英文签名设计

英文签名设计（精选8篇）

英文签名设计 篇1

最唯美英文签名设计

1、Crowded I always not see you [人潮拥挤我始终不见你]

2、Your love is a dream, but a real pain. 你的爱是个梦，却有真实的痛。

3、A we missed the time, France.时间一点点被我们错过，擦肩而过。

4、I am not without feelings, just not so perceptual 我不是没有感情，只是不那么感性

5、And I never will again

6、C. Brief is life, but love is long.(命虽短，爱却绵长)

7、Love your heart pain . 心疼你的心疼

8、My wasted heart wil love you

9、Lonely people is shameful 孤独的人是可耻的

10、Love is a double-edged sword only memory most hurt

11、Adversity does teach who your real friends are

12、A man in love, also like a woman lost his head

13、I’ve had enough of your garbage.

14、Exhaustion systemic strength, lost love. 用尽全身的力气，败给了爱情。

15、We were just kids in love. 我们曾经只是陷入爱的孩子。

16、Some people may look strong , but just looks strong just . 有些人看是很坚强，但只是看似很坚强而已。

17、If you remember me, then I do not care if everyone else forgets.只要你记得我，我不介意整个世界都把我遗忘了。

18、I admire you, this is my secret.我很佩服你，这是我的秘密

19、Only God knows I did not, how would you.

20、I’m loath for you to leave. 我舍不得你走

21、The one who’s good in taking care of other people is the same person who needs someone to take care of them——喜欢照顾别人的人，其实也同样需要别人的关心。

22、To be unknown but loved by just one is better than being known by many but loved by none——默默无闻，但被一人深爱，要好过声名显赫却没人去爱。

23、If there is anything you need, I will not be far away.只要你需要，我就在这里。

24、The best happiness is all care you give. 最好的幸福，是你给的在乎。

25、Be yourself. That’s when you’re beautiful. 做你自己，那才是你的美丽时刻。

26、Sometimes, miss is not time, is feeling.(有时候，我们错过的`不是时间，是感觉)

27、Every person need a friend to make them laugh when they think they will never smile again. 每一个人都需要这样一个朋友：当以为自己再也笑不出来的时候，他能让你开怀大笑!

28、The art of being wise is the art of knowing what to overlook——智慧就是懂得该忽略什么的艺术。

29、If you care about what others think of you, then you will always be their slave. 总在乎其他人怎么看你，那你会一直是他人的奴隶。

30、Strong desire is the starting point of all achievement——强烈的欲望是取得任何成就的第一步。

31、Life isn’t about waiting for the storm to pass, it’s about learning to dance in the rain. 生活不是等着暴风雨过去，而是学会在风雨中跳舞。

32、Love may fade with the season.But some friendships are year-round——爱情可能随着季节的变迁而消退，但友情会为你全年守候。

33、Promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover. 承诺常常很像蝴蝶,美丽的飞，盘旋然后不见。

34、You have to believe in yourself. That is the secret of success————人必须相信自己，这就是成功的秘诀。

35、Time is not cruelty. Just for it we are too fragile.时光并不残忍。只是对于它来说我们太脆弱。

36、Do not let yourself live like a joke. 不要让自己活得像个笑话.

37、I love not love you one minute only 60 seconds.我爱的不多 一分钟只爱了你六十秒。

38、if I could make days last forever 如果我能把时间化作永恒

39、Thank you for standing behind me感谢你一直支持著我

40、We share so much together我们分享生命中的每一天

英文签名设计 篇2

Emscher Park is the recovery of an industrial area among the most degraded sites in Europe. In a post-industrial economic decline, the Ruhr region has found a new solution on shrinking becoming an icon of urban, economic, social and environmental change (Brown, 2001).

In the 1950’s and 1960’s, the industries of the Ruhr Valley have held an important role in German economic development. The gradual loss of competitiveness has led to an inevitable abandonment of sites in the 1970’s, with a consequent increase of the unemployment rate (La Belle,2001). In 1989, a partnership between the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, local municipalities and private companies promoted the IBA Emscher Park: an ambitious renewal program of an area of 115 square miles along the Emscher River. In ten years (1989-1999) IBA sponsored approximately one hundred projects that satisfy the criteria of architectural quality, public accessibility, energy and environmental conservation, social cooperation, self-organization and low maintenance costs (Kunzmann, 2004).

The IBA Initiative started with an ecological transformation of the territory through the re-naturalization of the river Emscher, the redevelopment of derelict industrial land and the reconstruction of the natural habitat. The ecological sensitivity of the design approach is exemplified by the Docklands Duisberg: a new urban waterfront that incorporates different activities and brings back the water within the city.

In the process of regeneration, the IBA also intends to preserve the industrial heritage, to enhance the value of local settlement systems and promote the cultural industries within the park to create new jobs (Arbeiten im Park). The monumental industrial structures, guardians of the memory of the work of the past, now have a new meaning thanks tothe creative reuse of their spaces. A flagship example of adaptive reconversion is Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord.It occupies the site of the former Thyssen steelworks in Duisburg-Meiderich that was shut down in 1985(Figure1).The designers Latz + Partners won the competition organized by IBA Emscher Park to transform the site into an industrial park of over 500 hectares. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the site, the project involves the conservation and reuse of most of the existing industrial structures. Through sensitive operations, a program with new uses has been introduced progressively in the area: a former furnace hosts an outdoor theater for concerts and shows, a gas tank has become a training camp for divers, a coal storage bunker is now used by the local mountaineering club. Other industrial spaces host performances characterized by international music(Figure2),a small experimental theater and a hard rock disco. The multicolored night lighting emphasizes the monumentality of the structures and it defines new landmarks within the landscape. The park is managed by a small partnership between the state, the local government and various local NGOs, and it has become an important tourist attraction for the region.

The experience of IBA Initiative represents a laboratory of ideas and approaches for the regeneration of brownfields.The long-term process of renewal adopts an experimental strategy of multi-purposed development and it is an example of top-down planning that crosses bottom-up initiatives.

Therefore, the approach is radical in the idea of sustainable and cultural development, in the selection and realization of the projects. The innovative aspect consists in considering ecology as a linchpin of the regeneration of the regional economy and in wanting to transform the brownfields in an infrastructure of open spaces and creative activities.The conservation of the industrial heritage is encouraged through temporary uses(Figure3). Events and art exhibitions take place in forgotten places becoming an opportunity for the community to meet, and then it all is consolidated in the cultural centrality (museums, theaters, cultural associations...).As a final result, these marginal spaces are transformed into new civic places.

Figure 1:Thyssen Steelworks manufacturing plant in the 1950s

Figure 2: Landschaftspark

The transformation of the Ruhr is an example of the balance between the ecological, cultural and social sustainability and the promotion of the innovation. The ecological recovery of soils, the restoration and the reuse of industrial heritage show how cultural, design and industrial capacities can work together.

The IBA Initiative is also significant because it involves various actors and especially as it pays attention to initiatives of local communities. Through the use of marketing and the media (light installations events, music festivals, art shows)and an intense work of branding, the area now has a new competitive image, strengthening the identity of the territory.

This case study proves how often these waiting sites need projects: soft operations with large-scale action are fundamental, rather than self-referential architecture.

