赵瑞 来自大自然的启示

赵瑞 来自大自然的启示（共8篇）

赵瑞 来自大自然的启示 篇1

来自大自然的启示

高二·1班 赵瑞

春有百花，秋有月；夏有清风，冬有雪。“鸢飞戾天者，望峰息心；经纶世务者，窥谷忘返。”这样的魅力谁能抗拒得了？自然之门其实开着，只要用心观察，打开自然之门，那一片崭新的美丽世界会令人魂牵梦绕。当我推开自然之门，我注意到的是哪极其普通但又是不可缺少的部分——水。

看水，我仿佛看到了生命之源。它滋养着世间万物的生长，就像母亲照顾孩子一样，是那么的无私。大到浩瀚无边的海洋，小到山间清澈的溪流，都孕育着各种各样的生命。就拿最熟悉的鱼来说，它的生命离不开水，是水给予了它鲜活的生命，因为鱼儿感激水。有人说过：“鱼知水恩，乃幸福之源也。”对于我们来说，亦是如此，如果我们不懂感激，只是一味地向大自然索取，那将会造成大自然的不和谐，但有的人却不懂得回报。这些人与大海的“海纳百川，有容乃大”相比，就显得微不足道了。因此，我们要像水一样无私奉献像鱼儿一样懂得感激。

看水，我看到了俞敏洪曾在《生命如一泓清水》中写道：“生命如一泓清水，源头处没有一点污染。生命如一泓清水，我们以为这个世界像我们一样清澈，一头扎进去，才发现所到之处和我们想象的不一样，其中有清流，也有浊流；有暗流，也有激流......我们有时能够保存一泓清水的情怀，在经历很多痛苦和迷茫之后，仍然留住了一份高洁；但有时我们会失去自己的本色，变得浑浊，激荡。”“生命如一泓清水”，多么恰当的比喻啊！为了不让我们变得浑浊激荡，失去了自己的本色，我们就要坚持梦想，留住勇气，坚持对未来的追求。

看水，我仿佛看到了钱塘江潮水的汹涌澎湃；看到了洞庭湖如银镜般的湖面，这些雄壮优美的景色，都是水形成的。而且在人的一生中，生活有时会遇到像潮水一样的困难或挫折，有时也会像湖面一样平静和优美，面对这些情况，我们要知道任何状况都是一时的，都将过去，我们不要对一些突发状况萦绕于心。大自然中的水以各种形式存在，大海无边无际，大河奔腾不息，溪水清澈见底，只要我们注意观察，懂得欣赏，我们会从观察水的过程中悟出许多人生哲理，细细品味。让大自然中的水流入我们的心中，灌溉我们的心田，这将会给我们带来快乐和满足，大自然的水你看了吗？

赵瑞 来自大自然的启示 篇2

Having a view of his works,from The Grapes of Wrath recording the"dark storm"due to overfarming bringing disasters to the mid-western farmers to the ecological tragedy Of Mice and Men,we found no difficulty in figuring out that almost all of them reflect the writers'sympathy with the suffering nature and his worries about retaliated human—beings.The novella Of Mice and Men,written with great compassion and simplicity,was an outstanding success as a novel and won reputation for the author;as a drama it won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for1937.In this masterpiece,the author expresses his ecological views about human beings and human—nature relationship more fiercely,nevertheless too ambiguously to be discovered,informing us of his broad--hearted humane caring about both human beings and the nature.

1 Humans Are Not"Humans":Sympathized Nature

Literary ecology—centered theory"takes caring about the nature as its reckless mission by forcing humans out of their dominant role and to become an equal with the nature,while rejecting the human—centered extremity"(胡志红,2006:94).According to Aristotle,the individual substances,of which the universe is composed,fall into three great irreducible kinds:nature,God and man.The last kind of substance,"combining something both of the natural and of the divine:we men are that privileged species".In other words,human beings are superior to the other two,or at least to the nature.Once Christianity drained the spirit out of nature,humans could exploit it without regard to the needs of animals and plants or the preservation of minerals.In the West the Medieval Church supported the biblically approved domination of humans over nature.These ideas,to some extent,philosophically and religiously explain the appearance of human—centered doctrine.Backed up by the western religion,literature and philosophy,the"human—centered"doctrine made human beings innocent,greedy and arrogant.What's worse,misled by it,humans cruelly have extorted their needs from the nature,regardless of the calamity imposed on the latter.No wonder that in some scholars'opinion,"human—centered doctrine reflects us human beings'hegemonism in our dealing with the plants and animals with no equality,sympathy and love at all"(胡天赋,1998:92).That is what has been ambiguously attacked by Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men,or scathingly condemned in the later masterpiece,The Grapes of Wrath.

