新年计划英文版（精选7篇）
新年计划英文版 篇1
In the second eye, 20XX slipped like a naughty child, and a new 20XX came out of my head in front of me. Ha-ha! The new year has arrived, and I also have a new plan.
In our house, Im a good snack. In the past year, I always cant control my mouth. I always find an excuse: I am in the critical period of long body growth. It doesnt matter if I eat more. Oh! No, my height is 1.55 meters long, and I can become stronger in the transverse direction. The weight has reached 90 Jin. I have not even participated in the sports meeting. The new year, I want to hold his own small mouth, not on any delicacy all comers, to ensure their own health conditions, more exercise, long stature, less horizontal development.
I think there is a bad habit of writing homework. Its too close to posture. Because my eyes cant bear it. I also become a “four eye family”. The doctor told me that I still have a low degree now, it is false myopia, if it is correct posture, pay attention to eye use, or can remove glasses. Oh, good hope, I want to get rid of the bad habit of sitting in the new year, glasses, you wait, I will soon be with you to worship.
My family is about half an hours walk from the school. Before, my mother was not at ease, and I was afraid of wasting time. She was transported by battery car to me, which was neither electricity nor environmental protection. In the new year, Im going to school they go, because this section of the road to school early are familiar with the road, and also met with my classmates, not what to fear; and I do a lot of small cards at home, write English words, can walk in the back, time will not be waste. Mother saw my plan, which was both green and healthy, and nod agreed.
New years new year plan, new years new hope, refueling!
新年计划英文版 篇2
关键词：混合调强,调强放疗,肺癌,放射性肺炎
With the development of radiotherapy techniques,conformal radiation therapy(CRT)and intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)have been widely used in clinical.CRT is the premier treat ment choice for thoracic tumors in respect that this technique is simple,economic and reliable.However,CRT can not effectively protect OARs(organ at risk),such as the spinal cord and normal lung,in some advanced lung cancers with mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis.Under this circumstance,we have to apply IMRT though some studies have shown that IMRT may increase the risk of radiation pneumonitis due to enhanced normal lung volume that receives radiation at low and intermediate dose[1].To solve this problem,Mayo et al.[2]firstly applied hybrid IMRT in esophageal cancer,early lung cancer and recurrent lung cancer,which was inspired by hybrid IMRT in breast cancer[3].Data showed that hybrid IMRT could reduce the lung volume irradiated by low and intermediate dose.However,evidences were not strong enough to support the similar dosimetric advantages of hybrid IMRT in the radiotherapy for locoregionally and metastatically advanced lung cancer.Therefore hybrid IMRT was applied in those cases and the dosimetric characteristics were explored in this study.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Subjects
Sixteen cases of locoregionally and metastatically advanced lung cancer were randomly selected,among whom there were 14 male and 2 female with 8 cases at stageⅢa,7 cases at stageⅢb and 1 case at stageⅣ.All cases were unsuitable for CRT because tumors had been spread widely.
1.2 Treatment planning
Treatment plans were designed by using the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system(version 8.6)and treatments were delivered via linear accelerator(Varian Trilogy or 2100CD)with 6 MV photons.Two plans were designed for each patient:hybrid IMRT and full IMRT.The gross tumor volume(GTV)and clinical target volume(CTV)were contoured by our clinicians.The planning target volume(PTV)was generated with 5~10 mm-wide isotropic expansion of CTV.The prescription dose was 60~66 Gy on PTV(2Gy per fraction).The dose was calculated by the anisotropie analytical algorithm(AAA).The detailed plannings were as follows.
1.2.1 Hybrid IMRT planning
Each hybrid IMRT plan consisted of a four-field CRT plan and a ninefield IMRT plan.To reduce the spinal cord dose,the four-field CRT plan included one pair of anteriorposterior/posterior-anterior(AP/PA)fields which might deviate 0 to10 degrees from the patient’s sagittal axis according to the shape and location of the target and one pair of left/right lateral fields with a minor angle adjustment considering correlative locations of target and spinal cord.In IMRT plans,9 fields were setup equally around the patient.CRT plan was used as a“basic plan”for optimizing.CRT plan was delivered120 c Gy per fraction and IMRT plan was delivered the remaining 80 c Gy.The prescribed dose of CRT plans was mainly achieved by the AP/PA fields to restrict spinal cord dose within 3000~3500 c Gy.The final dose was the accumulative dose of two plans,while the prescribed dose was kept to cover at least95%of PTV.
1.2.2 Full IMRT planning
In full IMRT plan,9fields were setup equally around the patient and were designed to deliver the prescribed dose to at least95%of PTV.
1.3 Comparisons of dosimetric parameters
Dosimetric parameters included the minimum dose(Dmin),maximum dose(Dmax),mean dose(Dmean),conformal index(CI)and homogeneity index(HI)for PTV,while for OARs they were the Dmax for spinal cord,the heart volume receiving 40 Gy(V40),and the volumes of total lung,contralateral lung and ipsilateral lung receiving 5,10,13,20 and 30 Gy respectively(V5,V10,V13,V15,V20,V30)and the mean lung dose(MLD).The CI was defined as the product of Vt,ref/Vtand Vt,ref/Vref(CI=(Vt,ref/Vt)×(Vt,ref/Vref)),where Vt,Vt,refand Vrefrepresented the PTV,the PTV receiving the prescribed dose and the total body volume receiving the prescribed dose respectively[4].CI values ranged around 0~1 and the conformity increased when CI increased.The HI was calculated by HI=(D2-D98)/DT×100%,where D2and D98indicated the dose encompassing 2%and 98%of the PTV while DTmeant the prescribed dose.The dose homogeneity decreased when HI increased[4,5].