2 Temporary use strategies in creating post-industrial identity: The case of Sulzer-Areal Site in Winterthur,Switzerland

Industrialization has always shaped sites and regions, and so does de-industrialization. Both processes involve structural transformations and conflicts between conservation and change (Oevermann, & Mieg, 2015). In the industrial heritage regeneration practice, temporary-use (Zwischennuztung) is a new model from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. When the developer's economic power is not enough to start the regeneration process or the property ownership is not clear,the temporary uses are encouraged, which could breed out the most suitable long-term adaptive reuse (Dong, & Hou,2012). Sulzer-Areal, as industrial heritage site has a tangible as well as an intangible dimension. The tangible dimension concerns the buildings, infrastructure, and technical equipment of a site; the intangible dimension concerns knowledge, practices, traditions, associations, and symbolic connotations. Furthermore, the intangible dimension includes the societal value given to the heritage site (Oevermann, &Mieg, 2015). Industrial success shapes the urban form and culture of Winterthur more than any other city in Switzerland.Historically, Wintherthur is known as a hard-working industrial city(Figure4). Due to the economic global crisis in the1930s, many industries experienced a severe drop in sales,and subsequent layoffs (Oevermann, & Mieg, 2014). However,after the Second World War, which Switzerland had survived without any damage, the country experienced a golden point for its export industries. During these years, industrial sites were hidden from the public eye by its gates. While photographs carefully documented the industrial products,there was no debate about the beauty of industrial sheds.In the 1970s, major changes happened in the industrial sector, which changed the perception of urban space and cultural values (Bartschi, 2011). In the 1980s, contrary to the decline of the productive industries, financial services sector triggered a change in social values: “American” principles of quick money replaced engineering virtues, which caused price rising in city centers (Hofer, 1999). The old Sulzer-Areal industrial sector is right by the historic center of Winterthur and its central station. Since 1834, when the Sulzer brothers built it as a foundry, this factory complex has spread out as far as the Zurich railway line, forming an exceptionally dense urban fabric, which occupies a surface area of over sixteen hectares. Even today its enormous industrial buildings and iron and steel production installations, with imposing bridge cranes on rails and gigantic diesel engines, remain intact and are an emblematic witness to the golden age of Swiss mechanical engineering (Bordas, 2006). From the 1980s,different solutions were proposed for its post-industrial future.In 1992, Sulzer invited eight international architecture offices to an architectural modification in the area of problematic existing buildings. Jean Nouvel and Emmanuel Catani won the competition from Paris, with a project called “Megalou”.Although, due to a delaying appeal by Switzerland’s traffic club against the high number of parking spaces granted by the Wintherthur administration in the 1996 planning consent,the project failed. After that, the Sulzer site was considered for temporary uses such as the following: the Architecture Department of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences(ZHAW) occupied Halle 180 since 1992, restaurants, studios,Company Offices, and recreational facilities. A rethinking of the strategy on the side of the property, which, in 2001,rejected the operation owing to the size of the investments,was required. Instead of intervening on the existing buildings,it was decided to turn them into public spaces, which had the twofold function of connecting the Sulzer-Areal sector with the rest of the city, while preserving its nature (Bordas, 2006).In the end the intervention focused on the far northeastern end of the complex, the one closest to the historic center of Winterthur and the station. Work was done on three free interstitial spaces that are clearly bounded by the presence of the industrial buildings around them. The most important part is Katharina Sulzer Platz, which connects the main road with the street that runs alongside the railway lines(Figure5). At the northern end of the central strip there are three-square pools with water that reflect the facades of the buildings. A number of chairs are scattered on the gravel(Figure6).Indeed, on the south side of Katharina Sulzer Platz the original rails are still conserved and along them a large crane, which has been restored, can move as well as a new platform that can serve as the setting for various events. Another action point is the Pionierpark; a courtyard surrounded by the oldest constructions and built on an old coal mine. Lastly, a metal drainage channel has been embedded in the paving to mark the route to the square.

Figure 3:Landschaftspark

Figure 4:The city of Winterthur,its railway network,and the Sulzer industrial sites

3 Amsterdam, NDSM shipyard hall, adaptive re-use through a bottom-up urban policy

In the late 1990 the city of Amsterdam underwent deep urban changes that contributed to the radical turn of the city’s urban policies. The northern bank of the Ij river was until the ’80s the inland harbor, and the ships construction industry site; as in the rest of Europe the sudden process of de-industrialization and industries dislocation (Arrighi,1996) led to the abandonment of these areas turning them into derelict brownfields. In the meanwhile the city center ran into processes of gentrification and real estate investments pushing out of the city center the former inhabitants, squatters and informal creative groups. In the late ‘90s there were many re-development processes that involved the devalued real estate assets of the city, and various different strategies of intervention for re-enhancing their value while trying to attract investments and wealth.

Under the pressure of the citizens, squatters, and alternative cultural scene, that claimed low rent and a more active role in the renewal of dismantled zones in general,the Amsterdam municipality decided to propose an unusual planning strategy, consisting in co-opting in the valorization processes non-institutional creative elements (i.e. those with the capacity to produce innovation) that until then had been relegated to the margins of the city. This strategy was adopted by the Amsterdam municipality to renew and boost the redevelopment of the northern Ij bank, choosing to reuse the existing building stock: this is the case of the NDSM,Nederlandse Droogdok en Scheepsbouw Mattschappij,docks area(Figure7).

Figure 5:Alongside the mobile platform there is another one,perforated at random by a series of round beds in which trees grow,forming a sculptural group

Figure 6:The central zone of the square is covered with pressed sand,square pools and a number of chairs,which recalls the rails of the cranes that crossed the space

The NDSM docks were property of the city municipality and were part of a wider neighborhood redevelopment project.The Municipality starting from the re-use of a single part, The NDSM shipyard hall, promoted the valorization of a bigger area(2sqkm) in the northern bank. The aim was to produce, through a relatively low investment, a space centered on cultural activities that would bring that forgotten part of Amsterdam back into people’s minds (Oswalt, 2013). This renewed popularity would “attract potential investors and renters and[…] allow a vibrant mixture of uses to develop”(Oswalt, 2013).

The process of reuse and redevelopment started when,in 1999, the municipality promoted a public ideas competition to support temporary uses in the NDSM shipyard hall. The competition was awarded to a group named Kinetisch Noord,a group coming from the former Amsterdam squatter scene;the building was entrusted for ten years. KN parceled the huge building to promote a multifunctional attitude toward artistic,cultural, leisure practices.

The building is a huge industrial shed (20.000sqm, 20 mt high), “generic” enough to be turned into a complex, flexible and jointed place. As in the Cedric Price utopias, the shed allows multipurpose use and a broad offer of commercial,creative and recreational services(Figure8).

Kinetisch Noord in 2000 and started to re-invent that space through the urban strategy named “Die stad als casco” (the city as a shell), the NDSM shipyard was the shell in which through open design workshops and the participation of designers, artists, activists and the civil society the whole city could take part in the renewal and regeneration of a city neighborhood. Inside the NDSM shipyard hall as concrete and iron shell, two were the main issues: one was the infrastructure, meaning water, electricity and heat supply,and the second was the partition of the shed into functional zones, small studio-boxes made out of containers with a DIY attitude, a skate park, a restaurant, actors studios and a theatre, an open space for a market (Inti, 2014).

The project could take place through the concurrence of three specific factors: the Broesplaatsfonds, a social security system to boost creative industries that sustained the people involved in the project, the availability of free/low budget space, and a support of 10 mln euros from the municipality.

The NDSM community, at first independently and maybe in opposition with the real estate market and investments produced what can be called a non-monetary value (Kiss, 2014), or better a symbolic value that in a short time generated positive externalities on the surrounding environment attracting new investments.

Metaphorically we could say that the NDSM regeneration process succeeded in producing an urban synecdoche(Augoyard, 1979), that is a part of a neighborhood becomes the symbol for the entire zone.

The NDSM shipyard hall was an abandoned space which embodied an economic potential energy (Fabian, 2012), that has been released through its productive and ecological renewal with a relatively low economic investment.

This is a case of a brownfield urban recycling, rescued from demolition and capable now of producing a low cost urban regeneration.

Figure 7:NDSM docks,2014

Figure 8:NDSM Shipyard hall,interior,2015

The production of innovations, micro-economies, creative milieu, subcultural communities and alternative lifestyles (Zukin,1989) within the NDSM shipyard hall marks the turn of a space,that was literally an empty box, into a place with new urban relevance and significance(Figure9).

The NDSM shipyard hall produced such positive externalities that the surrounding plots of the neighborhood increased their land value and became a bargain for real estate investors.

4 Conclusions

These three specific cases play a relevant role in the understanding of the renewed regeneration strategies for the European industrial heritage stock.

As we could see the issue is widespread all over Europe and elsewhere.