Just as Woodburn O.Ross presents,"He(Steinbeck)clearly loves human beings whom he considers to be living natural lives--the Joads,the paisanos,'the boys,'and the characters of deficient mentality who appear often in his pages",humans and their living situation have always been his focal points.However,different from those realistic criticism writers with much attention to humankinds and the society,Steinbeck distinguishes himself by his universal love for not only his race but also their surroundings,from society to the nature.In the novel,Of Mice and Men,it's clear enough for us to appreciate his sympathy with the nature.

The novel is set on a large ranch in the Salinas Valley of California during the Depression where George Milton and Lennie Small are migrant ranch hands.Lennie,a man governed by impulses he cannot control,is retarded and taken care of by George.The story begins on a Friday afternoon with the two emerging from their travels into a clearing along the shores of the Salinas River.They have traveled together in search of work at various ranches along the California agricultural belt,sharing the same dream of someday owning their own farm and controlling their own lives.The story ends as a tragedy when Lennie accidentally kills the ranch owner's flirtatious daughter-in-law;George shoots his friend rather than allow him to be captured by a vengeful lynch mob.

The action of the novel takes place over three days,making it a compact,tightly controlled work.However,it's these simply narrated plots extending in these three days that expose to us all kinds of fleshy characters and more importantly the author's attitudes towards the nature,though the latter are too indirectly expressed to be realized easily.One means,which has been adopted for the purpose,is symbolism.Considering it in this way,the novel,especially characters in it,is not an easy one to analyze.humans are not"humans",instead,they,including mentally retarded Lennie,disabled Candy,the Negro stable buck,Brook,etc.as the inferiors,symbolize the dominated and subjected nature.

The two main characters,Lennie and George,appear very different from each other.Lennie is an enormous man,hulking in size but slow-witted.By contrast,George is small in stature but intelligent.Though strong enough,he is mentally disabled and needs George's protection.Indeed,Lennie is the embodiment of the pure and unpretentious nature.He thought the only place for him to escape the terrible human pursuing and misunderstanding him is"a cave",like what he told George"I could go off in the hills there.Some place I'd find a cave."(Steinbeck,1965:11).Slow—witted as he was,he knew clearly that the complicated human beings'society is not the place for him.His seemingly carefully considered peaceful life is in the cave"I don't need no nice food with ketchup.I'd lay out in the sun and nobody'd hurt me.An'if I foun'a mouse,I could keep it.Nobody'd take it away from me".This reflects his great desire for free and natural life when abhorring with humans who are offensive and officious.Actually his preferring touching soft things,"I like to pet nice things with my fingers,sof'things",like the furs of rabbits and mice,symbolizes his wish to get intimate with the nature.

Another character,stooped Candy,as important as the main two,even more apparently symbolizes the nature's destination in human beings'hands.Working in the farm from his youth to an old feeble man with only one arm,he had just a companion,the ancient dog that stinks,walks lamely and is half—blinded.Unfortunately,he was even impotent to keep it when rejecting Carlson,the fellow worker,to shoot it,though he required eagerly but proudly that"I had him so long.Had him since he was a pup.I herded sheep with him""I had'im too long"(Steinbeck,49)The dog's destiny of being shot predicts his being driven out of the farm and ending his life lonely and poorly.It explains why he was willing to put almost all of his savings into George and Lennie's plan for the land.His position is more alike to Lennie's than anybody else in the farm and no other character in the novel is treated as Lennie's mental equal.This can be seen partly from the fact that George never explains Lennie's condition to Candy as he does,say,to Slim.Not accidentally,it is to Lennie that Candy describes the"figuring"he has been doing,describing how,if they go about it right,they can make some money on the rabbits they propose to have on their farm(even if Lennie,for his part,can think of nothing except petting the rabbits).Candy sounds like Lennie when he says,"We gonna have a room to ourselves.We gonna have a dog and chickens.We gonna have green corn and maybe a cow."(Steinbeck,84).He is as irrespectable as his old dog,"a dragfooted sheepdog,gray of muzzle,and with pale,blind old eyes…struggled lamely…"(Steinbeck,26).Candy is almost the most insignificant rancher in the farm both due to old age and the physical disability.That is to say,the natural factor,old age,which should have brought respect and kindness of others in usual cases,actually deprive him of the rights for survival.Apparently enough here the author stresses the cruelty of human beings or exactly speaking,their society.Another old hand in the same,or more miserable and unfair situation,as Lennie and Candy in the farm is Brook,the black stable buck with a crooked back where a horse kicked him.From the beginning we have known that as a capable worker he used to be in the past years and even now responsible for his work,he can't be equal to other workers owning to the color,which he inherited since he was born without alternatives.Thereby he was not allowed to go into the white workers'bunk house,only to stay lonely in his harness room,a little shed next to the stable.When the author describes his room that"on one side of the room there was a square four—paned window,and on the other,a narrow plank door leading into the barn",he intends to tell us the Negro's narrow space in the farm,or more broadly,in the whole society.Consequently,by behaving to be"a proud,aloof man""he kept his distance and demanded that other people keep others"(Steinbeck,74),despite of his profound desire for communication with others.

