标的有关理念,因文而异,因材施教,做到了理论指导实践,思路清晰。尤其是“激趣”等6种教学方法,切合文体特征,富于实效。
教学目标:
1、熟读诗歌,并在理解诗歌的基础上有感情地朗读。
2、学会抓住重点词语感知理解诗歌内容。
3、想象画面读懂意境,了解感受陶诗的语言风格。
4、把握诗歌的思想内容,感悟诗人的归隐情怀。
点评:教学目标明确,虽然没有明确出现“知识与技能”“过程与方法”“情感、态度与价值观”这三维目标的词语,但以上四点,涵盖到了这三维目标的理念。作为大赛教学设计,明确出现“三维目标”的词语,注意对应安放,将会更醒目、明晰。
教学重点:
感悟诗人情感,读懂诗歌意境。
教学难点:
透过语言的表象,感悟诗人的隐逸情感。
点评:教学重难点的设计合理,根据古诗的文体特征,以“情感”“意境”的学习理解为重难点,实现突破,有利于培养学生的阅读理解能力。
课前预习:
学生:通过图书、网络等多种渠道搜集有关陶渊明的相关资料,帮助学生理解诗意。
教师:①制作多媒体辅助教学,营造良好的学诗氛围。②准备有关陶渊明的生平作品资料,以便引导学生深层次理解课文。
点评:课前的预习和准备,师生两方面安排得当,培养学生动手搜集相关作家、作品以及时代背景等资料,是提高检索、查阅资料能力,也是自主学习的一种基本功。教师制作多媒体课件,则是赛课者的必备了。
教学过程:
一、导入新课
( 屏显田园风光图片,配乐。)
播放完毕,师生交流观看感受。
师:在古代,第一位选择弃官回归乡村田园,过着隐居生活的诗人——陶渊明,他的生活是否像我们感受到的这般美好呢?这节课我们来学习他的著名诗篇《归园田居(其三)》。
(板书:课题、作者)
陶渊明的课件 篇2
With the particular sensibility of nature, writers are especially apt at appreciating nature‘s beauty and resorting to literary works to depict it.Having similar experiences of living in isolation, both Tao Yuanming and Thoreau have a particular love of nature.They both appreciate nature’s beauty, sanctity and spirituality, and share the same view of“Oneness of heaven and human”, which is an ancient philosophical teaching yet in which we can still find its post-modernism vitality.
1.1 Nature Aesthetics
1) Observation of Nature:“Transparent Eyes”.
Instead of using fleshly physical eyes, transcendentalists believe in a deeper observation of nature—the“transparent eyeballs” (1) , only with which can human truly appreciate and understand nature.Both Thoreau and Tao Yuanming have this form of observation of nature since they depicted nature as if they felt what nature felt and knew every creature, non-creature, and weather’s deeds and feelings.
Thoreau has romantic imaginations, sensitive feelings and infinite enthusiasm in nature.During his dwelling beside the Walden, Thoreau lies on the frozen pond in winter, watching the pickerel beneath in zero distance, and then wrote in Walden:
“Ah, the pickerel of Walden!When I see them lying on the ice...I am always surprised by their rare beauty, as if they were fabulous fishes, they are so foreign to the streets, even to the woods...They possess a quite dazzling and transcendent beauty...They are not green like the pines, nor gray like the stones nor blue like the sky;but they have...yet rarer colors, like flowers and precious stones, as if they were the pearls, the animalized nuclei or crystals of the Walden water.They, of course, are Walden all over and all through;are themselves small Waldens” (Thoreau 160) .
In Thoreau’s eyes, every being in nature is unique and precious.The pickerel fish possesses its individual color, shape and meaning of existence, transcending over others’.A casual winter fish’s“rare beauty”, involving its unique colors, transcendent state of being, pearl-like grace, and its identity of a crystallized nature, cannot be appreciated without“transparent eyes”which enables Thoreau to sympathize with creatures, to feel as they do, to maximize a creature’s world and to nuclearize the whole nature into a minimized niche—the pond.
Likewise, Tao Yuanming has also been commonly recognized as the very poet who loves nature most and depicts nature best.Beautiful lines about nature observed by his“transparent eyes”are extensive in Tao’s poems:
“The freezing winds roar at the close of year;
A day’s snow makes the weather more severe.
While snowflakes fall without the slightest sound,
The world becomes a stretch of snowy ground” (2) (Wang 198) .
Liang Qichao once said:“Nature is his beloved spouse who smiles at him.” (3) Tao’s Poetry, featuring the absence of observer, is often focused on scenery itself.
2) “Me”, “Oblivious me”and“No-me”
Chinese cultural giant Wang Guowei brings up an aesthetic concept of“3 extents”—“Me”, “Oblivious me”and“No-me”.In terms of appreciating nature, both Thoreau and Tao Yuanming attain“Oblivious me”, even“No-me”.That is, to break the boundary between human and nature.Nature can be personified, or even become the observer itself.
Thoreau pays the highest praise to nature, to the level of selflessness, so that his pictures of nature demonstrate aesthetic values of“Oblivious me”.
“All our Concord waters have two colors at least;one when viewed at a distance, and another, more proper, close at hand.The first depends more on the light, and follows the sky.In clear weather, in summer, they appear blue at a little distance, especially if agitated, and at a great distance all appear alike.In stormy weather they are sometimes of a dark slate-color.The sea, however, is said to be blue one day and green another without any perceptible change in the atmosphere.I have seen our river, when, the landscape being covered with snow, both water and ice were almost as green as grass” (Thoreau 100) .
In Tao’s poetry, “oblivious me”and“no-me”are demonstrated even more apparently.Influenced by Lao Tzu’s Taoism, Tao Yuanming writes pastoral poems that seldom involve man’s presence.The speaker, or the poet, usually appears as a hidden way, as“no-me”;while the hill, moon, plants and animals are almost melted into“me”:
“Behind the west hill sinks the broad daylight;
Above the eastern peak the moon shines bright.
The moon sheds light o’er ten thousand li,
Visible its glow o’er land and sea” (4) (Wang 194) .
“The orchids flourish in the yard ahead,
Whose fragrance are yet waiting for the wind to spread” (5) (Wang 159) .
1.2 Human-nature Relation
The common ground of Thoreau and Tao Yuanming’s view on human-nature relation is oneness of heaven and human.One prominent embodiment of this relationship is that nature always provides inspiration and energy, whilst human should always appreciate that.
1) Oneness of Heaven and Human:Taoism and Transcendentalism
Tao Yuanming is largely influenced by Lao Tzu’s Taoism, one of whose ideas is oneness of heaven and human.Thoreau’s transcendentalism also advocates oneness of heaven and human, which is sharply against the western mainstream idea of dichotomy between the matter and me.Both Taoism philosophy and Transcendentalism refer the religious word“heaven”to nature, which makes nature more than a physical surrounding, but also spiritual presence.Thus, man souls are able to communicate with this spiritual presence and share its bounty:beauty, energy, and wisdom.
“In Thoreau’s transcendental sense, the ultimate connectedness of God, man and nature is a great oneness, and the absolutes and the working of the universe can be grasped by the human mind” (Chang 57) .In Walden, Thoreau appreciates every single part of the niche.He depicts Walden Pond’s limpidity, colorfulness and creatures and plants around in detail, with deep affections:
“A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature.It is Earth's eye;looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature.The fluviatile trees next the shore are the slender eyelashes which fringe it, and the wooded hills and cliffs around are its overhanging brows” (Thoreau 105) .
Tao’s poetry consistently presents oneness of setting and feeling.Scenery is more than a physical presence, but an externalized mood.A notable example is“Matching a Poem by Secretary Guo”.By writing the happiness of reading with the company of pleasant wind, he describes his elation of fleeing from official circles and melting into nature:
“In the yard before my house, thick trees
Provide midsummer with refreshed cool breeze.