Nowadays, also due to the contemporary economic crisis,new strategies for the recycling and reuse are needed.

The three case studies show how challenging these adaptive reuse processes have been; their comparison highlights some common issues that are relevant for all those countries that own a devalued and abandoned post-industrial heritage stock.

One of the main issue is the evidence that when we talk about industrial heritage we are not talking just about the physical shape of the city, but instead the study of this item involves a lot of social and symbolical issues that must be taken into account.

To start with there are three main values to underline:a brownfield is portion of land that has temporarily lost its intrinsic significance but still preserves some historical and cultural values and some environmental values; thus a brownfield preserves a potential energy that can be released with the regeneration process that correctly enhances these values.

As we could observe the environmental issue was common to all three case studies, and for the Emscher site it was the trigger to start the regeneration of the site and to support the ecological awareness of the people. At the same time to preserve and enhance cultural and historical values it is fundamental to keep a social continuity, keeping low the conflict level and supporting integration. Moreover,as we could observe in the NDSM regeneration process, theemerging of new social groups, subcultural communities is the mean through which a space acquires new significance both from a spatial and a social point of view.

Figure 9:NDSM Events and installations,2010

This new significance is the first step toward the valorization, first symbolic and then economic, of the industrial heritage.

This shift from a sphere of meaning to another is reached progressively - see the long term program for the Sulzer Areal; it is achieved with the overlapping of temporary uses,flexible spaces, intensity of transformation, the empowerment of local communities, the management of a complexity of stakeholders and through participatory and inclusive processes. It is rarely the result of an architectural design,or a brief program, and generally seems not to suit the real estate investments time frame, but in the long run, as we could observe for all the three case studies, the positive externalities produced by this long time processes have a deeper impact on the economic valorization of the surrounding land.

Source of Figures

Figure 1:source from Thyssen Krupp Konzernarchiv,Duisburg

Figure 2:photo by Thomas Berns

Figure 3 :photo by Thomas Berns

Figure 4 :source from publication: Mieg, Harald A., & Oevermann,Heike. Industrial Heritage Sites in Transformation: Clash of Discourses.New York [M]. Routledge, 2014.

Figure 5 :source from website: Bordas, David B. Sulzerareal Winterthur(Switzerland), 2004. (2006)[2016-02-09], website: http://www.publicspace.org/en/works/d214-sulzerareal

Fig 6 :source from website: Vetschpartner. Landezine. (2010)[2016-02-09], website: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2010/12/thesulzer-areal-by-vetschpartner-landscape-architecture/

Fig 7:photo by Vera de Kok(Creative Commons)

Fig 8:photo by Jip Bosch(Creative Commons)

英文签名设计 篇3

关键词： 英文报刊    学习作用    教学设计

在高职院校，几乎所有的英语教师都在抱怨：“现在的课越来越难上了……有了手机，学生上课更加不愿意听课了。”的确，智能机的上网功能、娱乐功能对学生的诱惑太大。这一现状对新时期的高职教师提出了更严峻的挑战。作为高职英语教师，我们如何利用网络时代所提供的资源和便利，帮助、引导学生学习英语呢？

1.英文报刊对英语学习的作用

英文报刊内容紧密结合社会，反映现实，题材新颖，容易激发学生的阅读兴趣。如最近国内的“股市大跌”，在中国日报China Daily头版可以找到很多相关报道，如Stocks plunge to three-month low despite liquidity support; Stocks surge as policy support widens; Why the stock market dived so fast in such a short period。这些正是当下国民津津乐道的话题，中文报道铺天盖地。如果此时英语教师引导学生阅读这些英文报道，就可以帮助学生在兴趣中轻松读懂，并扩大相关股市金融词汇，可谓一举多得。

英文报刊内容包罗万象，报道贴近现实生活，又不乏趣味性，是英语学习者和爱好者学习语言的最好的阅读材料。如果学生对经济新闻不感兴趣，教师可以引导学生阅读其他内容，如天气，Typhoon Linfa makes landfall in Guangdong，disrupting normal life; China starts emergency response against typhoon... 这些天气报导是当下热点新闻，是很好的阅读题材; 又如国际新闻，Greek crisis：Athens racing to deliver reform plan to avoid Grexit – live;Trump said he had “nothing to apologize for” in his remarks，从目前的希腊经济危机到美国的总统竞选，内容丰富，题材广泛。这些丰富鲜活的语言资源可以满足学生多样化的阅读需求和兴趣爱好，因而可以最大限度地激发学生的读报兴趣。

学生通过教材接触的西方文化和风土人情是有限的，而报刊是学生拓宽课外阅读的首选材料。通过阅读英语报刊，让学生接触到大量鲜活的社会文化信息，耳濡目染地感受文化。例如Culture Insider：7 things you may not know about Summer Solstice;What are they trying to do to Prince George – turn him into Pinocchio？从中国夏至到英国的王子，不同的传统和文化熏陶，可以帮助学生认识到汉、英两种语言之间的差异，不断吸收地道的、符合英语思维的表达习惯。

2.英文报刊辅助教学

目前，网络的普及对新时期的英语报刊学习产生了巨大的影响，为之提供了更广阔的发展空间。网络报刊资源日益丰富，只要输入online newspaper，就能轻松找到成千上万个网络报刊的链接。近几年，随着智能手机的普及，各大媒体纷纷推出自己的app，这为电子报纸的推广起到了极大的促进作用。对广大英语爱好者而言，新技术的发展无疑是一福音，极大地丰富学习资源，随时随地地学英语的时代已经到来。

以报刊为基础的活动和任务可以给学生提供具有实际意义的有价值的语言训练，可以促进听说读写技能的全面发展。

英语教师可以把英文报刊内容引入课堂教学。在阅读课堂上，教师可利用英语报刊的丰富英语语言资料，帮助学生接触大量鲜活的语言，进而提高学生获得信息的能力。这要求教师课前备课，精心挑选语料，并设计教学活动，如略读（skimming）训练、查读（scanning）训练，抑或是词汇拓展训练。每次阅读课如果添加10至15分钟的读报训练，不但可以帮助学生了解天下大事，学习和巩固许多英语语言知识，而且可以提高学习兴趣，拓展学习范围。在听说课堂上，英文报刊内容的巧妙运用，会使听说课堂情趣盎然。笔者常常运用的方法是在听说课堂开辟15至20分钟的“What’s new today” 教学环节。其教学组织形式可以分为听说两大类。听力训练要求任课教师课前选编好5分钟新闻录音，课堂播放（可以是多个录音片段，或多个新闻简讯），并设计好相应的听后训练任务，如匹配练习、回答问题和填空练习等; 口语训练可以安排学生分享新闻，（学生朗读或报道一则他感兴趣的新闻并和其他同学一起讨论，也可以由教师提供新闻素材，由学生讨论等。

开展第二课堂：英文报刊阅读兴趣小组。除了课堂教学外，教师可以充分利用第二课堂，针对英语爱好者开设英文报刊阅读兴趣小组，引导、组织学生阅读英文报纸。学生学习科目多、业余时间有限，如果让学生自由阅读，可能会出现盲目、耗时、低效等问题。这时，英语教师的有效介入十分重要。英语教师应充分利用自身专业优势，认真读报（相对大量阅读），选出最适合学生的语料，供学生参考阅读，并相应的开展辅导、答疑、讨论等活动，让报刊阅读不再枯燥，成为真实的语言交际素材，进而培养学生的语用能力。

