名词解释文档

2024-09-12

名词解释文档(通用7篇)

名词解释文档 篇1

英美文学名词解释

American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American

naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The

Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century.A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence.Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terroras from the romantic literature

of Europe.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe.They stressed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual was the most important element of society.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the

world of the senses.Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life.An autobiography is

generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the

principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order.Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in

the beginning of fifties.The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality.But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or

more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the

values of the society from which it originated.Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt

in the late 1860s and early seventies in America.It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America.Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.They formed an important part of the realistic movement.Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.Lost Generation: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the

postwar years.It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “ expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era

when civilization had gone mad.They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile.Their whole life is undercut and defeated.Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used,which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation.The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it.The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.Myth: A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals,that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world.Myths make it possible for people to understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see.A body of related myths that is accepted by a people is known as its mythology.A mythology tells a people what it is most concerned about.Nonfiction: It refers to any prose narrative that tells about things as the actually

happened or that presents factual information about something.The purpose of this kind of writing is to give a presumably accurate accounting of a person’s life.Writers of nonfiction use the major forms of discourse: description(an impression of the subject);narration(the telling of the story);exposition(explanatory information);persuasion(an argument to influence people’s thinking).Forms: autobiography, biography, essay, story, editorial, letters to the editor found in newspaper, diary, journal, travel literature.Novel: A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a

complex plot.Ode: A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on

some lofty or serious subject.Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Pastoral: A type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.Psalm: A song or lyric poem in praise of God.Psychological Realism: It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the

complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations.Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism.His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.Realism: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without

sentimentalizing or idealizing it.Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people.This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals

with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in

Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginnigogom.Soliloquy: In drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage.The

character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A

sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Stream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one

of the modern literary techniques.It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality.The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique.In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators.Time sequences were often dislocated.The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer.A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.Suspense: The quality of a story, novel, or drama that makes the reader or audience

uncertain or tense about the outcome of events.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It’s a literary

movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.Terza rima: An Italian verse form consisting of a series of three-line stanzas in which

the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza.Tragedy: In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or

disastrous end.Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.

中国古代“图族”文档名词研究 篇2

关键词:中国古代图族文档名词地图图书

Abstract:“Chart family”document nouns is an important part of the ancient Chinese document words. The paper briefly analyze its race of docu? ment nouns by statistical analysis, including Chart, Map, Diagram, Register, Genealogy, Domicile file and others 11 nouns. The“Chart family”document nouns originate earlier, have less numbers of docu? ment nouns and total amounts, have lower frequen? cy and present wavelike development tendency. The“Chart family”document nouns have an extremely important position in documents and related nouns(such as book)development.

Keywords: Ancient China ; Chart family; Docu? ment nouns; Map; Book

一、图族文档名词的特点及其使用情况

“图族”文档名词即含有“图”的文档名词聚类,“图”,最早出现在先秦时期,作为文档名词使用时指地图档案,《史记》载:“秦王恐其破壁,乃辞谢,固请,召有司案图,指从此以往十五都予赵。”[1]后世在“图”的基础上形成了一系列文档名词,如地图、图表、图簿、图牒、图法、图籍、图谱、图文、籍图、图书,共11个文档名词。

(一)图族文档名词的特点

从具体组成来看,整个“图族”文档名词主要呈现出以下特点:

1.从词素构成上来看,“图族”文档名词除了“图”是单音节文档名词之外,其主要由双音节文档名词构成,双音节文档名词的构成比例占90%。

2.从内涵的广度来看,“图族”文档名词的含义广泛,涉及地图档案,户籍档案以及谱牒档案等。其中地图类文档名词如图、地图等;户籍档案类文档名词如图籍;谱牒类文档名词如图牒、图谱。

(二)“图族”文档名词的总体使用情况分析

1.从“图族”文档名词的使用时间分布来看,宋朝“图族”文档名词的个数达到顶峰。具体来说,先秦是整个“图族”文档名词的起源时期,这个时期该族类文档名词较少,仅有5个(图、地图、图法、图籍、图书)。秦汉时期“图族”文档名词出现了短暂的增长,新增“图文”和“图簿”两个文档名词,名词个数达到7个。三国两晋南北朝时期又增加了“图牒”和“图谱”两个文档名词,名词个数达到9个。隋唐五代时期名词个数同前代相比较为稳定,出现了新的文档名词——“图表”。随着新文档名词“籍图”的出现,宋朝名词个数达到顶峰(10个)。元明时期文档名词个数开始下降,特别是明朝时期仅出现6个,清朝又开始增加,达到9个。如表1所示。

