国际法考研真题

国际法考研真题（通用7篇）

国际法考研真题 篇1

2010年复旦大学国际关系专业考研真题

政治学原理

一、名词解释（每小题8分，共80分）

1、绝对主义国家

2、寡头统治铁律

3、诺斯悖论

4、全方位政党

5、哈贝马斯的“公共领域”

6、《使民主运转起来》

7、民主和平论

8、迪维尔热定律

9、地方自治

10、社群主义

二、问题回答（每小题35分，共70分）

1、简述国家自主性概念的主要内容，并举例说明其在当今政治学研究中的应用。

2、简述理性选择理论的主要内容及其在当代政治科学研究中的地位和影响。

国际关系

一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分）

1、无政府状态

2、相互依赖

3、全球治理

4、特别提款权

5、英布战争

6、雅尔塔体系

7、上海合作组织

8、尼克松主义

9、京都议定书

10、中美建交三原则

二、简答题（每小题15分，共60分）

1、简述建构主义的国际体系文化观。

2、简述现实主义国际关系理论的发展、主要代表和成果。

3、简述90年代美欧关系。

4、简述胡锦涛同志的“和谐世界理论”。

三、论述题（40分）

论述2007年金融危机和经济危机对国际关系的总体影响。

2010年考研英语写作真题解析 篇2

Part A

真题回放

Directions:

You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead.

命题思路解析

这篇小作文考查的是告示类应用文。2009年8月出版的“考研英语大纲解析”中将小作文明确分为书信类应用文和告示类应用文两大题型,并详细介绍了告示的写作方法,具体如下:

标题应位于首行正中央;日期应写在标题右下方,与标题之间不应空行;正文写1～3段,5～7句即可;落款应写在中间偏后位置,与正文之间不需空行。

由于很多考生将复习的重点放在书信与摘要两种题型上,因而忽视了告示类应用文写作的练习。由此提醒大家,Part A的写作题目对书信类应用文、告示类应用文和摘要三大题型的考查可能性各占三分之一,考生在复习时应“一视同仁”。

值得注意的是,近两年考研小作文的考题均来源于近年的四级写作真题。2009年1月考研英语小作文的题目来源于2008年12月四级写作真题“Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags”。而此次考试的小作文题目来源于2006年6月的四级写作真题,题目如下:

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a poster recruiting volunteers. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.

① 校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动,现招募志愿者;

② 本次志愿者活动的目的、内容、安排等;

③ 报名条件及联系方式。

由此笔者提醒考生在备考过程中,除重视历年的考研写作真题外,还要关注近年来的英语四级、六级以及专业四级的写作真题。这些考试考查的重点与考研英语写作一样,也是大学校园生活与当今社会热点话题,考生可以相互借鉴,积累相关表达,背诵重要范文。

参考范文

Volunteers Needed

January 9, 2010

To improve students’ abilities and enrich their extracurricular activities, the Postgraduates’ Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on globalization to be held on April 10, 2010 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, strong professional spirit, cheerful personality, and be aged under 35. In addition, candidates are supposed to have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak both Chinese and English fluently. Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those graduate students who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before February 1, 2010. Everybody is welcome to join in it.

Postgraduates’ Association

范文详解

本文共六句话,110个词。首句为全文总论,阐述了本次志愿者活动的目的、内容、时间、地点、主办方等几大告示要素,运用了不定式短语作状语和后置定语等用法。第2～4句紧扣提纲,分别说明了申请者的三点基本要求,使用了平行排比结构和不定式短语作定语等用法。第五句提供了报名的方式、时间及地点,使用了定语从句。尾句采用了告示常用结尾句型。

范文中出现了一些亮点词汇,如enrich、extracurricular activities、professional spirit、cheerful personality、outstanding skills、fluently、preferred、sign up with等,并有效使用了语句间的连接词to begin with、 in addition和finally。

值得注意的是,在表达将来时方面,范文先后使用了现在进行时is recruiting、不定式短语to be held等不同方式。考生可以此为参考,积累多种表达方式。

Part B

真题回放

Directions:

Write an essay of 160～200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

① describe the drawing briefly,

② explain its intended meaning, and

③ give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2.