英文报刊阅读拓展训练：听力、口语、写作。论及英文报刊，通常人们想到的是其在阅读能力培养方面的突出作用。的确，阅读能力的培养极其重要，阅读是听、说、写、译的前提和基础，是语言知识和文化信息输入的主要渠道。但是，英文报刊的应用绝不止于阅读能力的培养，如果英语教师精心设计、巧妙利用，完全可以利用英文报刊进行拓展训练，辅助培养听力、口语和写作能力。目前互联网上有很多英语学习网站（如VOA英语网，普特听力网）都提供了大量的英语新闻听力训练资源（可以在线，也可以下载;既有音频又有视频，并且提供字幕或文本），还有些英语学习网站专门推出新闻听力训练活动：填空、排序等。与听力训练相比较，如何利用英文报刊培养学生的口语、写作能力是一个比较新的研究领域，亟待开发。因为口语和写作属于语言输出能力培养，其能力是建立在大量的语言输入（听、读）的基础上的，所以教师在辅助设计时应充分考虑其延续性和拓展性。如口语训练建立在新闻听力之上，即先听后说。同样，写作训练可以安排在阅读训练之后，即先读后写。如记笔记，边读边做摘抄（词汇、句子），帮助培养写作基础能力;写读后感或评论，巩固阅读成果，应用所学词句;也可通过报纸广交笔友，交流读报的心得体会，让学生体会到学以致用的感觉。

总之，英文报刊阅读在高职英语教学中不仅可以弥补课本的不足，而且可以在学生感兴趣的阅读过程中提高他们听说读写的综合能力，并让学生通过英文报刊这个鲜活的语料库更好地与社会交流，实现有意义的交际，进而在内容的沉浸中达到语言习得的目的。所以，英语教师应该大力推进英文报刊在课堂和课外的应用，并进行有效的教学设计，从而辅助学生有效地利用课堂内外的时间，提高英语交际应用能力。

参考文献：

[1]李良红.英文报刊阅读在大学英语教学中的作用[J].长春教育学院学报，2014（19）.

[2]张亚.网络英语报刊阅读在英语专业学生自主学习中的辅助作用[J].牡丹江大学学报，2013（08）.

[3]周建.因特网信息资源支持下的英语报刊阅读课教学设计：实践与探讨[J].成都大学学报（教育科学版），2007（6）.

英文个性签名 篇4

1、Never stop believing in yourself.永远不要停止相信自己。

2、Sorry, I do not love you.对不起，我长不出你爱的模样。

3、Could not pledge that her future, can only bit by bit break off hers hand.承诺不了她的未来，只能把她的手一点一点掰开。

4、Refused to ambiguous，I have a man.拒绝暧昧，我有男人。

5、Lost to marry me, marry you win.输了嫁给我，赢了娶你。

6、Reality is reality too.是现实太现实。

7、To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.对于世界而言，你是一个人;但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。

8、No measure of time with you will be long enough.和你在一起，天长地久都不够。

9、Someone said, my love, I just thought.有人说，我的爱情只是我的自以为。

10、You never know how much cared, until you lose each other.你永远不知道有多在乎，直到你失去彼此。

11、It is because of heart bottom touch that empty, so he just so painful.就是因为触碰到心底的那一点空，所以才会那么痛。

12、If love, please cherish.若相爱，请珍惜。

13、Even if the reality is riddled with injuries also have to accept unarmed.就算被现实伤的千疮百孔也得手无寸铁的去接受。

14、The wind such as flower of time, and you become the most beautiful ornament.风吹起如花的流年、而你成为最唯美的点缀。

15、Dont surrender to this dark woeld.别向这个混蛋的世界投降。

16、You said, love is too deep but dont let their destruction.你说过，爱的太深却不要让自己沉沦。

17、I will cherish every good to me.我会珍惜身边每一个对我好的人。

18、Im just folk.I have mood swings.我只是个平凡人，我也有我的小情绪。

19、。You’re my Achilles heel.你是我无法抗拒的弱点。

20、If I change shape, and you forget the time.若不是我变了摸样，便是你淡忘了时光。

21、We share so much together.我们分享生命 中的每一天。

22、I love very much, a minute only love you sixty seconds.我的心爱得不多，一分钟只爱了你六十秒。

23、You love or not love me, know the time.你爱不爱我，时光它知道。

24、Prefer loss to unjust gain.宁可吃亏，不贪便宜。

25、The colour of a sad, sad haunted, sadness and me company.泛着忧伤 的色彩，悲伤 萦绕，忧伤和我作伴。

26、Happy, stop, rain, you turn and later in fall.快乐，停止了，雨滴，在你转身以后 落下。

27、Delay is the deadliest form of denial.拖延其实就是最彻底的拒绝。

28、I hope you understand what I.我希望你能懂我。

29、Love is so short, forgetting is so long.爱那么短，可是遗忘那么长。

30、Love is a carefully designed lie.爱情是一个精心设计的谎言。

31、Heart gets cold and love gets tired,its inevitable when you experience love.心会冷爱会累，这都是爱情必经的过程。

32、Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.任何值得做的，就把它做好。

33、For you, I have only to remember the identity of strangers.对于你，我始终只能以陌生人的身份去怀念。

34、f you e not. I would never abandon.你若不离，我则不弃。

35、I love you not because I need you.我爱你并不是我需要你。

36、Love me little, love me long.爱不贵亲密，而贵长久。

37、A person quiet a person cry movie clips, the whole world is sad.一个人安静一个人哭泣散场电影，全世界伤心。

38、Recall the broken then do not put toge.回忆碎了便拼凑不回来了。

39、Lonely lonely, I am still thinking about someone.孤独寂寞的时候，我会静静的想着某人。

40、Smile though your heart is aching. Smile even though its breaking.尽管心痛甚至心碎也要微笑。

41、The last love is letting go.最后A疼爱是手放开。

42、Sometimes goodbye is the only way.有时候，除了说再见，无路可走。

43、Miss become habit, forgotten become habit, lonely become habit.想念变习惯，遗忘变习惯，孤单变习惯。

44、Everyone has a sad, want to hide but he who denies all confesses all.每个人都有一段悲伤，想隐藏却欲盖弥彰。

45、Dram,as if you never wake up.做梦吧，好像未曾醒来。

46、Does not belong to me,I will let go.不属于我的 我会离开。

47、Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的`。

48、Tears are no color of blood.眼泪是没有颜色的血。

49、Until all dreams has broken, didnt see your tears and regret.直到所有的梦已破碎，才看见你的眼泪和后悔。

50、Im just a prisoner of love.我只是做了爱情的奴隶。

51、I’m tired of people who judge me without knowing my history.我讨厌那些不了解我，却对我指手画脚的人。

52、Shout it from the sea.来自深海的呼喊。

53、Very love hurts us to each other.很爱过，很痛过，我们为了彼此而活。

54、Sadness into the river upstream, I for who the desperate.悲伤逆流成河，我为谁而不顾一切。

55、One of the keys to happiness is a bad memory.想要得到幸福的关键之一就是你要学会健忘。

56、No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, wont make you cry.没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。

57、Strong desire is the starting point of all achievemen.强烈的欲望是取得任何成就的第一步。

58、You make my heart smile.我的心因你而笑。

59、No man cool call back yesterday.时光流逝，不可复得。

60、Got to lose, is always better than never gets no more cuts.得到了再失去，总是比从来就没有得到更伤人。

61、I never told you, I wanna hold you.我从未告诉你，我想拥抱你。

62、He misses her, but he missed her.错过只在一瞬，思念却是一世。

63、to get over you is the hardest thing in the world.遗忘你，是世界最难的事情。

64、Hold hand. and marriage.执子之手，与子偕老。

65、I pretended to be indifferent to it.我假装无所谓才看不到心被拧碎。

66、Eternity is not a distance but a decision.永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。

67、The more you care, the more you have to lose.在意的越多，失去的就越多。

68、I am a slow walker , but I never walk backwards.我走得很慢，但是我从不倒退。

69、It’s too late to move back, yet too early to move on.想回头，已经太迟了; 想开始， 又觉得太早。

70、A lot of things, we can be touched, but can not shed tears.很多事情，我们可以感动，却不能流泪。

71、Held your hand, as if threads on your fingers around.握过你的手，仿佛余温在指尖缠绕。

72、Come to an end only lonely melancholy is a taste of life.曲终人散只有孤寂惆怅才是生活的原味。

73、Miss a persontwo people of the picture.一个人想念两个人画面。

74、I was waiting for your attention till my heart says no.等待你的关心，等到我关上了心。

75、The wind is too with the pain you give is blown away.风太带大你给的痛却吹不散。

76、Sometimes, only a tear, we completely clear sight.有时候，惟有一场眼泪，我们才彻底清晰了视线。

77、I love you not because I need you cjx.我爱你并不是我需要你。

78、Luck is a matter of preparation meeting opportunity.幸运，其实就是准备遇到了机会。

79、No one is in charge of your happiness except you.没人能决定你的幸福，除了你自己。

80、When I leave I choose to stick to even know that this decision was wrong.在离开的时候我选择坚守即使知道这样的决定 是错的。