As a conclusion,these"inferior"figures in the novel symbolize the nature,conquered and explored under human beings'control.Unlike some critics'misunderstanding that Steinbeck describes only humble animals or"animal—degraded figures,the writer does not intend to depreciate his race.As a writer with responsibility,he attaches great emotion to those weak creatures;He possesses an affection which is the most important reaction that man should have to the world about him."He clearly loves human beings whom he considers to be living natural lives",as realized by Ross.These ordinary workers,sympathized and eulogized by Steinbeck,represent the destroyed and dismembered nature,which had yielded to humans in the long run exploration.What differentiates man from other natural and organic substances,and approximates him to a supernatural substance,God,is reason or intellect.But in their pursuit for interest,human beings have walked too far from it.

2 Love for the Nature and Eager to Return

"Steinbeck has such feelings towards the nature that his works are always full of the atmosphere of vigorous passion for the scenic beauty and concern about the environment"(张昌宋,2004:101).That is why in some critics'eyes,he is not merely an excellent novelist,but also an unswerving environmentalist.That can be seen from his unusual love for the land,represented by George and Lennie's rigid dream for a piece of land,and also his directly enthusiastic description to the setting,especially the natural scenes.

2.1 Scenery Description with Love

In not a few words the author begins the novel with description to surroundings,"the water is warm too,for it has slipped twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight before reaching the narrow pool.On one side of the river the golden foothil slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan Mountains,bu on the valley side…"The nature,from the twinkling"water"to the golden"foothill",glitters in the author's writings.As recognized by Woodburn,"A sensitiveness to the atmosphere of a piece of land,a recognition of a mysterious spirit of place,is a striking quality of his work".The nature with plants and animals is supposed to have a closed but peaceful and dynamic life However,it is human beings who interrupt their peace,"from the direction of the state highway came the sound of footsteps on crisp sycamore leaves.The rabbits hurried noiselessly for covera stilted heron labored up into the air and pounded down river…"

Certainly it does not mean that the author is against humans when taking the side of the nature.On the contrary,he expects the harmonious relationship between nature and his race.When Lennie accidently committed murder,the forests they had passed at the beginning of the story became an asylum for him.At first"the light climbed on out of the valley,and as it went,the tops o the mountains seemed to blaze with increasing brightness"while Lennine came there and stared at the river.Later as expected when George found him and determined to shoot him,"the little evening breeze blew over the clearing and the leaves rustled and the wind waves flowed up the green pool…"it seemed that his life has been woven with the nature and the nature had foreseen his destiny.Insisting on the broad humanism for his love both fo nature and humans,Steinbeck has created more works expressing his expectation to reach the ecological harmony.In The Grapes of Wrath Casy finds holiness in the unity of nature:"There was the hills,an'there was me,an'we wasn't separate no more.We was one thing.An'that one thing was holy...."And later he sees holiness in life itself:"All that lives,"he says,"is holy."Steinbeck even finds holiness in"natural"conduct which,measured by conventional standards,would be found immoral."Gonna lay in the grass,open an'honest with anybody that'll have me,"says Casy."Gonna cuss an'swear an'hear the poetry of folks talkin'All that's holy,an'that's what I didn'understan'.All them things is good things."

2.2 Nature—Returning Dream:Land Plan

As an inseparably important part of the nature,the land has been one irreplaceable line through the whole novel.George and Lennie have been supported by an ideal dream,to have a piece of land of their own.It involves a ten-acre private farm with some livestock,orchards,and many rabbits for Lennie to tend.Candy overhears the description and desires a piece of the dream.He was willing to share in their dream,which can endow him with a piece of land and their own room,so he proudly said to Brook,"Everybody wants a little bit of land,not much.Jus'som'ehin that was his.Som'thin'he could live on and there couldn't nobody throw him off of it"(Steinbeck,83).Even that indifferen Brook who had witnessed many fellows defeated by the harsh reality wanted to join their plan,"If you…guys would want a hand to work for nothing—just his keep,why I'd come an'lend a hand".The land is this entire disadvantageous group'dream.

Anybody familiar with American history knows that since their immigrating to America over two hundred years ago,Americans have been interested in or even crazy about land.To acquire a piece of land and spare no efforts to keep it is typical o American national spirit.In their eyes,the land feeds them;more importantly it provides them with pleasure unable to be brough by anything else.So it is not difficult to understand that"Lennie's striking desire for land can not be attributed to his mental disability,instead it presents all Americans'wishes"(董衡巽,1988:216).Their dream's disillusionment exposes the disillusionment of returning to the life of peace and self—supporting.Flashing like the morning dew presently,the dream finally lost the battle in the situation of"the Law of the Jungle"in human society.What tortured the author is that the nature surrendered to"superior"humans finally after a futile struggle.