1.4 Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed in the form of x±s and the results of hybrid IMRT and full IMRT plans were compared with the two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test by SPSS(Version 17.0).The threshold for statistic significance was P values less than0.05.
2 Results
2.1 Isodose dist ributions and dose volume his-tograms(DVHs)of hybrid IMRT and full IMRT
Figure 1 shows the dose distributions of hybrid IMRT(left)and full IMRT(right)in a typical lung cancer case.Figure 2 shows the comparison of DVHs for PTV and OARs between the hybrid IMRT and full IMRT,which indicates volume irradiated by low and intermediate dose was significantly reduced when hybrid IMRT was applied.
2.2 Dosimetric parameters for PTV in hybrid IMRT and full IMRT
The Dmax of PTV showed no significant difference between hybrid IMRT and full IMRT.However,the Dmin was higher and the Dmean was lower in hybrid IMRT when compared with those in full IMRT.In addition,the dose homogeneity and CI were significantly improved when with hybrid IMRT rather than with full IMRT(Table).
2.3 Dosimetric parameters for OARs in hybrid IMRT and full IMRT
Table indicates that the Dmax of spinal cord and the V40 of heart in hybrid IMRT were higher than those in full IMRT.However,both of them met the clinical requirement.Hybrid IMRT demonstrated some improvement when compared with full IMRT in the lung region under low and intermediate dose.In hybrid IMRT,the V5,V10,V13,V15,V20and MLD of total lung,the V5,V10,V13,V15,V20,V30and MLD of contralateral lung and the V10,V13,V15and V20of ipsilateral lung significantly reduced when compared with those in full IMRT.Nevertheless,the V30of total lung,the V30and MLD of ipsilateral lung in hybrid IMRT were higher than those in full IMRT.The average V5of ipsilateral lung was similar in the two plans.
3 Discussion
Moyo et al.[2]firstly studied the dosimetric advantages of the hybrid IMRT applied in lung and esophagus cancer.In their study,3/12 cases were at stage I or II and 7/12 cases were recurrent.It was compared not only between hybrid IMRT and full IMRT but also between hybrid IMRT and CRT.Since those cases had locally spread tumors,CRT but not IMRT(including hybrid IMRT)would be preferred in regards of the radiotherapy reliability principle.Nevertheless,in our study,all cases were locoregionally or metastatically advanced lung cancer at stageⅢorⅣ,for whom it was difficult to administer CRT plan because tumors had spread much widely.Therefore,this study will serve as a supplement to Moyo’s research.
As IMRT fields are delivered in many directions,it generally produces more regions under low dose around PTV.Schallenkamp et al.[6]examined the MLD,V10,V13,V15,V20and V30as predictors of radiation pneumonitis in a study of 99 patients with lung cancer.It was concluded that the more irradiated lung volumes indicated the higher rate of radiation pneumonitis,which was more predictive under low doses(V10or V13)than under high doses(V20or V30).Moreover,they concluded that V10and V13were the best predictors of pneumonitis.This view was agreed by Yorke et al’s report[7]on pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.They revealed that the V5,V10and V13of total lung were more strongly correlated with complications than other evaluation parameters commonly used,such as total lung V20and MLD.The risk of radiation pneumonitis may be reduced with the reduction of the irradiated lung volume under relatively low and intermediate dose,particularly 5~15 Gy.
With the hybrid technique,the majority of prescription dose is achieved by the PA/AP fields of CRT,which may minimize the lung dose while increase the mediastinal dose.The spinal cord dose,conformal and dose distribution of PTV may be improved with IMRT.Hybrid IMRT theoretically has an advantage in the lung protection when compared with full IMRT.It has been also showed that V5~V15of lung in hybrid IMRT were significantly lower than those in full IMRT.Hybrid IMRT for lung cancer may reduce the risk of radiation complications
Organ motion has attracted great attention in IM-RT for lung cancer,in which tumor and the MLC leaves are moving simultaneously during treatment.This may cause dose aliasing errors when the motions are not synchronized.Duan et al.[8]showed dose variations of up to 11%~47%in phantom simulating respiratory motion with IMRT beams.Schwarz et al.[9]also noted a dose variation of 7%in the gross tumor volume of the lung in their computational investigation of motion effects on planned dose distributions.Moreover,they demonstrated an increased probability of exceeding normal tissue tolerances in the spinal cord.In hybrid IMRT,IMRT beams account for approximately 40%of dose distribution,so that the magnitude of dose aliasing errors resulting from concurrent organ and MLC motion is mitigated.
Furthermore,a large number of small area segments in IMRT may increase the calculation errors for some common used photon dose algorithms,especially for pencil beam[10,11].Carrasco et al.[12]reported dose aliasing errors up to 32%for the field less than 2 cm×2 cm.Again,the hybrid IMRT approach allows us to mitigate those potential errors to evaluate the dose of target and lung more precisely.
In conclusion,when compared with full IMRT,hybrid IMRT reduced the lung volume receiving low and intermediate dose which is associated with radiation pneumonitis,and reduced the dose deviations due to organ motion and calculation.Thus,hybrid IMRT technique has some advantages in radiotherapy dosimetry for locoregionally and metastatically advanced lung cancer.