81、Did meet, the total is better than never to meet.曾经相遇，总胜过从未碰头。

82、You are in my heart.你在我心里。

83、Without you by my side, I will be better off than you.没有你在我身边，我会比你过得更好。

84、Won the world to lose you.赢了世界输了你。

85、Since the break up, do not together.既然分手了，()就不要在一起。

86、Love soaked in paper, deduce sadness.爱情浸过纸，演绎忧伤。

87、And to the whole day through.每一分每一秒直到一天结束。

88、In the end, I have not found half drops of tears, commemorates our love.到最后，我竟找不出半滴眼泪，来纪念我们的爱。

89、And then deep memory, also has forgotten the day.再深的记忆，也有淡忘的一天。

90、One word frees us of all the weight and pain in life.That word is love.有一个词可以让我们摆脱生活中所有的负担和痛苦，那就是“爱情”。

91、We are together.我们在一起吧!

92、No promise, only said not over of lies.没有不变的承诺，只有说不完的谎言。

93、If love is the representative of the happiness, that what is happiness.如果说爱情是幸福的代表，那幸福又是什么。

94、Alone a person cannot feel happiness.独自一个人无法感受幸福。

95、A ray of sunshine, outline for you my all memory.一缕阳光，勾勒出我对你所有的记忆。

96、Love are treading on thin ice, but the pain ruyingsuixing.爱情 如履薄冰，痛苦却如影随形。

97、Eternity is not a distance.永远不是一种距离。

98、I love your heart is not your face.我爱的是你的心不是你的脸。

99、Love is not a matter of counting the days. Its making the days count.爱情不是数着日子过去，它让每个日子都变得有意义。

100、The Most Beautiful Thing is Loving You.暗恋是一种幸福的寂寞。

101、Distance makes the hearts grow fonder.距离使两颗心靠得更近。

102、Im fine, thanks for not asking.我很好，谢谢你的不在乎。

103、Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的事，就值得做好。

104、I always miss you ,so i miss you,so i miss you,so i miss you so much now.我总是逃避你，于是我错过了你，终于我失去了你，以至于此刻的我如此地想念你。

英文个性签名 篇5

第2条 昨天已经成为历史，何必再去纠结?

第3条 The first of them was all together, but he passed by.

第4条 只要你愿意，我可以一直在你身边。

第5条 Once you said you loved me. Now you say you loved.

第6条 I like you, this is the fact that will never change.

第7条 我喜欢你，这是永远不会变的事实。

第8条 Once a goal is chosen, it is futile to do more.

第9条 你的女人不一般，一般女人没法比。

第10条 The most humble but feeling, the cold is the heart.

第11条 时间像弹簧，可以缩短也可以拉长。

第12条 女人要的是资本，男人要的是本色。

第13条 不甘心失去就要去努力争取不是吗。

第14条 The bird is small, but it plays the whole sky.

第15条 I’m in love with you, but I don’t mean you’ve got me.

第16条 太过年轻的爱，注定只是一时冲动。

第17条 花谢了的那一刻。泪流了的那一刻。

第18条 没有什么过不去，只有再也回不去。

第19条 曾经你说你爱我。现在你说你爱过。

第20条 Nothing but memory can last forever.

第21条 Do not love you, but you can do nothing.

第22条 一人做事一人当，小叮做事小叮当。

第23条 Left hand, right hand. I don’t know whether to reach out or let go.

英文爱情个性签名 篇6

2、I love is foreverEven if you do not love meI will still love down.我爱上人就是一辈子。即使你不爱我了。我还会爱下去。

3、No man or woman is worth your tears,and the one who is ,won’t make you cry.没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。

4、Three men in the gameNot loved man is small three.三个人的游戏里。不被爱的人才算小三。

5、I will not crave world stop turning I know escape at all to no avail.我不会奢求世界停止转动，我知道逃避一点都没有用。

6、If streams can stayThen I can stop missing for you.如果溪水可以停留，那我才能停止对你的思念。

7、I love you not because of who you are,but because of who I am when I am with you.我爱你，不是因为你是一个怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉。

8、Who travels for love finds a thousand miles not longer than one.在爱人眼里，一千里的旅程不过一里。

9、Fall in love with your smile, want to in sunny day with you, abuts troubles into bubble.爱上你的微笑，想在晴天与你紧靠，把烦恼都变成气泡。

10、I am willing to abandon the world just to protect you.我愿意舍弃全世界，只为了保护你。

11、You say the love herI smiledLaugh heart pain.你说着爱她，我笑了，笑的心都疼了。

12、The soul cannot live without love.灵魂不能没有爱而存在。

13、Love is the greatest refreshment in life.爱情是生活最好的提神剂。

14、You can always give I warmth, and the hearts of warmth is think of you.你总是能给我温暖，我心中的温暖就是想起你。

15、If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden.假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。

16、Brief is life, but love is long.生命虽短，爱却绵长。

17、I think I love you enoughUnexpectedly someday youll doesnt love meTo love her.我以为我爱你就够了。没想到有一天你会不爱我。去爱她。

18、If I know what love is, it is because of you.因为你，我懂得了爱。

19、Women of the world not just meLove you so so silly woman how will a second.全世界的女人不只我一个，如此爱你如此傻的女人怎会有第二个。

20、I need him like I need the air to breathe.我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。

21、Love is a vine that grows into our hearts.爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。

22、If equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me.如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。

23、No matter how longI love you are still so.不管多久，我爱你都依旧如此。

24、The darkness is no darkness with thee.有了你，黑暗不再是黑暗。

25、At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet.每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。

26、Whatever you chooseI love youIs my business.无论你怎样选择，我爱你，是我的事。

27、Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one,so that when we finally meet the person,we will know how to be grateful.在遇到梦中人之前，上天也许会安排我们先遇到别人；在我们终于遇见心仪的人时，便应当心存感激。

28、The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can’t have them.失去某人，最糟糕的莫过于，他近在身旁，却犹如远在天边。

29、Never frown,even when you are sad,because you never know who is falling in love with your smile.纵然伤心，也不要悉眉不展，因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。

30、My little emotionYou can only smile at meCan only be good to me.我的小情绪，你只可以对我笑，只可以对我好。

31、Just because someone doesn’t love you the way you want them to,doesn’t mean they don’t love you with all they have.爱你的人如果没有按你所希望的方式爱你，那并不代表他们没有全心全意地爱你。

32、Love is blind.爱情是盲目的。

33、To want to have more strong, just cant forget.要有多坚强，才敢念念不忘。

34、Please dont because I love youJust trample.请不要因为我爱你，就随便践踏。

35、Im not beautifulDont turnedNot gentlenessBut I love you more than about it.我不明媚，不倾城，不温柔，但是我爱你不止说说。

36、Because of youI gave up a little guilty of single life.因为你，我放弃了潇潇洒洒的单身生活。

37、Turned awayWe become road armourOur love be your memory.转身走开，我们成为路甲人，我们的爱成为回忆。

38、We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us.如果没有人爱我们，我们也就不会再爱自己了。

39、When love is not madness, it is not love.如果爱不疯狂就不是爱了。

40、I dont believe everlasting love will one day, because I only love you more and more each day.我不相信永远的爱,因为我只会一天比一天更爱你。

41、As long as you needI am willing to do all thingsOur love more and more not pure.只要你需要，我愿意做所有事情，我们的爱越来越不单纯。

