英文散文诗歌

2024-06-28

英文散文诗歌(精选12篇)

英文散文诗歌 篇1

White Christmas

The sun is shining ,the grass is green

The orange and palm trees sway

There’s never been such a day

In beverly hills, land

But it’s December the 24th

And I’m longing to be up north

I’m dreaming of a white Christmas

Just like the ones Iused to know.Where the treetops glisten,To hear sleigh bells in the snow.I’m dreaming of a white Christmas

With every Christmas card Iwrite.May your days be merry and bright

And may all your Christmases be white.A March Snow

Let the old snow be covered with the new:

The trampled snow, so soiled, and stained,and sodden.Let it be hidden wholly from our view

By pure white dies,low at the sweet Spring’sfeet Let him be mantled in a clean,white sheet.Let the old life be covered by the new: The old past life so full of sad mistakes, Let it be wholly hidden from the view

By deeds as white and silent as snow-flakes.Ere this earth life melts in the eternal Spring Let the white mantle of repentance fling Soft drapery about it, fold on fold,Even as the new snow covers up the old.

英文散文诗歌 篇2

语言文字是传统诗歌的表达手段,而视觉诗打破了传统诗歌的书写规则,利用字母的大小写、空格、标点符号等文字安排产生视觉效果,或是结合语言所表达的意义,利用诗行或诗节组成图形,带给读者以强烈的视觉刺激,进而表达诗意。其文字的组合方式以及由这种组合方式所构成的图像是诗意表达和理解的关键。

视觉诗自诞生之日起就一直颇受争议,但国内外学者对它的研究热情却持续不减。视觉诗的研究从单纯的文学评论、文体学及修辞学转向运用语言学的相关理论,对视觉诗歌进行多维度的探讨。如运用利奇的变异理论,阐释作品中的各种变异形式;从语篇角度,探讨视觉诗的衔接与连贯;运用认知语言学中的理论,探究其诗学效果的内在机制。传统的分析模式忽视了构成视觉诗的其他符号系统的分析。九十年代兴起的多模态话语分析打破了单一言语信息的框框,分析两种或两种以上模态的语篇和模态之间如何构建意义,把言语信息和非言语信息交际纳入分析框架。本文将视觉诗的研究置于多模态话语分析框架下,探讨图像符号在诗歌解读中的三大意义,即再现意义、互动意义和构图意义。

二、视觉诗的多模态性

语言是意义的重要载体,但意义的展现并非只靠语言来传递,多种媒体如图像、声音、色彩等符号都可以表达意义。随着新媒介的出现,不同的媒介在意义的展现中发挥着重要作用。这些传递符号的物质手段应用到社会交际中,就形成了一套具有特定语法系统的表意手段 --- 模态。所谓多模态,是指由两种及以上符号编码实现意义的文本 (李战子2003)。

模态在合适的语境中表达意义,和其他模态来共同配合完成交际任务,对语篇的意义构建做出贡献。随着互联网和信息技术的高度发展,意义建构的多模态化无处不在。为了使交流更加顺畅,人们会借助多种模态来交换信息和处理各种关系;多媒体教学成为了学校教育的主流。在语篇分析领域,多模态语篇引起了越来越多学者们的关注,多模态话语分析理论由此诞生。

多模态话语是指运用各种感官,通过语言、动作、图像、声音等多种手段和符号资源进行交际的现象。多模态话语分析是建立在Halliday的社会符号学理论基础上的一个崭新的话语分析形式。它接受了系统功能语言学的语言观,认为语言是社会符号和意义潜势,语言以外的其他符号系统也是意义的源泉;多模态话语具有系统性; 多模态话语具有概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能; 语境因素和多模态话语的意义解读之间有着密不可分的联系。多模态话语分析的意义在于它可以将语言和其他相关的意义资源整合起来,通过分析看到语言系统在意义交换过程中所发挥的作用,以及其他符号系统在这个过程中所产生的效果,从而使话语意义的解读更加全面、更加准确 (朱永生2007)。

按照朱永生提出的多模态话语识别的判断标准,视觉诗涉及视觉模态中的两个符号系统,即语言文字与图像,属于多模态语篇。视觉诗的视觉模态即该视觉诗的“诗形”信息或“印刷体式”的信息。它是透过排列组合文字与符号(包括标点符号),在版面上吸引眼睛造成特殊视觉效果,来强化或辅佐意义。

三、视觉模态的意义

Kress & Van Leeuwen (1996) 认为图像不是语言文字的插图或示例,而是独立于语言文字之外的社会符号系统。他们根据系统功能语言学理论,分析组成视觉模态的图像元素,进而凸显图像等符号在构建语篇时的作用;并借用韩礼德的三大元语言功能,分别从再现意义、互动意义、构图意义三个层面来分析视觉符号的语义关系。

1.再现意义。再现意义对应概念功能,包括叙事再现和概念再现。再现意义主要探讨的是不同图像之间或同一图像中不同成分之间存在的概念关系。下面以William ShellyBurford的A Christmas Tree为例,分析印刷体式诗歌所呈现的叙事意义。

Star

If you are

A love compassionate.

You will walk with us this year.

We face a glacial distance,who are here

Huddld

At your feet.

