英语写作万能句（共7篇）
英语写作万能句 篇1
小括号内为解释，中括号内部分可有可无
万能模版一（问题解决类）
分析原因：
引入句：
Why does the situation remain unimproved? There are many factors resulting in it.万能原因：
1.Most people haven’t yet realized how serious the problem has become.2.The greatest blame(根结)should be placed on factors such as grossly(=very)inefficient management and [ without a doubt ] corruption.3.Some people do not care whether X may cause damage to property and injury or even death to individuals, but fix their eyes on the profits/benefits they can get from it.4.X is a social trend(趋势).Reversing undesirable social trends will be far from an easy task and will require a dramatic change in attitudes.5.Measures taken to control the problem are not efficient enough to restrain(约束)violators(违规者).6.The main reason is continuing degeneration of social values(价值观)and decline of morality(道德观).7.污染问题：Excessive quantities of X are being used nowadays with the rapid development of industry.8.环境问题：With the increase in [the country’s] population, the demand for X is growing steadily/sharply(稳步地/急剧地).分析危害：
引入句：
1.Nobody can deny that X has brought a large number of negative effects and it will continue to do so if nothing is done.2.As everyone sees, this phenomenon produces harmful effects in many aspects.万能危害：
1.X do/does great harm to human health/mental health and social morality.2.The bad effect of X lies in the fact that it can hinder(阻碍)the healthy and smooth development of economy/society [ as well as spoil the mutual trust(破坏相互信任)among people.]
3.It can make people lose faith in the [local] government since they think it is the government’s responsibility to lay a strict control over the problem.4.In many cases, X interfere(干扰)with the normal social order [ and exerts a negative influence on the stability of our society.]
5.Having been hurt by X, some people may hold quite pessimistic(悲观)attitude towards it.Even worse, they may do the same behaviors of hurting others or themselves.6.X causes unfair competition which disturbs the order of the market and hampers(妨碍)the innovation of economic/educational structure.7.环境问题：As these precious resources are not inexhaustible, wasting or polluting them will be a potential threat to human’s future surrival.解决方案：
引入句：
1.It’s time for us to take some effective measures to get the problem into control.2.Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is an urgent thing for us to take certain counter measures to eliminate it.万能措施：
1.We can make the evil nature of X known to all people so that they could consciously(有意识地)guard against it.2.The government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies.3.The government is supposed to lay down rules and regulations to cope with(=solve)the problem.I feel that anyone who violates relevant rules or laws deserves to be punished severely.4.Although there are laws designed to protect us, the number of law enforcers is not sufficient enough.Hence, we should learn to discern between true and false.Only in this way can we defend our legal rights and interests.5.Authorities should strengthen instruction and guidance on people, and more campaigns should be organized to raise people’s awareness(意识)the harm of X.6.We should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous(危险的)alternatives.结束句：
1.Certainly, there are some other cures, which are worth adopting.But if we take measures outlined above, we can ensure a reliable prevention system.全文结句：
1.As far as the future prospect is concerned, I am sure that good results will be achieved in this respect.2.To conclude, it seems obvious that tomorrow will be much better and brighter only if everyone does its part and tries hard to seek solutions for its control.万能模版二（社会现象评论类）
As we can see from the situation, has become a common phenomenon among ________.According to a newspaper survey, about _______ percent of _______, this trend will continue for a while in the future.With regard to this phenomenon, people vary greatly in their viewpoint.Some argue that it’s ____________.They believe that ____________________.They also hold that ___________________.However, there are other people who look at this phenomenon in another way.For them, _________________________.Besides, ___________________.In their beliefs, we should take immediate measures to put an end to the current situation.As a coin has two sides, it’s no exception to the phenomenon ofI’m concerned, _________ should be(encouraged)in our(country).Our government should play an active role in this respect.万能模版三（分析利弊类）
首句：
1.Nowadays, X are/is extremely popular and play a very critical role in the modern society.Taking a look around, you can find numerous examples to mention individually.2.Many people tend to agree with me if I say that X makes a necessity for us to live a happy / decent / comfortable / convenient / interesting life.过渡句：
1.As a matter of fact, many people now resort to the new way, less depending upon the old traditional way.Why? Because X have great influence on the work, study and life of people in modern society.2.The prevalence of X will do good to both the individual and the society.接着深入展开X的好处：
1.It is advisable for people to take advantage of this modern, scientific and technological product X, as it has brought us a lot of convenience.Such as …
2.X is a symbol of freedom.It enables an individual or a family to … , without relying on traditional methods.转折句：
1.However, a coin has two sides.Some of us have began to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.2.Nevertheless, X might bring some negative effects and potential dangers to us.深入展开X的危害：
1.Some people might be so indulged in them/it that they may ignore their own duty.结句：
1.Even so, we can cope with these problems as we always know what we are doing and what we want to achieve.