2.从使用频次上来看,“图族”文档名词整个族类除了在先秦、秦汉和清朝的使用频次达到中频次(1.0以上)以外,其他各朝代的使用频次均为低频次(1.0以下)。在具体名词的使用频次上,“地图”一词的使用频次最高。

从各朝代的频次发展趋势来看,“图族”文档名词呈波浪式发展趋势,先秦至秦汉呈上升趋势,在三国两晋南北朝时期出现较大幅度的下降后,隋唐时期和宋朝又逐渐呈上升趋势,之后在元朝再次出现短暂的下降,明清又逐渐上升。从具体名词的使用频次来看,整个“图族”文档名词均属于低频词,即使用频次在1.0以下。其中“地图”一词的使用频次最高,也仅为0.453。具体而言,“地图”共出现了1167次,远高于其他文档名词;“图籍”“图”“图书”“图牒”出现次数在100至200次之间,频次为0.050至0.075之间,使用率略高;“图谱”“图法”“图表”“籍图”“图文”“图簿”出现次数在100次以下,频次在0.04以下,使用率较差。如表2所示(表中数据只保留小数点后两位)。

总体上,“图族”文档名词到了现代基本上已经退出了历史舞台,其中虽然“地图”“图书”“图表”三个名词保留了原有的形式继续使用,但是其文档含义已经不复存在,另作它义。

二、图族文档名词分述

“图族”文档名词中各名词属于低频次文档名词且数量较少,故本文对其逐个进行阐述。需要指出的是,“图文”,即图谶之文。其出现次数较少,仅有9次,与“图族”其他名词相比不具有代表性,故不作详细论述。此外,“籍图”一词在本族类系列论文《中国古代“籍族”文档名词研究》中进行了详细论述,故本文不再阐述。

(一)地图档案是文档名词“图”最常见的用法

“图”,作为单音节文档名词,早在先秦时期就已出现。先秦时地图档案种类繁多,地位重要,地图档案是“图”最常见的用法。[3]主要指有关土地、疆域的地图或版图档案,如《周礼·夏官》中载:“司险掌九州之图,以周知其山林、川泽之阻,而达其道路。”[4]又如《尚书正义》载:“禹别九州,分其圻界。别,彼列反。九州,周公职录云:‘黄帝受命风后受图割地布九州。”[5]其在三国、南北朝和隋唐时期作为文档名词的含义出现的次数已经很少,至唐朝之后基本上已经不具备文档名词的含义,主要以图画的含义出现和使用。此外,从使用频次上看,“图”作为文档名词主要在先秦及秦汉时期出现和使用,其中在先秦时期出现的次数最多,频次也最高(1.0左右),但频次略低于秦汉时期,这主要是由于先秦的文献略多于秦汉时期造成的。

(二)“地图”一词基本具备地图档案的意义,且是“图族”文档名词中出现次数和使用频次最高的名词

1.“地图”一词最早出现于先秦时期,起初其含义为描摹土地山川等地理形势的图,基本具备地图档案的意义。如《管子》载:“凡兵主者,必先审知地图。冁辕之险,滥车之水,名山、通谷、经川、陵陆、丘阜之所在苴草、林木、蒲苇之所茂,道里之远近,城郭之大小,名邑、废邑、困殖之地,必尽知之。地形之出入相错者尽藏之,然后可以行军袭邑,举错知先后,不失地利,此地图之常也。”[6]从这里可以看出地图档案包含的内容之丰富。又如《战国策》记载:“臣窃以天下地图案之。诸侯之地五倍于秦,料诸侯之卒,十倍于秦。六国并力为一,西面而攻秦,秦必破矣。”[7]这里的“地图”主要指按照一定比例绘制的地图文件或地图档案。在后来的发展中,“地图”一词也主要作为地图档案的含义留存下来。

2“.地图”一词是“图族”文档名词中出现次数和使用频次最高的名词,分别为1167次和0.453。除了在三国时期出现短暂的空白之外,“地图”一词在各个朝代均有出现,是整个“图族”文档名词中通用性较高的文档名词之一。尽管“地图”一词在先秦时期最早出现,但是在使用数量上是各朝代出现次数最少的,频次也最低,可见在这个时期“地图”一词还处于萌芽阶段,没有得到大规模应用。在隋唐五代、两宋及明清时期,“地图”一词出现的次数开始增多,达到100次以上,特别是清朝出现了521次,频次达到了0.977。