根据诗中文字所构成的图像,我们可以看到诗形与诗作内容是相对应的。诗节的第一行star构成了圣诞树的顶部,第五节诗行最长象征树的底部。该诗通过长短诗行的排列组合,巧妙地呈现出圣诞树的形状,契合了诗歌的标题。原诗倒数第二行那个Huddld并非拼写错误,也非诗歌中常见的缩略形式,而是诗人有意省去一个字母e,使得五个带长柄的字母宛如围在圣诞树下做祈祷的人们。圣诞树在西方文化中象征着吉利,诗中的“星”Star指“福星”,寓意在新年到来之际,人们在圣诞树下祈求幸福,盼福星带来好运。这种特殊的排版方式,不仅造成了视觉上的强烈冲击,而且进一步烘托了诗歌的主题。

2 . 互动意义。互动意义对应人际功能,涉及距离、接触、视角和情态四要素。互动意义探讨图像中参与者之间的社会关系、图像设计者的交际目的,以及读者对图像内容的解读程度等。下面以E.E Cummings的Me up at does为例,分析印刷体式诗歌所呈现的互动意义。

Me up at does

out of the floor

quietly Stare

a poisoned mouse

still who alive

is asking What

have i done that

You wouldn't have

这首诗描述的是一只中毒的老鼠,在行将死亡前与诗歌叙述者的对峙。根据Kress & Van Leeuwen的研究,诗歌的叙述者俯视趴在地上奄奄一息的老鼠,与其目光接触,构成了索取类图像。索取类图像是指利用图像中人物的表情、姿势或其他特点向观众索取更多的注意,当图像中人物的目光直指观众时,目光矢量在空间上形成接触,表达向观众“索取”的意义。诗歌的叙述者从高处往下俯瞰,表示人类在索取顺从;而从下往上仰视的老鼠,则在索取人类的怜悯。人与鼠之间的心理互动被淋漓尽致地展现出来,使读者融入其中,获得真切的感受。此外,老鼠做出的两个动作“stare”和“ask”被作者巧妙地分别安排在从两个诗节分界处算起的第二行里,这也构成了视觉上的篇章对称。

全诗所要传递的最显著的信息,也是多模态话语的起点——人类颠三倒四的话语被置于印刷版式的正上方,向读者暗示了诗歌的深层含义。即人类虽然是世界的主宰,操纵着生杀大权,但面对着老鼠的质疑,还会因惶恐不安,表现得语无伦次。多模态话语想要传递的信息焦点——老鼠的独白“我做了什么,你们人类不会做呢?”被置于印刷版式的下方,成为全诗最真实的信息,形成了对人性弱点无情的、犀利的嘲讽。诗人巧妙地采用了可视意象,向读者传递了微妙的心理活动,使得这首诗读起来更加韵味无穷。

3.构图意义。构图意义是语篇单位的组成设计和突显(张旭红2010)。印刷体式是通过突显字母的形状、大小写、标点符号等构成前景化来实现构图意义的。下面以E.E Cummings的代表作L(a为例,分析印刷体式诗歌所呈现的构图意义。

这首诗以生动的视觉形象再现了一片落叶缓缓飘落的画面。全诗仅由四个单词构成(a leaf falls loneliness),诗人刻意将单词拆分成五个诗节,并垂直排列来模拟树叶时快时慢地飘摇下落的情形,将一个静态的秋日景色以动态的形式呈现在读者的眼前。

诗歌第一行的两个字母“l”和“a”由半个括号连接,形象地预示树叶即将飘落。第三和第四行的相同字母的不同组合“af”、“fa”,犹如叶子落下时飘摇的状态。第五行的“ll”再次重复主题“一个”和“孤独”。第六行只有一个字母“s”和另外半个括号,表示树叶落地并发出轻微的摩擦声,造成视听双重效果。在诗节的最后一行,诗人把“ness”(构成抽象名词的后缀)与“i”放在一起,并且从排版上加以突显,以抒发内心的强烈感情,这是全诗的主旨所在。诗人巧妙地使用括号,把“loneliness”和“a leaffalls”连接起来,从而构成了一个形式上连贯的语篇。在意义层面上,括号里信息是相对次要、起陪衬作用的,而“loneliness”则是被突出的主题。通过标点符号的特殊处理,从侧面进一步再现了文本所传递的意义。

四、结语

视觉诗是诗人为了更好地传达情感,利用文字符号的巧妙编排,模仿大自然和现实世界中的事物,而创造出的一种视觉形象。视觉符号的使用给读者造成强烈的视觉冲击,从侧面烘托了诗歌主题。本文在多模态话语分析的框架下,通过对几首视觉诗的分析,探讨了视觉诗中视觉符号所表达的不同意义。文字与其他视觉符号相结合时,可以展现诗人对所表现事物的态度和感情,并且实现其概念和语篇功能。本研究进一步揭示了图像符号与文字具有相似的功能和意义,两者共同建构语篇意义,体现一种相互协同和互补的关系。因此,在对视觉诗进行解读时,需要结合语言和视觉两种模态,才能全面诠释诗歌所表达的深层含义。

摘要:视觉诗通过文字符号的组合方式以及由这种组合方式所构成的图像建构意义的,传统的分析模式忽视了构成视觉诗的其他符号系统的分析。本文将视觉诗的研究置于多模态话语分析框架下,探讨图像与文字的协同关系,分析图像等视觉符号在诗歌创作中所体现的不同层面的意义。

英文诗歌的翻译方法探究 篇3

关键词:英文诗歌;翻译;信、达、雅;音韵;神韵

诗歌,是文学作品中的最高形式,是艺术金字塔的顶端。诗人用精辟简练的语言,描述着世间最复杂多变的意象,表达了人类真挚的情感。欣赏诗歌,不仅是在揣摩它的语言、技巧、结构,更是在理解诗人所要表现的善恶美丑、高低雅俗,让读者获得精神上的享受与陶冶。而翻译英文诗歌,不仅让译者本人享受到诗歌的美妙,更能让广大读者了解异域文化、欣赏异国文学。可以说,英语诗歌翻译是一项十分具有挑战性和重要实践意义的工作。本文,笔者将对英诗汉译的方法进行重点探究。

一.遵循“信、达、雅”原则

“译事三难,信达雅也”, 翻译家严复用三个字就提炼出英汉翻译之精髓。 信,即译文必须要忠实原诗的本意,不能偷换概念,不能随意发挥;达,指译文的语句要通顺,翻译并不是一字不漏地将原诗生搬硬套过来,而要讲究译诗的流畅自然;雅,美好优雅,指译文要能够传达出原诗的意境与神韵。例如英国小诗《Finis》:

“I strove with none, for none was worth my strife;

Nature I loved, and next to Nature, Art;

I warm’d both hands before the fire of Life;

It sinks; and I am ready to depart.”