When in due time the south wind comes apace,
A gust of swirling wind blows loose my lace” (6) (Wang 130) .
2) Home to Spirituality, Source of Energy
This is a reflection of the rapport between man and nature.In both Thoreau and Tao’s works, the emphasis is that nature is home to spirituality and source of energy.Firstly, people gain enjoyments and inspirations from nature;secondly, it relieves personal loneliness in nature.
1) People Gain Enjoyments and Inspirations from Nature
Thoreau regards natural phenomenon as holy and thus a spiritual bounty.For example, he compares the winds to ethereal music:“The winds which passed over my dwelling were such as sweep over the ridges of mountains, bearing the broken strains, or celestial parts only, of terrestrial music...but few are the ears that hear it” (Thoreau 48) .It is as if man, if able to understand nature heart and soul, can gain baptism through enjoying the music of nature.Another example is that he saw the pond as both natural resource and source of wisdom and inspirations:“Who knows in how many unremembered nations’literatures this has been the Castalian Fountain?Or what nymphs presided over it in the Golden Age?It is a gem of the first water which Concord wears in her corenet” (Thoreau 102) .
Tao’s poetry also records how nature gave literary inspirations and pleasure.For example, poem“Reading of The Book of Mountains and Seas”accounts Tao Yuanming’s leisure time to read and write during the spare time from farming.In reading history and myths, pleasant weather and natural sceneries inspire philosophical thinking:
“In early summer, grass and trees grow tall
With profuse foliage sheltering the hall.
...
When I have ploughed the field and sown the seed
I, now and then, find time to write and read.
...
When gentle showers from the east draw near,
Now a pleasant breeze approaches here.
On such occasions, I leaf through King of Zhou
And Maps of Hills and Seas of long ago.
Since I can tour the whole world at a glance,
What can be better pastime than this chance?” (7) (Wang 228-229)
2) It Relieves Personal Loneliness in Nature
Living alone in nature does not imprison people in an absolute singularity.According to Liubava Moreva, “Art attempts to overcome the boundaries of personal loneliness and demonstrate the individual’s connections to the world” (Liubava 6) .By creating a satisfying life solely by their hands’labor, Thoreau and Tao’s reclusion in nature involves artistic communication with nature and their literary work that records these experiences.This process would never be lonely:
“In the act of artistic creation, the lonely human voice is saved by the world’s fundamental simplicity and openness:sky and wind, rain and grass, a stone or a bird become symbols of humanity in general.A fugitive, transitory experience and insight is given an eternal dimension by the artist” (Liubava 5) .
2 Similarity in Understanding of Seclusion
Both as renowned hermits, Tao Yuanming and Thoreau have similar understandings of seclusion:to lead a simple life, while there are still slight differences.They both advocate limited materials and criticize pragmatics, while the motivations of the reclusive living are different.Also, much influenced by Chinese Agricultural civilization, Tao Yuanming displays more conservative values on this point.
2.1 Understanding of“Simple”
Both Thoreau and Tao Yuanming desire a simple life in which materials are limited while spirituality is enriched.They both see simplicity, truth and reclusion in nature as an effective approach against human alienation.In action, they make the same choice of reclusion;in idea, they unanimously linked“simplicity”to reclusion.
Tao Yuanming advocate a simple life.In his eyes, “Since man is totally a natural creation, gathering nimbus of nature and essence of universe, he ought to avoid social interference.It best serves humanity to retreat into nature (8) ” (Li 135) .One should not be disturbed by sophisticated surroundings.If keeping the mind clear and calm, one shall be welcomed by“veritable truth”, which is the ultimate form of simplicity.This model of retirement from society and reversion to an idyll is both idealized and practiced in his poems:
“My house is built amid the world of men,
Yet with no sound and fury do I ken.
To tell you how on earth I can keep blind,
Any place is calm for a peaceful mind.
...
The view provides some veritable truth,
But my defining words seem to me uncouth” (9) (Wang 41) .
Various problems are believed to be caused by worldly desires.Complexity burdens soul heavily.As Lao Tzu said, complexity makes confusion;desire makes devils:
“Color's five hues from th’eyes their sight will take;
Music's five notes the ears as deaf can make;
The flavors five deprive the mouth of taste;
The chariot course, and the wild hunting waste
Make mad the mind;and objects rare and strange,
Sought for, men's conduct will to evil change” (10) (Gu 154) .
Contrary to complexity, simplicity can resist material lures and maintain internal peace.The best way to lead a simple life is to retreat into nature, where man is purely free from the yoke of social sophistication and warmly welcomed by natural sceneries.
With common knowledge of“simplicity”, Thoreau expresses the same idea.Seeing the overwhelming materialism in the whole society, Thoreau writes this cynically:
“Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.With respect to luxuries and comforts, the wisest have ever lived a more simple and meagre life than the poor.To be a philosopher is...to love wisdom as to live according to its dictates, a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust” (Thoreau 7-8) .
By saying“Simplicity.Simplicity.Simplicity”, Thoreau advocates to reduce material desires and physical comfort to a minimum level, and to achieve spiritual richness.As he records in Walden, a self-sufficient life in nature is not infeasible:
“For more than five years I maintained myself thus solely by the labor of my hands, and I found that, by working about six weeks in a year, I could meet all the expenses of living.The whole of my winters, as well as my summers, I had free and clear for study” (Thoreau 39) .
Tao Yuanming has a similar statement about his self-sufficient life:
“My kitchen garden yields sufficient stuff;
My barn is storing more grain than enough.
There’s no trouble to meet my daily need;
It is against my hope to be obsessed by greed” (11) (Wang 92) .
2.2 Slight difference
While Thoreau and Tao Yuanming have similar experience of reclusive life, there are slight differences lying in the triggers and motivations of being a hermit.Although similarly, both seclusion lives are essentially caused by their preference of nature, Thoreau is a transcendentalism practitioner, while Tao Yuanming is a runaway from the bureaucratic system.Thoreau’s reclusion is rather an experiment, a model that he intends to popularize outward;while Tao Yuanming’s reclusion is a self affirmation, an inward extolment of his own life.
Thoreau leads a five-year reclusive life as an experiment in which transcendentalism is examined.His reclusion is purposeful and strategical.That is, to prove his ideas of simplicity, spirituality and being close to nature were feasible.As he writes:“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if...when I came to die, discover that I had not lived” (Thoreau 51) .Thoreau intends to better explore himself and to further extend his view, standing on a level of freedom and reason.
Unlike Thoreau, Tao Yuanming turns into reclusion after resigning as magistrate of County Pengze, escaping from any socialization.Therefore Tao’s seclusion has a rather social reason.This is less a purposeful experiment, rather a self-chosen life style.We may well tell that his escape originates from his own preference of nature, while the immediate cause is the frustration in his official career.At this point, Tao is rather driven to escape, while Thoreau’s reclusion is of his own initiative;Tao’s life is rather inward self-approval, while Thoreau is to examine his theory and apply that to help society.
3 Similarity in Self-realization
Both Tao Yuanming and Thoreau believe in fulfillment in nature.Their values of self-realization share three characteristics in common:they resist worldly norms;they seem to escape from society, yet essentially still concerned about society;they put great emphasis on individual freedom.These attitudes have been approved by many post-modernism artists and philosophers.
3.1 Not limited by the worldly norms;emphasis on individual freedom
Escaping from the crowd, Thoreau and Tao Yuanming long for solitude and individuality.Freedom can be their lifelong pursuits.“According to Hegel, a human being satisfies his or her spiritual need for freedom through internal understanding of what exists and external embodiment of an inner world for him or herself and others” (Liubava 5) .For both Tao Yuanming and Thoreau, nature serves as the body of their soul.The experience and understanding of nature helps find their spiritual freedom.
