英语同位语从句的详解

2024-09-11

英语同位语从句的详解(精选9篇)

英语同位语从句的详解 篇1

考研英语 考研英语同位语从句详解

名词性从句在每年的考研英语试卷中出现频次较高,在各种题目中经常出现。掌握同位语从句,需要仔细研读以下学习维度的内容:

一、定义

一个名词或代词后面有时跟一个名词或起名词作用的成分,对前者进一步说明,叫做同位语。

在某些名词后可以用that, whether, when等引导的从句作同位语,称为同位语从句。这些名词有:

agreement一致意见 assumption假定 awareness意识

belief看法 conclusion结论 conviction深信

decision决定 delusion错觉 determination决心

discovery发现 doubt怀疑 dream梦想

evidence证据 explanation解释 fact事实

feeling感觉 guarantee保证 guess猜测

hope希望 idea观点 knowledge认识

likelihood可能性 message信息 mind想法

news消息 notion观念 objection反对

opinion观点 possibility可能性 prediction预测

probability可能性 problem问题 proof证据

proposal建议 proposition论点、主张 question问题

realization认识 rumor传闻 sign迹象

truth事实 theory理论 thought想法

二、结构

(一)由that引导

・I have no doubt that he will overcome all this difficulties.

他会克服一切困难,对此我并不感到怀疑。

【特别提示】:同位语从句引导词that不可省略。

(二)由whether引导

・The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been decided.

我们是否需要更多时间来做这项工作,这个问题还未决定。

(三)由其他词引导的同位语从句

・I have not made up my mind what elective subjects I am to take next term.

我还没有决定好下学期上哪些选修课。

・When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guess how the plot

will develop.

当你把故事读到一半时,猜测一下情节将如何发展。

・I have no idea when I will be back from Shanghai.

我不知道我什么时候从上海回来。

(四)同位语从句与被修饰名词的分割

有时,为了保持句式的平衡,将同谓语从句与被修饰的名词分割,其间出现其他成分。

・Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

人们日益担心,证人可能会因此而受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大事实以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。(这里先行词concerns与that同位语从句被谓语were raised隔开。)

三、翻译方法

同位语从句有以下五种翻译方法:

① 可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。

② 放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。

③ 译成独立句子:先翻译主句,然后用“就是……”或者“即……”引导出同位语从句,或者把同位语从句译成独立的句子,由冒号或破折号引出。

④ 用代词指代:先把同位语从句中的内容翻译出来,在后面用“这”或“那”等代词复指它,参加句子主体的构成。

⑤ 译成宾语 :把同位语从句修饰的.名词转译成动词,而把同位语从句译成宾语。

【真题例句】

What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

【解析】

句子可拆分为:What is harder to establish is //whether the productivity revolution //that businessmen assume //they are presiding over// is for real.

主句为What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real。主句包含两个从句成分:从句what is harder to establish作主语;whether the productivity revolution is for real作表语;that they are presiding over为定语从句修饰the productivity revolution; 此定语从句中businessmen assume为主谓结构的插入语。以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句及表语从句在翻译的时候,一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。

【参考译文】

难以确定的是,商界人士认为他们所主导的生产力革命是否真的存在。

英语同位语从句的详解 篇2

英语定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。现就它们的翻译方法分述如下:

1、限制性定语从句

1.1 前置法

采用“的”的结构, 把从句部分译成汉语的定语, 置于被修饰词之前。

The room which served for studio was bare and dusty.

这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的, 布满灰尘。

Nothing can take the place of complete rest such as you canget from sleep.

什么也代替不了从睡眠中得到的充分休息。

I like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

我想要一间窗户面临大海的房间。

On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm.

在我们出发的前一天, 下了一场暴雪。

1.2 后置法

如果从句部分的译文较长, 前置显得不合乎汉语习惯, 可译成后置的并列分句, 有时要重复先行词。

Inertia is that property of matter because of which a forcemust be exerted on a body in order to accelerate.

惯性是物质的一种特性, 由于这个特性, 必须对一物体施加一种力才能使它加速运动。

Phamacology is the science which deals especially with chemical changes in medicine as a result of which it is possibleto develop new drugs.

药理学是一门科学, 它专门研究医药中的化学变化, 从而有可能开发新药。

These children have caring and loving parents who have notharmed them in any way whatsoever.