3 Conclusion

Bill Mekgiben,the ecologist,once in his ending of the nature pointed out that according to our traditions in this society dominated by Judaism and Christianity,all ideas held by humans about the nature,more often than not,are against the latter,because,alarmingly,these hold more or less similarities in propagating that all others submitted to human being".Affected by human—centered doctrine,we humans have done enormous damage to the nature,which put pressure on or even become a growing threat to us in turn.Hence to refute the deep—rooted doctrine and to propose an equal and harmonious have been burdened by not merely ecologists but by those writers.

Limited by understanding of his age,Steinbeck has not been taken as a writer caring about ecological problems or with ecological consciousness.However,after an analysis on Of Mice and Men,we can find that it is one—sided to accept him only as a"class"writer or contending his only interest is in animals or degrading people to animals.In the novella,humans,especially those weak figures,are symbols of the inferior nature.Through them the author presents his hearted sympathy to the conquered and destroyed nature,while simultaneously he undisguisedly relates his favor to the peaceful,quiet,and intimate nature and eagerness to go back to the nature through his"land plan"plot.As manifested that"Steinbeck wishes humans get along harmoniously with nature,which represents the"land ethics"—to take the whole interest of the ecological as the goal"(王诺,2003:46),Steinbeck doubtlessly has pioneered the ecological thought and more brilliantly,insisting on his unique humane caring about both human beings and the nature.

参考文献

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来自大自然的考验 篇3

十月份虽然不是雷雨天气的高发季节，但是对于选择了爬山运动的朋友来说，云雾缭绕的高山依然有发生雷雨的可能性。雷雨发生时，尽量不要随身携带金属的饰品、物件，不要停留在地平面的制高点上，更不要快步奔跑，否则容易形成跨步电压。当你感到头发直竖、皮肤有蚂蚁爬走感的时候，有可能是雷击即将发生，这时应该迅速蜷缩身体趴在地上，可以减少遭到雷击的危险。

如果你参加的是野营活动，在野外采摘野果、挖野菜时，要注意避免误食有毒的野味。将采集到的植物割开一个小口，撒上一点儿盐，如果割口发生色变，则植物多半不能食用。同时，有毒的蘑菇大多色泽艳丽、柔软多汁、味道怪异。煮蘑菇的时候可以用其他的一些食物来实验一下。如当倒入牛奶的时候，牛奶会迅速凝固；将葱放入锅中，葱会发生奇怪的色变。这些都说明锅中的食物有毒。

毒物的袭击也是一个不能不考虑的因素，其中以毒蛇尤为常见。无毒蛇的牙痕通常比较细小，而毒蛇则有两三个比较大的牙痕。遭毒蛇袭击后，将受伤部位放在较低的位置，如果需要用止血带，需要扎在伤口靠近心脏方位的上端5～10厘米处，即前臂或大腿上部，不要扎得过紧，并且需要定时松绑，否则容易造成肢端缺血、坏死。有专家对扎止血带持保留意见，认为在松开止血带的时候会让血液压力瞬间增强，反而使毒素扩散更快，所以选择扎止血带亦要慎重。同时需要注意的是，要仔细查看是否有断牙残留皮肤中并清除，及时挤出蛇毒。有必要的话还可用适度的火灼烧伤口，破坏局部蛇毒。用双氧水或冷盐水冲洗伤口，有条件可以用冷水或碎冰為伤口进行降温处理。然而，最重要的一点就是要及时送达医院进行医治。

来自大自然的启示作文 篇4

我们在经历各种的痛苦之后，一切都是平等的，因为我们在经历各种痛苦的磨练之后，才会变得更加的有意义。在经历各种痛苦之后，我们也会变得更加坚强。

我的父母是一个很平凡的人，他们是我人生中的一个转折点。他们对我很关心，在这个转折点上，我们学会了坚强，也学会了乐观，学会做一个正常的人!