英语写作万能句 篇2
作为一个重要的语言输出方式, 英语写作是测试学生综合运用语言能力和认知水平的好方法。 然而, 在国内大学英语课堂中, 因为诸多原因, 例如班级人数太多, 写作练习的时间不够, 反馈不够及时, 评价标准太过模糊, 教师语言教学知识技能水平的不一等, 学生的英语写作水平并未得到大幅度的提升。 总之, 在传统写作教学反馈模式下, 大学英语中写作教学的效果不尽如人意。
随着科学技术的飞速发展, 人们将目光投向互联网, 教学在线自动评价系统软件应运而生。 以教育技术作为基础, 以数据信息量庞大、拥有十分丰富的学习资源为优势, 计算机自动评价系统能够给学生的写作提供及时准确的评价和反馈。 这种写作评价方式已经成为未来反馈研究的新方向。 本文旨在对计算机自动评价系统的反馈机制做一个研究, 探求其对学生英语写作产生的影响, 为大学英语写作的评价提供参考和启示。
二、句酷批改网
近年来, 计算机在线自动评价软件的开发已经渐入佳境。国外的在线自动评价系统最具代表性的是PEG, IEA, E-rater和Intelli Metric TM等。 目前国内开发的针对中国大学生的在线自动评价系统有句酷批改网、 冰果英语智能作文评阅系统等[1]。 本文以句酷网为例, 探索在线写作自动评价系统给大学英语写作带来的影响。
作为一种新兴的在线自动评价系统和写作辅助工具, 句酷网能够提供作文的诊断性评价反馈, 目前在中国内地的作文自动评价系统市场很受欢迎。 学生可以从句酷网网站上既定的作文标题中进行选择, 再上传完成的作品。 句酷网运用自身强大的语料库对学生的作文进行诊断, 提供及时全面的评价。 利用云计算的功能, 句酷网能对上传的文章立即给予评分, 并在词汇、句子结构等方面给出整体评价。 接下来, 句酷网会对参评文章进行逐句指正, 包括单词的拼写错误等。 除此之外, 句酷网还会就作文中的选词展开解析, 比如近反义词的讲解、易混淆单词的辨析。 相应的, 老师和管理者也有权限对个人、班级、学校甚至更大群体的文集进行审阅。
通过句酷网, 学生可以获得整体评分、诊断性反馈评价、修改意见及其他的学习资源。 在使用句酷网的过程中, 学生通过在线自动评价系统的训练, 逐渐掌握写好一篇作文的技巧。
三、对于句酷网的实践研究
笔者采用问卷调查的研究方式, 旨在探索在线自动评价系统对于大学生英语写作能力及自主学习能力的提高是否有帮助。 笔者将自己所教的三个英语写作班作为研究对象, 开展了为期一学期的教学实践调查。 每两周在句酷网上布置一篇作文, 由句酷网生成相应的作文号。 学生登录句酷网后搜索既定的作文号, 并在规定的时间内进行写作、修改、提交。 在经过一学期的实践教学之后, 一共有72名学生参加问卷调查。 问卷包含五个问题, 主要调查学生对于句酷网的看法。 经调查, 有效问卷为70份, 有效率是97%, 结果见下表。
通过一学期的教学实践结果可以看出, 有57%的学生非常喜欢句酷网, 而明确表示不喜欢句酷网的有4.2%, 持中立态度的有12.8%。 这对于在线自动评价系统来说是一个很好的现象, 表示学生对于计算机运用到学习中的技术普遍表示赞同。
而且学生对于句酷网能否提高写作水平一致持肯定的意见。 第二个问题的结果显示有61.4%的学生认为句酷网对于他们的英语写作帮助很大, 只有1.4%的学生认为句酷网完全没有帮助。 这一点也可以从学生写作的成绩轨迹看出, 在使用句酷网的过程中, 学生的作文成绩基本呈上升趋势。
问卷调查的第三个问题是调查句酷网主要在哪方面对学生有积极的帮助, 结果都集中在词汇和语法两大板块。 对于大一英语专业的学生来说, 词汇和语法是经常出现问题的地方, 也是教师需要花费大量时间和精力去批改指正的地方[2]。 句酷网在这两方面能对学生的写作起到积极的帮助, 这无疑是对老师的解放。 然而, 接受调查的学生普遍表示在思想内容和篇章结构上句酷网的帮助并不大, 只有5.7%和8.5%。这个结果从侧面反映出以句酷网为代表的在线自动评价系统的局限性。 思想内容和篇章结构相对来说偏向主观, 如果借助软件或器械操作, 则会造成结果有一定的偏颇。 所以这方面的批改任务主要在于教师, 需要教师在课堂上多加以疏导贯通, 在批改上多费心力[3]。 对于网络评价和教师评价的对比, 在问卷调查的第五点也体现得较为透彻, 学生的倾向性各占一半, 说明学生也认为两种评价各有所长, 这是我们提倡应该将在线评价和教师评价结合在一起运用的原因。
还有一个好现象就是学生会认真思考句酷网给的评价和建议, 并在原来作文的基础上进行修改, 这一点在问卷调查的第四点上得到体现。 有74%的学生表示每次都会根据句酷网的建议对作文进行修改, 而没有人会忽视句酷网给的修改意见, 这说明句酷网的应用得到绝大部分学生的认可。 教师在平常的教学中应该提醒学生引起重视, 让学生坚持在每次句酷网给出批改意见之后对作文进行修改, 养成良好的习惯。 通过不断的练习、修改, 再写作、再修改, 直到最后达到自己和教师都满意的效果, 这样写作水平才会有大幅度的提高。
本文采取问卷调查的方式对所任班级一共72名英语专业的学生进行了探访与研究, 发现学生对于句酷网的接受程度还是很高的。 在经过一年的句酷网实践应用之后, 学生表示无论是在英语语法还是词汇方面都有较大程度的提高。 同时, 句酷网增强了学生自主学习的意识, 即通过句酷网的修改建议自己主动对作文进行修改直到让人满意的地步。 就是在这种不断试图提高自己作文得分的过程中, 学生的英语语言应用能力也无意识地得到了锻炼。 每次一点提交, 学生立即就会得到作文分数和相关的修改信息, 比起教师评价漫长的等待过程来说, 句酷网有无与伦比的优势。 当然, 句酷网也有着其自身的局限性, 在主观倾向性方面的反馈方面, 教师评价的作用不可或缺。 所以我们倡导应当将在线自动评价系统和教师评价结合起来, 因地制宜, 合理应用, 才能获得最佳的效果。
摘要：随着科学技术的飞速发展, 计算机网络技术越来越多地应用到传统教学中。在线自动评分系统是基于教学技术理念, 为学生的写作提供自动反馈的一种评估机制。本文以句酷网作为实例, 采取问卷调查的方式研究学生对在线自动评分系统的态度, 以及句酷网对学生英语写作造成的影响。结果表明, 以句酷网为代表的在线自动评分系统可以激起学生的写作热情, 有助于培养学生更高的英语写作水平和更强的英语写作能力。
关键词：英语写作教学,互联网技术,在线自动评价系统,句酷网
参考文献
[1]曾楚辉.句酷批改网在高职英语写作教学中的应用.长春教育学院学报, 2015 (16) :158-159.
[2]刘毅.英语写作教学中在线写作评价系统的应用及其效果——以句酷批改网为例.海外英语 (上) , 2015 (3) :80-81, 95.
高中英语万能写作高分技巧 篇3
【关键词】 高中英语 写作障碍 教学策略
【中图分类号】 G633.41 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1674-4772（2013）11-001-01
英语写作很多高中生视若畏途，不知道怎么写。汉语写作很多学生都不过关，这样怎么写出高分的英语作文呢？本人在教学过程中，研究了考官评判的基本技巧后，总结了一些方法。那就是写好开头，收好结尾，这样的英语作文基本可以得高分。怎么写好开头？怎么收缩圆满的结尾呢？就是给出学生万能开头公式和结尾公式。
一、开头万能公式
1. 开头万能公式一：名人名言。有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！
原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理！经典句型：A proberb says， “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows， No one can deny that…
2. 开头万能公式二：数字统计。
原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey， about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …
二、结尾万能公式
1. 结尾万能公式一：如此结论。说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！
比如下面的例子：Obviously， we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语：to sum up， in conclusion， in brief， on account of this， thus.更多句型：Thus， it can be concluded that…， Therefore， we can find that…
高考英语作文万能句 篇4
Among all the touching facts relating to confidence that I have heard, noticed, and experienced, the most impressive one is LiuXiang.As the world sport star, he invariably imagines positively that he can win in every hurdle race, never shrinking in front of other experienced players.Had he been afraid of his rivals, never could he make any world record in the Olympic Games.Just as the old Arab proverb says, our final enemy is ourselves.Only in a strong mind believing in ourselves can we hope to witness the ideal scene, in which we can conquer any difficulties and enjoy the struggle to the uttermost.（万能举例开头+例子描述+万能结尾）
