连系结构

连系结构（共3篇）

连系结构 篇1

1 英语连系结构

在英语动词种类的大家族中, 有一小类动词, 它们的句法特征与系词be有许多相似之处, 也就是说在句型结构上起着连接主语和主语补语 (即表语) 的作用。这类动词我们称之为 (连) 系动词 (Link Verbs, be动词是最典型的系动词) 。主语+系动词+表语就构成了连系结构。连系结构有如下几个特点:

1) 主语、系动词、主语补语, 这三个成分相互依存。如果去掉一个成分, 那么就会使该结构变得不合乎语法或者改变其动词的意义。

2) 主语与补语之间存在着连系关系, 即主补赋予主语的是该名词短语或从句所应有的属性或特征。通常, 这两个部分同时受到语义约束。例如:

(1) The winter evening got darker and colder.

(2) The march was peaceful.

如果将 (1) 的主补替换到 (2) 中, 我们就将得到一个语义反常的句子“The march was darker and colder.”, 这里的语义反常现象并非由动词导致, 而是由于主语和主补之间的不相宜 (not appropriate) 所造成。同时, 主补对主语也有约束作用。例如, 当形容词alike作为主补时, 此时句中的主语必须是复数名词短语或至少具有复数的含义。例如:…no two rooms are alike in size or décor.

3) 在许多情况下, 系动词与补语之间存在着搭配约束 (collocational restrictions) 也就是说, 有些形容词只同某些特定的系动词搭配。例如, 我们可以说The brickyard went bankrupt.但却不能说The brickyard grew bankrupt.尽管在语义上go和grow的词义十分相近, 都表示“变成……状态”的意思。

2 英语连系动词

为了帮助学生梳理知识, 进行记忆我们可以将英语动词进行分类即——静态和动态两大类。属于静态的系动词有be, appear, seem, feel, look以及与remain意义相近的动词等。而属于动态的系动词主要是与become意义相近的动词以及prove。由于静态与动态的划分并非绝对, 所以有些动词, 如stand, sit, lie很难被简单归类于静态或动态意义的动词。

我们也可以根据语义将系动词进行分类, 即将语义相近, 相关的系动词分成一组。下面我们来进行分类归纳:

2.1 表示状态的be动词

be动词之后可接名词或名词短语, 名词从句、动名词短语, 不定式短语作表语。此时“be”译为“是”。也可以接形容词 (包括起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、地点副词或地点副词短语等) 作表语。此时“be”译为“在”, 例如:

I am a teacher.我是一名老师。

The problem is whether we can afford the machines.问题是我们能否买得起那些机器。

My hobby is to grow flowers.我的爱好是种花儿。

The question is what to do next.问题是下一步我们该干什么。

以上四个句子中的be动词译为“是”那么下面的几个例句, 主补为形容词可起形容词作用的过去分词、介词短语, be动词不必译出来。

The beach is attractive.海滩很迷人。

We are surprised at the news.听到这个消息, 我们感到吃惊。

The story is of much value.这个故事相当有价值。

用地点副词或地点副词短语做表语时, be动词译成“在”, 例如:

I'm here.我在这儿。

They're at the station.他们在车站。

2.2 表达“像”意义的系动词

用来表示“看起来像”或“显得”这一概念, 主要有seem, appear, look例如:

Jack seems tired.

Mary appeared disappointed.

She looks fine.

2.3 知觉与感官系动词

知觉与感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。

Silk feels soft and smooth.

The flowers smell sweat.

The medicine tastes horrible.

2.4 变化系动词

变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run, wear等, 这组动词是所谓的状态变化动词, 它们常与表示结果的形容词补语连用, 从而表示一个新的状态的起始, 发展或终结阶段。

She became mad after that.

I hope that this wish will come true.

The old man's toothless mouth fell open.

It is getting dark.

Canada has grown great upon its trade.

She turned a journalist later.

The river runs dry in winter.

这组动词中become的出现频率最高, 能与之搭配的形容词也最多。其次是get, grow, fall和turm。在break, run, wear作为系动词的频率很低, 且多局限于在固定搭配中出现, 如break free/loose, run dry/wild, wear thin/smooth等。能与take搭配的形容词只有ill或sick。例如:

She fell/got/became ill.

The milk turned/went/became sour.

The position has fallen/gone/become vacant.

类似的动词间可相互替换的例子很多, 但值得注意的是, 只有become才能用来替换这组中的所有其他动词, 并保持原句的意思, 而相反的情形则不能成立。

作为系动词get与become相仿, 表示变得“It's getting cool.How fat Jim is getting!”get在口语及非正式文件中用得较普遍。例如:

It's been getting worse lately.