在我很小的时候，我的父亲就去世了，我从小就失去了一个我，一个不爱说话的小男孩，他的父亲在我小时候就已经离我去了，他的父亲在我小时候就离开了我，去了那个小镇。我的父亲是一个残疾人，他的腿受伤了，我在那时候，一个很疼的小男孩就来安慰我：“不疼，你是男孩，我相信你一定会好起来的!”我听到了这句话，觉得他是世界上最伟大的人。

我的父亲是一个很平凡的人，他是一个很平凡的人，他的行为也是他一生所学的，是一个很伟大的人，我的父亲是一个很平凡的人。他的生活是非常平凡的，他的一生都在教育着我，教会着我。他的每一句话，都会让我受到很大的鼓励，他的一生，都在教育着我。

我的父亲是一个很不平凡的人，我的父亲是一个很平凡的人，他虽然平凡，我的爸爸在他的工作岗位上很平凡。

我的父亲是一位非常平凡的人，我的父亲也是一个很平凡的人，每一次，我考了好名牌大学之后，我就去读书了，父亲在家中的工作就是给我做饭。有时候，他也会陪我玩，我们两个的时间，是在一起度过了一整天的时间了。

我很高兴，我的父亲是一个很平凡的人，但我的父亲是一位很平凡的人，他的一生都是不平凡的，他的一生都在教育着我。

来自大自然的启示作文 篇5

身处学校，巨大的压力，繁重的作业，学习中种种苦闷已侵入皮肉，透彻骨髓。把自己放飞到大自然中，站在巍峨的高山下仰望一派山与天相结合的景象。雄伟的高山经历了无数次的风吹雨打，仍就纹丝不动地矗立在那里，那种顽强的性格极大的.震撼了我。与其相比，我感觉自己就是那么脆弱，于是我不再为一时的失败而伤心气馁，在哪里跌倒就在哪里爬起。

我从大自然庄严的气概中学会了坚强。

在生活中，总有一些不尽人意的事，朋友的冷漠，闲人的流言，恶人的诽谤，让我在承受创伤的同时，心中萌发了怨恨。把自己放飞到大自然中，站在辽阔的大沙漠中，亲眼目睹着沙漠用自己宽广的胸怀接纳着沙丘，任它在身上无情的翻滚，沙漠是那么的宽容!与其相比，我自己是多么的狭隘，多么的斤斤计较!于是我不再为无聊的讥讽而心生怒火，我明白了人生就像一团麻。总有那些解不开的小结，而宽容是其最大的克星。

我从大自然广袤的豪情中学会了宽容。

“锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。”生活中任何一件事都需要持之以恒，而我却恰恰相反，倒有些像“三天打鱼，两天晒网”的渔夫，没有耐性，这不仅让我倍感苦恼，而且心烦意乱。把自己放飞到自然中，站在汹涌的江边极目远望，看到流水源源不断地奔向它的目的地。日复一日，年复一年，奔流不息，是那样执着，与其相比，我是那么惭愧。于是我不再浮躁地对待任何一件事，不再没有恒心地对待自己的“信念”，我明白了：要成功，不仅要付出努力，还要持之以恒的毅力。

我从大自然生生不息的精神中学会了永恒。

来自大自然的启示作文 篇6

在这个秋高气爽的季节，我和朋友们来到大自然中寻找那可以使我们愉快、轻松、轻松的事物。

走在公园里，我们一边欣赏风景，一边享受着秋的美景。不一会儿，我们就看到了一片绿色的树林，我们在树林里玩了一会儿，便在一棵大树的前方，走到了小溪边，那里有许多人在钓鱼，我们一边走一边钓，可我们还是没钓到鱼，我们想了一个办法，我们在一棵大树下放下了鱼饵，又在树下放了一些米，我们一边把线往下拉，可是那条鱼饵不听话，一下子就挂在了树上，我们在一旁看着鱼线，等待着，可是，一个朋友也钓到了一条鱼。我们想这条鱼肯定是钓到了一条大鱼，我们想这样可以让他尝尝鱼的滋味，于是我们便把鱼饵放在树下，过了几十分钟我们看见鱼饵在树上，便把鱼饵拿起来，可是，一会儿，鱼饵就变成了一个黑洞。我们就问她：“这是是鱼？”那个朋友说：“是的，你不是说钓鱼吗？”我们一听，马上说：“是啊！是啊！”那我们就把鱼竿拿起来，放在地上，等到鱼钩上面一动，就把鱼线往上放，可是，等了好久，鱼都没有动静，我们等得有点头了，可是还是没有鱼，这时，一个朋友发现，我们有一些没有钓到鱼饵，就对我和我的好朋友说：“你们怎么还没钓到鱼啊？我们去问问你的爸爸吧。”我们说：“哦我明白了，我们去问我的爸爸吧，爸爸说：“好吧，我们到底该先不该先回去呢？”我们就这样说道，过了很久，我和好朋友都回去了。

虽然这件事很累，但是我也很开心，在这个秋天里，有我最难忘的事物。

赵瑞 来自大自然的启示 篇7

学生所取得的成绩固然可喜,因为它能映射出上海中小学数学教学在课程建设质量、学科教学质量和专业教师质量等方面均具有较高的水平。当然,我们也要在“高位”保持理性思考,至少PISA为我们提供了许多新的视角,这些视角能给予我们的数学教学以不少新的启示。