There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, in the middle of the drawing, lies an old man, crumbling like a football, who is deserted by his sons and daughter, guarding their doors and refusing to take care of their father.Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning is as deep as ocean.（万能开头句+描述图画（倒装、ing结构）+万能结尾）
What is the purpose of the picture? The past decade has witnessed a phenomenon that an increasing number of cases about maltreating the elders in some part of our country, either in cities or in the countryside.According to the latest survey, nearly 30% of the old people are lack of the tending from their off springs.Were the situation to continue, we would pay a high price.（设问开头+现实联系+统计调查+虚拟结尾总结）
As far as I am concerned, the problem being so serious, it is high time that we took effective and efficient measures to counter the maltreatment towards old people.For one thing, laws and regulations should be worked out to punish those who do not support their parents’ living;for another, we young people should be educated to respect and esteem the old.Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy society can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which old people can enjoy their twilight to the uttermost.（万能段落解决方法）
There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.As is vividly shown above, on the
playground runs a young man, rushing to the final, which is also marked as another start one.Tired as he is, he has to continue his travel optimistically.Just as the old Arab proverb says, final means another start point.Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning behind the pictures is as deep as the ocean.（万能开头句+描述图画（倒装、ing结构）+万能结尾+谚语）
What is the purpose of the picture? The running situation is naturally associated with our real life.Whenever we have achieved a goal or the like, should we just stop pursuing the further goal and just enjoy the happiness of success or be savage again for the next terminal--a question deserves our more attention.（设问开头+现实联系+万能句式）
Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples of running, with Liuxiang, the gold medal winner in Olympics, 2004 being the foremost.Had he stopped practice only after he had won a region championship, he would not have been the world super star.Turn our attention to the business field.According to a survey, 70% of the companies merged by bigger ones, have once been overjoyed with their small profits and unaware of the danger posed by more ambitious rivals.In sum, keeping making progress should be the right attitude toward life and work for everybody and even for a country.（万能举例开头+例子描述(假设，统计调查)）
There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.As is vividly shown in the picture, in the middle of the photograph, stands a foreign girl, dressed in Chinese traditional clothes, with a sweet smile on her face.Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning behind the picture is as deep as the ocean.Just as the old proverb says, cultures transmit beyond border.（万能开头句+描述图画（倒装、ing结构，with结构）+万能结尾+谚语）
What is the meaning of the picture? The past decade has witnessed a phenomenon that an increasing number of cultural influence have taken place owing to the reform and open door policy being carried out.According to a survey, the number of people coming from foreign countries has reached to 10,000,000, who have brought fresh ideas to China and taken away Chinese traditional essence.Were there no such policy, never would we taste KFC at all, neither would foreigners know anything about Chinese Kungfu.（设问开头+现实联系+统计调查+虚拟结尾总结）