Tao Yuanming feels sick and tired in official circles where the spirit is enslaved by the material (12) , thus chooses a reversion to his free spirit.For example, in poem“Back to Country Life”, Tao describes his elation of regaining freedom in idyll:
“I’ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy
While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.
By mistake I sought mundane careers
And got entrapped in them for thirty years.
Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills;
Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills.
So I reclaim the land in southern fields
To suit my bent for raping farmland yields.
When I escape from bitter strife with men,
I live a free and easy life again” (13) (Wang 142) .
Influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau believes in non-conformity, so what he chooses as his lifestyle is also sharply different from the crowd.Like Tao Yuanming, Thoreau abnegates any life style enforced by anyone or any mainstream norm.He does not own a curtain, not travel by train, nor but any commodities including even furniture, for he insists that solely by hands can man live a simple but sufficient life.Any social trends, including commercialism, industries and material possession, cannot impact him.
Escaping from the fancy, corrupted ideas enable Thoreau to realize an ultimate freedom.This freedom will be much more individually liberal, as the conclusion of Walden said:
“I learned by experiment that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours.He will put some things behind, will pass an invisible boundary;new, universal, and more liberal laws will begin to establish themselves around and within him;or the old laws be expanded, and interpreted in his favor in a more liberal sense, and he will live with the license of a higher order of beings” (Thoreau 181) .
3.2 Essentially concerned about society
Hermits do seem to escape from everything involved in society, especially a corrupted one.However, quite a few in the history, such as Thoreau and Tao, are essentially concerned about society, longing for social justice.
Thoreau is much concerned about social improvement.Once arrested for not paying poll tax as his way against black slavery, he writes Civil Disobedience afterward, discussing relationship between citizens and government.The idea of“non-violence”advocated by Thoreau greatly inspires Gandhi and Martin Luther King.Therefore, we can tell that Thoreau’s state of mind is rather proactive, focused on social advancement.He does not enclose himself with avoidance to the outside world;instead, he sets himself as a model and a guide, to awaken citizens and eventually improve the whole situation, as he wrote:“As I have said, I do not propose to write an ode to dejection, but to brag as lustily as chanticleer in the morning, standing on his roost, if only to wake my neighbors up” (Thoreau 48) .
In the year of 421, Tao writes a satirical poem“Stating Wine”, an ironical allusion to a political corruption case.As Lu Xun comments, “‘Stating Wine’in Tao’s collection refers to politics of the day.It is thus clear that he is not oblivious to, nor indifferent to contemporary affairs” (14) (Lu 97) .
From above, we can identify three similarities in Tao Yuanming and Thoreau’s view on nature:similarity in the love of nature, similarity in understanding of seclusion and the similarity in self-realization.
Today when human civilization has stepped into an advanced horizontal and humankind has in a large sense lost the ability to communicate with nature, Tao Yuanming and Thoreau may offer a helpful hand in saving the spiritual crisis.
摘要:陶渊明是中国一千六百年前久负盛名的归隐诗人, 亨利·大卫·梭罗则是美国十八世纪超验主义思想代表作家、哲学家。二人虽不同国别, 生逢不同时代, 但都以隐逸而被誉为千古名士。二人都钟情自然, 归隐世外, 又有着相似的生活观, 价值观和自然观, 这就激发了对二者作品的比较文学批评。该文试图从三个方面探讨陶渊明与梭罗在自然观上的共通点:对自然的热爱, 对归隐的理解, 以及自我实现的方式。
陶渊明的悲剧 篇3
鲁迅先生曾对陶渊明是否是隐士作了精辟的解说:“要在他们身上鉴赏隐逸气,我敢说,这只能怪自己糊涂。”为什么呢?“真的隐君子是没法看到的,古今著作,足以汗牛而充栋,但我们可能找出樵夫渔父的著作来吗?他们的著作是砍柴和打鱼。至于那些文士和诗翁,自称是钓徒樵子的,倒大抵是悠然自得的封翁或公子”,“所以虽是渊明先生,也还略略有些生财之道在,要不然,他老人家不但没有酒喝,而且没有饭吃,早已在东篱旁边饿死了。”
既然如此,那么陶先生在文学史上做的隐士就无非是外界无意赋予他的一道光环。我们可以先来看看他的归隐。的确,陶渊明的归隐是源于他诗人气质无法与黑暗的官场融合,这显然意味着他的辞官并非为了做隐士,说得直白些,则是“不堪吏职”罢了。在辞去江州祭酒时陶渊明曾言:“吾不能为五斗米折腰,拳拳事乡里小人邪!”这不禁令人想到明代清官海瑞,同是职小官微的县令,同是对五斗米付之不屑,海瑞却能做到“长揖不跪”,既而“备好棺椁,为民请命”,而陶渊明却只有退隐,在自己的园子里发些“金刚怒目”的火气。据此看来,陶的退隐实在是做不来官的梯子和做不好官的口实。
陶渊明在官场上不得意,不能忍受“世俗久相欺”,认为自己是有羁绊的飞鸟,是囿于池中的游鱼,希望在归隐中得到解脱,这种欲罢不能的心理使他的官做了辞,辞了做,文学史上记载:在写完《归去来兮辞》之后,陶渊明还出仕过刘裕的参军。由此可见,陶的归隐确是被迫——为自己所迫。这种自迫行为使他建塑了一路退去的复杂矛盾的心路历程,注定了他一生的精神悲剧。
陶渊明退隐田园之后,大量地写诗,大量地饮酒,希冀通过诗与酒醉倒理智与清醒,从而摆脱“有志不获骋”的苦闷而达到一种心境的悠然与恬淡。可惜的是“抽刀断水水更流,举杯浇愁愁更愁”,他最终也没能解脱自己,而只是将自己从一个囹圄搬到另一个囹圄。
有心种花花不开,无心插柳柳成行,陶先生写诗本是为自己解愁,并未抱有传世之目的,因为没有功利目的,诗风则显得淳朴自然,没有矫饰之感,后人备加推崇,反而得以久远传世。我想,后世推崇的缘起自然也应该是其诗能解愁。这种解愁诗在一定程度上可以给人精神上的释然与舒放,却不会根治苦闷的症结,一旦读成了心结,便会产生释情习惯:一有愁闷便要作诗,不写则不足以舒情,只待写了才算平和,之后还要循环。不会有人因为读了田园诗而消解了愁苦,同样作了田园诗的陶渊明也不会因作了田园诗而得以超脱,苦还是苦,闷还是闷,陶渊明还是陶渊明。
举个简单的例子,陶诗中经常出现“鸟”的意象:“羁鸟恋旧林”、“飞鸟相与还”、“我欲因此鸟”、“望云惭高鸟”、“栖栖失群鸟”,鸟的自由飞翔牵动了诗人解脱羁绊的情愫而希望自己也能像鸟一样得到自由。若按理,陶辞官归隐后该是得到了“自由”,但他还一再慕鸟,说明诗人并未获得心灵的真正自由,他还有牵挂,还有对俗务的不能忘弃。他的忧虑有因光阴流逝的(《荣木》),有因儿子不肖的(《责子》),有因人生无常的(《形影神》),有因世间生死的(《拟挽歌辞》),更有因功名不遂的(《杂诗·白日沦西河》)。怀着如此之多的忧虑,诗人又怎么能够超脱、悠然、恬淡?又怎么能够成为飞鸟呢?实际上陶渊明始终未能以一只自由鸟儿的心态飞翔过,如果说诗人的确有一段飞翔期的话,充其量也不过是一只风筝。
太多的凄苦与不平让诗人走出官场却走不出心灵的孤独。在他著名的田园诗《归园田居》(种豆南山下)中,作者在诗的前半部分描绘了一幅劳动者晚归的美好图画:“种豆南山下,草盛豆苗稀。晨兴理荒秽,带月荷锄归。道狭草木长,夕露沾我衣。衣沾不足惜,但使愿无违。”写得清幽质朴,悠然陶然,但诗的结尾诗人却以“衣沾不足惜,但使愿无违”升华了情感,超越了生活的画面,令人在他绝妙的劝慰中感受飘逸,感受超脱,感受从中飘散出来的悠长的叹息。“但使愿无违”,多么淡然的希望!多么沉重的叹息!
