雅思写作万能句

雅思写作万能句（精选7篇）

雅思写作万能句 篇1

小括号内为解释，中括号内部分可有可无

万能模版一（问题解决类）

分析原因：

引入句：

Why does the situation remain unimproved? There are many factors resulting in it.万能原因：

1.Most people haven’t yet realized how serious the problem has become.2.The greatest blame(根结)should be placed on factors such as grossly(=very)inefficient management and [ without a doubt ] corruption.3.Some people do not care whether X may cause damage to property and injury or even death to individuals, but fix their eyes on the profits/benefits they can get from it.4.X is a social trend(趋势).Reversing undesirable social trends will be far from an easy task and will require a dramatic change in attitudes.5.Measures taken to control the problem are not efficient enough to restrain(约束)violators(违规者).6.The main reason is continuing degeneration of social values(价值观)and decline of morality(道德观).7.污染问题：Excessive quantities of X are being used nowadays with the rapid development of industry.8.环境问题：With the increase in [the country’s] population, the demand for X is growing steadily/sharply(稳步地/急剧地).分析危害：

引入句：

1.Nobody can deny that X has brought a large number of negative effects and it will continue to do so if nothing is done.2.As everyone sees, this phenomenon produces harmful effects in many aspects.万能危害：

1.X do/does great harm to human health/mental health and social morality.2.The bad effect of X lies in the fact that it can hinder(阻碍)the healthy and smooth development of economy/society [ as well as spoil the mutual trust(破坏相互信任)among people.]

3.It can make people lose faith in the [local] government since they think it is the government’s responsibility to lay a strict control over the problem.4.In many cases, X interfere(干扰)with the normal social order [ and exerts a negative influence on the stability of our society.]

5.Having been hurt by X, some people may hold quite pessimistic(悲观)attitude towards it.Even worse, they may do the same behaviors of hurting others or themselves.6.X causes unfair competition which disturbs the order of the market and hampers(妨碍)the innovation of economic/educational structure.7.环境问题：As these precious resources are not inexhaustible, wasting or polluting them will be a potential threat to human’s future surrival.解决方案：

引入句：

1.It’s time for us to take some effective measures to get the problem into control.2.Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is an urgent thing for us to take certain counter measures to eliminate it.万能措施：

1.We can make the evil nature of X known to all people so that they could consciously(有意识地)guard against it.2.The government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies.3.The government is supposed to lay down rules and regulations to cope with(=solve)the problem.I feel that anyone who violates relevant rules or laws deserves to be punished severely.4.Although there are laws designed to protect us, the number of law enforcers is not sufficient enough.Hence, we should learn to discern between true and false.Only in this way can we defend our legal rights and interests.5.Authorities should strengthen instruction and guidance on people, and more campaigns should be organized to raise people’s awareness(意识)the harm of X.6.We should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous(危险的)alternatives.结束句：

1.Certainly, there are some other cures, which are worth adopting.But if we take measures outlined above, we can ensure a reliable prevention system.全文结句：

1.As far as the future prospect is concerned, I am sure that good results will be achieved in this respect.2.To conclude, it seems obvious that tomorrow will be much better and brighter only if everyone does its part and tries hard to seek solutions for its control.万能模版二（社会现象评论类）

As we can see from the situation, has become a common phenomenon among ________.According to a newspaper survey, about _______ percent of _______, this trend will continue for a while in the future.With regard to this phenomenon, people vary greatly in their viewpoint.Some argue that it’s ____________.They believe that ____________________.They also hold that ___________________.However, there are other people who look at this phenomenon in another way.For them, _________________________.Besides, ___________________.In their beliefs, we should take immediate measures to put an end to the current situation.As a coin has two sides, it’s no exception to the phenomenon ofI’m concerned, _________ should be(encouraged)in our(country).Our government should play an active role in this respect.万能模版三（分析利弊类）

首句：

1.Nowadays, X are/is extremely popular and play a very critical role in the modern society.Taking a look around, you can find numerous examples to mention individually.2.Many people tend to agree with me if I say that X makes a necessity for us to live a happy / decent / comfortable / convenient / interesting life.过渡句：