As far as I am concerned, with the process of the globalization, it goes without saying that we are living in an ever small world.We are eager for foreign cultures and also eager to make ourselves understood by other countries.With an open mind and warm heart, it will only be a matter of time before it is possible for us to live in a real world of globalization.There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.As is vividly shown in the picture, in the darkness stands a candle, spreading light and warmness around itself.Simple as the picture is, the
symbolic meaning behind the picture is as deep as the ocean.Just as the old proverb says, love is just like a light, being brighter in the darker places.（万能开头句+描述图画（倒装、ing结构）+万能结尾+用谚语将图中中文翻译）
Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples of love, with the following one being the foremost.In some remote part of the west of China, exist numerous families, being so poor that hardly can they support their children’s education.Pathetic as they are, people coming from all walks of life began to help them, which is so called Hope Project.According to a survey, money collected annually is worth as much as $100,000,000, which can help one million children to go to school.Were there no such precious help, those children would never taste any knowledge and live in the darkness forever.（万能举例开头+例子描述+统计调查+虚拟总结）
高中英语作文万能简单句 篇5
make progress in …;fail in …’ be tired of …’ pass the examination;give sb.a passing grade;major in history 主修历史
He has the best record in school.他的成绩最棒。get a doctor’s degree 获得博士学位 be more interesting to sb.learn about;succeed in…;be active in class(work);take an active part in …;learn… by heart;work out a(maths)problem;improve oneself in …;get 90 marks for(English);get an “A” in the exam;have a good command of…
lay a good foundation in(language study)英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：师生关系
2、师生关系
get on well with sb;like to be with students;
be gentle with us;be kind to sb;
be a strict teacher;be strict with one’s pupils;
be strict in work
We think of him(her)as …;help sb with sth;
praise sb for sth …;blame sb for sth..give advice on …;question sb on …
be satisfied with …
correct the students’ homework carefully and prepare for the next day;
give sb a lot of work;try to teach sb good study habits;make one’s lessons lively and interesting;teach sb.sth.;teach sb to do sth.devote all one’s time to work;admire(sb.for)his devotion to the cause of education 佩服他对于教育事业的献身精神。
英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：课余活动及周末生活
3、课余活动及周末生活
spend one’s time in many different ways;enjoy doing things by oneself;go swimming;go for an outing;have an outing at(the seashore);see the sights of Beijing;play the piano(violin);play chess(basketball);have a swim;have dances on weekends;have a picnic over the weekend;go to the cinema;have a party;hold a sports meeting;do some reading;help sb do sth;enjoy a family trip;get everything ready for;ride one’s bike with sb.to(the park);There are a lot of activities at(the beach).We enjoy a change from our busy life in the city.She would like to bring sth.to the picnic.It was a very relaxing Sunday.There are good programmes on TV on weekends.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：彼此沟通信息
4、彼此沟通信息
take a message for sb;send a message to sb;hear from sb;talk about/of sth;tell sb to do sth;get information about…;
express one’s idea(feelings)in English;Write sb a letter saying…;apologize to sb for …;thank you for …;make a speech t at the meeting;explain sth to s;look upon sb as …;think sb to be …;take sb’s side
英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：事件中人的态度
5、事件中人的态度
would like to do;allow sb to do;
keep sb from doing(prevent sb.from doing);
call on sb to do;be afraid to do(be afraid of …)；
fee like doing;insist on doing;drive sb.off;
speak highly of sb;speak ill of sb;think highly of sb;
force sb to do;offer to do;refuse to do;agree to do;regret doing;
prefer to do A rather than do B;had better do;would rather(not)do.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：事情过程
6、事情过程
have the habit of doing…;have no trouble doing;make up one’s mind to do;prepare sb for …;give up doing…;do sth as usual;do what he wants us to do;set about doing;try one’s best to do…=go all out to do;get into trouble;help sb out;do one’s bit for New China;wait for sb to do;find a way to do;make friends with sb;show(tell)sb.how to do…;take(send)sb to …;I’m trying to find…;I’m afraid we are out of …;