参考文献
[1]ALLEN AM,CZERMINSKA M,JANNE PA,et al.Fatal pneumonitisassociated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for meso-the-lioma[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.,2006,65:640-645.
[2]MAYO CS,URIE MM,FITZGERALD TJ,et al.Hybrid IMRT fortreatment of cancers of the lung and esophagus[J].Int J.Radiat On-col Biol Phys.,2008,71(5):408-418.
[3]MAYO CS,URIE MM,FITZGERALD TJ.Hybrid IMRT plans?con-currently treating conventional and IMRT beams for improved breastirradiation and reduced planning time[J].Int J.Radiat Oncol BiolPhys.,2005,61:922-932.
[4]JIN DW,DAI JR,LI HX,et al.Comparison of seven intensity modu-lated radiation therapy plans for prostate cancer[J].Chinese J.Radi-at Oncol.,2005,14(1):47-51.
[5]WU QW,MOHAN R,MORRIS M.LAUVE A,et al.Simultaneousintegrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally ad-vanced head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomasⅠ:Dosimetric re-sults[J].Int J.Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.,2003,56(2):573-585.
[6]SCHALLENKAMP JM,MILLER RC,BRINKMANN DH,et al.Inci-dence of radiation pneumonitis after thoracic irradiation:Dose-vol-ume correlates[J].Int J.Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.,2007,67:410-416.
[7]YORKE ED,JACKSON A,ROSENWEIG KE,et al.Correlation ofdosimetric factors and radiation pneumonitis for non-small cell lungcancer patients in a recently completed dose escalation study[J].IntJ.Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.,2005,63:672-682.
[8]DUAN J,SHEN S,FIVEASH JB,et al.Dosimetric and radiobiologi-cal impact of dose fractionation on respiratory motion induced IMRTdelivery errors:A volumetric dose measurement study[J].Med Phys.,2006,33:1380-1387.
[9]SCHWARZ M,VAN DER GEER J,VAN HERK M,et al.Impact ofgeometrical uncertainties on 3D CRT and IMRT dose distributionsfor lung cancer treatment[J].Int J.Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.,2006,65:1260-1269.
[10]PAELINCK L,REYNAERT N,THIERENS H,et al.Experimentalverification of lung dose with radiochromic film:Comparison withMonte Carlo simulations and commercially available treatmentplanning systems[J].Phys Med Biol.,2005,50:2055-2069.
[11]JERAJ R,KEALL PJ,SIEBERS JV.The effect of dose calculationaccuracy on inverse treatment planning[J].Phys Med Biol.,2002,47:391-407.
新年计划英文版 篇3
【关键词】及物系统 中英文新年贺词 对比与翻译
一、引言
韩礼德的系统功能语法中的概念功能是指人们用言语来谈论对客观世界和内心世界的经验，用语言来描述周围环境中发生的事情和情形，主要通过及物系统来体现。及物系统将语言的表达分成六个过程：物质过程、心理过程、关系过程、行为过程、言语过程和存在过程。
新年贺词是指人们在新春佳节时对自己的亲朋好友予以美好的祝福。中国新年贺词的篇幅可长可短，且种类繁多，风格多种多样。国家主席的新年贺词既总结了过去一年的努力与成果，又展望了新的一年。
二、中英文新年贺词的对比与翻译
在习近平主席2015年中英文新年贺词中，物质过程、心理过程和关系过程的运用比较多，本文仅就这三种过程对中英文新年贺词进行对比分析和翻译。
1.物质过程的对比与翻译。物质过程是一个动作过程，它表示“做”某件事的过程，主要通过动词词组体现出来。过程中包括参与者和环境成分，参与者又包括了动作者、动作的目标，在不同的情况下有着不同的语义成分结构。如：
例1.（1）我们锐意推进改革，……（2）人民生活有了新的改善。（3）……南水北调中线一期工程正式通水，沿线40多万人移民搬迁，……
例2.（1）we pushed forward reforms with strong commitment…，（2）resulting in further improvement in people's lives. （3）…the first phase of the central route of Water Diversion Project from South to North was officially completed. More than 400 thousand residents along the route were relocated.