1.As a matter of fact, many people now resort to the new way, less depending upon the old traditional way.Why? Because X have great influence on the work, study and life of people in modern society.2.The prevalence of X will do good to both the individual and the society.接着深入展开X的好处：

1.It is advisable for people to take advantage of this modern, scientific and technological product X, as it has brought us a lot of convenience.Such as …

2.X is a symbol of freedom.It enables an individual or a family to … , without relying on traditional methods.转折句：

1.However, a coin has two sides.Some of us have began to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.2.Nevertheless, X might bring some negative effects and potential dangers to us.深入展开X的危害：

1.Some people might be so indulged in them/it that they may ignore their own duty.结句：

1.Even so, we can cope with these problems as we always know what we are doing and what we want to achieve.

雅思写作万能句 篇2

一、用好语文教材

教材是我们教学的根本和依据。就拿一年级上、下册课本为例看看学生应该怎样“积累、感悟、运用汉民族的共同语言”。

1、词的组合能力。即让学生初步认识什么样词语能组合在一起。如: 下册课本67 页“读读说说” (《夏夜多美》) 中:青青的假山 青青的____;绿绿的草坪 绿绿的____;弯弯的小路 弯弯的______。又如下册课本75 页“读读说说” (《小壁虎借尾巴》) 中:游来游去_____来____去。

2、词的变化形成。即让学生初步认识词语的重叠方法、附加意义等。如下册课本41 页“我会读” (《两只鸟蛋》) 中:鸟蛋凉凉的, 凉凉的鸟蛋。小路长长的, 长长的小路。又如下册课本55 页语文园地三“我会读”中ABAB式词语:花花绿绿、干干净净。

3、词的造句功能。即初步认识词语在句子中充当什么成分的问题。

普通句式:如:下册课本26 页“说说做做” (《胖乎乎的小手》) 中:我替爸爸______。我给妈妈_______。我帮老师_____。我为大家_____。

“把”字句、“被”字句:如下册课本101 页“我会读” (《王小二》) 中:王小二把敌人带进了埋伏圈。敌人被王小二带进了埋伏圈。

疑问句、感叹句:如下册课本49 页“我会读” (《美丽的小路》) 中:美丽的小路怎么不见了?我一定要把美丽的小路找回来!

二、做好专项练习

1、以生字教学为契机带动句子教学。学习课文前要求学生圈好本课要会读、会写的生字, 然后读读由这些生字组成的词语, 接着采用多种方式读熟含有这些词语的句子, 再打乱句子中词语的顺序让学生理顺句子读读, 最后要求学生再用此生字组词、造句。经常做这样的训练发现学生在各个方面都有很大的进步。

2、教给学生“连词成句”的基本句型。一类:干什么。如:谁干什么。例:爸爸在看报。谁在什么地方干什么。例:妈妈在院子里洗衣服。谁为谁干什么。例:爸爸为我买了一个篮球。谁带谁干什么。例:妈妈带我去外婆家玩。谁和谁在什么地方干什么。例:我和小妹在院子里做游戏。什么时候谁怎么样地干什么。例:冬天下雪了一群小朋友快乐地打雪仗。二类:有什么。如:什么地方有什么。例:教室里有许多小朋友。什么地方有什么在干什么。例:田野里有许多农民伯伯正在收割水稻。有了句式, 孩子们理顺句子轻松了许多, 个个眉头都舒展了。

3、让学生课堂或课余时间多做“连一连”的练习。有汉字与拼音的连一连, 词语分开的连一连等多种形式。学生边连边读, 识记了生字, 读通了句子, 理解了句意……真可谓一举多得。