pass the time doing;feel a little excited about doing…;
can’t help doing…;do some good deeds to people;be prepared for more hard work;Some are doing A, others are doing B, and still others are doing C.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：感观活动与思维活动
7、感观活动与思维活动
look around for …;look up(down)at …;catch sight of …;
take a look at …;hear sb do(doing);take notice of …;
take view of …;have a good understanding of …;
consider sb(sth)to be …;come to know…;
realize that …;know that +从句
英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：情感与欲望
8、情感与欲望
be pleased with …;be delighted in doing…;
take a pleasure in doing;be worried about;
feel surprised at …
be sorry for …;be angry with sb for sth;
be angry about …(为某事生气)；
look forward to doing…;wish to do;expect to do;
long for(long to do);be sick for one’s home;
have a strong desire to do …;
英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：健康状况及治疗
9、健康状况及治疗
be in good shape;be in good(poor)health;
feel weak(well, terrible, sick);have got a high(slight)fever;
have a slight(bad)cold;take one’s temperature;
have got a pain in …;be good(bad)for one’s health(eyes);
It’s nothing serious.stay in bed until…;
save one’s life
英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：其它
10、其它
It(take)sb.some time to do…;It is said that …;
be fit for;be short of;be well dressed;
miss the lecture(train);change…into…;
waste time doing;spend time doing;be busy doing;
have no choice but to do;I can’t help it.be in need of…;
be mistaken about …;fall behind…;catch up with;
on behalf of;instead of;be welcome to do…;
Running, biking and swimming are popular in summer.Skiing and skating are my favorite winter sports.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：信件开头常用语
11、信件开头常用语
You letter came to me this morning.I have received your letter of July the 20th.I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday.I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.How time flies!It’s three months since I saw you last.Thank you for your letter.In reply to your letter about(the exhibition this year)…;
Let me tell you that…
英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：信件结尾常用语
12、信件结尾常用语
Please remember me to your whole family.Give my best regards(wishes)to your mother.Best wishes.With love.Wish you a pleasant journey.Wish you success.Wish you the best of health.(luck)
Looking forward to your next visit to China.Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.英语作文书面表达常用句型及短语：阅路和应答
13、阅路和应答 Go down this street Turn night/left at the first crossing It’s about…metres from here You can’t miss it In front of behind at/a the corner(不用in)Pass two blocks
英语写作万能句子 篇6
5)Shall we do this? Not necessary the case.6)***, and vice versa indeed.7)On the contrary, in spite of these increase*** 8)Compared with A, B has many advantages such as*** 9)Not so much*** as he had talked about.10)***, the truth of the matter, however, is that*** 11)For some, the way maybe right, nevertheless, for many others*** 12)As everything going to the extreme has its negative aspects, so has*** 13)It is fairly well know that***however, it is less know that*** 14)***, but this was not always the case.15)At first, ***different in their opinions, on secon
d thoughts, however, all of them agree to*** 16)None the less(尽管如此)*** 17)When people succeed, it is because of hard work, however, luck has a lot to do with it too.18)***, sometimes it isn’t totally the case, however.19)Do some A else but B.五． 名理句型 1)It is usually the case that *** 2)It is plain common sense---the more/less***the more/less*** 3)The serious reality had taught us a lesson : not being environment friendly will be avenged mercilessly.4)As a proverb says/as is known to all/as a popular saying goes, *** 5)I can think of no better illustration than an English poem/adage which goes like this:*** 6)The old story of***can serve as a good illustration that*** 六． 