这些孩子的父母关心爱护他们, 而且从来没有以任何方式伤害过他们。

1.3 溶合法

在There be句型中, 常把主语和定语从句溶合成单句

There no places on the earth that the foot of man has nottrodden.

地球上没有一个地方人类没有到过。

There are doctors who have grown up without having beencalled to treat a case of rabies.

有些很有经验的医生从未接诊过狂犬病人。

There are very few but admire his talents.

很少有人不欣赏他的才干。

There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader.

有些东西会使英国读者不愉快。

2、非限制性定语从句

2.1 前置法

限制性定语从句一般是描述性的或署名性, 如果从句比较短, 仍可译成前置定语。

He liked his sister, who was warmkind, but did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.

他喜欢他那活泼和蔼的姐姐, 不喜欢他那冷漠高傲的哥哥。

But his laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.

他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。

2.2 后置法

译成并列分句 (重复或不重复先行词)

It is possible to find in an enectric field a large number ofpoints, all of which have the same potentials.

可以在一个电场中找到许许多多的点, 所有点都具有相同的电位。

Food is taken in through the mouth, where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

食物经口摄入, 在口腔内咀嚼并与唾液拌合。

There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which are metals.

已经发现自然界有103种元素, 其中大多数元素是金属。

3、状语性定语从句

有些定语从句, 包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句, 在语义上具有状语的功能, 可表达时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的等。可译成相应的词或句。

I saw Mr.Li, who was walking on tha street.

我看见李先生, (当时) 他正在街上走着。 (时间)

The sick child, who had been given the medicine, soon fell asleep.

患儿服药后很快就入睡了。 (时间)

We don’t like the room, which is cold.

我们不喜欢那个房间, (因为) 它很冷。 (原因)

He would know nothing who wants to know everything.

(假如) 什么都想学, 就什么也学不到。 (条件)

The vampire bat attacked the cattle, which sickened and died.

吸血蝙蝠袭击家畜, 造成家畜生病死亡。 (结果)

There was something orginal, independent and heroric about the plan that oleased all of them.

这个方案富于创造性、独出心裁、很有魄力, 使他们都很满意。 (结果)

Some of the patients, who had taken the medicine, showed no better because they had neglected the doctor’s advice.

有些患者虽然服了药, 仍不见好转, 因为他们未遵医嘱。 (让步)

The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.

虽然该病可发生在任何年龄的人, 但在青年人中最为常见 (让步)

Envoys were sent out who should promote friendly relationswith other countries.

对外派出使节, 目的是促进与其它国家的友好关系。 (目的)

Singapore has a welfare called the central provident, which ensures that the retired have a nest egg.

新加坡有一项被称为“中央节俭基金“的福利计划, 以保证退休者有一份养老金。 (目的)

以上介绍的定语从句翻译尚不完善, 现抄录两句英文及其翻译, 供读者和同仁体味其翻译之妙。

President Reagan is only the latest in a long line of intergovernmentalists who want to make sense of the functions of national, stateand local governments.

主张各级政府协调整治的人, 历来都有, 他们的意图是要充分发挥联邦、州和地方政府的职能。里根总统只不过是最新代表人物。

The Gross family are returniks—Russians who emigrated to the west and now decided to return.

格罗斯一家人是回国移民, 他们原是移居西方的俄罗斯人, 现在决定回国定居。

参考文献

[1].张培基、喻云跟, 李宗杰:英汉翻译教程, 上海外语教育出版社2010

定语从句和同位语从句的区别 篇3

一、 定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如:

1. We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。

2. We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。

例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰the news;例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对the news的进一步说明。

二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。例如:

1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。

2. The fact that they didn’t finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作。

例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句;例2中that只起连接作用,引导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句。

三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替。例如:

1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。

2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。

例1是定语从句, that可省略;例2是同位语从句,that不能省略。

3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。

4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意。

例3中why引导的是定语从句,why可以被 for which或 that 代替;例4中 why引导的是同位语从句,why 不能省去,也不能被其它词代替。

四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主 + 系 + 表”结构来表示。例如:

The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。

上句若用“主 + 系 + 表”结构来表示,则是: The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。意思合理,系表结构成立,故为同位语从句。