出世的不能出世,这正是陶渊明的悲剧。
陶渊明的故事 篇4
一、童年陶渊明
公元365年,东晋大司马的陶侃的孙子陶逸家,一个婴儿呱呱坠地了,算命的瞎子王三看过说,此子根骨不凡,当成大器。陶逸给儿子起名陶渊明。
童年的陶渊明同学在这样一个家庭里度过,锦衣玉食自不待言。良好的幼教、家教,先祖的丰功伟绩,激励着童年的陶渊明。他自视极高,这是他后来去做官以求兼济天下,同时也不肯为五斗米折腰的主要心理来由。
可惜到了陶渊明同学九岁的时候,老爹死了,一家人的顶梁柱没了,最主要是银子来源没了,家里只剩下老娘和妹妹。一家人坐吃山空,就穷下来了。(想了半天也没有明白,老爷爷是国家政治局的常委,爷爷是,老爹也是,应该是标准富好几代啊,国内外的房产、存款、名车、股票什么的稍稍变卖一下,怎么就能穷下来了呢?真让人纳罕。)爱信不信,反正就穷下来了,只好与母妹三人一起,寄养在外祖父孟嘉家里(让我想起了林妹妹,莫哭)。
鲁迅老师说过:“有谁从小康人家而坠入困顿的么,我以为在这途路中,大概可以看见世人的真面目。”曹雪芹先生也曾如是,陶渊明同学今也如是,更何况是从大康到困顿呢,这段经历,对陶渊明同学心理成长历程起到重要作用,一个眸子里隐了淡淡哀愁的沉默少年一天天长大了。(掉一个心理书包:童年的印记对人一生的影响巨大。)
陶渊明的外祖父孟嘉早已经过世,据说是“好酣酒,逾多不乱;至于忘怀得意,旁若无人”,但不妨碍这个老先生成了陶渊明同学后来学习的榜样。陶渊明在这里的生活也算幸福,至少衣食无忧,祖父家里藏书极多,陶渊明同学学习很努力,读了一肚子书,为后来成为真正伟大的田园师祖陶渊明打下了坚实的基础。
总结一下影响陶渊明心理行程的因素:
1、祖上曾经的辉煌。
2、家道中落的困顿。
3、野逸散仙好酒的祖父对他的影响。
……
这时候的陶渊明逐渐显出其优秀的潜质,他后来曾写诗:“忆我少壮时,无乐自欣豫。猛志逸四海,骞翮he思远翥zhu(就是像鸟一样昂首展翅飞翔,去实现远大的人生理想的意思,古文难懂,实在讨厌)。”可见人要有理想啊,心有多远,路才可能有多远。(先生要经常把这个道理说教给学生听。)
……
陶渊明逐渐长大了,就搬出祖父家单过,在陶家园(网上查了查,说是今宜丰澄塘秀溪南山自然村的陶家坪)盖了几间房子和老母同住。这期间,主要是在家读书和出外游学。期间,妹妹嫁了武昌程家,祖上留下来的一些积蓄逐渐耗尽,亲友接济也逐渐不支,生活每况愈下。
这个时候,陶渊明自觉已经学成文武艺了,可以出来大济苍生了,而且家里也已经没米下锅,两方面的原因,陶渊明决定外出做官了。
二、官途
陶渊明身处乱世。东晋末年传统豪门势力与新兴贵族势力比阔斗富,大量囤积土地,而贫穷的底层劳动人民大量沦落为官宦乡绅的佃户,生活穷困窘迫,这种状况发展到后来便接二连三地爆发了农民起义,军阀割据,民不聊生。陶渊明的仕途生涯就在这样的背景下开始了。
1、江州祭酒
公元393年,陶渊明在江州谋了一个祭酒的差事。
这个官不算小,类似于今天保定市常务副市长。陶渊明的这个“祭酒”是江州剌史王凝之(这个王凝之的老爹是大名人——叫王羲之)自设的一个官职(晋朝地方官自己有权设置自己下级官吏,只需向上报备就行了)。这个官职在江州属于要职,握有重权(第一任江州祭酒就是王羲之),类似常务副市长。
初来乍到的陶渊明能得到这个官的原因有三个:
1、陶渊明此时已经在文坛小有名气。
2、陶渊明虽已家道中落,但好赖也算江州的旺族,名门之后。
3、(据小道消息说)陶家是五斗米教教徒,王羲之家族也是五斗米教教徒,是一党人士。
王凝之是个有个性的人物。他深信五斗米道,迷信“鬼兵”。孙恩攻打会稽时,王凝之同志设坛祷告,烧纸画符,之后给手下说已经请到“鬼兵”十万,大家可以高枕无忧了,于是刀枪入库,马放南山,于是叛军至,于是城破,于是全家被杀。
王凝之这人脾气还不好,喜欢用鼻孔看人,可陶渊明官职虽小,但也是有脾气的,也常常用鼻孔看人,或者说叫傲骨,四个鼻孔相对,两人间隔阂日深。
文人是应该有骨气的,不管水平高低。看过一个写汶川地震的《江城子》,说“纵做鬼,也幸福”什么的,据说还是作协副主席(也是专业作家啊,还副主席,呀呀呸)。让人感叹,有骨气的文人太少。
面对王凝之这样一个“宝贝”,陶渊明心灰意冷,不久就“不堪吏职,少日自解归”了。说不干就不干,打死也不干了。后来,州里又来召他做主簿(秘书长),他也没有答应,回家种地去了。(这就是文人气节,但还有更多文人一边高唱气节歌,一边努力钻营,也是一景。)
第一次仕途结束,但陶渊明并未灰心,只是运气不好罢,达既不得,就独善其身,回家读书去。
不久他的妻王氏死了,继娶翟氏。
2、桓玄门下
公元4,陶渊明三十五岁,这个时候,天下大乱,也许是实在是过不下去了,他到荆州,投入荆江二州刺使桓玄门下做了个参谋。但陶渊明很快就发现桓玄有个要命的想法——做皇帝。
陶渊明可是个正统文人,忠君思想深入骨髓。他当然不想趟这造反的浑水,但危险来了,俗话说,上贼船容易,下贼船难,要没有个合适理由,如何能下得了船?恰恰(闫哥指导修改)这年冬天,陶渊明老娘死了(伟大的母亲),于是因母丧辞职回家,丁忧三年,名正言顺,也算幸运啊,陶渊明守在母亲坟前感慨万千了许久。
公元4正月,桓玄举兵攻入东晋首都建康,造反成功,改国为楚。
陶渊明在家乡躲着,心里暗骂,但也颇有些尴尬,一边种地,一边作诗发愤,来表示对桓玄称帝之事的不平,不满,不屑:
寝迹衡门下,邈与世相绝。顾盼莫谁知,荆扉昼常闭。
意思就是说:老子是高洁人士,才不会跟你们这样的乱臣贼子同流合污,没有谁是我的知己,我白天也把门子关死,老子骨头还是有的。(不知道可否入围中国脊梁?)