42、I love you a lotThe but again choose lonely.我爱你很多，却又选择寂寞。

43、Why take dignity to retain a persons changed heart.何必拿尊严去挽留一个人的变了心的人。

44、Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes.爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。

45、You are in the world of the southern I in the world the northBut still could not prevent my missing for you.你在世界的南端，我在世界的北方，但仍然阻挡不了我对你的思念。

46、Where there is great love, there are always miracles.哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。

47、There is no remedy for love but to love more.治疗爱的创伤唯有加倍地去爱。

48、Don’t cry because it is over,smile because it happened.不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。

49、To the world you may be one person,but to one person you may be the world.对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某人，你是他的整个世界。

50、A heart that loves is always young.有爱的`心永远年轻。

51、Suddenly it was sadBecause you dont love me anymore.突然很伤感，是因为你不在爱我了。

52、Look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me.看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。

53、One day I will forget you I have no very expect nor feel frustrated I just know someday.有一天我会忘记你，我没有很期待，也没有觉得失落，我只是知道有那么一天。

54、Fall in love with youI dont have the slightest regret.爱上你，我一点都不后悔。

55、Don’t try to hard,the best things come when you least expect them to.不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。

56、Love is not a magnificent and victorious oath, but flatly light company.爱情不是轰轰烈烈的誓言，而是平平淡淡的陪伴。

57、I the short-time tenderness, as long as you life-long companion.我不要短暂的温存,只要你一世的陪伴。

58、Since I am not putThen I will not go toBecause I love you.既然我放不下，那么我就不去想。因为我爱你。

59、Being happy is very simpleAs long as you love meI love you.幸福其实很简单，只要你爱我，我爱你。

60、Love not so easyEveryone has her temper.相爱没有那么容易。每个人都有她的脾气。

61、Love is like the moon, when it does not increase, it decreases.爱情就像月亮，不增则减。

62、Within you I lose myself, without you I find myself wanting to be lost again.有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。

63、Since I left the bum always around me, never stop.自从我走了之后思恋一直围绕着我，从未停止。

64、Distance makes the hearts grow fonder.距离使两颗心靠得更近。

65、Whether love to deep boneJust calculate profound.是不是爱到深入骨。才算深刻。

66、Love never dies.爱情永不死。

67、Don’t waste your time on a man/woman,who isn’t willing to waste their time on you.不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间。

英文签名设计 篇7

Commercial aviation is an ultra-safe system[1,2,3].Commercial aircraft flight decks made emergence of many safety-critical factors,induced by internal operations and external environment.The cockpit provides resources and system user-interfaces for flight management and situation awareness.Environment,flight parameters,ATC requests,time pressure as well as other internal and external factors constantly change during the flight.The only things that do not change during the flight are standards and operational goal-for flight safety,efficiency,and comfort reasons.Therefore,flight crews follow Standard Operating Procedure(SOP)to complete tasks and ensure safety.In abnormal situations,such as system malfunction or extreme weather condition,abnormal procedures are typically used for trouble-shooting and recovery.Operational documentation is regularly improved using experience feedback for normal,abnormal,and emergency situations[4].The onboard documents can be categorized into four kinds of documents:flying documents,which are related to all flight operations;systems documents,which include systems′theory,principles,and controls;navigation documents,which are the charts that pilots use on the flight deck;and performance documents,which provide operational data for all flight phases such as takeoff,landing,and go-around[5].

Pilots are familiar with paper-based manuals,which are easy to use,tag,mark,and retain,but difficult to carry.Nobody can permanently remember all procedures and technical knowledge,particularly,under time pressure.Pilots are well-trained on searching and performing procedures under all kinds of situations,sometimes moving from one manual to another manual.For example,in“RA 1+2Fault”(i.e.,Radio Altimeter 1and 2failed)on A320,the summarized procedures combine information from the navigation chapter and flight control chapter(at landing gear extension,flight controls revert to direct law in pitch,as well as in roll)from Flight Crew Operating Manual Volume 1and Volume 3.For the last two decades,the shift from paper to electronic documentation has been discussed,modeled,and partly operationalized[6].Airbus and Boeing are currently improving onboard information systems,for instance,Onboard Information System(OIS)for A380 and Class III of Electronic Flight Bag(EFB)for B787.Note that current documentation is still context-free.However,pilots have to know and understand how to find the right information in the right part of the right manuals.

We claim that electronic documentation,renamed“onboard information system(OIS)”,contributes to improving the perception and comprehension of the current situation,as well as supporting decision-making and action-taking[7].In this paper,we will not demonstrate the full capacity of context-sensitivity compared to current paper-based operational documentation,but will provide a first contribution to the maturity process toward a safer,more efficient,and comfortable context-sensitive OIS.Furthermore,an OIS is no longer only an additional static repository of knowledge,but a real onboard system in its own right,such as on the A380[8].

1 Context-Sensitivity

The Onboard Context-Sensitive Information System(OCSIS)concept was developed on a tablet wirelessly connected to relevant cockpit parameters.OCSIS enables and requires new information formatting(e.g.,the concept of page is no longer relevant).In addition,OCSIS′s internal information is structured with respect to context.

Dey defined“A system is context-aware if it uses context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user,where relevancy depends on the user′s task”[9].Flight tasks(e.g.,cockpit preparation,takeoff,approach,and landing procedures)depend on flight phases.Each flight phase context can be segmented with respect to space and time,as well as normality,abnormality and emergency.More generally,meaningful context patterns must be understood and developed as indices of related useful,clear,and concise operational information[10].Therefore,the OIS should be re-organized and categorized into three levels[11]:

Level 1:Needed for flying.This is a judgment of the“must know”information covering all aspects of aircraft operation,points that the manufacturer has determined to be safety critical[12].

Level 2:Needed for training or testing.This includes philosophy of system design(i.e.,an explanation of why aparticular design alternative was selected);rationale for performing an action(i.e.,an explanation of why aparticular action alternative was selected).

Level 3:Needed for understanding and troubleshooting.This includes how the system works(i.e.,background for those interested in details not needed in day-to-day operation);diagnosis/troubleshooting(i.e.,details for examining subsystem interactions and finding problems whose symptoms are not readily apparent);and expert knowledge not likely needed in flight.

Pilots usually need Level 1information for operations.If they want to know more explanations of actions and reactions of the aircraft and procedures,they can easily refer to Level 2information.Level 3information is used to understand the working principle of the aircraft.

To structure the context and information,we usea high-level procedural knowledge representation,called“interactive blocks”or iBlocks[10],which includes a set of actions,a situation pattern(triggering conditions+context pattern),and post conditions(i.e.,goal+abnormal situations)(Figure 1).Consequently,iBlocks,representing situated procedures,enable incremental updating(i.e.content-wise)and re-structuring(i.e.context-wise).Take the example of the“Flaps Set”procedure in the approach scenario.Its triggering preconditions consist of“Flaps position”(i.e.,visible on the E/WD screen)and“Flaps handle position”(i.e.,visible on the Flaps lever).When the“Flaps position”on E/WD equals to the value of the“Flaps handle position,”then the goal is reached and the pilot can continue to next procedure;otherwise,apop-up window is displayed on OC-SIS to inform about an abnormal situation,and the“Flaps Locked”procedure needs to be executed.

2 Human-Centered Design Approach

A human-in-the-loop simulation(HITLS)is“a modeling framework that requires human interaction.This approach is typically called participatory design.The emergence of HITLS technologies,therefore,enables researchers and practitioners to investigate the complexity of human-involved interactions from a holistic,systems perspective[13]”.

HITLS can provide meaningful and useful user-centered feedback based on human factors metrics(e.g.,situation awareness,workload and usability indices)and user comments(Figure 2).Today,HITLS can be used early on during the design phase.OCSIS has been humancentered designed through a series of HITLSs and improvements toward an acceptable mature version(i.e.,incremental prototype development,test,and modification)[14].HITLS was developed and used on an A320flight deck simulator.

The model typically represents reality in a simplified way.The design of a system is never finished even though at some point,delivery is required.This is why maturity has to be assessed[16].The more OCSIS is being used and tested,the more new cognitive functions emerge and need to be taken into account either in system redesign,system training,or operations support.