五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词,可以有复数形式;而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位,一般没有复数形式。例如:

1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。

2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心,她女儿有可能不喜欢上学。

例1中的possibilities是定语从句的先行词,可用复数形式;例2中的possibility是抽象名词,后接的是同位语从句,一般不用复数形式。

六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词,但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如:

1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。

2. I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来。

3. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住的房子。

例1、3中的when和 where引导的是定语从句,day 和house分别表示时间和地点;例2中的when引导的是同位语从句。

英语同位语从句的详解 篇4

1.判定方法

为方便理解,咱们先回顾下同位语的定义,即首先如果一个名词修饰另外一个名词,且后一个名词对前面的名词起到解释、说明的作用,那我们就将这个名词成为同位语。如果由一个从句来代替这个名词,充当同位语的成分,那我们就可以把这个从句称为同位语从句了。

2.翻译方法

①按照原文顺序直接翻译

如:He expressed the hopethat he would come over to visit China again.按照原文的顺序我们可以将其翻译为:他表示希望能再次来中国访问。

There is a possibilitythat he is a spy.很可能他是一个间谍。

②对于复杂的从句可以独立成句,然后再修饰语前面加上“这样,这种,这一,即”等连接词或“:――”,将同位语从句与主句分隔开。

He put forward the proposalthat more trees should be planted in the downtown area.本句话可以这样翻译:他提出了这样的建议:在乡下应该种植更多的树木。也可翻译为:他提出了“乡下应该种植更多树木”的建议。

Not long ago, the scientists madean exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.这句话可以翻译为:不久之前,科学家们有一个振奋人心的发现:这个废弃的材料可以转化为塑料。

③对于简单的定语从句,可以将其作为定语放在所修饰的名词前,可以加“的”,也可以不加。

如:Therumor that he was arrestedwas unfounded.这句话可以译为:关于他被捕的谣言是毫无依据的。

The Prime Minster refused to comment on the rumorthat he had planned to resign.总理拒绝评论他打算辞职的谣言。

④有些定语从句,可以采取把同位语修饰的名词翻成动词,将同位语从句译为宾语的方法。

如:There is a growing awareness that this is not enough.越来越多的人意识到这是不够的。

A good color is often a sign that the food has a lot of vitamin.一个好的颜色通常是食物含有很多维他命的标志。

高中英语语法表语从句详解素材 篇5

表语从句定义:在一个复合句中,从句作的是主语的表语成分。放在系动词(be)和半系动词(seemsoundtastesmell look等等)的后面

A

The problem is puzzling.这个问题令人困惑

主语,连系动词,形容词作表语

The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语---表语从句

B

连接表语从句的连接词有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why,whether,how.whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等

He has become a teacher.他已经成为一名教师。

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。

She has remained there for an hour.她曾在那里停留了一个小时。

She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。

His suggestion is good.他的建议是好的。

注意表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

错误: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.正确: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B

※※不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外)。

引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether

位于句首时要用whether

引导表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句时要用whether

错误 The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.正确: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.正确: It looked as if he had understood this question.C

不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。正确: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.正确: The question is why he cried yesterday.D

※※※ that在表语从句中不可以省掉。

专心爱心用心1

基本用法

表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词。

名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句

例如: The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)

The scissors are not what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)

What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语,that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,不能省略)

That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)

That is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)

注意

“That is why...”是常用句型,意为“这就是„„的原因/因此„„”,其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结,又如: That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne.珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后,用这一句来进行概括)。// That is why I came.这就是我来的原因。

下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构,它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:

(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样,例如:

That is(the reason)why I cannot agree.这就是我不能同意的理由。

(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为“这就是为什么„„/因为„„”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由,“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果,例如:

He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果,第二句话说明原因)

He had seen the film before.That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果)案例分析

[考题1]

The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.(2007上海)

A.when B.why C.whether D.that

[答案] ABCD

[解析] 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句,如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此,应选择可引导名词性从句且不

充当任何成分的that。

[考题2]

You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.(2004)

A.why B.where C.what D.how

[答案] ABCD

[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词,“I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构),下划线应填入引导词where,表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、我不同意的地方”。

[考题3]

— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____ you had a few days off?(1999)

A.why B.when C.what D.where

[答案] ABCD

[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语,下划线应填入表示“因此„„”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。[考题4]