这些日子里,陶渊明可把桓玄恨到家了,但人家是皇帝,恨也白恨。骂娘归骂娘,再想出仕,可就要到人家桓玄门下去,这在陶渊明是打死也不会干的,等于说断绝了陶渊明出仕之路。
郁闷啊,郁闷。没法郁闷中爆发,就在郁闷中喝酒,可庄稼也不好好长,酒也不够喝……
一晃就是三年。
3、刘裕参谋官——侠客陶渊明
刘裕在陶渊明经历中可是个重要人物。辛弃疾同志有首名诗《京口北固亭怀古:“千古江山……斜阳草树,寻常巷陌。人道寄奴曾住。”这里的寄奴就是刘裕的小名。
刘裕同学可是个超级猛人,他做了两件大事:
一是刘裕在家乡京口起兵,击败桓玄,保傀儡皇帝司马德宗登基。二是刘哥觉得司马德宗当皇帝实在不如自己干(确实),就轰走司马(禅让),自己干了。东晋灭亡,刘宋王朝诞生,南北朝开始。
在刘裕大败桓玄的时候,陶渊明高兴极了,老天有眼啊,老陶雄心万丈,开门出来,投奔刘裕,并且做了一件大事:
这时候桓玄同学被刘裕同学打得屁滚尿流,一败涂地,就把幽禁在浔阳的安帝带上(这可是个护身符),一溜烟跑到江陵。陶渊明为了救黎民于水火,为了救安帝,也为了自家出口气,实实在在地做了一回侠客
——他化了妆,扮作一个落魄文士游学的样子,骑上一匹高大的白马(拍电影该这样拍吧),背背长剑,腰挂水葫芦,怀揣大饼,风餐露宿,冒险穿过敌人辖区,中间躲过敌军多次盘查,几历生死,到达建康,找到刘裕,把桓玄挟持安帝到江陵的始末,报给刘裕知道:“快去救万岁爷啊,桓玄那个王八蛋吧主子抓到江陵去了,囚在那哪儿了,我这里还有地图,你看你看……”刘裕自然大喜,和陶渊明一起做了个营救计划,于是……(省略613字),于是把可怜的皇帝给救出来了。
自觉为刘裕征伐大业立下一件大功劳,着实满足了一下文人假装侠客,“银鞍照白马,飒沓如流星。 十步杀一人, 千里不留行”的癖好(中国文人大多有此“雅好”),自己也出了口恶气。
他高兴得很,也颇有些得意,写诗明志:
“四十无闻,斯不足畏,脂我名车,策我名骥。千里虽遥,孰敢不至!”。
心里觉得理想抱负的翅膀终于可以展开,在天地间自由翱翔了。论功行赏,陶渊明得到一个参谋的职务!
什么,真的?没想到啊,有点小啊!陶渊明心头一懵,但文人的自尊并没有让他怒形于色,他默默地回到住处,坐在暗影里,半天没有声响……
这个差事,着实给了心头火热的陶渊明当头一棒,被一盆子冷水浇得有些发懵,学点心理学的人,可以一眼看穿,这是摆明了不信任,不重用啊,陶渊明这样的文人要的首先是个脸面啊,于此陶渊明变得沉默了……
后来,刘裕打入大大一片疆土,从监狱里捞出来的安帝被刘裕命令做了皇帝(刘哥现在和曹操同志一样,入京辅政,独揽朝权),刘裕被加九锡(像曹操吧),挟天子以令诸侯。再后来不得已当了皇帝。
说不得已,是因为一个禅让的故事:
安帝死了(有小道消息说是不小心喝了毒药给药死了,皇帝这个工作不好),恭帝司马德宗被命令即位(苦啊!)。再后来,刘哥觉得司马德宗当皇帝不如自己干得好(这倒是真的,刘哥作为一位乱世枭雄哪里是司马德宗这个白脸萝卜能比的?),于是司马德宗也觉出来了(聪明),于是就提出要把皇位禅让给刘哥,刘哥当然不干,笑着痛斥司马:
“怎么能这样想呢,这不是陷我于不义吗?决不许这样说了啊!”。
但司马这个样子皇帝也不傻,隔了几天,就又说禅让的事,而且更加言辞恳切,如是者三。而且,群臣在这件事情上也和司马皇帝一条心(只有这件事和皇帝一条心,其他事情都和刘裕一条心),写了六牛车的奏折,说你要不接皇位我们就都不活了,而且组织请愿团,到皇宫外跪哭,这期间刘哥狠狠地痛斥了几个带头的,但这几个带头的这回死活不听,继续哭着喊着上访闹事,而这时候百姓也上万民表,强烈要求刘裕同志顺应民意,接受禅让。并且以罢工罢市相威胁,并且有些人已经上街游行了。
刘哥实在没法子了,才说:“唉,你们就害我吧,不过我总不能让百姓寒心啊,就勉为其难罢”。非常痛苦的接了皇帝位。
群臣都长出了一口气,这关可他妈过去了。称颂万岁圣明,刘裕皇帝封赏了“闹事”的官吏。
陶渊明对刘裕是颇有几分崇拜的(刘裕之大能也的确值得崇拜几分啊),但骨子里的正统思想却使得他对刘裕的“谋朝篡位”颇有不满,在这样的矛盾心理作用下,眼里的刘裕就有了许多异样的味道,刘裕对陶渊明这样的心态自然也是洞若观火,所以当然也不会重用陶渊明。另外刘裕的所为(比如不重用自己,以及为了剪除异己,杀害了讨伐桓玄有功的刁逵、王愉,重用王谥任等)也使他颇感失望,终于萌生去意。他在《始作镇军参军经曲经阿曲伯》中写道:“目倦山川异,心念山泽居……聊且凭化迁,终返班生庐”,此情可见。
公元4三月,上表辞去参军这个实为顾问(顾着就问,顾不着就不问)的差事,马上被批准。再回家种地。
4、彭泽令
还是公元405年秋,叔父陶逵介绍他任彭泽县令。
这次到任应差的原因主要是为了生计,他在《归去来兮词》里说,家里穷得揭不开锅了,连酒都好久喝不上了,实在没有别的办法,愁得转圈。而去当官还有300亩官田归自己用,吃的喝的就都解决了。
干到第八十一天,浔阳督邮(是个类似巡查钦差的职务,张飞打过的那个督邮)来视察,手下说:“您得穿戴整齐了,去跪迎上差”。这时候,陶渊明心中多年的郁结终于爆发了,不为五斗米折腰的故事精彩出炉:
“吾不能为五斗米折腰,拳拳事乡里小人邪!”
翻译过来就是,为这么几粒粮食,让我跪你?去他妈的,老子真真的不干了。这回是最后一次,十三年的仕宦生活结束。为了表明心志,还写了《归去来兮辞》以表决心。
(热烈鼓掌!!!)