文字说明:佛、解构、人本、功夫、毕、儒、礼、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等。

命题思路解析

此次大作文的考查形式为图画作文,这已是考研英语写作第12次考查图画作文,相信考生应该不会陌生。图中的“火锅”里包含了诸多文化元素,可大致分为三类:一是古今中外科技与文学方面的文化名人,包括毕昇、老舍、莎士比亚和爱因斯坦;二是古今中外的文化术语,涵盖儒、佛、道、仁、礼、启蒙、人本、后现代和解构;三是中外文化艺术,包括京剧、功夫和天鹅湖。文字说明显示:文化“火锅”,既美味又营养。显而易见,本文的主题是一种正面观点:多元文化融合不但使世界丰富多彩,而且有益于社会进步。

值得关注的是,在2002～2010这九年期间,有四年的考研写作真题都是以“文化”为话题。2002与2010年分别考查的是文化交流与文化融合,2006与2009年考查的是偶像崇拜与上网成瘾这两大文化现象。这表明了“文化”这一话题为命题组重点关注的话题,因此考生在备考时应高度重视这一方向,千万不要以为同样的考题不会重复出现。

词汇解析

2010年的“考研英语大纲”有一个显著变化,即要求加大对词汇的考查难度,这就要求考生不仅需要掌握大纲词汇的中文含义,还需掌握大纲附录中提到的众多前缀、后缀及其他内容。此篇作文就响应了“考研英语大纲”的这一要求,图画中出现的众多文化术语难倒了不少考生。

其实,图画中的绝大多数词汇均不超纲。图中“火锅”一词可译为hot pot、chaffy dish或chafing dish;文化术语“道”“毕昇”“老舍”“功夫”可用汉语拼音直译为Dao (或Tao、Daoism、Taoism)、Bi Sheng、Lao She、kung fu;而“莎士比亚”“爱因斯坦”均为考生需要掌握的基本英美文化常识,应为Shakespeare和Einstein。

考研英语大纲词汇中有construction一词,意为“构造”,大纲附录中提到了前缀de-意为“解”,所以图画中的“解构”一词应为deconstruction;“人本”即为大纲词汇human,或加上大纲附录中的后缀-ism,形成humanism (人本主义);“礼”即大纲词汇ritual;“后现代”应为大纲词汇modern加前缀post-,形成postmodern或postmodernism (后现代主义);“天鹅湖”为两个大纲词汇Swan Lake;“启蒙”即大纲词汇enlighten加后缀-ment;“京剧”译为Peking Opera。

上述表达均非超纲词汇,真正考到的超纲词汇只有“儒”“仁”“佛”三个词,可分别译为Confucianism、benevolence和Buddha (或Buddhism)。作文的主题为“文化融合”,可译为cultural integration或cultural blending。而“多元文化”可译为multi-culture、mosaic culture或pluralistic culture,这些词汇均为考研大纲词汇或大纲附录的前后缀,考生只要认真复习大纲词汇,掌握大纲附录中前后缀的用法,就不会被这些词汇难倒。

参考范文

As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, there is a boiling hot pot containing various ingredients of multi-cultures. These pluralistic cultures can be categorized as cultural celebrities home and abroad as Bi Sheng, Lao She, Shakespeare, and Einstein, philosophical concepts as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, benevolence, ritual, humanism, enlightenment, post-modernism, and deconstruction, as well as performing arts as Peking Opera, kung fu, and Swan Lake. We are informed that the cultural “hot pot” is both delicious and nutritious.

The cartoonist implies that cultural blending should be encouraged and maintained. On the one hand, mosaic cultures are part of the universal heritage of humanity and are powerful means of bringing together diverse peoples and social groups. Consequently, cultural integration has become indispensable as a way of promoting further culture development and maintenance. On the other hand, for China, as for any other rapidly developing countries, there is a danger that age-old customs and traditions may become lost in the shadows of modernization. If kung fu, Peking Opera, or Swan Lake ballet ever perished from the earth, it would be a tragedy of immeasurable proportions.

In my view, multi-cultures should be kept alive, and are extremely vital in ensuring a community’s future development and prosperity. As a consequence of successful commercialization efforts, unwavering government support, and growing interests overseas, the future of cultural blending looks brighter and more secure than ever before.