在例1的（1）小句中，“我們”是动作者，“推进”、是动词，属于物质过程，而动词后面的是动作的目标。在例2的（1）小句中，“we”是动作者，“put forward”是动词，属于物质过程，动词后面的“reforms”是动作的目标。由此可知，汉语和英语表示物质过程的语义成分基本相同，在一般情况下，译者可以按照汉语的意思直接翻译成英语。
在例1的（2）小句中，“人民生活”是动作者，“有了”是物质过程，“新的改善”是动作目标。例2的（2）小句中“resulting in”是物质过程，“further improvement”是动作目标。小句里并没有出现动作者，而“resulting”以现在分词形式出现。对比两个小句，可以看出汉语重意合，讲究形散意连，前文提到的因造就了后文的果，因果关系虽未明确表示，但读者能够明白。而英语重形合，有严谨的结构，明确表示出了该因果关系，“人民生活”则被译成“in peoples lives”做了范围。因此，译者在翻译的过程中要注意汉语中所隐藏的含义，并且为了译文的地道要适当调整语义成分，改变句子成分。
例1的（3）小句中，“南水北调中线一期工程”和“沿线40多万人” 是动作目标，“正式通水”和“移民搬迁”是物质过程。例2的（3）小句中，“the first phase of…to North”和“More than400…the route”是动作目标，“was officially completed”和“were relocated”是物质过程。两个小句中都没有出现动作者，例1中暗含“工程”和“人”被完成和重新安置，而例2中的英译文直接用被动形式表达出来。汉语中的被动句有两类，一类是有表示被动的词，一类是没有表示被动的词，句子的被动不言自明。例1（3）中没有明显的被动标志词但有被动的意思，所以例2（3）的英译文中直接用了被动句。所以译者在汉译英的过程中，要仔细分析汉语原文，辨别清究竟是主动形式还是被动形式。
因此，在汉译英的过程中，译者需要认真思考汉语所要表达的意义，然后根据其实际意义进行英译，并且适当调整相关语义成分和句子成分使译文更加符合英语习惯。
2.心理过程的对比与翻译。心理过程是一种心理活动的过程，它是主体对客观世界的感觉、情感和认知。心理过程有两个参与者：感觉者和现象。感觉者多是人，也有拟人化的动物；现象是具体的人或物、抽象的事物和事件。心理过程的运用多是为了表达强烈的内心感受。新年贺词作为一种表示强烈愿望和情感的方式，深深表达了习近平主席对人们的祝愿和感情。如：
例3.马航MH370航班失踪，150多名同胞下落不明，我们没有忘记他们，… We remember the more than 150 Chinese compatriots…
“我们”和“We”是感觉者，“他们”和“the more than 150 Chinese compatriots”是现象，“没有忘记”和“remember” 表示感情的心理过程。二者的语义成分相同。和汉语原文相比，为了突出习近平主席想要表达的强烈情感，英译文一开始便点出主要信息，用肯定表达“remember”替换了否定表达“没有忘记”，深切表达了对失踪同胞的想念。在汉语中，通常会用双重否定的方式表达肯定的含义来突出强烈情感，而英语中通常会用肯定的方式来表示。所以，译者在深刻理解原文含义的基础上，调整语义成分的结构和个别词语，突出表达原文所要表达的情感，增强译文的感染力。
3.关系过程的对比与翻译。关系过程是一种反应事物之间处于何种关系的过程，它是对客观对象的描述。关系过程可以分为三类：集约过程、环境过程和所有过程，每类又包括修饰型和认同型，其中修饰型有载体、关系过程和属性三要素认同型有认同者、关系过程和被认同者三要素，在不同类型中有着不同的语义成分。如：
例4. 开弓没有回头箭。This is an unstoppable train.
“开弓”是载体，“没有”表示所有过程，“回头箭”是属性；“This”是被认同者，“is”是集约过程，“an unstoppable train”是认同者。例4中汉语和英语的语义成分并不相同，但它们所表达的含义是相同的。在例4中，原文和译文的载体、集约过程和属性一一对应，可见，
由此可知，汉语和英语表示关系过程的语义成分相同，没有复杂的其他成分时直接翻译即可。若英汉两种语言表示关系过程的语义成分可能并不相同，甚至连过程的类型都不同，但二者所要表达的含义却可能是相同的，这就要求译者在翻译时注意两种语言之间存在的文化和表达的差异，不能生硬的直译。
三、总结
通过运用及物系统的三种过程，对中英文新年贺词进行对比分析和翻译，可以看出汉语和英语表示物质过程、心理过程和关系过程的语义成分有相同的一面，也有不同的一面。相同时译者可以根据汉义以直译为主，以灵活调整相关语义成分和句子成分为辅。不同时，译者需要深刻理解原文的含义，了解两种语言存在的文化和表达的差异，适当调整语义成分及其结构，合并和拆分相关小句，灵活翻译。
参考文献：
[1]Halliday M.A.K.An Introduction To Functional Grammar[M].London：Adward Anold，1985.
[2]Kress，Halliday：System and Function in Language[M].Oxford University Press，1976.
[3]何莎.温家宝上海世博致辞的批评性语篇分析[J].华中师范大学研究生学报，2011，108-111.
[4]胡壮麟，朱永生，张德祿，李战子.系统功能语言学概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
2012年奥巴马新年贺词英文版 篇4
2012年即将到来之际，美国总统奥巴马发表新年贺词称，新的一年将迎来“艰难的争论”和“困难的斗争”，但他真心希望美国人民会团结一心发展经济，并加强中产阶级的力量。With the New Year just around the corner, President Obama said there will be “difficult debates” and “tough fights” ahead but that he’s hopeful the American people will come together to grow the economy and strengthen the middle class.奥巴马在夏威夷与家人度假时发表每周演讲说：“毫无疑问，2012年会带来更多变革。在我们迈向新年时，我真心希望我们能够应对这些变革，并且变得更加强大，发展经济，创造就业，加强中产阶级的力量。”
“There’s no doubt that 2012 will bring even more change,” the president said in his weekly address from Hawaii, where he’s vacationing with his family.“As we head into the New Year, I’m hopeful that we have what it takes to face that change and come out even stronger – to grow our economy, create more jobs, and strengthen the middle class.”
奥巴马继续将2012年描述为对中产阶级来说“成败攸关”的一年，解释说：“在未来几个月里我们的行动将决定美国成为什么样的国家，以及我们希望子孙在怎样的世界中成长。” Obama continued to describe the year to come as a “make-or-break” moment for the middle class, explaining “the actions we take in the months ahead will help determine what kind of country we want to be, and what kind of world we want our children and grandchildren to grow up in.”