They haven't got dressed when they got there.

与get搭配, 常见的短语有get bored, get drunk, get excited, get fed up with, get hurt, get married, get old, get ready, get tired of, get tough, get upset, get used to等。“get+过去分词”和被动语态很接近。

He got engaged to her last mouth.

You didn't get hurt=weren't you hurt in any way?

You nearly got hit by that car!

You may be cheated, if you were unwary.

有时后面还可跟一个现在分词 (a) , 名词 (b) 或介词短语 (c) :

a.Then we got chatting together.

Things haven't really got going yet.

We got playing and forgot the time.

b.He was getting a fat man.

You're getting quite a lad now.

You're getting (to be) a bad influence on the students.

c.It's getting near lunch time.

We'll let you know as soon as production get under way.

go只是在表示“变得……时”才用作系动词, 后面通常跟形容词, 例如:

My hair has gone quite white.

She went mad.

In the old days we often went hungry.

Food will go bad in hot weather.

He's gone blind.

I hope everything goes well.

The company has gone broke.

Fish quickly goes rotten in hot weather.

有时跟介词短语或名词。

These coats went out of fashion years ago.

The old woman went off his mind.

Lucy's face went the colour of cream.

Her cheeks went a very pretty pink.

2.5 持续系动词

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keep, stay, remain属于持续系动词, 这组动词的共同语义属性是“表示状态的持续”。

例如:The garage stayed open until six.

Some roads remained blocked by trees and flood waters.

The lakes, pools, rivers here always freeze and stay frozen right through the winter.

Stay calm.Please.He lay sick in bed.

keep用作系动词, 译为“保持 (某种状态) ”后面主要跟形容词:

I hope you'll keep fit.

She knew she must keep calm.Mike, alone, kept silent.

Please keep quiet.

此外keep后面还可以接副词 (a) 或介词短语 (b) 。

a.接副词

Keep away from the fire.The bus kept on.

Keep down/out.

b.接介词短语

Please keep in touch with us.

He always keeps up with the Joneses.

The little boy always kept to himself.

Keep off the grass.

2.6 终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作, 动词有prove, 意思是“ (最后) 证明……”或“事实表明……”后面主要跟形容词:

His advice did prove sound.

The techniques did prove very useful in the field of textile design.

His story proved false.

Arguments proved useless.

有时还可接名词或be的不定式

a.prove+名词 (n.)

It proved a mistake.

He proved a reasonable man.

It proved an easy task.

b.prove+to be

His advice proved to be of great importance to us.

Taking exercise every day proves to be helpful to our health.

3 归纳起来, 系动词分为以下几类:

1) 表示状态的be动词。

2) 表达“像”意义的系动词。

3) 知觉与感观系动词。

4) 持续系动词。

5) 终止系动词。

摘要：连系动词是动词家族中的一个少数民族成分, 在英文句子成分中起着贯穿句子结构、连接主表 (补) 和说明主语的状况、性质、特征的作用。该文着重探讨了英语中连系结构的特点, 分类并举例归纳了连系动词不同情况下在英语句子中的属性和应用。

关键词：连系动词,连系结构,属性,应用

参考文献

[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1999.

[2]袁懋梓.实用大学英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2003.

[3]张道真.英语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆国际有限公司, 2002.

连系结构 篇2

一、连系动词基本用法

连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词，它与其后的表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有be(是)，become(成为)，get(变成)，remain(还是)，seem(似乎是)，look(看上去)，feel(感觉)等。连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词，有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等：

His English is excellent.他的英语很棒。(跟形容词)

He is a famous poet.他是著名诗人。(跟名词)

Money isn’t everything．金钱不是一切。(跟代词)

She was the first to arrive．她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词)

Who is upstairs? 谁在楼上？(跟副词)

He is with his friends.他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语)

He seems to be ill.他似乎病了。(跟不定式)

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(跟动名词)

This is what you need.这就是你需要的。(跟从句)

二、学习连系动词应注意的两点

1.关于连系动词后接副词作表语

连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语，一般不接副词：

误：His English is very well.他的英语很好。(应将well改为good)

误：Be carefully.小心点。(应将carefully改为careful)

误：The soup tastes nicely.这汤味道不错。(应将nicely改为nice)

但是，有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语，不过这主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside 等少数副词小品词以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词：