译文:

“我和谁都不争,和谁争我都不屑;

我爱大自然,其次就是艺术;

我双手烤着,生命之火取暖;

火萎了,我也准备走了。”

译文将原诗中的“我、自然、艺术、火”等关键词原原本本地翻译过来,内容和思想皆忠于原诗,体现了“信”的原则。译诗用词简洁、语句通顺、自然流畅,符合现代汉语的语法习惯,体现了“达”的原则。最后一句“火萎了,我也准备走了”含蓄优雅地表达出这样一种意境:一位老人在回首过去、总结人生、展望未来,将原诗中的意象、意境及情感巧妙再现,体现了“雅”的原则。

二.注重诗歌的音、形、神兼备

诗歌,作为文学中最讲究形式的一种艺术体裁,有着自身较为复杂的艺术特色。这也要求译者重视对诗歌音韵、形式及神韵的准确把握与追求。

1.音韵之美

英文诗歌与汉语诗词一样,讲究音韵和节奏。英诗中有轻、重音和首、尾韵,可以展现出诗歌的音乐美感。因此,英诗汉译要注重音韵之美。如著名英国小诗《古舟子咏》(节选):

“The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst,

Into that silent sea.”

译文:

“微风吹拂,白浪飞溅,

船儿轻快地破浪向前;

我们是这里的第一批来客,

闯进这一片沉寂的海面。”

原诗中的“flew”与“burst”押尾韵,“followed”与“silent”押行内韵,使得整节小诗节奏明快、韵律感强,读起来琅琅上口、韵味十足。译文中,译者对音韵也有较好的把握,如“溅”与“前”让译文与原诗一样具有音韵之美。

2.形式之美

诗歌的形式,即指诗歌的结构,译文要采用与原文相近似的文体结构。如果原文是自由诗,译文也采取自由诗结构;如果原文是格律诗,译文也采取格律诗结构,从而更准确、完整地表现出原诗的特点。如著名诗人普希金的自由诗《假如生活欺骗了你》(节选):

“If by life you were deceived,

Don't be dismal, don't be wild!

In the day of grief, be mild.

Merry days will come, believe……”

译文:

“假如生活欺骗了你,

不要悲伤,不要心急!

忧郁的日子将会过去;

相信吧,快乐的日子将会来临……”

由此诗我们可以看出,译者注重了对诗歌翻译的形式美,译文与原文形式上基本一致。无论用词还是用韵,译文都与原诗不相上下。此外,原诗中的情感:悲伤、忧郁或向往、憧憬……也淋漓尽致地展现出来。精炼的词组,方整的韵脚,使得译文既保留了原诗的音韵美,也注重了原诗的形式之美。因此,被奉为众多译作的经典,也是我们学习的佳作之一。

3.神韵之美

诗歌的神韵美,即指诗歌所散发的自然传神、韵味深远的美感,是诗歌创作的最高艺术境界。英文诗歌与中文诗歌一样,其本质是为了托物言志。因此,译者一定要在把握诗歌的音韵美、形式美的基础上,继续追寻诗歌的神韵之美,探索诗歌的精神内涵和本质特征。诗歌的神韵主要是通过诗人对文字的巧妙组合传达出来的,比如字词的选用,句子的排列,节奏、韵律的安排等。

如这首经典的英文爱情诗歌:

“If you were a tear-drop;

In my eye, For fear of losing you,

I would never cry,

And if the golden sun,

Should cease to shine its light,

Just one smile from you, would make my whole world bright.”

译文:

“如果你是我眼里的一滴泪;

为了不失去你,我将永不哭泣;

如果金色的阳光,停止了它耀眼的光芒;

你的一个微笑,将照亮我的整个世界。”

译文中译者用“一滴泪、阳光、光芒、微笑”等词巧妙地勾勒出一幅优美的画面,营造出唯美清新的意境。并通过这样的描写,自然地流露出诗人对爱人的赞美与深情厚谊。如此的意境与神韵,不得不让读者折服、惊叹。

总之,诗歌本身有着极其丰富的语言内涵、深刻的寓意和复杂的情感。如果说诗歌是一件艺术品,那么英诗汉译就是重塑艺术品的过程。因此,译者一定要在遵循“信、达、雅”原则的基础之上恰当选词、精炼排句,同时注重音、形、神、意灵活变通、巧妙连接,从而真实地传达出诗人所要表达的文化意境和思想感情。此外,译者还应该考虑英汉民族文化差异、语言表达习惯、诗人创作背景等因素,从而全面正确地理解与再现诗歌,让读者在欣赏译诗的同时也拥有欣赏原诗一般美妙的感受。

参考文献:

[1] 崔丞.刍议诗歌翻译的创造性[J].湖北经济学院学报,2010(10).

[2] 熊帝任.英文诗歌翻译的一个要点[J].科技资讯,2008.

[3] 孙幼平.中西诗歌翻译的改写与诗体移植[J].南京工程学院学报,2008(08).

英文诗歌朗诵 篇4

there’s a spot in my heart

which no colleen may own;

there’s a depth in my soul

never sounded or known;

there’s a place in my memory

my life that you feel;

no other can take it

no one ever will;

every sorrow or care

in the dear days gone by;

was made me bright by the light

of the smile in your eye;

like a candle that’s set

in a window at night;

your found love has cheered me

and guided me right;

sure i love the dear silver

that shines in your hair;

and the brow that’s all furrowed

and wrinkled with care;

i kiss the dear fingers

so toilwarm for me;

oh! god bless you and keep you

mother machree!