奥巴马对来年表示乐观，部分是因为立法者们一起努力延长了工资税的减免期限，而且美国公众广泛参与其中。他在争取美国民众在未来应对挑战中的支持时说：“很高兴能看到国会议员们为千百万工薪人员做些好事。但这是因为有你们发表了自己的意见，这一切才成为可能。你们有勇气相信自己的声音会带来改变。在一天结束时，这些让一切都发生了改变。你们有勇气相信自己的声音会带来改变。在一天结束时，它们改变了一切。”
新年贺词英文公函 篇5
1. 开业 opening of new business
dear mr. / ms,
we have opened at the above address a sales office for our products here in new york. we employ a staff of consultants and a well-trained service department which makes routine checks on all equipment purchased from us. we would be pleased if you would take full
advantage of our services and favourable shopping conditions. we fully guarantee the quality of our products. yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们已在纽约上述地址为我们的产品开设了一家办事处。我们雇有一个谘询人员和一支受过良好训练的服务队伍，可以为从我处购买的设备进行日常检查。 如果你能充分利用我们的服务和良好的购物环境，我们会很高兴。我们全面保证产品的质量。 你诚挚的
2. 建立办事处 establishment of new branch
dear mr. / ms,
owing to the large increase in the volume of our trade with this country we have decided to open a branch here, with mr. wang lo as manager. the new branch will open on 1st
march and from that date all orders and inquiries should be sent to mr. wang lo at the above address, instead of to our london office. we take this opportunity to express our thanks for your cooperation in the past. we hope the new arrangements will lead to even better results. yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
因在该国贸易额大量增加，我们决定在这里开设一家分支，由王洛先生任经理。新办事处将于三月一日开业，今后所有的订单和询价请按上述地址送到王洛先生那，而不是伦敦办公室。 我们籍此机会向您过会与我们的合作表示感谢，我们希望新的安排能产生好的`结果。 你诚挚的
3. 歇业 discontinuation of business
dear mr/ms,
with the demolition of our premises at the above address under a redevelopment scheme, the part of our business carried on there will be discontinued after the end of october. on monday, 1st october, we are holding a closing-out sale. stock on hand will be cleared
regardless of cost. there will be substantial reductions in all departments and in some cases, prices will be marked down by as much as one half. stock to be cleared is uivaled in both variety and quality. as the sale is likely to be well attended, we hope you make a point of visiting the store as early as possible during the opening days. yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
随着在经营重组计划下而取消的上述经营场所，该处的业务将于十月底后停止。在十月一日，星期一，我们将组织一次清仓销售，现有库存不论成本都将清售。所有部门都将大幅消价，有的商品折价会达一半。 清仓商品无论种类还是质量都无可挑剔。因此次销售参加人员可能较多，我们希望您在清仓销售期间尽早来。 你诚挚的 back to top
4.更改名称和地址 change of name and address
dear mr. / ms,
尊敬的先生/小姐， 在公司九月四日的会议上，我们公司的名称已决定改为
cnmiec李氏公司。同时公司由现在地址移到百老汇街3-6号。 如能把这些变化通知相关部门，我们将不胜感激。 你诚挚的
5. 新的任命 new appointment
dear mr. / ms,
we wish to notify you that mr. robert smart, who has been our representative in southwest england for the past seven years has left our service and therefore no longer has authority to take orders or collect accounts on our behalf. we have appointed mr. fred peterson in his place. mr. peterson has for many years been on our sales force and is
thoroughly familiar with the needs of customers in your area. we trust you will have good cooperation from him. yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们在此通知您，过去七年在英格兰西南任我们代表的罗伯特斯马特先生已离开我们公司，他不再代表公司接受订单收款。 我们已任命弗莱德彼特森代替他的位置。彼特森先生已在我们的销售部门任职多年，完全熟悉你地区顾客的需要。我们相信您和他能有好的合作。 您诚挚的
dear mr. / ms,
appreciate the confidence you have placed in us in the past and look forward to continued dealings with you. yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们高兴的宣布，由于六月一日我们公司将于该镇的d&w公司合并，成立新的cn/cm公司。新公司将在tripoli的 rue de toqueville六号办公，五月三十一日后所有信息请寄新地址。 我们感谢您过去对我的信任并希望继续与您来往。 您诚挚的
经典告示背诵
写作三步走：
写明相关信息，如时间、地点等->简单说明活动内容或背景->署名
一般告示类文体都需要写标题，如notice或者announcement。
告示类文体主要用于说明或者传达某件事情、某项活动等，重在言简意赅。 如果是关于活动的通知，需要说明活动的内容、时间、地点、参加人员范围以及其它必要细节。在告示结尾一般需要写上贴出告示的单位或者个人。
(1)directions:
suppose you are an secretary of the english department of x university. write a notice to inform the teachers and students of this department of a lecture on crosscultural studies.
you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.
do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use li ming instead.范文：
notice
there is going to be a lecture, titled across cultures: digital media and literate activity, in the meeting room of the english department from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on monday, july 11th. the lecture will be given by professor robert johnson, who is from the department of englsih literature of university of pennsylvania. professor johnson is known for his unique probing of the many connections between literate
activity and new information technologies. he will present, in his humorous style, the relation he found between culture and technological development, which you surely will enjoy very much.
english department
译文：
通知
7月11日周一上午9点至11点将在英语系会议室举办一场题为跨越文化：数码媒体和文化活动的讲座。主讲人为罗伯特.约翰逊教授，来自宾西法尼亚大学的英语文学系。约翰逊教授对文化活动和新的信息技术之间的关系做了非常独到的研究，并因此而闻名。他将以幽默的风格展示他在文化和技术发展之间关系上的研究成果，相信你们都会很感兴趣。欢迎广大师生来参加本次讲座。
英语系
闪光词汇及词组：
title: v. 以......为标题
literate: adj. 有文化的，都读写能力的
probe: v. 探查、探明
humorous: adj. 幽默的
万能句型：
there is going to be a lecture, titled... in the meeting room of ...from 10:00 to 12:00 on monday, july 11th.