一、从数学素养的视角认识数学能力

PISA的测评目的是通过国际比较,研究15岁学生在多大程度上掌握了全面参与社会所需要的问题解决能力和终身学习能力。PISA提出的素养既包含学生应该在学校学到的知识和技能,又要求学生能用这些知识和技能来认识、处理和解决日常生活中的问题。PISA2012在其数学测评框架中明确指出,数学素养是人在多种背景下能明确表述、运用和阐释数学的个体能力。它包括数学化的推理,利用数学概念、程序、事实和工具来描述、解释和预测某些现象。它帮助个体认识数学在现实世界中所起的作用,促进我们成为一个在进行有根据的判断和决策时具有建设性、参与意识和反思能力的公民。

可见,PISA数学素养测评的重点不在于学校传统数学课程中的数学知识和技能,而在于面对各种真实情境时,学生所应具备的数学洞察力、数学思维能力和问题解决能力,进而体现出数学素养在帮助我们认识世界、认识数学和问题解决的过程中所起的作用。PISA的“素养观”具有鲜明的时代特征。素养反映的是个体适应社会要求的功能性特征,与社会期许紧密相关。数学素养作为一种能力,它更含有“未来潜能”之意,且指向更加上位,揭示了能力具有不同的层次。

站在素养这一层面认识能力,就是运用课程的视角,从育人的高度来认识能力。PISA并没有孤立地看待学科领域的知识,而是力图把知识与能力联系在一起,而能力则需要在多种不同的背景下体现才有价值。对于广大数学教师而言,其要义就是用课程的视角来重新审视数学教学。它给我们的启示是:数学教学不应仅着眼于解决数学题本身,而是要着眼于学生的未来发展,让学生认识到数学对于解决各种情境中的具体问题、对于一个公民的理性精神培养乃至推动未来社会与科学的发展所具有的重要意义。为此,我们应树立一种与时俱进的能力观,跳出学科能力的局限,使能力培养与人的素养的全面提高结合起来。

二、从数学过程的视角认识数学能力

虽均以数学为主要测评领域,PISA2012对数学素养的界定较之PISA2003有了较大调整。新的定义更具体地阐述了数学素养的外延,突出了“表述”“运用”和“阐释”这三个关键词。这种调整与PISA2012数学素养测评框架的调整形成了一致。PISA数学素养测评框架是从“数学情境”“内容领域”和“数学过程”三个维度来建构的。其中,数学情境是指数学问题的背景信息,主要从“个体”“社会”“职业”和“科学”四种典型情境来设计数学问题的背景。内容领域是指数学问题所对应的学科内容,主要测评的有“空间与图形”“变化与关系”“数量”和“不确定性与数据”等四类。数学过程是指数学问题解决所对应的过程和主要涉及的基本能力,数学过程维度主要测评的就是三个关键词所对应的数学问题解决的三个关键过程:“数学化地表述情境”(简称“表述”)、“运用数学概念、事实、程序和推理”(简称“运用”)以及“阐释、应用和评价数学结果”(简称“阐释”)。

“数学化地表述情境”是指个体能够认识和发现运用数学的机会,然后为在某种背景下的问题赋予数学结构。在此过程中,个体要决定在什么情况下能用基本数学概念来分析、确定、解决数学问题;要把现实情境转化为数学问题来解决,为现实问题赋予数学的结构、表征和特性;并且要推断和弄清限定条件的假设。

“运用数学概念、事实、程序和推理”是指个体能够应用数学概念、事实、程序和推理来解决用数学概念表达的问题,得出数学结论。在此过程中,个体要运用数学方法得到结果并获得数学上的结论(例如算术运算、解方程、逻辑推理、符号运算、从表格和图表中提取数学信息、表示和操作空间图形、分析数据等),还要建立数学模型、确定规则、发现与数学概念的联系、提出数学假设等。

“阐释、应用和评价数学结果”是指个体对数学解决方法、结果或结论进行反思,并且能在现实问题情境中进行阐释。在此过程中,个体要将数学解决方法或推理转换到问题情境中,在问题情境中判断结果是否合理,是否有意义。这一过程既包括解释又包括评价,要求个体能够在问题情境中建构和交流要说明和论证的内容,同时还要对建模过程和模型结果进行反思。

不仅如此,PISA还在三个数学关键过程基础上提出了七种具体的数学基本能力,它们分别是“交流”“数学化”“表征”“推理和论证”“设计解题策略”“使用符号、公式、术语和运算”“运用数学工具”。这些数学基本能力和三个数学过程共同构建了一个二维的数学能力矩阵结构,清晰地呈现了每一个数学过程所应包含的主要数学活动及其在相应活动中学生所表现出来的数学基本能力。