英文诗歌朗诵(2):

today and tomorrow

yesterday's tomorrow is today,

tomorrow's yesterday is today,

today ,as a bridge,is more important,so do cherish today!

today is the first day of new week.not a good begin i think ,

i lose something and feel so sad, i know i am growing up.

never look back ,cherish what i have now and make my future brighter!!

i should learnt how to live how to deal with thing and learn to do everything as a infant. the world changes so quickly!!

people change so quickly, just find i am so puerility that didn't know how to deal well with the relationship between people and made myself so hard.

i think i am a simple boy but frankly i find i think too much and most of the thing i thought will never happen.

anyway! don't worry be happy!! you have so many great friends!!

英文诗歌(经典) 篇5

小女孩需要爸爸

A little girl needs Daddy

一个小女孩需要爸爸

For many, many things:

因为他可以做很多很多事情:

Like holding her high off the ground

比如将她抛高远离地面

Where the sunlight sings!

那里有阳光在歌唱!

Like being the deep music

比如哼唱低沉悦耳的曲调,

That tells her all is right

告诉她一切都是安好的

When she awakens frantic with

在她挣扎着突然醒来,

The terrors of the night.

由于畏惧夜晚的的黑暗时

Like being the great mountain

成为雄伟的山峰,

That rises in her heart

矗立在她心间

And shows her how she might get home

给她指引回家的方向

When all else falls apart.

在其它一切四散流离之时

Like giving her the love

比如献给她满满的爱,

That is her sea and air,

成为她的大海和空气,

So diving deep or soaring high

英文诗歌经典青春 篇6

Walking so early;

Sweet Robin sits on the bush,

Singing so rarely.

“tell me ,thou bonny bird,

when shall I marry me?“

“when six braw gentlemen kirkward shall carry ye.“

“who makes the bridal bed,birdie, say truly?“

“The gray-headed sexton

That delves the grave duly.

“The glowworm o‘er grave and stone

Shall light thee steady;

The owl from the steeple sing,

Welcome, proud lady.“

骄傲梅西漫步林间,

踩着晨曦;

伶俐知更鸟栖息树丛,

唱得甜蜜。

“告诉我,美丽鸟儿,

我哪年哪月穿嫁装?

“等到六个殡葬人

抬你上教堂。

“谁为我铺新床?

好鸟儿,莫撒谎。“

“白发司事,兼挖墓穴,

误不了你洞房。

“萤火虫幽幽闪闪,

把你坟墓照亮,送葬,

猫头鹰将在塔尖高唱:

英文散文诗歌 篇7

现代诗歌受到现代绘画的影响,史蒂文斯的诗歌也不例外。他说:“To a large extent,the problems of poets are the problems of painters and poets must often turn to the literature of painting for a discussion of their own problems.”(“在很大程度上,诗人的问题就是画家的问题,诗人必须经常地转向绘画的文学,来讨论他们自己的问题”)。史蒂文斯从出生的19世纪末到去世的20世纪中期,正是西方美术从后印象派到立体主义,抽象主义,再到超现实主义等绘画思潮此起彼伏的时期。这些美术思潮广泛传播到美国本土,对史蒂文斯产生了影响。

一、史蒂文斯诗歌与印象派绘画

印象派绘画强调体验的瞬间性,即所谓的“印象”,强调光和色的韵律感,特别是在色彩上大胆突破以前的用色惯例,用色明亮大胆,特别具有光带来的视觉跳跃感。这种跳跃感使得画面具有诗意性,这种诗意性受到许多诗人的青睐。

史蒂文斯的名诗Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock(《十点钟的觉醒》)是一首具有汉赋铺排特征的诗歌,特点是以大量的铺排营造宏大的气势。这首诗特别强调对色彩的罗列与渲染,以使诗歌形成强烈的视觉冲击力:

The houses are haunted那些房子里游荡着

By white night-gowns.身穿雪白睡衣的幽灵。

None are green,没有绿色的,

Or purple with green rings,也没有紫色镶绿边的,

Or green with yellow rings,也没有绿色镶金边的,

Or yellow with blue rings.也没有金色蓝边的。

None of them are strange,没有一个是陌生的,

With socks of lace穿着绣花锦袜束着珠饰彩带。

And beaded ceintures.人们不会梦见狒狒和玉黍螺。

People are not going这里那里,

To dream of baboons and periwinkles.只有一个老水手

Only,here and there,an old sailor,喝醉了穿着靴子睡觉,

Drunk and asleep in his boots,在红色的天气里

Catches tigers捕捉老虎。

In red weather.

诗中的色彩迷离繁复,罗列各种丰富耀眼的色彩是为了表达中产阶级生活的单调无聊,他们的生活还不如一个老水手的生活饱满,老水手无拘无束地穿着靴子睡觉,生活看似辛劳,却比中产阶级的生活更为丰富多彩,他有梦想,梦想中充满捕捉老虎的生命力量。在白色、绿色、紫色等这些色彩背后没有任何象征和隐喻,诸如用白色代表纯洁,红色代表忠心等,它们就只是一种颜色而已。史蒂文斯消解了这些色彩性词语上从各种文化中寄生出来的多义性,使诗歌干净利索,具有视觉上的明快。艺术的形式化诉求是现代艺术的特征,史蒂文斯的诗歌具有视觉化形式化倾向,与现代绘画的形式化诉求一致。

有研究者认为,“在他早期的一首成熟的诗歌《十点钟的觉悟》中,他的思想习惯就已经确立了,这首诗歌用现代主义绘画的大胆形体和色彩,表现了他在想象中体会到的欢乐”。这首受印象派影响的诗歌奠定了史蒂文斯的一些基本思维习惯,他此后的诗歌创作都与西方现代绘画有着各种渊源关系。

二、史蒂文斯诗歌与立体主义绘画

立体主义绘画的特点是对对象进行结构上的解构,将对象分解成各种几何形,诸如三角形,四方形等,再以这些几何形为基本单位来重新组织对象。这些重构出来的画面不再那么具象,而具有抽象性质,且表面上看起来支离破碎,具有一种“未完成性”,为读者进行二次完成留下了审美空间,未完成性也成为整个现代绘画的一个特征。