...which you surely will enjoy very much.
(2)directions:
the famous opera cat will be presented the theatre of your university you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.
do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use li ming instead.范文：
notice
college badminton club
译文：
通知
过新年英文日记 篇6
On the evening of New Years eve, we several children under uncle and uncle and father together to floor devolved firecrackers. Cousin bold some twelve years old, he is a loose cannon and not that kind of neat firecrackers. Dont look at his cousin linlin is only three years old, his not personally, but lovely to watch others shooting! We havent bring the gun twisting, she had already ok, my ears are not drives: quick put! How to avoid it? You see, she more impatient than we are.
Mother and aunt, aunt, they set out to get food in the kitchen, when we are playing much, aunt upstairs that we have a meal! We have a lot of people moved to the upstairs vastly...
新年：我的健康计划 篇7
在新年到来之际，我们中的很多人也会订个个人的学习计划、工作计划什么的，还有很多人会将挣钱、深造、成家、旅游以及生儿育女列入自己的计划。不错，工作、事业、生活、娱乐，这对每一个人都很重要。除了这些之外，还有什么更重要？问问那些有过一定人生阅历的人吧，十有八九他们会说：健康最重要。那么，就订个健康计划吧。
未来保健“四倾斜”
薛谓三
作者：男，67岁，退休医生
每年开头，习惯了订这计划、那计划，惟独没有想到给健康订个计划，这不正常。今年和老伴合计，为弥补不足，就订了这个“四倾斜”的健康计划，权当亡羊补牢。
一、饭菜比例向粮食倾斜。
按照中国的传统饮食，粮食是“主食”，而这些年我们发现，菜肴过于丰盛，使主食的数量日益减少，及至沦为配角；而这种喧宾夺主的饭菜比例，往往导致营养过剩，而营养过剩恰恰是一些“文明病”的祸根。于是，我们采纳营养学家“粮食就是美食，不是餐桌的点缀”的告诫，计划将颠倒了的主副食比例再颠倒过来向粮食倾斜，五谷杂粮每人每天保证在500克左右。
二、肉食比例向禽、鱼肉倾斜。
菜肴中不能没有肉，而陈旧的食肉习惯是以猪肉为主，人们称它是“大肉”。这种观念也该更新了，因为大肉中的饱和脂肪酸很多，是高脂血症的祸根，而禽、鱼肉中有很高的蛋白质，不仅能够满足组织细胞修复和营养的需要，鱼肉中的脂肪酸又能降低血液中有害的胆固醇，有抗动脉硬化作用。因此，在新的健康计划里，我们的肉食比例将向禽、鱼肉倾斜，每周吃3次鱼肉和1～2次禽肉，每人每餐应在30～60克左右，减少家畜肉的摄入量。
三、锻炼时间向下午倾斜。
危害人类最大的疾病谱变了，而我们的锻炼时间却墨守成规。比如，90年代的疾病谱已由30年代的传染病变为心血管病，后者在清晨到中午12点的猝发率占全天的70%～80%。所以，清晨锻炼有很大的危险性，而我们还沿袭“闻鸡起舞”的锻炼习惯，就潜伏着一定的危险。因此，我们计划把锻炼的时间改在比较安全的下午6时左右，或散步或慢跑，每天30分钟到1小时。为了了解运动是否达到有效的“量”，以计步表为准，健身保健，步数上万。
四、休闲方式向大自然倾斜。
我们的休闲时间很充裕，以往是以看电视、闲聊天为主，而这种被比喻为“蛋壳文化”的休闲比较单调，使蜗居城市的我们常有“憋闷”之感。新的一年我们决心打破“蛋壳”，每周利用双休日携孙子骑自行车到广阔的田野或鸡鸣犬吠的乡间，给心灵一份宁静，一种清新，使身心尽快从城市的喧嚣中“逃”出来，尽情地放松一下。
过好后半生
汪诚信
作者：男，68岁，灭鼠专家
年近古稀，人生过半。迈入新世纪，从新踏征程，自定“五不”律，过好后半生。