4、在课本中、网络中选取一些优秀句子练习。将词语打乱顺序让学生说说, 读读理成的句子。

三、读好课外读物

人说下棋需看几步棋, 方有胜出的可能, 我认为教学也需要拓展延伸, 完全依赖课本是不行的。据说科学家研究出这样的结论:1-7 岁的孩子记忆力是最好的。正是记忆的阳光季节, 读好课本的同时, 当然要大量的阅读课外读物。从中去识字、积累语言、培养语感。大文豪苏轼曾说“退笔如山未足珍, 读书万卷始通神”。为此, 我提醒家长购买优秀的少儿读物, 如《安徒生童话》《格林童话》《伊索寓言》等。要求学生定期阅读一本书, 班级开展说说、仿写该作品中优秀句子的比赛活动, 优胜者领读这些句子。通过这些活动学生不仅记住了文中的生字、词语、句子、理解了文意, 也培养了学生阅读课外书的好习惯, 更为头痛的写作打下了坚实的基础。

四、“装”好日常积累

《语文课程标准》指出:“语文教学要注意语言的积累、感悟和运用。”平实的话语中指导语文教师要引导学生做好日常积累。“腹有诗书气自华”, 要让学生腹有诗书那必须做好积累。书面文字的积累即课堂所学知识、课外阅读知识的积累。还要在生活中的积累。鼓励孩子们从广告牌、宣传栏、电视等中积累中国文字;在农村里积累民间俗语、谚语等。树要育好苗, 人要打好底。我想孩子们终有一天会撑起一片碧绿的天空。

巧用“万能”句型，润色基础写作 篇3

通过实践归纳，笔者总结出写作中使用频率高、套用范围广的语法及句型，建议考生在写作时优先考虑使用这些“万能”句型，丰富文采。本文将以2010、2011和2012年三年广东高考英语基础写作为例，探讨一下如何整合句子以及润色句子。

笔者归纳的常用整合句子方法如下：

一、定语从句

适用范围：被描述的对象是人、物、时间或地点，且是名词成分时，通常会作为定语从句的先行词，通过定语从句进一步描述该对象。

1. The number of the smokers has already reached 350 million, among which the males hold 75% and the females hold 25%. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——相关数据：(1)吸烟人数：约35亿 (2)分布：男性75％；女性25％”]

2. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, whose writer is Amy Chua, a Chinese American and professor at Yale University, was published in 2010. [2011年广东高考，写作要点——(1)书名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother；(2)作者：Amy Chua，美籍华人，耶鲁大学教授；(3)出版时间：2010年]

二、非谓语动词

适用范围：中文翻译中有合适的动词可作非谓语使用，与句中谓语动词构成并列、伴随等关系。非谓语动词常可由定语从句改写而来，为避免句型单一，若一篇文章中多次使用了定语从句，可考虑把其中一个定语从句改写为非谓语动词短语，反之亦然。

1. My country begins to carry out the policy aiming to forbid smoking in public buildings since January 1st, 2011. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——内容：公共场所禁烟；实施时间：2011年1月1日起；实施范围：全国]

2. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, written by Amy Chua, a Chinese American and professor at Yale University, was published in 2010. [2011年广东高考，写作要点——(1)书名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother；(2)作者：Amy Chua，美籍华人，耶鲁大学教授；(3)出版时间：2010年]

三、状语从句

适用范围：根据因果、时间、条件、让步等逻辑关系，选择适当的连词，连接主、从句的内容。

1. More than 100 thousand people per year die because they are terribly influenced by the second smoke around. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——相关数据 (4)因二手烟死亡人数：超过10万／年”]

2. Surprisingly, most Chinese mothers do not agree with Amy Chua although her 17-year-old elder daughter was recently reported to have been admitted to both Harvard and Yale. [2011年广东高考，写作要点——相关报道：⑵意外反应：多数中国妈妈不赞同作者的做法；⑶最新消息：17岁的大女儿已被哈佛大学和耶鲁大学录取]

四、“so / such +adj./ adv. + that…”结构

适用范围：中文写作内容中涉及相关形容词或副词（或可根据中文写作内容合理增加形容词或副词），并通过该句型表示目的、因果等。

1. About 540 million non-smokers are so severely affected that every year more than 100 thousand people die of second smoke. (2010年广东高考，写作要点——相关数据 (3)受二手烟影响人数：约5 4亿 (4)因二手烟死亡人数：超过10万／年”)