史蒂文斯的《对两只梨的观察》(Study Of Two Pears)就是用毕加索和勃拉克代表的立体派的“破坏”与“解构”思路来写的。毕加索在技法层面上破坏掉了形象,让形象变得零碎。在更深层次上,那就是“在创造过程中要不断把概念化的、程序化的、你知道缘由的东西破坏掉,重新开始。这一点是现代艺术的精髓,是由塞尚感悟到,在毕加索那里达到自觉的”。

史蒂文斯用毕加索的手法还原一个真实存在的苹果和梨子。首先是立体派式的拆解:否定读者定势思维中关于例子的俗常认识,即梨子长得像“小提琴”、“裸女”或“瓶子”之类的俗见,没有隐喻和象征,它就是一只树上的梨子,就是塞尚桌布上的那只苹果,真实的苹果,它与隐喻和象征无关。就像他自己声称的:“一首诗并不需要有某种意义,像自然界许多事物一样,诗也常常没有什么意义”。他的这首诗就是告诉你一只树上带来的梨子,此外无它。这种消解所指以能指为意义的艺术观念是史蒂文斯时代比较盛行的观念,它使得艺术具有一种形式化的审美倾向,这种形式化使得审美成为一件轻松愉悦的事。解构之后就是重构,史蒂文斯用绘画的方式描述了一个实物性的梨:轮廓线是曲线,外表是黄色,总体上是圆的,但顶部渐细,并不完美,还有点蓝色的霉斑,“一片枯叶/挂在梗上”告诉了我们关于它生长的那棵树的记忆,还有各种黄色的变化:“淡黄,桔黄,青黄”。看完之后,并没有标题所示的“两只梨子”,只有“梨的影子”,或者说“梨的影子”和“梨子”构成了“两只梨子”,而事实上,“两只梨子”就是一只梨子。他自己说出了他的诗歌与绘画的关联性:“毕加索说一幅画是一大群破坏物,难道不也是在说一首诗是一大群破坏物?当布拉克说‘感觉解构,思想重构’,他同时是对诗人、画家和雕塑家说的。正如诗人能够被画家的话所影响一样,画家也能被诗人的话所影响,两者都能受到不是针对他们的话的影响”。可以说,这首诗就是他破坏后重构的结果。这首诗达到了他在《必要的天使》中论述的那种效果:“可以肯定地说,那种对于词语表达我们实实在在的思想和感情的需要正是我们体验的全部真实。这种真实不是幻觉,能够让我们谛听诗歌语言时,热爱这些词语,感受这些词语,寻找词语的声音,寻找一个终结、一种完美、一种不可替代的震动,只有最敏锐的诗人才能给我们以这样的感受。”

三、史蒂文斯诗歌与现成品艺术

现成品艺术的始作俑者是杜尚。1917年,杜尚从商店买来一个男性所用的小便器,在上面标上“R.Mutt 1917”后匿名送到美国独立艺术家展览进行展出,轰动一时。人们对于这件作品的批评和谩骂甚多。虽然杜尚并没有自己亲自创作了这个小便器,只是签个名字和日期,但决定这件人工制品的是展览馆的整个空间,就像语言的语境促使词语意义的生成一样,展览馆这样语境空间赋予了这个小便器一定的意义。小便器改变了它周围事物的空间关系,成为他强调艺术与生活合一这样一个艺术观念的表达。

史蒂文斯的《坛子的轶事》(Anecdote of the Jar)一诗与杜尚的现成品艺术极其类似:

(赵毅衡译)

这首诗就是受到杜尚的现成品《泉》(1917)的影响而来。在这个造型物改变了事物之间的关系这个意义上把杜尚的《泉》联系起来,我们才能看到史蒂文斯的坛子与《泉》的关系。“叙述者把一个坛子放在田纳西的山顶上,于是既改变了物体,也改变了环境”山顶上的坛子改变了它周围事物之间的关系。坛子是人工制品,它饱满滚圆的造型制作因其人工性而改变了周围天然的野性,改变了与“荒野”、“山峰”之间的关系,使周围的荒芜不再荒芜,反过来,山峰和荒野也改变了坛子的存在,使山巅上的坛子更加“巍峨庄严”,坛子和山峰饱满的造型和平坦的荒野都勾画出一幅明朗的、“未施彩妆”的简笔画。史蒂文斯的诗是用词语写成的造型诗,极具立体感。

事实上,史蒂文斯不光是以绘画作为题材,更重要的是在诗歌中应用了绘画的技法,不仅是史蒂文斯,还有许多诗人都运用了立体主义的技法。有西方研究者就指出:“很多现代主义的散文和诗歌实验在某种程度上都受到了立体主义的启发,这是千真万确的事实。从艾略特的《荒原》到史蒂文斯的《弹蓝色吉他的男人》,在这些作品中,碎片、多种透视法和并置这些立体主义的技法,都是标准的现代主义技法的组成部分”。

史蒂文斯在《诗歌与绘画的关系》(Relations Between Poetry and Painting,1951)一文中提出了一个著名观点:“诗歌既是词中诗又是画中诗”,诗歌“既是写成的又是画成的”。因此,我们可以去欣赏和研究诗歌中的绘画色彩,也就是史蒂文斯所说的“通过眼睛来思考”。

参考文献

[1][英]查尔斯·汤姆林森.作为画家的诗人[A].[英]奥登等.诗人与画家[C].马永波译.济南:山东画报出版社,2006.

[2][美]迈克尔·莱文森.田智译.现代主义[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2002.

[3]王天兵.西方现代艺术批判[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010.

[4]陈东东.弹蓝吉他者:形态·音乐·词语[EB/L].诗生活网:http://www.poemlife.com/Wenku/wenku.asp?vnews Id=56.