Mother wasn’t in last night.母亲昨晚不在家。

The meeting was over at five.会议五点结束。

Come along.The taxi is outside.来吧，出租车在外面。

Mother is downstairs waiting for you.母亲在楼下等你。

2.关于连系动词后接不定式

(1)连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语：

My dream is to be a scientist.我的梦想是当一名科学家。

All I could do was to wait.我只能等。

My plan was to go from London to Paris.我计划从伦敦去巴黎。

I was to have seen Mr.Kay.我本要去见凯先生的。

(2)seem, appear, prove, continue, turn out, get, grow, come 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语：

She always seems to be sad.她常常显得很忧伤。

My advice proved to be wrong.我的意见证明是错的。

She appears to have many friends.他好像有很多朋友。

The weather turned out to be fine.天气结果很好。

Circumstances continue to be favorable.情况仍然是有利的。

He has grown to like studying English.他渐渐喜欢学英语了。

【注】若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略。不过，若其后接的是表语形容词，则to be通常不宜省略。另外，连系动词look后能否接to be似乎尚有争论，不过，在现代英语中接to be的现象已较普遍。

(3)sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：

误：These oranges taste to be good.(应去掉to be)

误：The roses smell to be nice.(应去掉to be)

(4)有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写：

It seems that she’s right./ She seems to be right.她似乎是对的。

It appears that you have made a mistake./ You appear to have made a mistake.似乎你弄错了。

英语连系动词的分类

(1)状态系动词：只有be一词。如：

She is always like that.她总是那样。

I am used to going about alone.我习惯于独来独往。

These shoes are too tight for me.这双鞋我穿太小。

(2)持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。如：

I hope you’ll keep fit.我希望你身体好。

He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。

The door remained closed.门仍然关着。

We can remain friends.我们可以继续做朋友。

Please stay seated.请继续坐着。

He stayed single.他仍然是单身。

(3)表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem, appear, look等。如：

He looks tired.他看起来很累。

He seems(to be)quite happy.他好像很快活。

The doctor seemed very capable.那医生似乎很能干。

He appeared quite well.他显得身体相当好。

He appeared taken aback.他似乎很吃惊。

She appeared perplexed.她显得迷惑不解。

(4)感官系动词：表示“„„起来”，有feel(摸起来，感觉), smell(闻起来), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来，吃起来)等。如：

This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布摸起来很软。

He looks honest, but actually he’s a rogue.他看起来很老实，实际他是一个坏蛋。They all look alike to me.他们的模样我看起来都一样。

Everybody feels contented.每个人都感到很满足。

Ice feels cold.冰感觉起来是凉的。

Silk feels soft and smooth.丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。

It sounds a good idea.这听起来是个好主意。

This food tastes good.这菜好吃。

【注意】：由于英语的系动词均“不及物”，所以它们不能用于被动语态。但是，值得注意的是，英语中表示感官的系动词，如feel(摸起来，感觉)，smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来，吃起来)等，由于它们按汉语意思理解好像含有被动意义，很容易弄错。如：

玻璃摸起来是光滑的。

误：Glass is felt smooth.正：Glass feels smooth.析：汉语说“摸起来”，其实就是指“被摸起来”，似乎含有被动意义，很容易错用被动语态。

这牛奶闻起来有酸味了。

误：The milk is smelt sour.正：The milk smells sour.析：汉语说“闻起来”，其实就是指“被闻起来”，似乎含有被动意义，很容易错用被动语态。

(5)变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run如：

He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。

She had grown thinner and thinner.她越来越瘦了。

His cold was growing worse.他的感冒越来越严重了。

She’s growing fat.她正在发胖。

He’s grown used to it.他对此已经习惯。

When she saw this, she turned red.她看到这，脸红了。

His hair turned grey in a few weeks.在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了。

The milk will soon turn sour.牛奶很快就会变酸。

Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning.几个人生病了，都是血中毒的受害者。We get wiser as we get old.随着年岁的增长，我们也变得聪明些了。

Your hair has gone quite white!你的头发全白了!