(三)“图籍”和“图簿”均有地图户籍档案的含义,且“图籍”的使用范围和延续性更强

“图籍”,其在先秦时期就已经出现,是由两个单音节文档名词“图”和“籍”组合在一起形成的,“图籍”取两者综合之义,泛指地图和户籍档案。如《战国策》卷三载:“据九鼎,按图籍,挟天子以令天下,天下莫敢不听,此王业也。”[8]又如《史记》载:“维我汉继五帝末流,接三代绝业。周道废,秦拨去古文,焚灭诗书,故明堂石室金匮玉版图籍散乱。”[9]“图簿”作为文档名词使用时,同“图籍”含义一样,亦指地图、户籍等簿册。如《汉书》载:“以图簿未定,未授国邑,且令受奉都内,月钱数千。诸侯皆困乏,至有庸作者。”[10]

尽管“图簿”与“图籍”都是指地图户籍档案,但是呈现出不同的发展状况。从出现时间来看,“图籍”在先秦时就已出现,而“图簿”则在汉朝才出现。从时间延续性来看,“图籍”在三国之外的各个朝代均有出现,使用范围较广,延续性较强,而“图簿”仅在秦汉、三国两晋南北朝、隋唐五代和宋朝出现使用,延续性较差。从使用频次来看,“图籍”一词共出现了193次,频次为0.075,在整个“图族”文档名词中排在第二位,而“图簿”仅出现了6次,频次为0.002。

(四)“图牒”和“图谱”均有谱牒档案的含义,且“图牒”还有图籍表册和图谶的含义,“图谱”具有医药档案的含义

1.从内涵来看,两者均有谱牒档案的含义,如明宋濂《张氏谱图序》载:“清河之族布于大江之南,其迁江阴者,则不知始于何世。图牒丧漫,不可钩考,至月崖翁始入于谱。”[11]《旧唐书》载:“臣得奉礼郎李冈、太祝柳仲年、协律郎诸葛畋李潼、检讨官王皞、修撰朱俦、博士闵庆之等七人伏称:‘谨按《高祖神尧皇帝本纪》及皇室图谱”。[12]需要注意的是,“图牒”还有图籍表册和图谶的含义。如“若其官邑之省置,风物之有亡,田赋之上下,盖存乎图谍。”[13]《旧唐书·唐俭传》载:“明公日角龙庭,李氏又在图牒,天下属望,非在今朝。”[14]而“图谱”还具有医药档案的含义。《隋书》载:“至于阴阳河洛之篇,医方图谱之说,弥复为少。”[15]

2.“图牒”“图谱”在元朝出现的次数最少。从时间上来看,“图牒”“图谱”均在三国两晋南北朝时期开始出现,且在出现之后的各个朝代均有出现,延续均性较好。从数量上和频次上来看,“图牒”一词出现的次数略多于“图谱”,达130次,而“图谱”为99次。从各朝代出现的次数来看,“图谱”在三国两晋南北朝和元朝出现的次数最少,仅有2次和3次,在隋唐五代出现的次数最多,达到了73次。而“图牒”同“图谱”一样在三国两晋南北朝较少,在元朝出现的次数最少,分别只有7次和4次。

(五)表册或簿册是“图表”的普遍含义,同时“图表”兼具谱牒档案的含义

与其他文档名词相比,“图表”一词出现时间较晚,其在唐朝才开始出现。同时,其延续性和使用频次(0.014)也不是很好。例如,在明朝的文献中未检索到其作为文档含义的用法。

作为文档名词使用时,其泛指记录各种事物的表册或簿册这种用法最为普遍。如《续资治通鉴》卷二百三十三中记载:“从省称:‘为今次宣命指挥从省,交割时一匹匹点检看觑,当裏面别无小损破弱,即行交割,不云生事。从省又云:‘设使一色好绢(一○),亦须剩住几日。交割图表子细云云。”[16]另外,“图表”还有一个特殊的文档名词的含义,即谱牒档案,其用法如“今世谱式横而左行者,云始欧阳氏名欧谱。纵而下行者,云始苏氏名苏谱。虽纪文达不能不援用为谱。其实皆图表也,非世系也。”[17]