[5][美]史蒂文斯.马永波译.诗歌与绘画的关系[A].[英]奥登等.诗人与画家[C].济南:山东画报出版社,2006.

[6]刘象愚.文学批评理论——从柏拉图到现在[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.

英文散文诗歌 篇8

如果信件不是邮寄,而是托人转交,可在信封的左下角写上Kindness of...(受托人的姓名)或By courtesy of...(受托人的姓名)或By favour of...(受托人的姓名)。以上这些字样都等于中文的“敬烦某某转交”。

如果是介绍信,由被介绍人面交,可在信封左上角写上Introducing Mr. (Mrs., Miss, etc.)(姓名)或To introduce...(姓名)或Recommending...(姓名)。以上这些字样等于中文中的“兹介绍某人……”。

在信封的左下角可以写上信件的性质,如Personal或Confidential或Private,这些字样等于中文的“亲启”或“绝密”。如果需要还可以注明Immediate或 Urgent或Rush,这些字样等于中文的“急件”。视需要也可以注明Attention of... ,等于中文的“请某人拆阅”或“请某人处理”。

为了方便邮件传递,信封上可按各国相沿的习惯标明如下:

写在信封左上角 “A”的位置的字样,如:

→If undelivered, please return to(无法投递,退回原处)

→After 10 days, please return to(十天后请寄回)

→Return Postage Guaranteed(回信邮资已付)

→Via San Francisco(经由旧金山)

→By airmail to San Francisco, by train to Hong Kong.

(到旧金山用航空,到香港用火车)

写在信封中间上方“B”的位置的字样,如:

→Printed Matter(印刷品) →Sample(样品)

→Sample of No Value(无价值的样品)

→With Compliments(赠品)

→Photo Only(内有像片,请勿折叠)

写在邮票下面“C”的位置的字样,如:

→Via Airmail; By Airmail; Par Avion(航空)

写在信封左下角“D”的位置上的字样,如:

→Introducing Mr...(兹介绍……先生)

→Kindness of Mr...(敬烦……先生转交)

→Per favor of Mr...(敬烦……先生转交)

→Private(亲启) →Personal(私函)

→Confidential(密函)

→Registered (Reg., Regd.)(挂号)

→Urgent(急件) →Immediate(急件)

→Forward(请转交)

→Care of (c/o)(请……转交)

四化Four Modernizations

中国电信China Telecom

中国移动China Mobile

希望工程Project Hope

扶贫工程Anti-Poverty Project

外出打工人员migrant workers

外资企业overseas-funded enterprises

下岗职工laid-off workers

素质教育education for all-round development

应试教育exam-oriented education

义务教育compulsory education

豆腐渣工程jerry-built projects

西部大开发Development of the West Regions, Go-West Campaign

新新人类New Human Being, X Generation

充电recharge one's batteries; update one's knowledge

早恋puppy love

网吧Internet bar

网民netizen, net citizen

网恋online love affair

网友net friend

网上冲浪surf the Internet

菜鸟,新手green hand

摇钱树cash cow

大专生junior college student

青春励志英文诗歌 篇9

edna st. vincent millay?

april this year, not otherwise

than april of a year ago,

is full of whispers, full of sighs,

of dazzling mud and dingy snow;

hepaticas that pleased you so

are here again, and butterflies.

there rings a hammering all day,

and shingles lie about the doors;

in orchards near and far away

the grey wood-pecker taps and bores;

the men are merry at their chores,

and children earnest at their play.

the larger streams run still and deep,

noisy?and swift the small brooks run

among the nullein stalks the sheep

go up the hillside in the sun,

pensively, ─ only you are gone,

you that alone i cared to keep.

四月之歌

一年一度又是四月,

去年今岁毫无两样,

低语阵阵, 叹息声声,

污泥伴着融雪闪闪发亮;

你钟情的苔藓又现绿意,

你喜爱的蝴蝶四处飘荡。

换新的屋顶木版堆在门前,

翻修的锤声成天敲响;

灰色啄木鸟击打钻孔,

远近的果园匆匆忙忙;

劳作的大人欢天喜地,

游戏的孩童认真模仿。

沉稳的大河水深流静,

湍急的小溪跳跃喧嚷,

穿过毛蕊花丛的羊群,

沐浴日照走上山冈;

物是人非,你在何处?

唯一的牵挂, 不尽的惆怅。

浪漫的英文诗歌 篇10

If you were a teardrop,In my eye,For fear of losing you,I would never cry.And if the golden sun,Should cease to shine its light,Just one smile from you,Would make my whole world bright. Hannah Jo Kee

如果你是我眼裏的,一滴淚,為了不失去你,我將永不哭泣。如果金色的陽光,停止了它耀眼的光芒,你的一個微笑,將照亮我的整個世界。

汽车与英文代号 篇11

Agrivehicle:农用运输车。为Agricultural Vehicle的缩写,又名为Farm Transporter,在目前的英文词典上还没有该词,其最早出现于《中国汽车报》。农用运输车这是一个概念模糊的名词。它的含义是供农村运输,价格低廉,享有一定的优惠政策的小型货车,它分为三轮农用车和四轮农用车两种。最初于70年代末诞生在安徽皖南山区一带,后扩散到全国。现年产量已突破300万辆,全社会保有量已超过1500万辆,为我国农村经济的发展作出了重大贡献。

T型运输机:这是一种介与拖拉机与四轮农用车之间的低速运输车辆。又称“四不像”,它兼有拖拉机结构简单、管理费用低和农用车功能齐全、驾驶舒适、速度提高的优点,还能享受拖拉机在使用方面的优惠政策。最早出现于浙江等地,后在西南地区发展较快。在广义上,应属于农用车范畴。