2. The debate was so heated that people began to argue about which way of parenting was better, the traditional way or the American way. (2011年广东高考，写作要点——基本信息：⑸效应：引发中美教育方式孰优孰劣的讨论)

五、“with”结构

指with引出的介词短语或“with+宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。

适用范围：对话题进行补充，或与主句构成伴随关系。

1. With the aim of freeing people from smoke in every public room, the government has taken action to post the sign of preventing smoking. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——目标：所有室内公共场所无烟；措施：张贴禁烟标志”]

英语四级万能句 篇4

1.首先，第一：initially, to begin with, to start with;2.其次，第二，第三，第四，：furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, 3.最后：finally, last but not least（提及最后的人或事物时说）最后但同样重要的

4.现在，目前,XXXX现象是不可避免且难以否认的：currently, there is an inevitable and undeniable that ，，，，,.5.随着社会（科技）的发展，人们开始注意XXXX的重要性

Along with the advance of the society(science and technology), people are attaching much important to…………

6.最近，XXXX现象引起了人们的广泛关注 Recently, the phenomenon that …..has aroused wide public concern, 7.一部分人认为，，，而另一部分人认为，，，Some people argue that……, whereas others maintain that…… 8.就我个人而言（老实说），我全力支持前者（或后者），As for me, I am in high favor of the former(latter)，Personally, I side with the former(latter), Frankly speaking/ to be honest/ honestly speaking, it is the former(latter)that I approve of

9.我认为（在我看来，就我看来，我的观点是，我想。。）I am convinced that…….As far as I am concerned, From my point of view, From where I stand, 10.常用谚语（在议论文中）

As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides.” Where there is a will there is a way,(有志者事竟成)As is known to all, “no pains, no gains”.(没有苦，就没有甜)辩论文中常用的句型

11.there is no doubt that 毫无疑问的是。。

12.it is obvious that 很显然的是

13.it is no wonder that 难怪。。

14.it goes without saying that不用说，不成问题，很自然 15.what is more important 更重要的是

高考英语万能开头句文档 篇5

高考英语作文的开头(既首段)是文章的灵活，要在首段中结合文章引出自己的观点，适合做开头高考英语作文万能句子如下：

1.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.2.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People„s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them，_____.3.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.4.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.5.俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______.It“s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today

(二)高考英语作文万能中间段落

高考英语作文的中间段作文文章的核心内容，一定要把观点阐述清楚，要全面，但切忌走极端，适合作为中间段的高考英语作文万能句子有：

1.面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______.For one thing，______For another，______

2.相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.3.然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。

However，just like everything has both its good and bad sides，______also has its own disadvantages，such as ______.4.……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our country”s development and construction.First，______.What“s more，_____.Most important of all，______.5.为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this，the main cause of ______due to ______.(三)高考英语作文万能结尾

作为高考英语作文的结尾(既末段)，要对阐述内容做个归纳总结，尽量以国家政策，未来期盼为主，虽然老套，但很实用，适合作为结尾的高考英语作文万能句子有：

1.但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example，_____，while_____.Comparing this with that，however，I prefer to______.2.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However，from a personal point of view find______.3.就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally，I believe that_____.Consequently，I„m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.4.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means，we may not control this trend，and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly，so what we should do is_____.5.随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society，______.So it”s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society，it will be better and better.通过以上的高考英语作文万能句子，加入适当的文章核心内容，犀利但不极端的个人观点，你的高考英语作文一定会取得个不错的成绩，大嘴外教网祝各位考生都能金榜题名。

高中英语作文万能简单句 篇6

make progress in …;fail in …’ be tired of …’ pass the examination;give sb.a passing grade;major in history 主修历史

He has the best record in school.他的成绩最棒。get a doctor’s degree 获得博士学位 be more interesting to sb.learn about;succeed in…;be active in class(work);take an active part in …;learn… by heart;work out a(maths)problem;improve oneself in …;get 90 marks for(English);get an “A” in the exam;have a good command of…

lay a good foundation in(language study)英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：师生关系