(六)在图录和法典的基础上,文档名词“图法”衍生出天文档案的含义

虽然“图法”一词早在先秦就已出现,但是其延续性和使用频次(0.024)并不好,三国及南北朝时期均出现了空白。“图法”一词最初的含义指图录和法典,《吕氏春秋·先识览》记载:“夏太史令终古,出其图法,执而泣之。”[18]值得一提的是,“图法”还在后世衍生出天文档案的含义。如《旧唐书》载:“又以祀九宫坛,旧是大祠。龟从议曰:‘九宫贵神,经典不载。天宝中,术士奏请,遂立祠坛。事出一时,礼同郊祀。臣详其图法,皆主星名。纵司水旱兵荒,品秩不过列宿。”[19]

(七)“图书”一词的文档含义较为丰富,且汉朝之后主要以书籍的含义出现和使用

“图书”从先秦到清朝均有出现,在整个“图族”文档名词中属于延续性较好的文档名词之一。在本文关于“图书”一词的整个检索数量中占比约为3%,而其作为书籍类含义的用法占到了大约97%,由此可见“图书”一词在古代主要是以书籍的含义出现和使用的。

1.从其内涵来看,“图书”一词的文档含义较为丰富:一是专指“河图”“洛书”。“河图”“洛书”是古人按照天圆地方说用记号来记录天文、气象、地理知识而绘制的立体图。[20]关于“河图”“洛书”,学界比较一致的看法是古时的历法(也有人认为是天文图和地理图),在原始社会末期,记号语言已相当发达,可以表示当时的任何科技事物,可以说当时的“河图”“洛书”,已经是真正意义上的科技文件,是首领们指导生产、安排生活的工具。[21]其具体用法如《竹书纪年》载:“游于洛水之上,见大鱼,杀五牲以醮之,天乃甚雨,七日七夜,鱼流于海,得图书焉。”[22]二是指“图籍”,即疆域版图与户籍等簿册。如《史记》载:“汉王所以具知天下厄塞,户口多少,强弱之处,民所疾苦者,以何具得秦图书也。”[23]又如《两汉纪》记载:“诸将皆争取秦宝货,萧何独悉收秦图书。”[24]三是泛指档案。如《韩非子》中记载:“豪杰不著名于图书,不录功于盘盂,记年之牒空虚。”[25]以及《汉书》载:“四年春正月,以诛郅支单于告祠郊庙。赦天下。群臣上寿。置酒,以其图书示后宫贵人。”[26]

2.从具体使用情况来看,“图书”一词在汉代以前主要以文档含义出现和使用,而在汉朝之后主要以书籍的含义出现和使用。先秦作为“图书”一词的起源时期,其使用量较少,作为文档名词使用的用法共出现了5次,但占总出现次数的80%以上,而在汉朝时“图书”作为文档名词的用法达到了高峰期,共出现了68次,占总出现次数的90%。在整个先秦及秦汉时期,“图书”一词的文档类含义用法占主导地位,书籍类含义的用法处于辅助地位。而在汉朝之后“图书”一词作为文档名词使用的数量开始逐渐下降,其含义也主要用于指代“书籍”,其中在三国两晋南北朝、隋唐五代、宋、元、明清作为文档名词使用的数量分别为18次、25次、17次、4次、6次和18次,在各朝代检索到的数量中比例分别为4%、7%、2%、2%、1.2%和0.7%。除了数量下降之外,其文档内涵和应用也主要是对前代的延续,并无新用法出现。

总而言之,“图族”文档名词同其他族类的文档名词相比,虽然名词个数和出现的总体数量都较少,但是其仍是中国古代文档名词这个大族类中不可或缺的重要组成部分。随着时间的发展,“图族”文档名词基本上退出了历史的舞台,而沿用至今的“地图”“图书”“图表”三个名词其文档含义也已经消失。

*本文为国家社科基金一般项目“中国文档名词发展演变史”(项目编号:14BTQ071)的课题成果。

注释及参考文献:

[1]司马迁.史记[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1988:611.

[2]本朝代新出现的名词用不同字体及着重号加以标注以示区别.

[3]丁海斌,袁礼.中国古代文档名词发展演变史系列论文之一先秦文档名词研究[J].档案,2014(5):15.

[4]崔高维校点.周礼[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社, 1997:54.