ATV:即All-Terrian-Vehicle,意为全地貌性质的车辆,即能适应多种地形的运输车辆。ATV有很简单初级的,如手扶拖拉机带拖斗是一种ATV;也有结构很复杂、更高级完善的,如星球车之类可以爬越巨石深沟。现在欧美等国流行着一种ATV,其越野性能好,通过能力强,适于山村、田野及军事上的运输。其中整机花样很多,各具特色,但是结构复杂,技术上有一定难度,成本昂贵。如德国奔驰公司的UNIMOG多功能运输车,意大利哥尔多尼生产的Transporter和Trancar系列产品等。可以说,ATV即是国外的农用运输车。

AT汽车:液力自动变速器简称为AT,装有液力自动变速器的汽车称为AT汽车。这是一种以结构命名的汽车,目前在我国AT汽车以轿车为多,尚未普及。

EV:即Electric Vehicle电动汽车。狭义上说是以电池为动力的汽车。世界上第一台电动车在法国诞生。这是在1881年法国一位电气工程师古塔夫·特鲁夫试制的一台重120磅,时速达7.5英里的电动三轮车。当在巴黎展出时,引起了相当的轰动,当时人们把这一变革称为“不流血的革命”。如今,随着环境保护意识的深入,电动车的研究开发及使用在世界各国都非常重视。

CNGV:压缩天然气汽车;LNGV:液化天然气汽车;LPGV:液化石油气汽车。这是以CNG、LNG、LPG3种燃料作为汽车的代用燃料的汽车,统称为天然气汽车。目前,世界上天然气汽车已有500多万辆在运行,在国外发展势头很好。近年来,在我国也已有部分天然气汽车投入使用,如重庆、郑州等地,主要用于城市公交。

HEV:Hybrid Electric Vehicle,混合动力汽车。混合动力也就是说其动力系统是非单一的,它既有内燃发动机,又有电子驱动系统。在高速及高负荷条件下,HEV使用内燃机驱动;在低速及城区道路环境下,使用电力驱动。它综合了内燃机系统(宽广的转速范围、良好的工作性能、低廉的生产成本)及电力驱动系统(低噪声、无排放污染、无需石油)的优点。美国早在1993年开始推行了一项名为PNGV混合动力汽车发展计划。在2000年1月的北美国际车展上,已推出一辆全功能、混合动力及电动的“新规程”,这是世界上目前最先进的汽车,在世界上处于领先水平。

Pickup:皮卡,又名轿卡。是一种采用轿车车头和驾驶室(单排或双排座)同时带有敞开式货车车厢、既可乘人又可载货的小型车辆。其最显著的特点是既有轿车流线型的外观和轿车般的温柔舒适性,且比轿车的载货和适应不良路面的能力强,又不失动力强健的特征。在国外,皮卡的档次较高,美国可称为皮卡之王。目前我国的皮卡车虽数量较少,但也以一种不可阻挡的趋势在向前发展。

MPV:多功能车,俗称子弹头。这是一种介于轿车和轻客间的车型。世界上第一辆MPV车型是由法国雷诺公司生产的ESPACE(空间)车。如今,各国著名汽车厂家都竞相生产MPV车型。在欧美,MPV多用于休闲。一家数口加上至亲好友,坐上它出门旅游回归自然,既经济实惠又舒适方便。而我国MPV市场多定位在公务及商用。

英文散文诗歌 篇12

1 Ideological Concerns of Modernism

Throughout the world history of literature,the most shocking and influential innovation should be renaissance,romanticism and modernism.Among the three,modernism is the most complicated one,for modern writers crave for the distortion and alienation brought by capitalism,wars and machine culture.As an artistic form which profoundly reflects westerners’modern sense and experience,modernism intensely embodies English writers’innovation and artistic potential.Same as other modern school of thoughts,modernism also began with anti-tradition and rooted in the social upheavals,skepticism and disillusion of capitalism and promoted by the new ideas and thoughts.

Ideologically speaking,western philosophical thoughts such as Schopenhauer’s voluntarism,Bergson’s intuitionalism and western existentialism all act as catalyst for modernism.Besides,this movement is also influenced by the development of western psychology New discovery about men’s sub-consciousness greatly enriches modern writers and lifts the understanding of psychic to a new level,so that modern writers finally get to divert their eyesight from the exterior world to the inner realm of spirit.Undoubtedly,Freud’s analytical psychology is the most influential one for modernism.In science and technology,new concepts of time and space are provided by Einstein’s theory of relativity.Rapid scientific and technologica development also greatly changes the way people work and communicate.All these incite modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships.

Almost all of the modern works try to intentionally depict the agony and morbidity as well as the alienation,anxiety and despair of modern men.In this turbulent era,God is dead.With his death modern men lost their usual spiritual center.Their life became purposeless and disorderly.Human nature is greatly constrained and deformed.There is a growing sense of loneliness and alienation among people.

Robert Frost’s most prolific period of creation was during high modernism.In this time,the on-going social changes were defining western world in a completely new way.People’s main concern was to pursue material instead of spiritual pleasure.Human relationships became distant and alienated.Therefore,modern writers often conveyed such a message that western civilization was on the decline.As a poet of this period,Frost was surely influenced by this pessimistic feeling.He depicted everything around him from a unique perspective.

2 Crises in Frost’s Poetry

2.1 Crisis of man and nature

Many critics consider Frost as a pastoral poet or a natural poet.However,different from romanticists,nature for Frost is not a way to escape but a way to symbolize.On the surface,he is depicting natural sceneries,but deeply he is using nature to reflect modern men’s painful and chaotic situation.As a farmer,he knows New England like the back of his hand:beautiful mountains,ripe apples,wild flowers and grass dotted everywhere,together with cold winter days,snow-covered forests,waste land,birches,pond,stone walls and dead night all stirred up his inspiration.Nevertheless,contrary to the usual harmony between man and nature under Romanticists’pen,nature in his poems is so close to us yet it is so cold,so dark,so mysterious,so nonchalant and objective and it doesn’t care human feeling.