From the early stages of design,it is very important to have professional pilots involved to set up a high-level prototype correctly.They help designers to describe stories applicable to the product being developed and how these historical events may be induced during the product operational phase.This is an important role of participatory design.Professional pilots participated in OCSIS design process from the beginning as well as in all testing sessions(i.e.,formative evaluations),providing experience feedback toward improving designs(Figure 3).

3 OCSIS Prototype

OCSIS was applied with Airbus 320information on the iPad.We adopted three information levels structure already described above.Take the Flaps lever set after engine start as an example.The action in cyan requires the pilot to set Flaps lever,which is the Level 1information that pilots need to know at that time(Figure 4).

Level 2information about this action(i.e.,also called“nice to know”)will be shown in white when the pilot selects the solid triangle icon at the beginning of the line.In this example,the pilot can read that,under certain conditions,flaps cannot be set after Engine Start(Figure 5).

Level 2information provides the pilot with useful explanations on Level 1information.Since Level 3information is deeper system knowledge,it is often required that pilots know it by heart.We did not take into account Level 3in current OCSIS development.

The Dynamic Color System(DCS)is designed toenhance the pilot′s perception and comprehension of the current situation.Different colors stand for different meanings that provide the pilot with a direct and swift status of procedures,which are consistent with Airbus′s philosophy.For examples,“Ready to do”actions are in cyan.Once the action is completed and OCSIS can access the related parameters′status,it automatically becomes“green”.In the current version of OCSIS,this kind of automation is done for only the rudder trim and parking brake parameters,which can be detected(i.e.,colors change automatically).In the future,more parameters will be automated.For all other parameters,the pilot marks them“DONE”manually(i.e.,the action line becomes green).The pilot can also postpone an action by selecting the“WAIT”button,and then the action line becomes amber(Figure 6).

“Initial Approach”and“Final approach”were developed for testing normal procedures.“Fuel Leak”and“Flaps Locked”were developed for testing abnormal procedures.Related malfunctions were generated on the flight deck simulator.In both normal and abnormal situations,flight and systems parameters were exchanged between the aircraft simulator and OCSIS.In an abnormal situation such as“Fuel Leak”,OCSIS will immediately inform the pilot by displaying a pop-up information window(Figure 7).Pilots can become aware of the problem through the pop-up window and start following actions.

They can then decide to perform additional procedures,immediately or later.If they choose to do it later,a reminder line(Figure 8)will be displayed at the bottom of the interface,which directs to additional“Fuel Leak”procedures.Therefore,context-sensitivity enables OCSIS to follow pilot′s action execution and awareness of procedure completion.In particular,OCSIS is able to remind action items that could be omitted by the pilot.

4 Formative Evaluations

OCSIS tests were carried out in three steps:

1)Conducting user-system interaction tests:Check if OCSIS could assist pilots easily and effectively;Conduct usability tests and cognitive walkthrough based on feedback from pilots while involved in flight operations[17].

2)Testing OCSIS′s ability of improving situation perception and comprehension:Evaluate OCSIS′s ability of improving situation perception and comprehension;Use an adaptation of SAGAT[18].

3)Finding the best location for OCSIS:Find the best physical location for OCSIS in the cockpit;Test four options;Have pilots fill in questionnaires.

The first test was carried out in August2014at HCDi′s simulator lab.Four pilots with flight experience were chosen as participants.We ran two sessions where pilots were requested to follow a set of procedures.During the first session,they used paper-based manuals.During the second session,they used OCSIS.Sessions were run a few days apart for each participant.The testing was conducted as indicated in Figure 9.

Pilot participants provided excellent feedback not only on assigned 7actions,but also on OCSIS look and feel,assessing display usability criteria(e.g.,color,buttons).Results showed that all pilots understood how to use OCSIS.They all reported that OCSIS was easy to hold and use.Pilots provided feedback on information icons,color,and size,which was used to improve user interaction with OCSIS.Results showed that all pilots,except one who said that size of the items was not big enough,felt com fortable with OCSIS information display and interaction.

Forboth perception and comprehension level of situation awareness,OCSIS failure triggering and automatic feedback were evaluated by pilots in Testing I.Pilots rated 9.5out of 10on failure triggering and 9.4out of 10on automatic feedback.All pilots understood every action in Testing I.

Based on pilots′feedback,OCSIS was incrementally improved on designs,prototype and integration:some of the icons had been changed;grey color was added to represent not applicable part for current situation;and 4optional positions for iPad in the cockpit were suggested by pilots(Figure 10).

The secondtesting was carried out in January 2015at a flight training center in China.22A320pilots participated in the testing,performing as aircrew in A320 simulators.They were divided into two groups:Group A had 12pilots(i.e.,6captains and 6first officers),they were required to come twice to perform the testing,with an interval of a few days between the two sessions(i.e.,session 1 with paper-based documents and session 2 with OCSIS);and Group B had 10pilots(i.e.,5captains and 5first officers)performed the same tasks only with OCSIS.Captains had 11 800flight hours average,and first officers had 1 450flight hours average.

During the testing,we observed in the“Fuel Leak”scenario,pilots easily established the failure and excluded the irrelevant procedures(e.g.,“Fuel imbalance”procedure).In the“Flaps Locked”scenario,OCSIS reduced the chance of wrong calculation of landing distance and approach speed.The results of user-system interaction questionnaires showed that 86%of the pilots understood how to use OCSIS and were satisfied with OCSIS,while 81%of the pilots were satisfied with all user interaction criteria.

For the comprehension level of situation awareness,25%of the pilots had difficulty understanding every action proposed on the QRH;most of them were First Officers.In addition,27.27%of the pilots had difficulty understanding every action proposed on OCSIS in the“Fuel Leak”scenario and 18.18%of the pilots had difficulty understanding every action proposed in OCSIS in the“Flaps Locked”scenario;most of them had English language limitations.

We made improvements to OCSIS based on testing II pilots′feedback on prototype and integration.We included“Engine Shutdown”and“Engine Relight”procedures in the“Fuel Leak”scenario.64%of the pilots preferred the iPad located close to each side-stick(Position 1in Figure 10).Therefore,a flexible arm was set up to hold the iPad near the side-stick on the right side of the simulator(Position 1).This location was tested in Testing III.

Testing III of OCSIS was held in June 2015with six pilot participants,and three additional pilots took Nielsen′s ten Usability Heuristics survey[19],using the same protocols and timelines as Testing I and Testing II.The results of user-system interaction questionnaires showed that every pilot understood and was satisfied with using OCSIS and with OCSIS′s user interaction,as well as the location of OCSIS in the cockpit.For the comprehension level of situation awareness,50%of the pilots understood every action in“Fuel Leak&ENG 1 Shut Down”while 83%of the pilots understood every action in“Flaps Handle Locked.”All the six pilots satisfied with the location of iPad in the simulator.Testing III led to improvements of OCSIS on checklist icons,quick maneuverability to specific procedures/menus instead of scrolling,the color of caution or warning pop-up message window.

5 Discussion

OCSIS was first designed as a piece of software to be used as a tangible interactive system(TIS)onboarda commercial aircraft.The main issue we had to solve was tangibility.Onboard paper-based documentation has been used from the beginning of aviation history and is tangible for pilots to grasp,handle and use.This is physical tangibility,but figurative tangibility should be tested[20].In this case,figurative tangibility is related to pilot′s situation awareness provided by OCSIS.We conducted testing studies based on a first set of methods and tools to assess figurative tangibility.The first three testing studies that were performed showed that this hypothesis was confirmed on a fully equipped cockpit simulator in realistic flight operations scenarios with professional pilots:①The Dynamic Color System provides dynamic situation awareness that increases flexibility of pilots′actions.Flexibility is an important dimension of tangibility[20].②When using OCSIS,pilots may decide to postpone an abnormal procedure and the system is able to remind them at an appropriate time.③Pilots have direct access to the first layer of operational information as well as to the other layers on demand by using OCSIS;this feature provides significant flexibility.④Global checks after each flight phase are possible,which improve flexibility in a high time-pressure situation.Meanwhile,some of the actions cannot be detected by the system,such as the call-out,double check,communication with ATC,or reading information from an instrument.⑤OCSIS connectivity with flight parameters provides useful affordances.⑥OCSIS knows about pilots′actions on cockpit instruments and provides redundant feedback(i.e.,this feature provides an embedded safety-critical cross-check).