强调句型 1)With/due to/spurred by***we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with, that is, *** 2)The reason why***is no other than***as I know.3)The same thing is true with*** 4)What I want to point out is that, for a person who wants to be successful in life and to be useful in society, he will have to learn to be both A and B.5)What a wonderful picture? Especially for we students always swimming in the sea of books!6)It’s high time that immediate measures were taken to better the strength and face the challenges.7)Before everything else, ***is the secret of success.七． 图表句型 1)From the figures/statistics given in the table it can be seen/noticed that*** 2)From the graph/table/diagram/chart above, we can see that***obviously.3)As show in the chart/by the graph*** 4)Have you ever anticipated the prospects of***in the coming decades? Let us just take a look at the figures of***as shown in the graph above.5)The gap between***and***will be further widened.6)In face of increasingly serious shortage of energy, we should take effective measures/which of the measures we should take? 7)It is clear that the increase of percentage gets greater and greater.8)By***, the number of***had less/more than doubled/tripled compared with that of*** 9)短语：made up about***/the figure amounted to/will rise to/will reach/will double that/will tripled that 另外，文章结尾也很重要，它的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种： 1．首尾呼应，画龙点睛 在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her”(我忘不了她)的结尾： After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life.I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2．重复主题句 结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾： I love my home town, and I love its people.They too have changed.They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3.自然结尾 随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾： I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more.Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun.We returned home very late.4．含蓄性的结尾 用比喻
英语写作万能句 篇7
理工科硕士研究生有发表论文的需求, 也会有在国际学术刊物上发表论文的愿望。而论文的发表, 无论是在国内抑或是国外学术期刊, 都离不开英文写作。即便论文本身的研究具备独特性, 若英语语言表达不准确, 该论文也难入选国际期刊。因此, 提高英语语言表达的整体水平, 是我国研究生实现学术国际化的必要环节。写作作为英语教学中的核心技能, 是研究生英语教学中的重中之重, 而整体写作能力的提高需要从语言能力本身到思维方式等各个层面逐一突破。
中国学生英语写作的句法和文体的语料库研究及实证研究 (白逸欣、蔡宏宇2001;王立非2005;Sun 2010;Wang 2009;Zhang 2012) 表明, 英语流水句是英语学生作文中句法层面数种错误中的主要问题之一。然而, 关于具体应用何种方式帮助学生避免英语流水句, 以及效果如何, 目前仍有待考察。
英语流水句问题, 反映在句法表层, 是标点符号的误用;而其深层次的归因是句间的衔接。英语流水句的产生导致英语文章行文不够严谨、表达欠缺逻辑。避免英语流水句错误, 有助于提高学生对英语断句规则、对标点符号使用规则的认识和应用, 习得句间的正确和有效的衔接, 以此在句法层次上提高作文的整体质量。本文将针对英语流水句问题实施行动研究, 这一研究能帮助学生在写作时减少此类错误, 同时有助于教师对句法方面的教学进行反思。
二、研究对象、目的及研究方法
Lewin (1946) 提出了“行动研究”这一术语之后, 现代行动研究已经进入教育领域。McNiff (1988:6) 指出, 行动研究是在课堂教学中由教师来执行的一系列有计划的具体行动, 旨在改进学生某一方面的问题, 同时在实践中验证理论, 诠释和检验当下的教学理论。教学行动研究的一般步骤是, 发现问题;选择合适的研究手段;收集和分析资料;制订行动计划, 帮助学生在课堂上在研究问题上取得进步;实施计划;观察学生的变化, 反思研究 (McNiff2011:8-9) 。
研究对象是北京某大学硕士研究生一年级中地学专业的一个班级。针对其英语作文中的流水句问题, 笔者于2012年春季学期开展了为期10周的行动研究。研究对象共计38人, 分别有17人和19人通过大学英语六级和四级考试, 2人未通过四级考试。本研究采用的样本是该学期学生完成的7次作文和1次翻译练习。
根据英语流水句样本的特征探寻其产生的原因。遵循行动研究的步骤, 集中对英语流水句进行改正反馈。理工科研究生的专业任务繁重, 用于英语学习的时间有限, 于是, 每周的四节英语课是其英语语言输入的主要来源。因此, 有针对性的语法教学是有必要的。Ellis (1995:89) 指出, “no noticing, no acquisition” (没有注意就没有习得) 。语法教学能帮助学生“注意”到二语中不熟悉或未知的语言特征, 从而最终实现对言语的吸收。
研究步骤如下:第一, 关于英语流水句的课堂教学, 包括什么是英语流水句, 如何修改英语流水句;第二, 在课堂上练习修改英语流水句;第三, 给学生布置课后写作任务;第四, 收集学生的习作;第五, 标注习作中的英语流水句错误, 对收集到的英语流水句进行分析, 对其进行统计归类, 找到出错原因;第六, 根据学生的错误对教学进行反思和调整, 对学生进行采访和个别辅导。
三、结果与讨论
(一) 英文流水句的概念及改正方法
英文流水句可分为两类:融合句 (fused sentences) 和逗号接连句 (comma splices) 。一个句子中如果包含了两个或两个以上的单句, 而句间没有使用任何标点符号进行断句, 这样的句子是融合句, 如 (1b) ;而逗号接连句, 是指断句都用逗号来切分, 一口气说几件事, 中间似断似连, 直到最后一个小句, 如 (1c) 。逗号接连句句间, 参与一个事件过程的不是一个人, 可能有两个甚至多个人, 可能有几个主语或话题。无论是融合句和逗号接连句, 其共同之处是对完整的句子间的界限如何界定有所混淆, 如 (1a) 是完整句。
(1) a.He swam. (单句/独立句/完整的句子)
b.She reads in thesleeps in her bed. (融合句)
c.Jim and Tommy are playing foot ball outside the for get to go home. (逗号接连句)
英文流水句的改正方法有四种。第一, 使用句号断句, 分隔两个或多个完整的句子;如果两个句子间在语意上的关联性很大, 亦可用分号。第二, 使用逗号加上选择七个并列连词 (and, but, yet, so, for, nor和or) 之一来连接两个具有逻辑关联的句子。第三, 用从属连词或关系代词连接两个句子, 使其成为从句。第四, 在句间使用连接副词或连接性副词短语, 增进句间的逻辑关联。例如逗号接连句She reads in the sleeps in her bed可以改为以下几种方式:把逗号改为分号 (2a) 、把逗号改为句号 (2b) 、在逗号后加并列连词and (2c) 、用从属连词while连接两个单句成为状语从句 (2d) 、用连接副词meanwhile连接小句呈现逻辑的显性连接 (2e) .
(2) a.She reads in the sleeps in her bed.