通过分析不难发现,以上三个关键过程所构成的数学过程,与我们在数学教学中经常提到的数学问题解决能力的内涵非常相似。PISA测试为我们认识数学能力提供了一个中观视角,让我们对数学能力的认识更加立体。这也给数学教学以启示:数学问题解决不等于解数学题。数学能力的形成和发展不能靠反复的解题训练,而是需要我们通过不断变换新颖的问题情境,让学生经历完整的真实情境的问题解决全过程,使问题解决成为能力培养的正确途径。从这个视角来看,能力就是过程与方法的二维组合,教学中对学生数学能力培养的目标需体现在对过程与方法维度教学目标的预设与达成上。

三、从评价视角认识数学能力

PISA把学生的素养作为评估目标,体现了教育的终极目标:人的素养——面向未来的参与能力为本位的评价。它从另外一个角度,逆向推断学校教育是否为学生应对未来社会挑战进行了充分的准备,学生在多大程度上掌握了全面参与社会所需要的问题解决能力和终身学习能力。这是一个全新的评价视角,它从全局性、全程性和整体性来审视、评价数学教学,超越了由知识结构化和能力要素化取向的测评手段。

PISA揭示了数学能力的微观、中观和宏观形态,在编制测试工具时,将每一个数学问题架构在具体的情境中,不仅考虑了数学能力发展过程中不可或缺的数学内容,还融入了问题解决过程和数学基本能力。PISA重点对内容维度的四个分量和数学过程的三个分量进行精熟度水平评估。这样的设计策略不仅使能力测试落到实处,也保证了测试结果的效度。它从评价视角给我们的数学教学与学生数学学业评价带来的启示是:仅从各种数学基本能力要素的叠加来认识能力或仅从数学问题解决的步骤来认识或评价能力都是有局限性的。传统上,我们习惯于罗列若干数学能力要素(实际上多数是数学思想方法),并通过标准化加工过的数学题来训练或是检测学生的数学能力。但实际上,每一个数学问题的解决往往会体现出学生综合运用多种不同数学基本能力的情况,以至仅从结果无法准确评价学生在某项具体数学能力方面的表现。

为了获取更多与学生的数学能力有关的信息,PISA还配以学生问卷,多角度地采集了与学生数学能力相关的各种信息,并通过数据分析来提供若干结论或推断,通过比较研究,为参与PISA的国家(或地区)的教育政策提供科学的依据。PISA的这种科学严谨的研究方法同样给我们的教学研究工作以启示:今后在开展学生数学能力评价的相关研究时,我们需要加强问题意识和证据意识,提高各层级数学教研活动的研究性与实证性。

来自大自然的“抗癌药物” 篇8

圆白菜、西兰花——不仅是蔬菜

圆白菜、西兰花和其他类型的十字花科蔬菜中富有抗癌活性有效物质，如配糖类。在破坏细胞壁时，释放出硫化合物。这些次生植物物质可以保护体细胞，使其免受促发癌症物质的损害，阻碍肿瘤的发展。它给激发癌症的物质“解了毒”，并且调节雌激素分泌规律。使其发挥最大作用的用法是：一周食用3～4份西兰花，可以明显降低患乳腺癌或胆囊癌的风险。此外，西兰花和所有的圆白菜类一样，都是宝贵的维生素C的提供者。

但是，有效的成分就像冬眠一样困在蔬菜里，只有彻底地咀嚼才能释放抗癌物质。反之，高温会减弱其功效。因此尽可能用蒸锅来做西兰花及同类蔬菜，或者在短时间内烹炒一下。尽量多吃接近于生的圆白菜，尽量彻底咀嚼，因为每嚼一口都会提高其功效。

一种很好吃且容易消化的圆白菜是紫圆白菜，它是一种最古老、最有营养的圆白菜。

番茄——红色的迷你巨人

几乎没有一种蔬菜像番茄那样经常出现在我们的盘子里，这是有很好的原因的。大自然在此不仅没有吝啬口味，也没有吝啬宝贵成分，只要果实已经在植物上完全成熟，它就蕴含了丰富的矿物质、维生素和次生植物物质。起抗癌作用的是茄红素，一种属于类胡萝卜素的、赋予蔬果鲜美明亮红色的物质。

和大多数热敏感的次生植物物质相反，茄红素正好需要加热来使它的有效物质完全地发挥出来。用阳光下成熟的果实制作的浓缩番茄酱以及煮好的、煮烂的含最大含量的茄红素有效物质，同时结合使用高品质的油，还会提高茄红素的利用价值。结合大蒜和橄榄油，煮烂的番茄汤就成了一份理想的癌症预防食品。因此，番茄一定要每周至少2次出现在菜单上，要尽可能使用天然野生的番茄。与现代方法栽培的番茄相比，天然野生番茄蕴含的茄红素要多得多。