2、师生关系

get on well with sb;like to be with students;

be gentle with us;be kind to sb;

be a strict teacher;be strict with one’s pupils;

be strict in work

We think of him(her)as …;help sb with sth;

praise sb for sth …;blame sb for sth..give advice on …;question sb on …

be satisfied with …

correct the students’ homework carefully and prepare for the next day;

give sb a lot of work;try to teach sb good study habits;make one’s lessons lively and interesting;teach sb.sth.;teach sb to do sth.devote all one’s time to work;admire(sb.for)his devotion to the cause of education 佩服他对于教育事业的献身精神。

英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：课余活动及周末生活

3、课余活动及周末生活

spend one’s time in many different ways;enjoy doing things by oneself;go swimming;go for an outing;have an outing at(the seashore);see the sights of Beijing;play the piano(violin);play chess(basketball);have a swim;have dances on weekends;have a picnic over the weekend;go to the cinema;have a party;hold a sports meeting;do some reading;help sb do sth;enjoy a family trip;get everything ready for;ride one’s bike with sb.to(the park);There are a lot of activities at(the beach).We enjoy a change from our busy life in the city.She would like to bring sth.to the picnic.It was a very relaxing Sunday.There are good programmes on TV on weekends.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：彼此沟通信息

4、彼此沟通信息

take a message for sb;send a message to sb;hear from sb;talk about/of sth;tell sb to do sth;get information about…;

express one’s idea(feelings)in English;Write sb a letter saying…;apologize to sb for …;thank you for …;make a speech t at the meeting;explain sth to s;look upon sb as …;think sb to be …;take sb’s side

英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：事件中人的态度

5、事件中人的态度

would like to do;allow sb to do;

keep sb from doing(prevent sb.from doing);

call on sb to do;be afraid to do(be afraid of …)；

fee like doing;insist on doing;drive sb.off;

speak highly of sb;speak ill of sb;think highly of sb;

force sb to do;offer to do;refuse to do;agree to do;regret doing;

prefer to do A rather than do B;had better do;would rather(not)do.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：事情过程

6、事情过程

have the habit of doing…;have no trouble doing;make up one’s mind to do;prepare sb for …;give up doing…;do sth as usual;do what he wants us to do;set about doing;try one’s best to do…=go all out to do;get into trouble;help sb out;do one’s bit for New China;wait for sb to do;find a way to do;make friends with sb;show(tell)sb.how to do…;take(send)sb to …;I’m trying to find…;I’m afraid we are out of …;

pass the time doing;feel a little excited about doing…;

can’t help doing…;do some good deeds to people;be prepared for more hard work;Some are doing A, others are doing B, and still others are doing C.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：感观活动与思维活动

7、感观活动与思维活动

look around for …;look up(down)at …;catch sight of …;

take a look at …;hear sb do(doing);take notice of …;

take view of …;have a good understanding of …;

consider sb(sth)to be …;come to know…;

realize that …;know that +从句

英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：情感与欲望

8、情感与欲望

be pleased with …;be delighted in doing…;

take a pleasure in doing;be worried about;

feel surprised at …

be sorry for …;be angry with sb for sth;

be angry about …(为某事生气)；

look forward to doing…;wish to do;expect to do;

long for(long to do);be sick for one’s home;

have a strong desire to do …;

英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：健康状况及治疗

9、健康状况及治疗

be in good shape;be in good(poor)health;

feel weak(well, terrible, sick);have got a high(slight)fever;

have a slight(bad)cold;take one’s temperature;

have got a pain in …;be good(bad)for one’s health(eyes);

It’s nothing serious.stay in bed until…;

save one’s life

英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：其它

10、其它

It(take)sb.some time to do…;It is said that …;

be fit for;be short of;be well dressed;

miss the lecture(train);change…into…;

waste time doing;spend time doing;be busy doing;

have no choice but to do;I can’t help it.be in need of…;

be mistaken about …;fall behind…;catch up with;

on behalf of;instead of;be welcome to do…;

Running, biking and swimming are popular in summer.Skiing and skating are my favorite winter sports.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：信件开头常用语