[5]孔安国传,孔颖达正义,黄怀信整理.尚书正义[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2007:189.

[6]蔡元培.诸子集成[M].长沙:岳麓书社, 1996:192.

[7]刘向.战国卷[M].上海:上海古籍出版社, 2008:280.

[8]刘向编集,贺伟,侯仰军点校.战国策[M].济南:齐鲁书社, 2005:31-32.

[9]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中国华侨出版社, 2003:1394.

[10]班固.汉书(下)[M].长沙:岳麓书社, 2008:1544-1545.

[11]罗月霞主编.宋濂全集[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社, 1999:470.

[12] [14] [19]刘昫等撰;陈焕良,文华点校.旧唐书[M].长沙:岳麓书社, 1997:604-3172.

[13]白居易.白居易集[M].北京:中华书局, 1979:936.

[15]魏征,令狐德撰.隋书[M].北京:中华书局, 1973:937.

[16]李焘.续资治通鉴长编[M].北京:中华书局, 1985:5654.

[17]谭耀华.谭氏志[M].香港:新华出版有限公司, 1957:379.

[18]陈国勇主编.吕氏春秋[M].南宁:广西民族出版社,2003:108.

[20]王英玮主编.档案文化论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998:26-28.

[21]丁海斌.档案学的哲学与历史学原论[M].沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,2011:158-159.

[22]张玉春译注.竹书纪年译注[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2003:88.

[23]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2006:353.

[24]荀悦,袁宏.两汉纪[M].北京:中华书局,2002:16.

[25]李维新校注.韩非子[M].郑州:中州古籍出版社,2008:212.

名词解释文档 篇3

一、Word2003文档加密的方法

方法一:单击文档菜单栏的“工具”—选项—安全性,然后我们可以看见“此文档的文件加密选项”这一项,我们只要按照提示的内容输入密码,确定后再输入一次就可以了。

方法二:上面提到的方法,是不输入密码就无法打开Word文档,如果我们只是不希望别人修改文档的话,还可以将文档设置为是“只读”,在“工具”—选项—安全性中,在“此文档的文件共享选项”下输入密码并确定,这样该文档只有在输入正确密码的情况下,才可以被修改,

www.yjpdf.com

二、Word2007文档加密的方法

方法一:打开文档后,Office按钮—“准备”,这时我们就会看到“加密文档”一项,然后按照提示设置好密码就可以了。

方法二:

1、Office按钮—另存为—Word文档;

2、打开另存为对话框后,选择右下角的“工具”—“常规选项”;

3、打开“常规选项”对话框,设置密码。

三、Word2010文档加密的方法

名词解释文档 篇4

第1步,打开Word2010文档窗口,依次单击“文件”→“打开”按钮,如图1所示,

图1 单击“打开”按钮第2步,在打开的“打开”对话框中,单击文档类型下拉三角按钮,选择文档类型为“工作6-9文档”选项。然后查找并选中需要打开的WPS文档,单击“打开”按钮即可,如图2所示。

办公软件教程

名词解释文档 篇5

大家都知道金山wps文档的扩展名是.wps,那么有一个办法很简单,直接改.wps为word扩展名.doc,然后你用office就可以直接打开他了,大部分功能格式都会存在!是不是超级简单呢!

另外有些OFFICE版本不支持这种功能的话,那就用用WPS转换器。

比方说安装Office 的第一张安装盘上找到PFilesCommonMSSharedTextConv文件夹,有个文件“Wps2Word.exe”。这个就是一个WPS转WORD的小工具了。安装他即可。当重新启动 Word 并单击“文件”菜单中的“打开”命令时,就会在“文件类型”列表框中找到“WPS DOS file 导入”和“WPS file (*.wps)”选项,

利用这一转换器,可以打开WPS for DOS,WPS 97和WPS 2000 的所有文档,并且会保留原文件的大部分格式信息和嵌入对象。

2、WPS office打开WORD文档方法

开学致辞文档 篇6

大家好!