(二) 两类英文流水句出现率变化
W1表示第一周, 依此类推。第二和第四周的任务是改正原稿语言错误, 重新列出提纲, 并围绕前一周的主题进行写作;第八周的任务是将中文流水句翻译成英语的练习, 因此这三周的数据没有进行统计。从第六周起, 课堂教学和练习中加入如何使用从属连词、关系代词和连接副词来连接小句组成从句的内容。如图1所示, 面临英文流水句修正方法的多种选择, 学生的错误率有所回升, 但保持在10%以下。从图1还可以观察到:第六周以后, 融合句的错误率虽然有所回升, 但幅度较小, 且之后基本持恒。原因在于融合句是一个句子里有两个或更多的主语却没有关系代词和从属连词连接的句子。这种错误容易识别, 学生在识别以后自己能够改正。而逗号接连句在这个时期回升幅度较大且在接下来的三周持续走高, 从收集到的样本来看主要原因在于学生把连接副词和词组从属连词当成了并列连词来用, 应该用句号时用了逗号。连接副词在数量上众多, 要记住它们的意思及用法, 学生是需要花点工夫和时间的。相较之下, 学生在第一周到第五周学习的如何通过用分号和句号避免英文流水句, 及用逗号加上and等并列连词来修正英文流水句的方法更易掌握。因此, 学生能较快地减少这些方面的错误。
在完成把中文流水句译成英语这一练习后, 学生在最后一周的期末写作任务中错误率降至5.8%。整个写作练习中英文流水句错误率大幅降低并趋向稳定是在第五周之后发生的, 学生在这之前已经做了3次改错练习。而且, 在针对中文流水句教师进行讲解、学生进行英译练习之后, 其错误率降至最低。可见, 问题的解决需要教师讲解和学生进行改错练习相结合的方式进行, 效果最好。另外, 开始时融合句和逗号连接句的错误率相当, 但随着介入手段的引入, 比较之下逗号接连句更不易改正。
(三) 英语流水句的特征
1. 小句间的逻辑关系
通过对整个过程中收集到的英文流水句进行小句间的逻辑结构分析, 发现最常见的小句间逻辑关系是并列 (32%) , 顺序 (25%) 和对比 (23%) 关系。在面对这三大关系时, 学生将它们处理成融合句和逗号接连句 (其中逗号接连句居多) 。此外还有因果关系 (19%) 和条件关系 (1%) 。随着课堂讲解和练习的实施, 条件关系的英文流水句就不再出现了, 而且因果关系的英文流水句也逐渐减少了。
通过分析学生将汉语流水句翻译成英语的练习, 笔者总结出学生所采用的策略。其中, 使用最多的是在小句间添加关系代词合成关系从句 (33.2%) ;其次是利用并列连词组成并列句或顺序递进句 (31.6%) ;再次是组成一组单句串 (22.3%) ;最不受欢迎的策略是用连接副词或短语连接各小句 (11.2%) , 呈现句间逻辑关系。同时, 在这次练习中, 学生译出的逗号接连句占14.8%。由此可见, 即使学生已经学习了修改英文流水句的方法, 在面对中文流水句的翻译时还是不能完全理清流水句小句间的逻辑关系, 并正确使用并列连词、关系代词或是连接副词连接小句。
2. 小句间主语相同或相关联
无论是融合句和逗号接连句, 英文流水句中较为显著的一个特征是受到小句间主语的牵绊, 它们要么主语相同, 要么前一小句的宾语是后一小句的主语;抑或两个小句的主语在上下文中有关联, 呈现从属关系。举例如下:
(3) a.It rocked in May followed by reaching a low in June at 2.5%and rised*moderately in July reached a low in November at 4%and escalated in last two months. (共享主语“it”) 1
b.America parents raise the children to be independent from*them, they start to do part-time jobs at young age. (前一小句的宾语是后一小句的主语)
c.Both of Jan Hendrik Schon and Hwang Woo Suk were involved in fabricated datafallen. (后一小句的主语与前一小句主语相关)
3. 小句间由连接副词/连接副词词组连接
小句由表示逻辑关系的连接副词连接, 但标点使用不当。这类英文流水句的小句间逻辑关系大多是并列、顺序和对比关系, 如例 (4) 是用连接副词表示时间顺序的融合句。
(4) The sales increased steadily in February the sales dropped swiftly and reached a low in march.