11、信件开头常用语

You letter came to me this morning.I have received your letter of July the 20th.I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday.I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.How time flies!It’s three months since I saw you last.Thank you for your letter.In reply to your letter about(the exhibition this year)…;

Let me tell you that…

英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：信件结尾常用语

12、信件结尾常用语

Please remember me to your whole family.Give my best regards(wishes)to your mother.Best wishes.With love.Wish you a pleasant journey.Wish you success.Wish you the best of health.(luck)

Looking forward to your next visit to China.Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：阅路和应答

13、阅路和应答 Go down this street Turn night/left at the first crossing It’s about…metres from here You can’t miss it In front of behind at/a the corner(不用in)Pass two blocks

雅思写作万能句 篇7

语言迁移是与二语习得 (Second Language Acquistion) 紧密联系的一个重要研究课题。Lado (1957) 认为语言学习者在二语习得过程中会依赖已掌握的母语, 并经常把母语的语言形式、意义、文化等迁移到目标语言习得中去。Kasper (1992) 定义了语言迁移的两种类型, 即正迁移 (Positive Transfer) 和负迁移 (Negative Transfer) 。母语与目的语具有相类似的特征, 并能够促进目标语学习的作用为正迁移;而母语与目标语有着截然不同的特征, 可能会产生干扰的 (Interference) 作用, 即为母语的负迁移。

由于语言负迁移的影响, 学习者在学习用第二语言写作的过程中往往会出现句法迁移的错误。周立 (2009) 通过英语写作及文法测试的方法对我国大学生英语写作中所出现的句法迁移现象进行了研究, 其中在主要的五类句法迁移错误中, 英语粘连句所占的比例高达42.3%, 远远高出其他主要错误 (主谓不一致12.5%, 被动句的错误表达10.6%, 主语省略10.3%, 存在句的错误表达10.2%) 出现的百分比。因而, 十分有必要对英语粘连句进行研究, 并提出应对此类错误出现的方法。近年来, 对汉语流水句的研究主要集中在翻译层面上, 在写作层面上的研究相对较少。鉴于此, 我们有必要对汉语流水句在英语写作中造成的语言负迁移现象进行研究, 并提出具有针对性的策略以克服汉语流水句所造成的干扰。

2 汉语流水句vs英语粘连句

吕叔湘 (1979) 最早提出了流水句 (Chineses Flowing Sentences) 这个生动的说法, 他指出汉语口语里特多流水句, 一个接一个小句, 很多地方可断可连。胡明扬、劲松 (1989) 将流水句界定为一种在非句终句段也出现句终语调, 语义联系比较松散, 似断还连的无关联词语复句, 并指出流水句是汉语特有的一类复句, 其在结构上具有如下特征: (1) 至少包含两个或两个以上的独立句段; (2) 句段之间一般不是靠关联词语来联结的, 尽管有的较长的流水句内部可以包含用关联词语来联结的关联复句。刘宓庆 (2010) 举了例1-1作为汉语中典型的流水句:

1-1:……风中雨中有声, 日中月中有影, 诗中酒中有情, 闲中闷中有伴, 非唯我爱竹石, 即竹石亦爱我也。彼千金万金造园亭, 或游宦四方, 终其身不能归享。而辈欲游名山大川, 又一时不得即往, 何如一室小景, 有情有味, 历久弥新乎!……

(郑燮:《竹石》)

Langan (2 0 1 0) 将英语粘连句 (English Run-on Sentences) 定义为两个独立的句子连在一起, 其间缺少必要的标记, 粘连句可分为逗号拼接句 (Comma Splices) 和溶合句 (Fused Sentences) 。逗号拼接句 (例1-2) 是指使用逗号把两个或两个以上均含有独立主谓成分的句子连接在一起的句子结构。溶合句 (例1-3) 指两个完整独立的句子溶合在一起, 其间没有任何标记。

综上所述, 我们需要明确汉语流水句与英语粘连句的联系和区别。汉语流水句是合乎汉语语法的一类句子, 而英语粘连句并不符合英语的语法规范。两者具有相似的句法结构特征, 即两个独立的句子均以较为松散 (仅用逗号连接或直接粘连在一起) 的方式连接。