陶渊明的生平 篇5
●393年,孝武帝太元十八年,29岁,任江州祭酒。
●4,隆安四年,36岁,辞征辟,投入桓玄门下作属吏,对仕桓玄有悔恨之意。
●4,元兴三年,40岁,离家投入刘裕幕下任镇军参军。
●4,义熙元年,41岁,转入建威将军、江州刺史刘敬宣部任建威参军。三月辞职,同年秋任彭泽令。八十三天后,辞官归里,赋《归去来兮辞》,开始过“躬耕自资”的生活,安贫乐道,悠游世外。
陶渊明的诗意人生 篇6
陶渊明的诗意人生
陶渊明的诗歌世界里,有田园风光,有酒,也有安贫乐道的先贤,不畏强权的侠客……更有对人生深刻的思考,对生命价值的反思,对存在意义的探寻。有诗意的艺术的人生,才有真正的诗歌。
陶渊明对人生最深刻的体会,是“即事多所欣”,在最简单平凡的生活里发现美,最寻常处有诗意。“心远地自偏”,他关注日常生活的点点滴滴,犬吠鸡鸣,檐下的燕子,篱畔的菊花,不远处的南山,和风吹过的麦苗……这些构成了他的诗歌世界,也投射出他的心灵世界。田园生活是一个自足的世界,而生活的诗意就在这自足的世界里流淌。不必向外求,心灵能安顿,生活的清贫简朴又有何忧?陶渊明的精神支柱是古代的先贤,他们坚持操守,安贫乐道,乐天知命,无往而不适。有了精神的高度,故能珍爱当下的生活。陶诗多静态的观览,闲暇的观照,在仰观俯察间体会宇宙人生的真谛。只有心灵的安顿,才能不躁进,摒弃名利之累,保有一份愉悦,一份欣喜。
日常生活有诗意,这对中国文学与文化濡染至为深远。不必依赖名利、荣誉、金钱,不必凭借奢华的物质条件,不必向名山大川寻奇访胜,眼下就有无限风光!由此而来的生活态度,是不论何种境遇下,都能对生活持一份流连赏爱之心。东坡一生宦海浮沉,垂暮之年被贬海南,在那瘴疠之地,处境极为困窘,他并未丧失对生活的信念,他说自己本是海南人,偶然间来到中原,来到海南便是还乡。东坡在逆境中的诗作依然是笔势飞舞,辞采壮丽,在遇赦北归离开海南时,更有那样奇丽的诗篇:“九死南荒吾不恨,兹游奇绝冠平生!”(《六月二十日夜渡海》)在人生的低谷,能忍耐已是不易,随遇而安更属难得,何况是善于找寻并发现诗意呢?将身心交付给当下,在艰难中仍持一份真挚的感念,不否定现世人生的意义。从这个层面说,苏轼是陶渊明真正的隔代知音。
人们都说柳宗元在《永州八记》中寄托了贬谪的悲感,实际上,我们有意无意地忽略了他发现山水之美的惊喜。这喜悦,深深地流淌在他生命中,像泉水滋润着干涸焦灼的内心,让他找到了心灵的宁静与安详。“夫美不自美,因人而彰。兰亭也,不遭右军,则清湍修竹,芜没于空山矣。”(《邕州马退山茅亭记》)柳宗元发现的美,是身边的美,是贬所的美,是在极其痛苦心境下感受到的诗意美、刻骨铭心的美。生命也因发现了这大美而升华,愈显其坚忍、高贵。此后,黄庭坚以为“无处不可寄一梦”,辛弃疾说“一丘一壑也风流”,都是在日常生活中寻找并发现诗意,显示了相同的人生态度。
在日常生活中发掘生命的诗意质素,源自于陶渊明对人生严肃的思考,对生命意义与价值的探寻,他没有直接给出答案应该怎样去生活,而是在诗歌里划出闪光的心灵轨迹。活着首先要直面人生,人生并不安逸,“衣食固其端”,解决生存问题,这是安身立命之本。晋代以来,战乱频仍,政治黑暗,士人为了自我保全于乱世,访道求仙之风盛行,加上玄学兴盛,标举老庄哲学,提倡宅心玄远,崇尚自然,于是他们找到了隐遁山林的人生之路,希冀由此求得长生,成仙得道。陶渊明则异于此。他选择的是躬耕隐居的道路,不逃避现实人生,也不希冀成仙。躬耕,也许不是陶渊明最主要的经济来源,但他通过亲身参加劳作,懂得了生活之不易。最重要的是,通过躬耕的体验,他明白了人生是忧乐相交的,也即“欣慨交心”。“晨兴理荒秽,带月荷锄归”,“桑麻日已长,我土日已广。常恐霜霰至,零落同草莽。”“道狭草木长,夕露沾我衣。衣沾不足惜,但使愿无违。”庄稼收成受天气影响,有好有坏,不完全取决于人力,辛勤耕作可能意味着收获,也可能努力尽付东流。因此,天地间的万物包括人都有盛有衰,不如委运任化。因此,他“当忧则忧,遇喜则喜。忽然忧乐两忘,则随所遇而皆适”,(蔡居厚《蔡宽夫诗话》)“读陶诗当察其乐中有忧,忧中有乐。”(乔亿《剑溪说诗》)努力生活,保持自然的质性,便能获得内心的宁静与安顿。
与之相呼应的,是陶渊明对死亡的态度。有人说,陶渊明一再于诗中说到死亡,应是没有勘破这个困惑,否则不会如此纠结。其实,东汉末年以来,生死问题一直困扰人们,生死是文学的重要主题。悼亡伤逝,悲凉之雾,遍被诗坛。陶渊明对生死的关切,是一种时代的情绪。但他并不期待彼岸世界,也不相信“腾化”(成仙)之术。“咨大块之受气,何斯人之独灵”(《感士不遇赋》),宇宙万物无不处于“化”中,人也不能例外,不能“腾化”便只能“顺化”,不必为死亡的到来过于忧虑,也不必为死后的未知而困惑。既然人生是苦乐相交的,那么就担当苦,享受乐,然后,“纵浪大化中,不喜亦不惧。应尽便须尽,无复独多虑。”以自然的态度对待生,以泰然的态度对待死,这就是陶渊明的生死观。
故而,他的绝笔之作《拟挽歌词》三首,想象自己死后的情景,“向来相送人,各自还其家。亲戚或余悲,他人亦已歌”,对活着的人充满理解,不希望自己的死带给他们长久的悲哀。歌于斯,哭于斯,这就是人生。“死去何所道,托体同山阿”,人秉大自然之气而生,死后复归于大自然,与山川日月为伍,死亡,是生命的另一种形式。在弥漫着生死之嗟的魏晋诗坛,陶渊明这种出奇的冷静,是他呈现给世界最后的面孔,也许我们不能说他完全勘破了生死的困惑,但他确实努力说服自己,希望不再为死亡的到来而忧虑。一千多年后,法国哲学家蒙田说:“对死亡的熟思也就是对自由的熟思。谁学会了死亡,谁就不会再有被奴役的心灵,就能无视一切束缚的强制。谁真正懂得了失去生命不是一件坏事,谁就能泰然对待生活中的任何事。”陶诗中跳跃着的,是一颗自由之心,自由之心是诗意的源泉,对死亡的体验便是充满诗意的回归。这诗意源于庄子,并滋润着后世文学。新月派诗人朱湘有一首《葬我》:“葬我在荷花池内/耳边有水蚓拖声/在绿荷叶的灯上/萤火虫时暗时明/葬我在马缨花下/永作着芬芳的梦/葬我在泰山之巅/风声呜咽过孤松/不然/就烧我成灰/投入泛滥的春江/与落花一同漂去/无人知道的地方。”死亡并不值得惧怕,它如同一场奇特而美妙的旅行。如果没有陶渊明对死亡的平静感悟,恐怕也没有朱湘对死亡的诗性体验。
看陶渊明的儒学观 篇7
首先,陶渊明的儒学观有深厚的家学渊源。他的曾祖父陶侃是东晋初的名将,官至大司马。陶侃一生尊崇儒学,反对《老子》、《庄子》的浮华。陶渊明的外祖父孟嘉也被时人称为“仁者”,出身于儒学大家庭的陶渊明怎么可能抛开深厚的家学影响呢?他熟读《六经》,深明儒学经义。陶渊明对自己出身儒学门第很是自豪,他曾在杂诗中说:“忆我少年时,无乐自欣豫,猛志逸四海,骞翮思远翥。’可见儒家积极入世的态度给陶渊明的影响是深远的。
其次,从陶渊明几次从政经历来看,他不可能以一种完全平和的心态退出政治舞台。《论语·泰伯》中说:“天下有道则见,无道则隐。”就是说当“君君臣臣父父子子”的这种社会基本伦理关系能够维系时,便走入仕途去做官,否则便应该归隐。出身于官宦家庭的他,本来也曾期望在仕途上有所进取,在政治上有所作为,“猛志逸四海,骞翮思远翥”中我们可以看到作者的广阔心胸和远大抱负,他以四海为念,以天下苍生为己任。但当时的社会现实却无法实现他的“夸父之志”。陶渊明生活的东晋后期,是国内阶级矛盾和统治阶级内部矛盾最尖锐的时期,辞去江州祭酒的他,为了担负起天下兴亡的责任,选择了“大丈夫不能流芳千古,也要遗臭万年”的桓玄政权。桓玄在公元403年的冬天,公开篡夺了帝位。随后,刘裕欲整顿朝政讨伐桓玄,陶渊明经过权衡另寻新主,在刘裕手下任镇军参军,希望实现“大济苍生”的理想,但却不被重用,不久,他又离开刘裕幕府,转移到建威将军刘敬宣的幕下。从陶渊明如此反复易主可看出他内心激烈的矛盾斗争、十几年的官宦生涯,使他看透了官场的黑暗以及战争的血腥,这种现实的政治与自己理想的差距使他选择了归隐。这期间,他经历了太多的矛盾、痛苦和辛酸,他放弃了“大济苍生”而选择了“长沮、桀溺”,他的归隐是理想彻底幻灭后无可奈何的选择。在《归去来辞》中,陶渊明用“世与我而相违、复驾言兮焉求”这样感情强烈的语句表明自己无力改变现实的无奈。陶渊明的归隐正体现了儒家“邦有道,毂;邦无道,毂,耻也”的这种社会人生观。陶渊明同许多作家一样,渴望对社会有所贡献,渴望在不朽的功业中去实现人生价值,张扬个体生命。而他的理想在这里只不过是一种奢望,这种积极入世的儒学精神遭到了严重的抑制,他怎能不发出“归去来兮,田园将芜胡不归”这样的悲愤慨叹呢?