学生习作中的英文流水句中, 出现频率较高的连接副词和短语表示并列及顺序递进关系的, 如also、in addition、moreover、what’s more和for example;表示时间和次序的, 如then、finally、last、after和first等序数词;表示对比关系的, 如however、in contrast、instead和on the other hand。
(四) 产生英文流水句的原因
1. 对英文完整句子概念与标点功能的认识不清
学生对英文中完整句子的概念及标点的功能不清楚, 导致不用任何标点断句或者误用逗号的错误。这是学生写出英文流水句的主要原因之一。例如, 英文流水句中出现由五个或更多单句构成的逗号接连句, 甚至整个自然段的几个句子之间用个逗号分隔, 只在最后一个句子的末尾用句号。出现这一状况说明, 学生认为只要语意是相关联的, 表达同一个语义的小句间就应该使用逗号断句。而这一认识是错误的, 原因是学生不清楚什么是英文完整句子这一概念。通过教师在课堂上讲解什么是完整句, 如何使用分号、句号或逗号加并列连词的方法修改英文流水句, 并辅以学生对其做相应的练习, 学生写作中的融合句大量减少, 由单句机械堆加而产生的逗号接连句数量也有所降低。在本研究的后期阶段, 学生习作中的此类错误并不多见。
2. 母语负迁移
英语和汉语两种语言存在句子结构上的差异。Nida (1982:12) 指出, 中英两语在句子结构上有着很大区别, 英语的句子结构为“形合”结构, 句间的逻辑关系通过连接词表达, 这些连接词是“形合”结构的外显形态标志;而汉语句间结构是“意合”却“形散”的, 句间的逻辑关系往往通过内部逻辑实现, 没有明显的形合标志, 因此在中文里会出现流水句, 在中文句法规则下, 流水句不是错误。吕叔湘 (1979:27-28) 认为, 流水句事实上是复合句, 句间结构松散, 许多地方可断可连。此外, 汉语是主语脱落型语言而英语不是。这些差异是导致英语作文里出现流水句的根本原因。
蔡芸 (2002) 指出, 英文写作中流水句受母语的影响来自三个方面:中文断句规则、语篇连接特点和汉语话题结构的影响。这些在研究样本中也有体现。总之, 学生之所以会在英文写作中运用中文里的句法规则, 是因为没有完全掌握英文断句、句法和语篇连接手段, 甚至对什么是单句这样的基础语法的概念都不清楚。大部分学生表示, 他们写的英语作文更多的是翻译, 而不是英语思维的直接结果。因此, 学生只有认识到母语与目标语在句子结构上的差异, 才能避免因为顺译造成的中文句子结构向英语的迁移。因此, 在本次行动研究中, 笔者选择从基础概念入手, 让学生先了解了英文的句法规则然后再引导学生认识中英语法差异, 效果良好。
3. 并列连词与连接副词用法的混淆导致的标点误用
英语中句子的逻辑结构明晰, 通常使用连接词来实现句间的有效衔接, 因此习得如何在写作中正确使用连接词是英语写作的必修章节。学生能够在语义上正确使用连接词, 但是在区分由此所产生的句子结构上的差异有一定难度。
如果两个句子由七个并列连词之一衔接, 那么在并列连词之前可用逗号、分号或句号, 如 (5a) 所示。用连接副词或词组衔接的两个句子, 在连接副词前应用句号或分号, 如 (5b) 所示。
(5) a.Daniel likes ice-cream, but his mother does not want him to have too much sweet stuff.
b.Daniel likes ice-cream.However, his mother does not want him to have too much sweet stuff.
(五) 避免英文流水句教学中应注意的问题
在引导学生避免英文流水句的过程中, 让学生了解英汉语句法结构上的不同, 英语的标点使用规则, 连接副词、从属连词的用法是教学与练习中的必要环节。同时应在此过程中避免矫枉过正。个别学生为了避免英文流水句过度使用并列连词, 就在一句话中多次使用并联连词来延续同一话题或多个话题。虽然不算错误, 但是这样的句子长而缺乏变化, 属于臃赘的句子 (rambling sentences) , 如 (6) 所示, 不利于多样性的表达方式的使用。
(6) From 2003, it showed an obvious drop, and the decrease reached at5%in 2007, but it rise*to 16%in2008, so the recruitment trend is not stable, and maybe the educators in our country are not sure about the decisions in recruitment.
也有学生采用更为保守的手段来避免英文流水句, 即只写简单句, 形成单句串, 如 (7) 所示。这样做虽然在句法上保证了准确率, 但是不利于学生丰富写作句法。同时, 有的学生有过度避免使用逗号的倾向, 从而写出了句子片段, 又造成了另一个句法层面错误。这些都是在避免英文流水句的过程中会出现的副作用。
(7) Only mistakes can lead to discovery or progress.The statement is true.Some people agree.Some people disagree.I think mistakes can make progress.But it is not the only way. (单句串)
四、结语
对于成年学生而言, 他们已经在常年的学习中养成了思考与写作的习惯, 教师要对学生普遍存在的、反复出现的错误加以关注并帮其改正。本文首先确定英文流水句在学生作文习作中的比例, 并根据英文流水句样本的特征探寻其产生的原因。遵循行动研究的步骤, 通过引入教学和练习设计了减少英文流水句的具体教学环节。通过教学、集中对英文流水句的改正反馈、改正作文中流水句练习和流水句的英译练习等手段提高学生对英文流水句的认识, 确实提高了学生对英文流水句的注意程度, 从而减少英文流水句在学生写作中的出现频率。同时, 学生习作中关系从句的使用有所增加, 这表明本研究有助于促进学生在写作中使用多样性的表达方式。但由于行动教学的时间有限, 样本偏小, 教学效果有待进一步检验。学生的语言水平、英语阅读的多寡和写作的练习频率都有可能会影响对英语句法和中英文句法结构差异的认识, 今后研究将对此做更深入的分析。
参考文献
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