3 英语粘连句分析

如上所述, 英语粘连句可分为逗号拼接句和溶合句两大类。逗号拼接句可用如下公示来表示“句子+, +句子=逗号拼接句”, 其可归纳为如下三种子类型, 为了方便论述, 我们分别用类型1、类型2和类型3来代指。类型1指用逗号连接一个含有命令或指示意味开头的小句 (例1-2、2-1) ;类型2指两个独立的句子间以“逗号+副词”的形式进行连接 (例2-2) ;类型3指用逗号连接一个以指代上文所提及事物的代词开头的句子, 该句子虽然表意清晰, 但实则为逗号拼接句, 其也是在逗号拼接句的三种子类型中出现频率最高的 (例2-3) 。

2-1:Computers become popular, could computers replace televisions? (run-on)

2-2:Many people are eager to get more money and want to be richer, however, money is not everything in our life. (run-on)

2-3:Schools can organize some activities about English writing, they can improve students writing ability. (run-on)

为获得相应的语料以支持本文论述, 笔者随机抽选了150名大一非英语专业同学的三篇英语作文 (分别以

“Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling”、“Money Is Not Everything”和“Computers Are Great Use to Our Daily Life”

为题) , 通过计算出各类型粘连句数量在每篇作文中句子总数量中所占的百分比的加权平均值, 得出如下数据:

英语粘连句在150名非英语专业学生英语作文中的百分比:

由上表可知, 粘连句在笔者所选的150名非英语专业大学一年级学生的三篇英语作文中所占的百分比为19.5%, 其中逗号拼接句 (16.8%) 为主要的粘连句类型, 其比例是溶合句 (2.7%) 所占比例的6倍多。在逗号拼接句下属的三种类型中, 类型3 (7%) 所占的比重最大, 类型1 (5.7%) 的比例稍高于类型2 (4.1%) 。

4 深层原因分析

受汉语流水句语言负迁移而产生的英语粘连句, 实则有其更深层次的原因。笔者认为原因之一是受母语的影响, 例如受汉语标点使用规则、汉语语篇衔接方式以及汉语话题突出的影响, 其二是受语言学习者英语水平的影响和限制。Bhela (1999) 提出当学习者在使用第二语言的句法结构受挫时, 会使用母语的句法结构, 对其而言, 用母语结构组织语言、加工语言很便利。因而, 更深层的原因可以通过英汉两种语言相关方面的对比来解释。

(1) 标点使用规则的不同。与英语相比较, 汉语里逗号的使用具有较大的主观随意性, 也即汉语断句具有较大的随意性, 汉英两语在断句方面有差别, 因此导致标点使用的差别。古汉语实则没有标点符号, 诵读时的语流停顿称句读;决定句读的是文意的完整性, 即句子表达功能的完成与否。 (申小龙, 1996) 现代汉语也传承了这一特征。而英语断句的主要依据是主谓结构, 并有许多形式手段连接句子, 因此逗号使用的规则相当明确。在各种句式里, 平行的两个主语、宾语、表语、谓语和状语之间用连词and/or连接。 (章振邦, 1983;张道真, 1995)

(2) 语篇衔接方式的不同。汉英两语比较, 汉语重意合, 而英语重形合。汉语多使用隐性连接手段, 没有类似英语的并列连词、关系代词、关系副词, 表示逻辑关系的连词使用得也没有那么频繁, 只要上下文能够表达这些关系, 显性的连接手段就可以省略, 因而简洁灵活。英语更多要求显性连接, 有大量的形式手段表明词语之间和句子之间的各种关系, 例如并列、主从以及各种逻辑关系, 需要严密有序。

(3) 语言表达结构的不同。汉语断句与英语不同的原因之一是其话题结构。汉语属于话题—评论型语言, 几个话题共享一个述题, 或一个话题带几个述题, 都在同一个话题—评论框里, 书面表达时互相之间可用逗号而不用句号切分, 造成大量的一句话里包括几个小句的现象。这里所谓小句指主谓结构, 相当于英语的从句。 (徐烈炯、刘丹青, 1998) 而英语的简单句只能包含一个主谓结构, 其内部担当定语或状语功能的短语可以用逗号切分, 但是不能用逗号连接两个以上的主谓结构。