再次,封建社会以儒学为其思想根源,尽管魏晋玄学盛行,但儒学仍然是社会的主流思想。到了汉代,董仲舒对儒家思想有新的发展,他将阴阳五行“天”同王道政治“人”相联系,建立起了天人相通的宇宙图式,这种“天人合一”强调的是国家和个体在外在活动和行为中要与自然及社会相应、合拍、协调和同一。“天”实质指的是自然,陶渊明归依自然是对汉代儒学的一种继承。面临困境,陶渊明在《归去来辞》中找到了自己人生的归宿和存在的价值意义,借“回归自然”来化解人生的虚无和孤独,“聊乘化以归尽,乐夫天命复奚疑!”即随顺着大自然的运行变化快乐地走到生命的尽头,以顺从天命为乐而不再有所怀疑,这就是他化解人生痛苦矛盾的方式。罗宗强在其《玄学与魏晋士人心态》中认为:当时许多作家都在寻求任运委化的人生态度,但均未能达到此种境界,而陶渊明达到了。为此他强调指出:陶渊明与他们不同的地方,便是他与大自然之间没有距离。在中国文化史上,他是第一位心境与物境冥一的人。他成了自然的一员,不是旁观者,不是欣赏者,更不是占有者。他没有专门去描写山川的美,也没有专门叙述他从山川的美中得到的享受,而山川田园,就在他的生活之中,自然而然地存在于他的喜怒哀乐里。在罗宗强看来,陶渊明心中始终有一个世俗的情结,他之所以能在短时间内实行任运委化的人生态度,达到与自然泯一的人生境界,依靠的主要是儒家思想力量,他信守的是儒家道德准则:一片仁心安于贫困。他的这种安于自然的态度是汉代儒学的再现,董仲舒强调了“天人合一”,人与自然、天道的和谐,当人道不存,人无法与自己奉行的天道同行时,便舍弃人道,而选择天道,与自然同行,安心于自然。
所以儒学在他寻求解脱的过程中起到了举足轻重的作用。他能在归依自然后心地平和,安于贫困,正如他在《归去来辞》中所说:“乃瞻衡宇,载欣载奔”、“倚南窗以寄傲,审容膝之易安”。衡宇和容膝都指居室的狭小和简陋,而作者在这仅容双膝的居室都能怡然自得,做到:“一箪食,一飘饮,在陋巷,人不堪其忧”,足见他“不改其乐”。
试析陶渊明的“功名观” 篇8
【关键词】陶渊明;功名观;评析
[中图分类号]I109.2[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1671-1270(2009)1-0027-02
一提起“陶渊明”三个字,闲居、饮酒、赋诗、赏菊等概念就会自然地出现,从而出现了一本本介绍陶渊明及其作品的书中的结论──不好仕途,厌恶功名,归隐脱尘……随之起于脑海之中。从陶渊明问题专家到一般的文学史家,在他们的著作中基本上都是如此阐释的。陶渊明对待“功名”的态度究竟如何呢?他为什么要弃官归田?这一系列问题似乎解决了,但实际上颇有重议之必要。
陶渊明生活在东晋末年。这是一个黑暗动荡的年代,争名夺利、勾心斗角的现象充斥着官场,对陶渊明影响最强烈的就是当时的社会政治。陶渊明对待功名富贵的态度,也没有摆脱当时社会的正统观念的风气的影响。这固然是阶级出身、历史条件和社会地位制约的结果。但是,我们今天在研究它的过程中,决不应当只视其面,无视其中,为树其名而不郑重地下一番苦功。
陶渊明慕前人之贤名是不可否认的,无视这一点,甚或歪曲美化之,都会使一个具有进步倾向但又显得很不协调的古代诗人出现在我们面前。他对前代之“贤者”,如商后之伯夷、叔齐,秦后之邵平,西汉张挚、东汉扬仑等等,大加赞赏,并常将其自比。这说明他对当时的社会现实很不满,从而因自己这样的贤者不被重用而怀愤。那么,这与当时的功名观又怎能割裂开来呢?
于是,“贤者处世,天下有道则至,无道则隐”(萧统《陶渊明传》)的思想占据了他的灵魂。尽管如此,他也未完全与世隔绝,实际上无法也不可能不问世事,“归隐”的本身就足以说明这一点。既然如此,也就谈不上不关心深隐于诗人心中的“功名”之道了。陶渊明虽然最终也归隐了,但他对政治也无时不关心。动乱的现实使他很痛苦、难过:“流泪抱中叹,倾耳听司晨。”这怎能说他再也不想参与政事了呢?在儒道之学成为正统观念的时代,这种思想又怎能与“功名”相背相绝呢?另一方面,归隐在封建社会文人心目中,是一种清高不混的道路,只有才高德重的人才避世于隐,因此,这也是一种贤名。正因为这种贤名的作用,不知有多少在官场上受排挤的人走上了这条路。然而,这种清高在很大程度上是虚伪的,他们的目的是要走“终南捷径”,以求天子的注意,下“紫泥书”,受举展才,夺取功名。这样的例子相当多,其中自然包括许多进步的诗人在内。陶渊明当然也如此。他在《饮酒二十首》中有这样的诗句:“栖栖失群鸟,日暮犹独飞。徘徊无定止,夜夜转声悲。”这能仅仅理解成是对“栖栖失群鸟”的感叹吗?不是,这无疑是对自己独处村野,年老动荡,一生潦倒的感怀。如此解释,并非倾向于明黄文焕《陶诗析义》中的好象陶渊明的每首诗皆有托讽之说,而是这样的作品不能不使我们看到诗人内心一角。
当然,陶渊明思想中也有立志不群的成份。“纡辔诚可学,违口讵非述!”这是诗人内心矛盾的再现,是仕途之难给他的启示,“纡辔”二字中就可以看出他徘徊在夺取功名和归田取乐之间的足迹。“长公曾一仕,壮节忽失时;杜门不复出,终身与世辞。”(《饮酒二十首》之十二)西汉张挚,字长公,因不能取容当世而终身不仕。陶渊明的这首诗是在说,自己仕途艰难,无法被容,莫不如杜门辞世为佳。“悲庐交悲风,荒草没前庭。披褐守长夜,晨鸡不肯鸣。孟公不在兹,终以翳吾情”(同上之二十六)。这不仅是对自己的处境哀叹不已,同时是把自己喻为未被人注意的东汉文士张仲蔚,表现了对唯独知悉仲蔚的刘龚的不在的苦痛。这决非他的偶而伤怀,在他的诗里经常可以读到这种味道。陶渊明在《拟古九首》中,对古贤歌颂之后,如对伯牙因钟子期死后而绝抚琴的歌颂之后,叹道:“此士难再得,吾行欲何求”,同样可以证明他的归隐是被政事之纷乱所迫,决非因讨厌功名而走此路。“羲农去我久,举世少复真。汲汲鲁中叟,弥缝使其淳。凤鸟虽不至,礼乐暂提新。洙泗辍微响,漂流逮狂秦。诗书复何罪?一朝成灰尘。区区诸老翁,为事诚殷勤。如何绝世下,六籍无一亲。终日驰车走,不言问所津。若复不快饮,恐负头上巾。但恨多谬误,君当恕罪人。”(《饮酒》)在这里,陶渊明写出了心中之语。对孔子的忆述,对秦始皇焚书的骂语,实则就是对当世之朝政的斥责;对“诸老翁”──伏 生 等人的追慕,是以其自比。据史载,伏生等儒生为避暴秦而隐于山泽之中,汉初出来时,已近八九十岁了,为恢复礼乐,开始讲授《六经》,传播儒学。既如此,可见陶渊明辞官隐居之志了。以长沮等人自比,叹无前来问津的孔子之徒,不同样都是感到隐居荒野,怀才不遇吗?毫无疑问,这都是他的心中之语,否则,他就不会在诗末托言醉人以自饰了。
有人认为,诗人言自己怀才不遇,是在伤感自己胸中大志无法实现,他的大志实际上是要为国出力,为民效劳。我不完全反对这一点,但是,如果仅仅做如是解,而无视功名在他的意识中的必然性,那么,岂不主观地抬高了古人的思想境界,否认了历史唯物主义的科学性?