范文详解

本文共三段、十句话、227个词。首段为图画描述段,共三句话,为“总—分—总”结构。首句为总体描述;第二句挖掘图画细节,将图中的文化名词分为三类,即文化名人、文化术语与文化艺术;第三句提出了文章的主题。此段使用了symbolically、illustrate、portrayal、boiling hot pot、philosophical concept、performing arts、delicious、nutritious等精彩词汇。在表达“多元文化”这一概念时,使用了不同的表达方式multi-culture和pluralistic culture,避免了语言的重复表达。

第二段是意义阐释段,共五句话,为“总—分”结构。首句是主题句,点出图画的象征寓意,也是全文的中心思想;第二、三句正面论证了这一主题;第四、五两句为反面论证。本段中使用了on the one hand、consequently、on the other hand三大关联词,使得段落结构清晰,逻辑严谨。同时,本段中出现了universal heritage、powerful means、promote further cultural development and maintenance、age-old customs and traditions、in the shadows of modernization和immeasurable proportions等精彩表达。在表达“文化融合”这一含义时,此段先后使用了cultural blending、mosaic cultures和cultural integration进行同义替换。

第三段是归纳结论段,共两句话,为“总—分”结构。首句为全文结论句,呼应图画的象征寓意;第二句为结束句,展望了美好未来,运用了比较级结构、平行排比结构以及介词短语作状语和后置定语的用法。此段先后使用了be kept alive、extremely vital、as a consequence、successful commercialization efforts、unwavering government support、growing interests overseas、brighter and more secure等精彩语言。

国际法考研真题 篇3

外交学、国际政治、国际关系专业初试试题

政治学原理625

一、名词解释（共6题，每题5分，共30分）

1、社群主义

2、罗伯特达尔

3、联邦主义

4、政党适应性

5、违宪审查

6、社会资本

二、简答题（共4题，每题15分，共60分）

1、简述新制度主义的各个流派

2、简述韦伯的官僚制

3、简述传媒的政治功能

4、简述政治革命的条件

三、论述题（共2题，每题30分，共60分）

1、结合中国实践，试论经济—社会体制变革的政治意义

2、结合具体国家的案例，试论形式民主、实质民主与国家治理的关系

14年人大国关综合试题（精准版）

一、简述

1、霍布斯自然状态理论及其国际关系含义（似乎考过，可是没重视真题，还好不难）

2、主流国关理论对相对获益和绝对获益的看法（似乎也考过了，崩溃啊）

3、马克思关于国际体系的观点（猜到了要考，没记住啊，编吧）

4、互惠战略对国际合作的意义

5、十六世纪哈布斯堡王朝扩张历程及其影响（耍流氓啊，严重超出通行现代国关的范围，果断放弃）

6、1911年摩洛哥危机及其影响（欲哭无泪啊，不过意料之中，果断放弃）

7、“日台条约”内容及其影响（这个似乎外交史中没有重点讲啊，继续编）8、80年代中苏关系正常化的三大障碍（彻底崩溃，就是去年的题啊）

二、论述

1、用国关理论分析防止核扩散机制 对国家安全合作的影响。

2、俾斯麦同盟体系的构成及特点。

国际法考研真题 篇4

名词解释

总体国家安全观

长周期理论

奥努弗

后行为主义

福利国家

混合代表制

简答题

political system失效的主要表现在哪些方面

战争与国家的建构关系

全球治理的核心内涵

民粹主义对国际关系的影响

论述题

试分析政党在政治运行过程中的地位和作用

考研命题人张剑解析考研真题 篇5

2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析

Text 2

A deal is a deal―except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along。

…

26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Para.1) is closest in meaning to

[A]condemning. [B]reaffirming。

[C]dishonoring. [D]securing。

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to

[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators。

[B]seek favor from the federal legislature。

[C]acquire an extension of its business license。

[D]get permission to purchase a power plant。

…

【答案解析】

26. 答案：C 【考点：猜测生词】

分析：本题要求考生根据上下文信息猜测生词reneging on的意思。四个选项如下：

[A]谴责。 [B] 重申。

[C]不遵守。 [D] 获得。

文章首段一开始，作者就暗示安特吉公司将不遵守交易规则：“交易就是交易――除非涉及到安特吉公司”。由此可知该公司违约的事实，并且就此还引起轩然大波：这家新英格兰的主要电力供应商上周宣称将……严格遵守核能规定的.长期承诺时，这在佛蒙特州激起了合情合理的愤怒。因此，reneging on 的意思应为“不履行，不遵守”，[C]dishonoring是正确答案。

27. 答案：D 【考点：识别正确信息】

分析：本题要求考生根据文意判断，安特吉公司签署2002年的协议时的意图。四个选项如下：

[A]从佛州营监管部门获得保护。

[B]寻求联邦立法机关的支持。

[C]获得蒙特业执照的延期。

[D]获得批准去收购一个电厂。

文章第三段提到，“这个冲突在2002年就开始显现了，那时该公司收购了佛蒙特州唯一的核电厂，位于弗农的一个老旧的核反应堆。作为获得州政府批准该交易的条件，公司承诺如果2012年后继续运营需获得州监管部门的许可。”显然，该公司在2002年作出承诺，如果在2012年后继续运营，必须获得批准，承诺的目的是为了让州政府批准它收购那里的一座核电厂。因此[D]get permission to purchase a power plant是正确答案。