____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.(2000上海)

A.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;that

[答案] ABCD

同位语从句例句 篇6

Our team has won the game, which made us very happy。

我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)

The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room。

你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)

His mother did all she could to help him with his study。他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮忙他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)

2。 从性质上区别

定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:

The news that our team has won the game was true。 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)

The news that he told me yesterday was true。 昨日他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich。 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他十分富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)

The mother made a promise that pleased all her children。 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)

3。 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别

有些引导词如how, whether, what能够引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:

That question whether we need it has not been considered。 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有研究?(同位语从句)

I have no idea what has happened to him。 我不明白他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)

引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还能够用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:

The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday。 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨日收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)

英语状语从句翻译方法的研究 篇7

(1) Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.

这句话翻译成“武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。”是比较合适的。因为原句中的地点状语从句所处的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序, 在这种情况下, 就可以按照原文顺序翻译。这就是顺译法。

(2) Since no one is against it, we'll adopt the proposal.

这句话翻译成“既然没有人反对, 这个议案我们就通过了。”是比较合适的。因为原句中的原因状语从句所处的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序, 这样顺译来翻译就很符合语言的表达。

结论:

(1) 英语状语从句的翻译是很复杂的语言现象。

(2) 有些状语从句所处的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序, 在这种情况下, 就可以按照原文的顺序进行顺译。这就是顺译法。

2 举例:

(1) I’ll let you know as soon as it is arranged.

这句话翻译成“一安排好我就通知你。”是很合适的。因为英语的构句主要靠关联词, 不在意时间顺序和逻辑顺序, 汉语则与之相反, 所以, 英译汉时, 常常需要调整主句和状语从句的语序, 以符合汉语的行文习惯。这里是将时间状语从句前提, 采用了换序的方法, 将一句话完好地表达。

(2) No matter how she juggled the figures, she and her husband were wage earners and their savings were all eaten up by the increased prices of everything.

本句如果采用顺译法, 译成“无论怎样精打细算, 她和丈夫还是靠工资收入来谋生的人, 而他们的一点储蓄都被飞涨的物价给蚀空了。”就会使人产生一种错觉, 好像“精打细算”的结果, 应该改变“她和丈夫靠工资收入来谋生”这一事实似的。而将让步状语从句后提, 翻译成“她和丈夫都属于工薪阶层, 所以, 无论她怎样精打细算, 他们的一点储蓄还是被飞涨的物价给蚀空了。”这样就说明白了这句话, 说明白了一切。

结论:

(1) 这种时间状语从句前提或者让步状语从句后提实质上都是改变了翻译的顺序。这种改变翻译顺序的译法就是换序法。

3 举例:

(1) She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night, and were walking home together at about 10 o’clock, when a“very big, very tall man, ”awosted them and demanded their purses.

如果译成“她说, 那天晚上她和一个朋友出去吃晚饭, 并且在晚上大约10点一起走回家, 突然, 一个非常大、非常高的男人向他们走来, 并且要他们的钱包。”就不如把时间状语从句拆分出来, 使其单独成句。而译成“她说, 那天晚上, 她和一个朋友出去吃饭。大约10点钟, 两人步行回家。忽然一个又高又大的男人朝他们走来, 要他们交出钱包。”这样单独成句更能说明白那一天的一个又一个情况。这就是分译法。

(2) And I know that my father and his comrades were ordered to ride on the outside of tanks as they rumbled towards the Rhineland, but they camouflaged themselves so well by holding boughs and branches that only about half of them were picked off by snipers.

这句话要翻译成:“我知道我父亲和他的战友们受命在进攻莱因兰地区时坐在隆隆行驶的坦克外面, 但他们用树枝把自己巧妙地伪装起来, 只有大约半数的人被敌人的狙击手给一个个瞄准击落。”在这一句话中, 含有一个so…that…结果状语从句, 在翻译的时候, 避免了翻译腔过重之嫌, 因为汉语并不常说“如此…以致”, 而是将状语从句拆分开来, 使其单独成句, 这样把复杂的结构拆分成简单的语句而把意思说清楚。

结论:

(1) 这种将状语从句拆分, 独立成句的翻译方法叫做分译法。

(2) 英语世界之中的确有一些长句, 其结构复杂, 在翻译时, 只有分译, 只有拆分能将其意思说清楚。这就是分译法的所在。

4 举例:

(1) I didn’t know a word of English until I came here.