She went pale at the news.听到这消息，她脸色变得苍白。

When I mentioned it to him he went red.我对他提及此事时他脸红了。

He went mad.他疯了(from)。

The children must not go hungry.孩子们不能挨饿。

(6)终止系动词：主要有prove, turn out(结果是，证明是)等。如：

His story proved false.他讲的情况原来是假的。

His advice proved sound.他的劝告证明是对的。

My intuition turned out to be correct.我的直觉证明是对的。

系动词可接哪些词语作表语

连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词，有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等。如：

1.用名词作表语。如：

Translation is an art.翻译是一种艺术。

Beijing is a beautiful city.北京是一座美丽的城市。

2.用形容词表作语。如：

Traveling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

Every hour and every minute is important.每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。

3.用代词作表语。如：

My idea is this.我的想法是这样的。

Money isn’t everything.金钱不是一切。

His latest play is nothing.他最近出的那个剧本毫无价值。

4.用数词作表语。如：

Tom is 14.汤姆14岁。

Last check-in time is 20:15.最后检票时间为20点15分。

The average of letters received each month is 3,000.每月平均收到信件3,000封。

5.用副词作表语。如：

The secret is out.机密泄漏了。

Sales are down.销售量下降了。

She is off on Saturday.她星期六不工作。

6.用介词短语作表语。如：

Dinner is at six.6点钟开饭。

I hope he is on time.我希望他准时。

Martha still is in hospital.马撒还在医院里。

Diana was with the children.戴安娜和孩子们在一起。

You look like your sister.你模样像你姐姐。

7.用不定式作表语。如：

His goal is to be a doctor.他的目标是当医生。

My duty is to protect my sisters.我的职责是保护我的妹妹们。My advice to you is to speak the truth.我对你的忠告是讲真话。My dream is to travel around the world.我的梦想是环游世界。

8.用动名词作表语。如：

Her hobby is growing roses.她的爱好是种植玫瑰。

His job is looking after sheep.他的任务是看羊。

My favorite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。

9.用从句作表语。如：

That’s what we are here for.我们来这里就为了这个。

The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。

That’s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。

连系动词复习探析 篇3

连系动词本身有一定的词义, 但不能独立作谓语, 必须与其后的表语一起构成谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词, 或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语等充当, 说明主语是什么或怎么样。按照系动词本身的词义可分为三类。

1.“存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态。常见的有:be, look, prove等。如:The story sounds true.

2.“持续”类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。常见的有:keep, stand等。如:The store remains closed.

3.“变化”类:表示由一种情况或状态变成另一种情况或状态。常见的有:grow, go等。如:He turned teacher ten years ago but later he became a doctor.

【注意】

(1) 连系动词通常不用被动语态或进行时态。如:

—Do you like the material?—Yes, it feels soft.

(2) 系动词seem, prove.等后常用不定式作表语, 接to be时常省略。如:My advice proved (to be) wrong.

(3) “存在”类中的look, feel等表事物属性时作系动词用, 否则用作实义动词。如:The doctor is feeling (1) his pulse because he feels (2) sick. (1) 实义动词, (2) 系动词。

(4) 有的系动词后接的从句可用不定式改写。如:

It appears that you have made a mistake./You appear to have made a mistake.

(5) 系动词后常接形容词作表语, 一般不接副词。有时系动词后也接副词作表语, 但仅限于in, on, off等少数副词小品词以及here, there等少数地点方位副词。如:Mother is downstairs waiting for you.

连系动词的高考方向:

一、连系动词后的词及形式变化

系动词后常接名词、形容词或形容词化的现在分词、过去分词、不定式等形式作表语。如:

(1) My parents have always made me＿＿＿＿about myself, even when I was twelve. (2007江苏)

A.feeling wellB.feeling good

C.feel wellD.feel good

【解析】D。feel后接形容词作表语;make后不定式作宾补省去to。

(2) Please remain＿＿＿＿, the winder of the prize will be announced soon. (2008辽宁)

A.seatingB.seated

C.to seatD.to be seated

【解析】B。seated是形容词化的过去分词。

(3) Do let your mother know all the truth.She appears＿＿＿everything. (2001上海)

A.to tellB.to be told

C.to be tellingD.to have been told

【解析】D。appear跟不定式作表语;she与tell是被动关系。

二、连系动词的形态变化

1. 本身的形态变化。系动词属于不及物动词, 无被动形式的变化。如:The flowers＿＿＿sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (2004上海)

A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt

【解析】B。smell sweet是系表结构。

2. 时态的形态变化。系动词虽然本身没有被动形式, 但有时态的形式变化。

如:Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to＿＿＿since the flood hit the area last Friday. (2006山东)

A.have been missingB.have got lost

C.being missingD.get lost

【解析】A。get lost强调状态的变化, 瞬间的动作, missing是形容词。

三、根据文义选择系动词

如: (1) Emergency line operators must always＿＿＿calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help. (2007湖北)

A.growB.appearC.becomeD.stay

【解析]】D。句意考查的系动词有“保持”意义, 用“持续”类系动词。

(2) —How are the team playing?

—They’re playing well, but one of them＿＿＿＿hurt. (2002北京春招)

A.gotB.getsC.areD.were