……

国际法考研真题 篇6

Part A：传统阅读

Part A部分主要包括四篇传统阅读文章，笔者将从文章来源、解题原则和题型分析三个方面对这一部分进行讲解和评析。

文章来源

纵观历年考研英语传统阅读部分的真题，考生可以发现，这些阅读篇章通常来源于英美报刊的网站，例如《经济学人》(The Economist)、《新闻周刊》(Newsweek)、《时代周刊》(Time)以及《美国新闻与世界报道》(US News and World Report)等。所选的这些文章一般是近几年发表的，选题多是考生熟悉的人文科学、社会科学等，并不回避社会热点。

在本次考试中，Text 1选自《时代周刊》2011年4月的一篇文章，原文题目为“Herd Mentality”，主要谈论的是从众心理，属于社会生活类文章。Text 2选自Boston.com网站2011年4月的一篇文章，原文题目为“Vermont Yankee Plant’s Owner Must Honor Its Own Promises”，主要谈论的是美国某能源公司违背承诺的事，属于商业经济类文章。Text 3选自《科学家》(The Scientist) 2011年2月的一篇文章，原文题目为“The Evolution of Credibility”，全文围绕科学发现的可信性的证实过程这一话题展开论述，属于科普类文章。Text 4选自《经济学人》2011年3月的一篇文章，原文题目为“Enemies of Progress”，主要讲述了工会阻碍公共部门改革的问题，属于社会生活类文章。

在备考过程中，考生可以从著名的英文报刊网站上选择一些与考试中出现的篇幅相仿(400～500词左右)、话题类似的文章进行阅读练习，提前熟悉文章的语言风格、行文难度、思维逻辑和论述方法，这样在考试时就不会感觉陌生了。

解题原则

在本次的传统阅读部分，考生可以按照以往的解题思路答题：运用关键词定位原则和同义替换原则。下面我们逐一解析。

解题前——关键词定位原则

在解答传统阅读题目时，很多考生喜欢先细读文章，再去看题目，认为只有这样答题时才觉得心里有底。但由于个别词句和段落较难理解，运用这种方法的考生往往会迷失在阅读篇章的过程中，最后的结果是没有抓住文章中的重点信息，答题正确率也不高。在答题前，笔者建议考生先看题目，根据题目中的关键词回原文定位答案区域，即运用关键词定位原则。出题者在设置题干时通常会使用一些关键词，这些词是考生回原文寻找正确答案的线索，可以帮助考生找到答案出处。关键词通常包括明显的段落提示词、专有名词、数字、核心动词、时间等。考生可以利用关键词迅速回原文定位答案区域。例如，此次考试中，Text 2讲述的是新英格兰一家公司购买了核电站后，不遵守核能源的一些相关规定而引发的争议。考生在解答与文章对应的第26题至第30题时，就可以利用reneging on (Line 3, Para.1)、the 2002 agreement、Paragraph 4、the Vermont case、the last paragraph等题干关键词依次而下地将答案信息定位至原文第一、三、四、五和最后一段中。明确了每道题的答案区域之后，考生在解题时就不会再受到其他无关信息的干扰，可以通过仔细阅读答案所在的段落或区域，把原文内容与选项逐一对比，进行解题。

解题时——同义替换原则

考生在解题过程中要注意，出题者在设置正确选项时都是以原文内容为基础的，有的是选项直接用原文词句，有的是对原文句式进行了改写，但更多的是运用改写的方法对原文进行了同义替换，以增加试题的难度。因此，考生解题时首先要把握住原文句子的基本含义，然后在四个选项中寻找与原文内容一致的信息。下面我们以本次考试Text 3中的第31题为例进行具体分析。

例：According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its _________.