In Frost’s poetry,nature always takes on a mysterious and horrifying look.This trait is fully exemplified in such poems as“Once by the Pacific”,“Design”,“Desert Places”and“The Wood Pile”.“Once by the Pacific”is one of Frost’s sonnets describing the brutality of nature.“The clouds were low and hairy in the skies,/Like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes.”“It looked as if a night of dark intent/Was coming,and not only a night,an age.”Low clouds,malicious night,disastrous tsunami!What a terrifying sight!Such nature like storm is terrible and nasty.Nature brought people terror and adversity instead of peace and harmony.

In“The Wood-Pile”,the speaker walked out on a gloomy and snowy day to a place far from home.In such coldness,chaos,horror and unpredictability,the speaker was completely confused and lost.He saw a small bird flew before him,yet it didn’t light on the tree which was nearest to the speaker but put a tree between them.The bird was vigilant enough not to be too close to the speaker because it was afraid the speaker would do harm to it.The tree between might represent the barrier between man and nature.Here the bird is a symbol of nature.It didn’t light on the tree beside the speaker instead it put a tree between them.The tense relationship between man and nature is depicted very vividly.

In Frost’s poetry,the forest is undoubtedly the most typical representative of nature’s mystery and terror.It is referred to in many of his poems,like“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“Into My Own”,“The Road not Taken”,“Birches”,and“Come in”.For Frost,the forest symbolizes the challenging and confusing nature itself.It leaves readers a threatening image.Furthermore,some seasonal images associated with autumn and winter are usually gloomy and cheerless,for example:“Which flows in shapes as tall as trees/when wintry winds do blow”,“when the wind works against us in the dark/and pelts with snow”,“the dead leaves lie huddle and still/no longer blown hither and thither”,“Snow falling and night falling fast,oh,fast”.The image of winter in Frost’s poems is always cold and cruel,permeating with the feeling of stillness and death.While according to Romanticists,winter was the inhabitation of hope.That’s why Shelly called out at the end of his“Ode to the West Wind”:“If winter comes,can spring be far behind.”Thus nature was alienated.The usual harmony was gone and crises took the place.

2.2 Crisis of man against man

Frost’s creation climax appeared at the beginning of rapidly-developed 20th century.However,he disliked modern American industrial culture,neither the moral corruption brought by industrial development.Thus an important image in his poetry is a lonely person without life goals,unaccustomed to the social surroundings.Personal relationships in his poems are usually pessimistic and frustrating.The isolation and nonchalance is embodied in some life episodes.These poems include“Mending Wall”,“The Death of a Hired Man”,“Love and Problem”,“Departmental”and so on.

In“An Old Man’s Winter Night”,the miserable and lonely old man found himself in an empty house:“All out-of-doors looked darkly in at him/Through the thin frost,almost in separate stars,/That gathers on the pane in empty rooms.”The house is a metaphor of the barrier between the old man and the outside world,as well as the separation of the old man and others.That is also the root of his loneliness,helplessness and consequential death.

In“Home Burial”,even the relation between husband and wife,which is always taken for granted as intimate and close,becomes intensified.This poem presents the strained relationship between a rural husband and wife who have lost a child.They argue,disagree and finally part.All the tragedies are caused by the breakdown and limits of communication.Human feelings and communications in the poem are both inadequately expressed and ultimately failed.

“Departmental”is another example showing the mutual coldness between people.It describes the ants colony,where an ant died but no other ants felt sympathy or pitiful.They acted very causal and calm toward their companion’s death.Here the anthill is a mirror of human society,reflecting the cold face of modern men.

In“The Vantage Point”the speaker has isolated himself from other men,having discovered“a slope where the cattle keep the lawn.”He won’t return to the world of men,yet he will go and look at them,or at least at their institutions—white houses and churches for the living,well-kept graves for the dead.So although hidden from other men,he can still observe them.“This places him,then,somewhere in between.He is not a true member of society because he has run away from it,yet he is not clinically dead.”Thus,as a privileged observer,he can choose his vantage point daily to observe people,comment on them or turn away from it all as he pleases.But why doesn’t he come up to them and talk?Why not communicate with each other face to face?The speaker feels he is not a member of the society or he is pleased with his own life and does not want to involve or be involved in any other’s life.

Loneliness and coldness are the vivid reflection of modern personal relationship.Reading Frost’s poems might help readers to know that era more deeply.At the same time,it also helps people to meditate on their era so as not to let the tragedy happen again.

3 Conclusion

The theme of crises plays a vital role in the heart core of modernism.It is also an eternal theme of Frost’s poetry,which reveals the alienated relationships between men and nature,men and men in this chaotic and disorderly modern world.With the loss of God’s central position,modern people feel fearful and uncertain abou their future.And new social changes make isolation and loneliness surround modern men.So generally there was a pessimistic tendency in modernists’works and also in Frost’s poetry.

However,at a second thought,readers may find that beneaththe surface of obvious crises and pessimism lies the poet’s truemeditation on life.As a poet living in the modern age,Frost was sen-sitive enough to express his concerns for modern people,as well ashuman’s future,orientation and destiny.These concerns are themain form of ultimate care.This is also the essence of Frost’s poet-ry and it also inspires people to rediscover the values of life,to finda correct morality in the turvy world.

摘要:评论界曾经一度回避讨论罗伯特·弗罗斯特的归属问题,因为他的诗歌大多采用传统的格律形式,而同时代的作家都采用自由诗体。然而,在传统的面具下,足够的证据可以证明弗罗斯特的现代性。揭开他面具的方法之一就是对其诗歌进行主题分析。在弗罗斯特诗歌所呈现的众多主题中,冲突,一个现代主义的中心术语,便跃然纸上。虽然诗人多采用传统形式进行创作,但是在传统的表象底下却滚动着现代主义的暗流。

关键词:罗伯特·弗罗斯特,现代主义,冲突,混乱

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