5 应对策略

(1) 语法层面的应对技巧。单纯就语法层面而言, 有如下三种方式可将英语粘连句改写成合乎英语语法的句子。1) 将粘连句切分成两个独立的句子 (例3-1) ;2) 通过利用连词 (and、but、for、nor、yet、or、so) 或分号将粘连句中的两个句子合并, 组成一个并列句 (例3-2、3-3) ;3) 将粘连句中的一个句子嵌入到另一个句子中, 组成一个复合句 (例3-4) 。

1-2:Because of the convenience of typing in computers, this may lead some students not to pay much attention to their English spelling. (run-on)

3-1:Because of the convenience of typing in computers.This may lead some students not to pay much attention to their English spelling. (correct)

1-3:We can talk about our problems with other people we will get happier. (run-on)

3-2:We can talk about our problems with other people and we will get happier. (correct)

3-3:We can talk about our problems with other people;we will get happier. (correct)

2-3:Schools can organize some activities about English writing, they can improve students writing ability. (run-on)

3-4:Schools can organize some activities about English writing which can improve students writing ability. (correct)

(2) 多阅读。众所周知, 读和写是分不开的, 提高写作的一种有效方法便是多阅读, 只有有了足量的输入 (阅读) 才能更好地进行自主的输出创作 (写作) , 两者是相辅相成的辩证关系。为了避免汉语句法思维在英语写作过程中所造成的语言负迁移, 英语学习者可以通过阅读原汁原味的英语材料, 了解以英语为母语的人们的思维方式。

(3) 多练习。熟能生巧, 在语言学习的道路上更是这样, 不断的练习是很重要的。在量的积累即多练习时, 还要注意质的把握, 要认真细心地查看自己所写的句子。对于时常会出现英语粘连句错误的同学, 要多注意本文所阐述的有关英语粘连句的类型及相关应对策略进行修改。

6 总述

流水句充分体现了汉语重意合的特点, 受语言负迁移的影响, 在英语写作的过程中, 常会出现同流水句具有相似句法结构, 诸如逗号拼接句和溶合句这样的英语粘连句错误。本文在案例分析的基础上, 通过将英语粘连句同汉语流水句的对比, 进一步阐述了英语粘连句的类型和特点, 并提出了一系列解决措施以应对由于语言负迁移所造成的英语粘连句错误。在英语写作的过程中, 能注意到汉英两种语言在句法层面上的差异, 注意英语粘连句的特征, 并善于将粘连句切分为两个独立的句子、整合成一个并列句或复合句, 便能从某种程度上克服受汉语流水句语言负迁移影响出现的英语粘连句错误。此外, 为了进一步提高写作水平还要多阅读, 要勤加练习。

语言负迁移在外语学习过程中不可避免, 它涉及到词汇、语法、句子、篇章、文化等诸多方面的内容。本文只是对汉语流水句的语言负迁移作了一点肤浅的研究, 希望能够对语言学习着有一点帮助。

参考文献

[1]Bhela.A Native Language Interference in Learning a Second Language:Exploratory Case Studies of Native Language Interference with Target Language Usage[J].International Education Journal, 1999 (1) .

[2]John, Langan.College Writing Skills With Readings[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching Research Press, 2007.

[3]Kasper, G.Pragmatic transfer[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1992 (8) .

[4]Lado, R.Linguistics Across Cultures Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers[M].Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1957.

[5]胡明扬, 劲松.流水句初探[J].语言教学与研究, 1989 (4) .

[6]刘宓庆.新编汉英对比与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2006.

[7]吕叔湘.汉语语法分析问题[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1979.

[8]申小龙.当代中国语法学[M].广东:广东教育出版社, 1996.

[9]徐烈炯, 刘丹青.话题的结构与功能[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1998.

[10]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1995.

[11]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1983