[A] uncertainty and complexity

[B] misconception and deceptiveness

[C] logicality and objectivity

[D] systematicness and regularity

解析：根据题干关键词first paragraph和the process of discovery，考生很容易在文章第一段中找到该题的答案区域，即原文第一段第二句话：“But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.”通过把原文和四个选项对比，考生可以发现，原文中的ambiguous and complicated与选项A中的uncertainty and complexity属同义替换，所以选项A为正确答案。

但此处笔者要提醒考生注意一点，出题人在设置选项时也会设置一些看似但并非是同义替换的干扰选项，给考生的答题造成一定难度，比如加大或缩小原文所述概念的范围。这就需要考生仔细对照选项与原文，谨慎答题。

题型分析

按照考研英语大纲的要求，传统阅读部分主要考查以下六种题型：细节题、主旨题、猜词题、态度题、推断题、例证题。虽然考查的题型众多，但是笔者提醒考生在备考过程中要分清主次，练习时应以细节题为主，其他题型只要能掌握大致的答题方法即可，因为其他题型的出题量很少。此次考试也印证了传统阅读部分仍以考查细节题为主的出题思路。

细节题主要考查考生对文中事实信息的理解和掌握，是考试中出现次数最多的题型。细节题有难有易，对于较容易的题目，考生可以根据题干关键词回原文定位答案区域，然后根据原文相关句子直接得出正确答案；对于较难的题目，考生需在回原文定位答案区域后，再根据原文内容进行推断，得出正确答案。正确解答这类题的关键是考生要耐心和细心。笔者在此提醒各位考生，备考时一定要把单词和句法复习透彻，以防因不认识个别词或看不清句式结构而导致失分过多。在本次Text 1后所给的五道题目中，前四题均为细节题，只有最后一题为态度题。接下来，我们以Text 1的一道细节题为例来具体分析。

例：In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ________.

[A] adequately probe social and biological factors

[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

[C] illustrate the functions of state funding

[D] produce a long-lasting social effect

解析：根据题干关键词Rosenberg’s book，考生可将该题的答案区域定位至文章第四段第二句：“Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.”通过将原文和四个选项对比，考生可以发现，题干中的fails to是对原文not enough的同义替换，选项A中的probe是对原文exploration的同义替换，原文中的social and biological factors在选项A中原词复现。所以，本题正确答案为选项A。

Part B：新题型

考研英语阅读理解Part B部分主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。该部分题型有如下三种，每年出题者会从中选取一种进行考查。

①选择搭配题(7选5)：出题者给出一篇总长度为500～600词的文章，其中有五处空白，要求考生根据文章内容，从文后所给出的6～7段文字中选择恰当的五段填入原文空白处。

②段落排序题：出题者给出一篇长约500～600词的文章，文章各段落的原有顺序被打乱，要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7～8段)重新排序。

③标题对应题：在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7个概括句或小标题，分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述，要求考生根据文章内容从中选出最恰当的五个填入文章的空白处。

考研英语阅读理解继2005年开始考查新题型以来，选择搭配题(7选5)被考查的次数最多，段落排序题次之，标题对应题考查次数最少。2012年考研英语阅读理解新题型考的就是选择搭配题(7选5)。对于如何快速、正确地解答选择搭配题(7选5)，笔者建议考生可以遵循以下步骤。

第一步，快速浏览全文，把握文章大致内容。

考生在阅读新题型文章时，一定要注意文章首段和全文重点词句(一些专有名词、段首句或段尾句)，通过首段和重点词句判断文章的大意。如果考生在短时间内无法掌握文章所讲的要点，理不清文章的整体结构，不知道文章的主旨大意是什么，那最好不要再重新阅读，以免浪费时间，此时建议考生边做题边阅读原文。就2012年的新题型来说，出题者所选的文章内容通俗易懂，结构也比较清晰。文章选自《新科学家》(New Scientist) 2011年7月的一篇题为“How Computers Can Cure Cultural Diabetes”的文章，主要讲的是计算机改变人们被动消费的趋势，属于社会生活类文章。

第二步，利用句间关系解题。

在解题过程中，考生要重点阅读原文空白处附近的句子，并在原文圈定关键的线索词(包括名词、动词、连词、代词等)，最后从各选项中寻找在内容和语法结构上都与原文衔接合理的选项，确定答案。

第三步，回原文检查，验证所选答案。

得出答案后，考生需将答案放回到原文中，通读全文，检查所选答案是否与文章主题一致，从而验证所选答案是否正确。

下面我们以2012年新题型第41题为例来具体分析。

例：The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 41

考研英语真题 篇7

Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.

Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by

(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.

(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices

(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.

(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

37. It can be inferred from graph 3 that

(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.

(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.

(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence

(A) revealed a cunning personality.

(B) centered on trivial issues.

(C) was hardly convincing.

(D) was part of a conspiracy.

39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

(A) generally distorted values.

(B) unfair wealth distribution.

(C) a marginalized lifestyle.

(D) a rigid moral code.

40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph?

(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.

(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.

(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.

(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

38. C was hardly convincing

39. A generally distorted values

40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

Part B

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)

Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)

Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)

This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.

[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.