一曰不变。8年前离职为民。迄今，学科带头人的作用已逐渐淡出，位置、身份、氛围等等变化多多。这是发展的规律，社会进步的需要。但是，奋斗终身的信念不能变。当然，不吸烟、不酗酒、生活规律的习惯也不必变。
二曰不停。记忆力逐渐减退，行动日见迟缓，由于年龄日增引起的生理和心理改变，要承认而且正视。但是，有益的事，尤其是本专业的事，仍然要做而不能停。有一份热，发一份光，量力而行。其次，政治学习和业务学习不能停，在力所能及的前提下，跟随形势发展的方向。活到老，学到老；鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。其三，适当的体育锻炼不能停。
三曰不比。形势变化多端，人人机遇不同。同年出生不会走同样的路，同时毕业也很难有同样的发展。各人的收入、待遇、住房以至子女状态等等，都有各自轨道，相差甚大。要安于现状，切忌攀高比低。不比可泰然自安，有益于健康；多比则自寻烦恼，且于事无补。时至今日，在余热发光方面尚可适当引入竞争意识，但对福利待遇切忌斤斤计较。
四曰不悔。60多年，走过许多人生路口，做过不少抉择，曲曲折折才到了现在的位置。回首往事，有庆幸也有遗憾。走对了不必沾沾自喜，做错了毋需悔不当初。时光不会倒流，历史岂可重演？不如切切实实珍惜当前，好自为之，安安稳稳度过后半生。
五曰不怒。退休之后，角色易位，容易看到退休前看不到、碰不上的窝心问题。稍不自控，肝火上升，勃然大怒，不仅有碍健康，也不利于问题的解决。有意见尽可提出，但要有长者风范，平心静气，三思而后行。
遵守“五不”律，日日夕阳红。
与生命赛跑
愚人
作者：女，53岁，编辑
一年一度的体检结果下来了，看看血脂，项项正常，不高不低，让人看了真是舒服，这就是对我这几个月来科学锻炼的最好验证。今年，说得更远一些是今后，我要把我的锻炼之路走下去。
要说我的身体底子是不错的。年轻时有一定的锻炼基础，再加上下班都骑自行车，家务劳动也不少，对锻炼就很不经意，别说有计划的锻炼了，平时都懒得多走一步，多爬一个台阶。这不，几十年下来，身体还好好的，不仅没得过什么大病，连头疼脑热也很少。
但是就是在这种不经意中，我感到了生命规律的不可抗拒性。随着身体的发福，首先出现的症状是腰酸腿软，关节疼痛，上下楼都很吃力，从后面看来，整个一个“老态龙钟”。接着，更年期的一些症状也如期而至，像心情压抑，头晕目眩，还有什么“五十肩”。再下去，血压也开始不正常了。当然，工作的精力和工作面貌也大不如前。除了身体的变化，更加触动我的是两个朋友、两个同龄人的去世。他们都正值壮年，事业有成，家庭幸福，但一个心梗猝死，一个脑溢血。他们的共同特点都是生活不规律，不锻炼，不爱惜自己的身体。悲痛之余，我痛下决心，锻炼去！
最初的锻炼是从爬山开始的，目标是香山“鬼见愁”。我从小不善爬山，再加上久未运动，心肺功能不佳，攀爬时那个费劲，那个拉风箱似的呼哧带喘，那个狼狈相，让人终生难忘。回到家中，像一滩烂泥，在床上整整躺了一天。但是，在我爬到山顶时，我也体会到战胜自己的欣喜。自此，爬山就成了我和老伴双休日的必修课。在几年的时间里，我们爬遍了北京周边的几乎所有叫得上名字的山峰，最高的山峰海拔将近3000米。北京的山上大都有长城，虽然有的已经残破，但仍然不失雄伟、险峻。我们登山、攀城、涉险，有几次几乎陷入绝境，但我没有后退。每征服一座高山，一个敌楼，我感到都是在征服自己，那种欣快感是无以言表的。
夏天不适合爬山，我就游泳。我原来的游泳基础不错，就是耐力不好，我着重练的就是耐力，100米、200米、400米，直到800米。游泳是一项很适合中老年人的运动，首先它不那么激烈，可以根据自己的体力灵活调整运动量。二是它对关节肌肉有“整理”作用，人不容易受伤。最重要的是它是一项很好的有氧代谢运动，对增加心肺功能的作用非常显著。
爬山游泳毕竟不能每天进行，但对于一个生命每天都在衰退的中老年人来说，运动应该像吃饭睡觉那样成为每天的必需。现在，我有意识地每天抽出半个多小时的时间锻炼，或慢跑20分钟，或步行30分钟。此外，上下楼梯，尽量不坐电梯。其实，日常的锻炼是很灵活的，在公共汽车上，在锅台前，都可因地制宜地进行一些关节肌肉的活动。
经过一段时间较认真的，也较科学的锻炼，我还是有所收获的。首先，关节不疼了，腿部力量增强了。第二很少生病，我已经有一年多没有尝到感冒发烧的滋味了。第三，体重减轻了，更年期所带来的一系列症状也有所缓解。每当我在马路上跑步时，我都有一种与生命赛跑的感觉，我想，这种赛跑会伴随我的后半生。
规律的生活是长寿法宝
杜剑平
作者：男，84岁，退休职工
我已经是快85岁的人了，当年和我在一起的那些老人，现在剩得没几个了。老话说“50岁以前人找病，50岁以后病找人”，所以自从50岁那年退休，我就一直坚持锻炼，已经坚持30多年了。今年我还会继续锻炼，具体的计划和以往相比不会有太大的变化。