这句话如果翻译成:“我直到来这儿才懂得一点英语。”就不如“我来这儿之前一句英文都不懂。”将主句与从句捏合在一起, 将两句话紧缩成一个单句, 表达起来既简炼又明确, 还合乎汉语的规范。这种译法即为合译法。

(2) When he entered the room, he found them sitting together singing.

这句话如果翻译成:“当他进屋时, 他发现他们坐在一起唱歌。”就不如翻译成一句话“他进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌。”这又是一个合译法。虽然原英句子有“when”, 但是译成汉语将这个词略去, 而将原来的时间状语从句与主句捏合成一句话。

结论:

(1) 有些含有状语从句的复合句在汉译时可省去主句的主语或从句的主语, 将两个句子捏合成一句话, 紧缩成一个单句。

(2) 这种译法称为“合译法”。

5 举例:

(1) Later in life, when Einstein was at asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said“When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it's only a minute.But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it’s two hours.That is relativity.”

这句话的翻译为“许多年以后, 有人请爱因斯坦对一些青年学生解释他的相对论原理。他说:‘你要是跟一个漂亮的姑娘在一起呆上两个小时, 你会觉得只呆了一分钟。但你如果在灼热的火炉上呆一分钟, 你就觉得呆了两个小时。’这就是相对论。”这里是将时间状语从句转换成条件状语从句, 翻译成条件状语, 这样准确地再现原文的意思。这需要在翻译时仔细地体会, 从中把握每一句的具体处理, 将时间状语从句处理成条件状语从句译出。这种翻译方法就叫做转换法。

结论:

(1) 在英语翻译之中, 使用将时间状语从句或地点状语从句转换成条件状语从句来处理, 这种翻译方法就叫做转换法。

(2) 因为在这些状语从句中很有可能含有其他一些意思, 在翻译时只有仔细体会, 准确再现原文的意思。

6 几种方法并用的翻译

有些状语从句在汉译时并不单纯采用上述译法中的一种, 而是几种方法并用, 形成几种方法并用的翻译。

(1) As soon as he arrived, he gave us a phone call.

他一到就给我们打了一个电话。

这里将As soon as时间状语从句按照原文的顺序进行顺译与省去主句的主语, 使两句紧缩成一个单句的合译。

(2) Shall I be disturbing you if I do my typing here?

我在这里打字会吵你吗?

这里调整主句与状语从句的语序, 将状语从句提前, 主句放后, 这是采用了换序法;同时, 将主从两句紧缩成一个单句, 因为主从两句主语一致, 这又采用了合译法。

参考文献

同位语从句探秘 篇8

They were all worried about the fact that you were sick.

他们都很担心你生病这一事实。

Have you any idea how soon the Smiths are returning from Korea?

你知道史密斯一家何时从韩国回来吗?

My original question, why the blacks blew up the building, has not been answered.

我最初的问题——黑人为何炸掉那座建筑,还没有人回答。

[ 同位语从句的特点]

1. 引导词that在非正式文体中可省略。如:

His being polite to all persons left the impression he was a well-educated gentleman.

他对众人的彬彬有礼给人留下他是位受过良好教育的君子的印象。

2. 同位语从句有时并不紧跟在它解释说明的名词之后。如:

The story went that Robin Hood had saved his beloved girl.

传说罗宾汉已救下他心爱的女友。

News came from the CEO that William had been dismissed.

从首席执行官那儿传来消息,威廉已被解雇。

3. 在suggestion,advice,request,order等意为“建议;命令;要求”的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。如:

Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.

老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。

The government gave the order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks.

政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。

4. 同位语从句的引导词除that外,通常还有whether,how,when,where等。如:

The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all.

我们女排赢得冠军的消息鼓舞了我们所有人。

The government is not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

政府不是在调查他是否可信这个问题。

They haven’t made the decision where they are going to spend their vacation.

他们还未决定去哪儿度假。

It’s a question how we shall comfort her.