洋葱和大蒜——有效对抗“吸血鬼”癌症

首先，大蒜和洋葱给很多菜肴增添了可口的味道，同时它们也是高效的抗癌物，完全没有副作用。其宝贵的成分主要由具有强烈香味的硫化合物组成，如蒜氨酸。但是只有细胞壁破坏才能促使蒜氨酸转化成蒜素，即赋予大蒜特殊气味的物质。蒜素使百合属植物具有阻碍癌症的作用。因此，为了充分地发挥其作用，必须将大蒜和洋葱切成小块，在继续加工之前，先将其放置约10分钟。少许的油还会再次增强其功效。注意：蒜素并不耐热。因此，一定要在烹煮食物的最后放入大蒜，然后就不要再继续加热了。此外，洋葱还含有多酚，就像槲皮素。它保护身体免受激发癌症的物质的伤害，抑制癌细胞的生长，激活燃烧功能，阻止酵解新陈代谢。洋葱尽量生吃，比如拌色拉。

柑橘类水果——不仅仅是维生素C的提供者

这些彩色的维生素炸弹中所蕴含的东西，在削皮的时候就已经闻到了。这种向我们迎面扑来的轻快芳香，属于烯族。柑橘类水果还含有无数的高活性植物成分（主要存在于果皮中)以及大量的多酚，除了之前所述的作用外，它还具有很强的抗炎症作用。此外，活性物质能够直接干预癌细胞的复制周期。它的作用类似于清道夫，对解毒过程起到良性作用。此外，柑橘类水果能够提高其他植物素的功效和吸收率，而且，它能够激活并增强免疫系统。

比如，往色拉里调入一茶匙柠檬酱，就可以利用上这个巨大的力量。这样，可以提高对维生素、矿物质及次生植物物质的吸收，防止油被氧化。非常可口的还有用苦橘子果酱（注意糖含量）和柠檬皮调配的小吃和调味汁。

新鲜浆果——为健康大口吃吧

覆盆子、黑莓、蓝莓、黑色醋栗、草莓……只要想到新鲜的浆果就能让人直流口水，这样很好。因为几乎没有其他任何一种水果可以提供这么高效的植物素。浆果含有大量的多酚，它能通过封锁血管的形成(血管生成)，加速癌细胞有计划地自杀，起到阻碍癌症的作用。多酚还具有很强的抗氧化能力，因此，能够截获导致破坏健康体细胞和提前老化的自由基。

尽量将蓝莓等浆果经常列入菜单。吃冷藏浆果时，不用有所顾虑。因为，那些有效成分能经受得住寒冷。一定要注意食入量，不要超过推荐的每日糖摄入量。

黑巧克力——健康地享用

除了蓝莓和葡萄籽粉之外，另外一种高潜力的美食——不仅是指它的味道——可可也是高效的植物成分原花色素的提供者，它是一种类黄酮，可以抵消各种基，防止发生突变，通过促进燃烧和阻碍酵解，干预癌细胞制造能量。可可还含有大量的多酚。一天1/4块的黑巧克力(超过70%可可)就能充足地供应这种宝贵的成分。请享受这种美食，但是要适度。而且要遵循最简单的基本原则：巧克力越黑，可可含量越高，其抗氧化作用也越强。最好的是完全无糖的纯可可棒。

姜黄——不只是调味料

姜黄素是一种深黄色光敏植物素。它的根是传统咖喱粉的主要成分。基于其颜色很深，在食品工业中，姜黄素也被用作天然色素（E 100），如用于人造奶油、即食菜肴、面食、芥末、甜品和土豆泥。

当然，这种发亮的黄色姜黄素除了可以调动食欲以外，还有很多其他用途。它能抵抗化疗耐药的形成、癌细胞的入侵及扩散，同时还促进癌细胞死亡。因此姜黄素是最有效的天然抗癌食品之一。但是姜黄素在肝脏和肠黏膜内会相当快地分解，这就限制了它对身体的可用性。为了抑制其在体内降解，可以采用胡椒粉来调味菜肴，其中所含的胡椒碱会阻碍姜黄素的分解。

和所有的次生植物物质一样，由于自身的化学结构，姜黄素对光、热和氧气都非常敏感。因此，重要的是小心地加工、运输、储存提取物或调味品，保证它们的生物有效性不会丢失。

绿茶——不仅仅是一种饮料

在癌症预防方面，必须提到绿茶。它的特殊价值在于其柔和的加工：相对于红茶来说，它是未发酵的，也就是说茶叶中宝贵的多酚（儿茶酸）没有被破坏。它对预防癌症具有重要的意义：抑制向癌细胞供养的血管的形成。一天只要3杯，就能明显阻碍癌症生长。切记：只有在茶浸泡8～10分钟时，茶多酚才能得到最佳的释放。此外，也可以选择日本的蒸青茶也可获得最高的多酚含量。