《读山海经》是陶渊明的借古抒怀之作,他用这样的诗句结束了这一组作品:“岩岩显朝市,帝者慎用才。何以废共鲧,重华为之来。仲父献诚言,姜公乃见猜。临没告饥渴,当复何及哉!”诗首先指出了任人唯贤对于国家的重要性,然后追述了舜因共工与鲧二臣不贤而流之。接着指出,齐桓公临死时饥渴无人过问;天下大乱,是因为他不听管仲之言,任人不当所致。这不仅说明陶渊明在隐居之地并未脱尘,而且是时刻注意关心国家大事,同时还雄辩的说明,诗人认为今日晋室篡弑之局,是因为贤者不遇。“贤者”里面能抛出诗人于外吗?
陶渊明被认为是一个鄙弃功名的大家,实有些不当。他在《命子》诗中对陶家先辈的“攀龙”备加渲染,从而叹吁自己的时运不佳、只宜隐没和“历史重光”的下衰。他诚恳地希望下一代光宗耀祖,象孔子后人继承孔子功德那样继承祖宗之业。因此,他对儿子叹道:“尔之不才,亦已焉哉!”除此之外,例如“丈夫虽有志,固为儿女忧”(《咏贫士》)之类的观念也在他的思想中存在,在他的诗中难免有所流露。他从自己辞官后的贫困无功而想到古人因为同样的缘故而终生潦倒的情景,最后想到儿女,下一代的未来使他受到了忧虑的折磨,这无疑是对待“名利”的真实态度。
从《五柳先生传》看,“五柳先生”倒是一个厌恶功名的人。陶渊明所以赞扬“五柳先生”,这与传统的“清高”概念分不开。但是,“五柳先生”是否就是陶渊明自己呢?许多古今之研究者的回答是肯定的,认为《五柳先生传》是陶渊明自传。尽管这种研究列举了大量的考证,但并不能使人满意。据梁武帝长子萧统的《陶渊明传》来看,《五柳先生传》是陶渊明少年时期的作品,倘若据王瑶的考证,则是陶渊明二十八岁时的作品。看来,后者更恰当一些。但是,包括大多数研究者都倾向于“五柳先生”即陶渊明这一说法。我认为此说甚可一议。倘青年时期的诗人就如此“不慕荣利”,那么,他的出仕生活就不太好解释了。“五柳先生”的贫困(“环堵萧然,不敝风日;短褐守结,箪瓢屡空”)之况,与诗人自己的家世也难以合说。诗人的祖父、父亲都做过太守之类的官,根本不至于那样贫困。《五柳先生传》还说:“五柳先生”“常著文章自娱,颇示己志。忘怀得失,以此自终。”这怎能是青年时期陶渊明所写的自传呢?须知,他少年时就“任高自得”(萧统)。另外,从他归田后的作品和这篇《五柳先生传》相比较,就会发现,青年时期的陶渊明不会象“五柳先生”那样,何况他出身在那个社会时代的那样的家庭了!他在《自祭文》中说的“宠非己荣,涅岂吾缁”,是根据他的一生所得到的启示。他少年时并不是一个鄙弃功名的人,而是受着儒家思想的熏陶,心怀大志,并为实现大志而积极行事。他在后来的诗里说自己,“少年罕人事,游好在六经”,“少时壮且厉,抚剑独行游”,“忆我少壮时,无乐自欣豫。猛志逸四海,骞翮思远翥”等等,都是后人尤其是研究者所熟知的。其青少年时的志向可见矣。
我们有不少研究者,一谈到封建社会进步作家对待“功名”的态度时,就冠以“鄙弃功名”,否则,就好象他们不是进步的,不值得称之伟大了。难道个人对功名的态度同对客观世界的认识没有密切的关系吗?难到他们是进步的作家就必然鄙弃功名吗?难到这个“鄙弃功名”是我们肯定他们进步的必不可少的条件吗?
古代作家及其作品,难免有他(它)的局限性。指出这些局限是一种求实精神,而不是妥协和屈服于历史,不是故意降低他们的成就,更不是把他结归于历史上的残渣里。在等级制度严明的封建社会中,那些胸怀大志,富有理想的出身于不同阶层的知识分子,在其政治生涯中的一大特点就是靠自己的知识获得功名。如果他们视功名如草芥,那么,将怎样实现自己的抱负和理想呢?难到他们会象陈胜,吴广和李自成等那样去造反吗?不会,他们只有走夺取功名的道路,然后利用功名地位,借最高统治者的权力、力量,来施展自己的政治才能,提出自己的开明主张。毫无疑问,他们的这些政治观,是建立在封建思想的“济世”观之基础上的,而此基础却和名利思想浑然一体,互倚互补。因此,限于历史条件、阶级出身和社会地位,这些封建社会作家不可能有明确的否定名利的观点。“功名”在他们的作品中虽不是普遍的主题,却是重要的主题之一。但是,他们的名字和作品所以长久地传了下来,并不一定都是因为作品的主题先进的原因,常常是由于作家通过作品反映了一定历史时期的真实性的缘故。古代不少作家的成就都在于此。
由此可知:在封建社会尚未接近末期之前,出身于中下层的文人,在自己的主观上无法也无力鄙弃功名,更不可能在思想中从根本上不虑功名。
但是,我们必须清楚一点,即在对待“功名”的手段和途径上,他们要比那些不现实甚至反现实者光明正大得多。那些粉饰现实、吟风弄月甚至宫体诗人那样的灵魂不纯者的一切言行虽也是为了夺取功名,但他们采用的手段却是低下的出卖灵魂的。而进步的心怀大志的对事刚直不阿的诗人,其夺取功名的目的有其为国为民效力的一面,在一些伟大的现实主义诗人身上,这一点尤其明显。
以上是我在这个问题上的观点。至于它是否正确,可以让我们在批评和辩论中来探求。只有批评和辩论,才会使学术研究自浅而深地发展下去。
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