那是一个我们如何安慰她的问题。

[ 同位语从句与定语从句的区别]

1. 定语从句中的that既指代先行词,也在从句中作某种成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不在句中充当任何成分。如:

The sports news that is about Yao Ming often attracts more attention. (that作定语从句的主语,不可省略)

有关姚明的体育新闻常常吸引更多关注。

The news that I got on the CCTV was about Yao Ming. (that作定语从句中got的宾语,可省略)

我从中央电视台得到的是有关姚明的新闻。

The news that Yao Ming joined the Rocket really excited the Chinese basketball fans. (that引导同位语从句,不可省略)

姚明加盟火箭队的消息让中国篮球迷们兴奋不已。

2. 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行具体内容的补充说明。如:

The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. (第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语;第二个that引导的是表语从句,在从句中不作任何成份)

他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. (同位语从句,补充说明该消息到底是什么)

汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。

3. 从内涵而言,同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系,而定语从句所限定的名词可以是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。试比较:

nlc202309051544

The news that the physicist won the Nobel Prize is true. (同位语从句,news和从句没有逻辑关系)

那位物理学家获诺贝尔奖的消息是真的。

The news that the stranger told you is a rumor. (定语从句,news是told的逻辑宾语)

这个陌生人告诉你的消息是谣言。

The order where we should camp hasn’t been given. (同位语从句,order与从句没有逻辑关系)

我们在哪里宿营的命令还没有下达。

The order that was given by the general has been carried out. (定语从句,order是was given的逻辑主语)

将军发号的命令已被执行。

[ 同位语从句正误辨析]

1. 【误】 We’ll discuss the problem that the sports meeting will be held in Beijing Stadium.

【正】 We’ll discuss the problem when the sports meeting will be held in Beijing Stadium.

我们将讨论运动会何时在北京召开这个问题。

注意 如果用that引导同位语从句意义不完整,这时可根据情况选用whether, when等。

2. 【误】They expressed the wish that she accepted the award.

【正】They expressed the wish that she (should) accept the award.

他们表达了对她接受这笔奖金的愿望。

注意 对wish的内容作具体说明,从句应该用虚拟语气。

[练习]

1.There is solid evidence watching 3D movies can have some side effects on the viewers.

A.what B.that C.which D.how

2. seems to be no possibility , Li Hua can win the first prize in the 100-meter race.

A.It; that B.There; that

C.There; whether D.It; whether

3.When news came the ship was missing, she almost broke down, for her husband was on board.

A.that B.which C.what D.whether

4. was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise he would give each of us a small gift.

A. As; which B. What; that

C. It; that D. It; which

5. The news Barrack Obama won the Nobel Peace Prize is surprised the world.

A.that;what B.which;that

C.that;which D./;how

[参考答案]

1~5 BBACA

英语同位语的运用 篇9

除了上一章的否定句结构,英语长句中另一个常用结构就是同位语结构。

什么是同位语?当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,后者就叫做前者的同位语。同位于通常放在其所说明的名(代)词之后。

好了,我们闲话少说,马上开始上课了!o(∩_∩)o…

1.This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by the fact that Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the U.S with a solid grounding in mathematics but little or no knowledge of English.要 点:“the fact”后面有一个that引导的同位语从句,其中主语Asian-American students后面有一个who引导的定语从句who began their educations abroad,该同位语从句的谓语为arrived,被定语从句隔开。

参考译文:亚裔美国学生对数学和自然科学的偏爱一部分原因是这些学生是在外国开始接受教育的,来到美国时他们的数学基础很好,但很少或根本不懂英语。

2.Both explanations for academic success worry Asian-Americans because of fears that they feed a typical racial image.要 点:fears后有一个that引导的同位语从句“that they feed a typical racial image”,用以说明“fears”的内容,不要误认为是一个定语从句。同位

饰的名

为fact,news,idea,thought,reply,report,remark等抽象名词,一般由that引导。

参考译文:对于学术成功的这两种解释都使亚裔美国人感到忧虑,因为他们担心这样就树立了一种典型的种族形象。1.we hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.2.Clothes can be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry,food can be bought cooked,canned or preserved,bread is baked and delivered by the baker,milk arrives on the doorstep,meals can be had at the restaurant,the works’ canteen,and the school dinning-room.1.要 点:that引导的从句为同位语从句,修饰前面的名词“truths”,同位语从句与所修饰的名词分离。

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