金色九月,阳光明媚,秋风送爽。在这硕果累累的金秋时节,我们又迎来了新一批青春飞扬的学子。在此,请允许我代表全体在校生,向来自祖国各地的新同学表示诚挚的问候和最热烈的欢迎。你们的到来为学校注入了最新鲜的血液,正是你们的到来,才使山东人民学院能以生生不息的姿态,薪火相传。

山东人民学院伴随着时代前进的步伐,走过了艰辛而又光荣的历程。20年的辛勤耕耘,20年的执著追求,积淀了山东人民学院宽广深厚的人文底蕴,铸就了大学生严谨求实的学风和校风。我们选择山东人民学院有三个理由:她有辉煌的过去,有让人自豪的现在,更有令人憧憬的未来。在这一方热土上,我们健康茁壮地成长,在学校的学习氛围中变得更加睿智,在学校的集体生活中结下了浓厚的情谊,并将用奋进和热情努力谱写出自己生命的华章。

过去的三年,我们是懵懂的,我们活在师长的安排中,我们活得按部就班,但是,我们活得充实而单纯,我们满怀着那种为了梦想而拼尽全力的激情!当时拼搏努力的身影仿佛还在眼前,仿佛昨晚刚刚做完厚厚的习题,今天就已经坐在了大学开学典礼的现场,然而我明白:一个与原先的中学生活截然不同的大学生活,已经开始了。

我们远离了父母与家人,我们已经是飞出家巢的雏鹰,我们必须学着适应外面的环境,只有克服自己原先娇气的生活习惯,学会独立,才能展翅翱翔,承担风雨;只有打开心扉,结交更多的朋友,我们才能在这个美丽的园子里找到自己的精彩。

我们需要调整好自己的心态。现在我们的周围,总会有比我们更强的人,这是一个事实,我们必须学会去适应它,或是更努力地去赶超,或是寻找自己的长处进行发挥。取长补短,见贤思齐,应当是我们作为学生的最好状态。只要调整好了心态,踏踏实实地从零开始,从默默无闻开始,甘于为集体奉献,我相信,几年之后,在座的各位同学,都会有属于自己的一片天!

今天是你们真正成为一名大学生的日子,经过短暂的休整,充盈激情,意气风发的你们又将踏上新的征程。想让你的梦想飞扬,便需张开你的翅膀;要让你的雄心与智慧闪光,便需把握时机、放射光芒!在未来的岁月里,希望你们尽快调整心态适应大学生活,确定大学时代的目标,为自己的大学生活规划出完美的蓝图,瞄准目标锲而不舍地追求。同学们:人生非坦途。当我们经历坎坷,当我们遭遇风雨,请拿出“天生我才必有用”的信心,拿出 “吹尽黄沙始到金”的毅力,拿出“直挂云帆济沧海”的勇气,去迎接大学的风雨洗礼;让我们从今天开始,从现在开始,拿出青春所有的激情和勇气,为命运而搏,为前途而战!

常见文档格式 篇7

入党申请书

***党支部

我志愿申请加入中国共产党,愿意为共产主义事业奋斗终身。中国共产党是(党的性质。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。)

(介绍自己的入党动机)

一.思想上。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

二.学习上。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

三.活动上。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

四.日常生活中。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。如果因为自己还存在某些不足暂时不能加入到党组织来。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

请党组织考验我!

附:自己的个人履历 家庭主要成员及来往密切的社会关系的情况

此致

敬礼!

申请人:***

**年*月*日

2思想汇报列文

思想汇报

敬爱的党组织:

。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。以上是我。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。希望党组织加强对我的培养和教育

汇报人:***

**年*月*日

3.入党志愿书列文

(中国共产党的兴致)(自己的感悟)

我志愿加入中国共产党。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

***

**年*月*日

4.转正申请书列文敬爱的党支部:

我是**年*月*日被批准为预备党员的,预备期为一年,到**年*月*日预备期满,为了使党组织如期研究我的转正问题,现将我的转正申请送上,请审查。自从**年*月*日批准我为预备党员后,在党组织严格要求下。。。。。。。今天我虽然向党组织递交了转正申请,但我愿意接受党组织的长期考验。

申请人:*** **年*月*日

5.自传列文

我是**省**市人,于**年**月*日出生于**家庭,本人成分学生,家住**市**路*号。现任职务是**,我于**年*月*日至**年*月在**市**小学读书,证明人***,小学毕业后,我考入了**市**中学,证明人**,于***加入了中国共产主义青年团。。。**年*月我高中毕业后,参加工作,证明人***,(简述自己的现实表现,思想状况,对党的认识等)

家庭主要成员是:父亲***,***族,**年*月*生,政治面貌是**,现在***单位工作,母亲。。。。。。主要社会关系:外祖父。。。。。。

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