每天早晨6点起床，起来先喝一杯凉白开，这是为了防止便秘。毕竟年纪大了，又有糖尿病，所以稍不注意就会便秘。然后按照“因是子静坐法”静坐半小时。早先我每天去爬香山，后来心脏不好了就改到附近的公园溜达，去年住过一次医院后，现在我只能在家静坐了，这很容易坚持，今年将依然如此。
早餐是一袋牛奶加其他的食物。牛奶是绝对不能少的，又有营养又补钙。吃完早饭休息一会儿，然后用牛骨刮痧板刮头200下，这可以防治脑血管疾病和血压高。接着练“马礼堂养气功”40分钟，由于前列腺增生的缘故，“肾”是我今年锻炼的重点。
中午饭还是以窝头为主，不超过二两。一天至少一个西红柿和一两葱头。
午睡40分钟后，搓脚心100～200次（在桌子或椅子牚儿上前后搓），这可以促进脚和腿的血液循环。再练一会儿养气功，稍事休息，然后到室外活动，顺便买一张晚报。
晚饭只吃八成饱，以前我经常一不小心就吃多了，结果晚上睡不好觉，今年我一定要严格控制。晚上睡觉前用热水洗脚，躺到床上，分别按顺时针、逆时针揉肚子各100下，以促进消化。现在我有时睡不着觉，所以，今年我要将临睡之前的活动量增加一些，比如腿外侧和两胁的按摩，不仅可以促进下肢的血液循环、防治胆结石，说不定对治疗失眠还能有好处呢。
总之，我会尽量多活动，让健康状况像现在这样维持下去。
把健康“吃”回来
晓津
作者：男，50岁，机关工作人员
我今年刚刚50挂零，最近的体检结果是：高血脂症。这结果着实让我吃了一惊，因为我的身体一直很好：身高179厘米，胸围115厘米，腰围75厘米，上臂围40厘米，一小时能蛙泳3000米，十几年来体重一直保持在80公斤上下。寿及天命之年尚能如此，可以说是非常健康了。这些，都是我长期坚持体育锻炼的结果。
我曾经在内蒙古草原插队落户，7年多的马背生活造就了我强健的体魄。年轻时我曾下功夫学过拳击，练过健美。后来喜欢游泳和爬山，每周都要“上山下海”一两次。再后来我又迷上了太极拳和保龄球。然而，最让我受益的还是长年坚持骑自行车上下班，每天至少20公里，时速在20公里以上。我曾经坚信，有了这些，健康就会伴随我进入耄耋之年。
万万没想到，我尚未进入老年就被开除出健康人群，成为亚健康人。看来，问题还是出在自身，我忽略了两个非常重要的问题：不良饮食习惯和家族病史。可能真是“福兮祸所依”吧，内蒙草原上的严寒和烈马使我成了铮铮铁汉，但蒙古包中鲜嫩的羊肉和香醇的美酒也让我变成了一个老饕，我酷爱杯中之物，而且更喜食肉。虽然早在春秋时代古人就有“肉食者鄙”的教诲，可我还是不能抗拒诱惑。21岁那年，我曾和一个同学在东来顺一气吃下10斤涮羊肉。就是现在，我也能顺顺当当涮下2斤鲜羊肉片，而且3天不吃肉，就浑身不舒服。
看来，长期且大量地吃肉是我高血脂症的主要原因。另一个重要原因是我的家族史，我的祖父、外祖父都有严重的心脑血管病，我的一位伯父、一位叔父、一位舅父都死于脑溢血。我的父母十分注意饮食卫生和体育锻炼，因此身体非常健康。而我却完全忽视了这一点。
查看我所有的体检化验单，惟有甘油三酯和极低密度脂蛋白两项不合格。这说明，一、我的血液比较黏稠，血液循环受到影响。二、血管壁上积聚脂肪类物质，造成动脉硬化。从体检结果看，我的眼底动脉尚未硬化，说明我的健康还没受到很大损害。要想脱离亚健康人群，当务之急是改变不良饮食习惯，少喝酒，少吃肉，多吃青菜和水果。其次是加强体育锻炼，我要马上去买一张游泳季卡，保证每周游泳3次，每次游程不少于3000米。要坚持骑车上下班，尽量不乘电梯。
只有这样，我才能把失去的健康重新找回来。
我要开始“新的长征”
许葳
作者：女，39，银行职员
本人年近不惑，要说健康上的问题嘛，大毛病没有什么，只是身上的赘肉让人心烦。自从10年前有了第二代之后，我的体重就快速攀升，并持续居高不下，现在已经比标准体重的最高线足足多出12公斤。10年来，我用尽心思，尝试了无数的减肥方法：最早实施且持续时间最长的办法是不吃饭或少吃饭，我曾连续3年不吃早饭，后因听说这样会得胆结石而放弃；午饭晚饭则是能少就少。我还喝过多种品牌的减肥茶，吃过流行一时的这个素那个片，连明知吃了会恶心头晕的减肥药也没放过。减肥健美班我也参加过3个，其中2次半途而废。这些年下来，苦没少吃，钱没少花，要说减肥效果一点儿没有，那也不是实话。但一般都是在短期见效之后，体重又恢复如初。丈夫和女儿说我是花钱买罪受，是自虐狂。唉，他们站着说话不腰疼，我不也一直想找个既不花钱又不受罪的好办法吗？
前些日子在报纸上看到一篇文章，说一天步行6000步就可以抵消身体摄入的多余能量。这消息让我眼睛一亮，6000步就可以将当日多吃的热量消耗掉，如果是8000步或1万步岂不是把身体上的多余脂肪都耗掉了吗？
经过思考、测量和可行性调查，我决定将步行列入本年度减肥计划。从我家到单位，约4站地的路程，以前我都是骑车上下班，从新年起，改为步行。前几天，我试过两次，单程约4000步，往返8000步，正合我需。这次一定要持之以恒，除极其恶劣的天气或重病之外，决不中断。监督人是丈夫和女儿。