6 Conclusion

The current version of OCSIS is a tabletbased application that integrates information that,if paper-based,is physically distributed in several manuals.OCSIS database is organized into meaningful context-sensitive patterns.Usability advantages and capabilities of the tablet have been operationalized in terms of tangibility,familiarity,and maturity of use.This research and HCD effort are based on both participatory design and agile development(i.e.,at the end of each phase,the system is testable in an HITLS environment).This is now typical for the design and development of tangible interactive objects(Boy,2014),and more generally tangible interactive systems(TISs)[20],where the problem is no longer automation but the search for tangibility.Modeling and simulation are very useful to explore possibilities and drawbacks of these TISs.The quality of both simulation capabilities and pilot participants is crucial[14].If the issues traditionally raised by human factors and ergonomics specialists when engineering work is done are now posed at the beginning of the design phase in a virtual world(i.e.,virtual engineering is part of HCD),new kinds of questions would emerge from this practice,that is,tangibility.Representation of context,identification of relevant contextual information,and actual interaction at the right time with the right information are key issues that needed to be further explored and developed.

Consequently,this research effort is not a classical human-factors experiment-based research based on existing systems,but a creative work based on experience and expertise.The goal was the creation of a human-centered system that would be useful and usable by professional pilots on a commercial aircraft flight deck for handling operations safely,efficiently,and comfortably.While this work needs more improvement and maturity,it provides a first account that should be further developed and tested in the near future.

摘要：飞行员使用纸质文件和机载电子设备辅助来执行程序以确保飞行的安全性、有效性和舒适性。机载情景感知信息系统设计用以在正常、非正常以及紧急情况下提供飞行、系统、性能和导航4个方面的操作信息。系统内容是由3层信息结构超链接组织的:必须知道的信息或涉及安全的关键信息(级别1);次要信息(级别2);以及需要理解的信息(级别3)。提出不管是自动显示还是人工选择显示的随情景感知的信息,都应使飞行员更容易在正确的时机获得适当的操作内容。机载情景感知信息系统采用“人在环路(HITL)”模拟,并有多名专业飞行员在模拟机上对该系统进行了测试。第一批的数据结果表明,机载情景感知信息系统的操作信息访问是可用且有用的,并且具有纸质文件所没有的特性。

英文签名设计 篇8

英文写作是高职院校英语专业开设的一门非常重要的专业课，一直倍受关注。相对于英语专业本科学生，高职院校录取的学生基础相对薄弱，在他们语言学习过程中写作往往被视为巨大障碍。学生的思路不清晰，不知道从何入手，怎么写； 语法基础差，用词造句错误连篇；知识储备不足，写作過程中感觉无话可说。这些问题几乎在所有高职院校的英文写作教学中普遍存在。教学效果不好，学生学习兴趣不高，成为英文写作课程亟待解决的问题。

二、高职院校英文写作课程教学设计

1.教学方法。任务教学法：教师通过引导语言学习者在课堂上完成任务来进行的教学。这是20世纪80年代兴起的一种强调“在做中学”（learning by doing）的语言教学方法。在写作课中，教师根据单元主题，布置具体的、可操作的课前、课中、课后任务，以达到学习和掌握语言的目的。

合作学习课堂模式：将学生分成若干小组，在教师的指导下，通过讨论、合作的手段，调动学生的积极性，让每位学生都投入到学习中来，共同完成小组学习目标。

翻转课堂：学生在课前完成知识的学习，在课堂中与老师沟通互动，教师对学生进行答疑解惑、帮助学生理解问题、引导学生应用知识等，从而达到更好的教育效果。

2.教学手段。依托空间大学城平台，微课等信息化教学手段，利用95后学生对互联网的喜爱与熟悉，提高学生学习兴趣，设计新型英文写作课程教学。世界大学城是一个以云技术为支撑的网络平台，以Web2.0、Web3.0、云计算等先进理念和技术为构建基础，动态集成了互联网的各种功能，为每个老师和学生构建一个功能强大的个性化网络学习空间。目前，长沙民政职业技术学院现已实现了世界大学城网络学习空间人人通的推广应用，依托空间进行的学校管理、教学与学习。

3.教学实施。

（1）课前任务一：阅读。语言技能的提高离不开语言输入和知识积累，而阅读正是学生获得语言输入的主要途径，离开了阅读的写作只能是无源之水。很多高职学生感觉到无话可写，很大一部分原因是因为其阅读量不够，语言输入过少。学生通过阅读可以积累词汇、句型、篇章、修辞、内容等知识，汲取可用于写作的营养。

课前任务二：视频学习。教师在课前录制微课，内容可包括：相关词汇、基本句型、框架结构等。教师将微课视频上传至大学城空间，要求学生学习，并记录重点。对于基础不好的学生来说，句型、语法的进一步巩固对于写作练习起到举足轻重的作用。在高职阶段的英语学习中，熟记背诵仍不失为一个快速见效的方法。建议学生在学习这些精彩的句子时，用笔记本进行摘抄，经常回顾，举一反三。

（2）课堂实施：答疑及复习——小组讨论——现场写作——教师点评。在课堂教学中，教师首先设立主题，并针对学生的课前预习中存在的问题进行答疑，随后进行词汇复习和句型练习。在知识复习过后，针对主题，教师组织学生进行小组讨论（4人一组），进行头脑风暴。讨论通常较为热烈，学生结合课前阅读的背景材料，加上自己的见解，罗列写作要点。在此环节，教师可以将学生讨论过程中出现的观点进行提炼，分类，并在逻辑上进行调整、优化，为接下来的集体创作做准备。

（3）课后任务：小组互批——二稿撰写——写作反思。在课后，教师要求以小组为单位，依照教师课上建立的评判标准，对其它小组的作品进行批改。读世界这一共同协作超文本编辑的功能，能使地理上分布在不同位置的用户通过网络来对同一共享文本对象进行查看和编辑。因此，学生可以在寝室上网，讨论，并对他组的作品进行修改，评论。读世界栏目下的文本编辑，可以记录修改人、修改原因、修改时间，并将修改人和上一编辑作者的内容用不同底色笔迹进行区分。每一次的修改，都会通知创建项目者（在这情况下为教师），因此教师可以很清楚的知道学生对作品的修改是否正确，掌握的知识点是否到位等。学生群组一稿修改后，教师再进行批改，并据此对学生的学习情况进行总结，记录，有针对性的对学生进行个性化辅导沟通。教师评阅后，要求学生小组依据修改意见撰写二稿，并记录此次写作训练的反思。通过二稿的创作，学生在不断修改的过程中使文章得到完善，加深了知识的巩固，而通过反思，学生能对自己的学习、练习进行主动思考，培养了学生独立思考的意识，对教师而言，也能获取学生对写作教学效果最直接、深刻的感受，从而获得教学启示。

4.教学成效与反思。通过实践表明，依托空间大学城的信息化英文写作教学设计，突出了学生的主体性，教师在教学的过程中发挥引导作用；通过95后学生们对电脑网络的熟悉和喜好，充分调动其积极性；利用翻转课堂的新型教学模式，实现学生课前学习，课中训练，及时反馈，加深了学生的印象；小组合作培养了学生之间相互协作的团队精神，而写作训练后的教学反思，可以促使学生独立思考，也给教师提供宝贵的教学启示。

然而，要实现此种教学设计，对学校的教学条件有较高要求，并非所有学校都能提供电脑与网络；与此同时，教师与学生可能需要花费加倍的时间和精力，这对师生都提出了更高的要求。这些问题都有待在今后的教学当中继续探索、解决。

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