英语状语从句

2024-07-24

英语状语从句(精选11篇)

英语状语从句 篇1

众所周知, 英汉两种语言在语序上存在很大差异, 而这其中最具有代表性的就是定语从句的位置, 尤其在考研英语的文章中, 很多长难句子的难译之处都在定语从句的译法。英语中的定语从句除了和先行词之间有说明原因、结果的关系, 也可以和主句之间构成条件、让步、转折、目的、时间、空间等关系。

一、译成条件状语从句

英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有表明主句条件的含义, 在翻译时可以加上汉语表示条件关系的词语, 如“如果”等词, 并转译成汉语相应的从句。

如:In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.译成条件状语时, 很多情况下都是定语从句紧随主语之后, 本句情况也是如此, 本句的定语从句是“who do not have a clear grasps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution”, 译为“记者们还没有清楚地掌握加拿大宪法的主要特征”, 主句是“how journalists can do a competent job on political stories.”译为“他们是如何胜任报道政治事件这一工作的”, 两者之间的关系是前者是后者的条件。译文:事实上, 如果记者还没有清楚地掌握加拿大宪法的主要特征, 就很难看出他们是如何胜任报道政治事件这一工作的。

二、译成让步状语从句

英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有表明主句让步的含义, 在翻译时可以加上汉语表示让步关系的词语, 如“虽然”等词, 并转译成汉语相应的从句。

如:Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.本句也是由两个层次组成, 一个是主句“Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, ”从句是“which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.”这句话中有明显的连接词“but”, 这里我们只能将which译为“虽然”。译文:移民很快适应了这种共同的文化, 这虽然总体上算不上是振奋人心, 却几乎毫无害处。

三、译成转折状语从句

英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有表明主句转折的含义, 在翻译时可以加上汉语表示转折关系的词语, 如“但是”“而”等词, 并转译成汉语相应的从句。

如:The American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.本句仍然是两个层次, 主句为“The American middle-class family has been transformed by economic risk and new realities”, 译为“美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实给改变了”, 从句是“that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure”, 译为“曾经指望通过刻苦的工作和公平竞争来确保他们的经济稳定”。分别翻译后确定这两句是转折关系, 说的是从前和现在。这个定语从句是一个转折状语从句。译文:美国中产阶级家庭曾经指望通过刻苦的工作和公平竞争来确保他们的经济稳定, 但是这一点已经被经济风险和新的现实给改变了。

四、译成目的状语从句

当英语的定语从句所修饰的先行词出现在主句的宾语位置上时, 翻译时有可能译为目的状语从句, 译为“为了”“以”“以便”等词, 并转译成汉语相应的从句。

如:Because I wanted my kids’deposits to grow at a pace that hold their attention, I offered an attractive interest rate——five per cent a month.这个句子中的原因状语从句Because I wanted my kids’deposits to grow rapidly at a pace that hold their attention中又带了一个定语从句that hold their attention来修饰pace, 这部分句子可以拆分为3个层次的意思:1.因为我希望孩子的存款迅速增长;2.以一种速度;3.引起孩子的注意。其中定语从句部分说明的是“以这个速度”增长的目的, 所以定语从句在整个原因状语从句中体现的是一种目的。译文:因为我希望孩子们的存款速度足以引起他们的注意, 便给他们一个惊人的利率——月息五厘。

摘要:在考研英语的文章中, 复合句出现频率很高, 而且经常出现从句套从句的状况, 这其中定语从句是最常出现的。也是最难理清中文思路的。我们曾经讨论了定语从句转化为原因状语和结果状语从句的情况。本文作者仍以考研英语文章中的句子为语料, 介绍考研英语中定语从句转化为条件状语从句、让步状语从句和转折状语从句的辨别和翻译。

关键词:考研英语,定语从句,状译法

参考文献

[1]陈定安.英汉对比与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.

[2]段满福.从英汉语句子结构的差异看英语定语从句的翻译[J].大学英语学术版, 2006.

[3]贾德江.英语关系分句的翻译与解读新探[J].中国科技翻译, 2003.

英语状语从句 篇2

1 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

2 The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

3 Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of plants, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part.

4 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

5 Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or though hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.

6 As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched carelessly as the pursuers closed in around the men he was forced to leave behind.

7 Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

8 That concept implies educational opportunity for all children---the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

9 Parents often fell inadequate when confronted on the one hand with the eager, sensitive mind of a child and on the other with a world of complex physical nature.

英语状语从句 篇3

【关键词】定语从句 状语功能 翻译策略

英语里有些定语从句,尤其是一些非限制性定语从句,不像汉语的句子或词组作定语只起修饰或限制的作用,而往往与主句之间存在着某种状语关系,从而给翻译工作带来一定的困难,因为这种状语关系不是像一般的状语从句那样通过某些连接词语明确地表达出来的,而是暗含在字里行间的。因此,能否透过语言的表层结构,找出定语从句与主句之间可能存在的特殊的逻辑关系,并相应地译成汉语,无疑是对译者的一种挑战。

首先,我们不妨比较一下下面例句的两种译文:

The number 13 has been linked to untimely death since Jesus was betrayed by Judas, who was the thirteenth person at the last supper.

译文一:自从耶稣被最后晚餐上位列十三的犹大出卖以后,人们就把13这个数字与死于非命的厄运联系在一起了。

译文二:因为在最后的晚餐上犹大位列十三,所以自从耶稣被犹大出卖以后,人们就把13这个数字与死于非命的厄运联系在一起了。

通过比较,我们不难看出,译文一把定语从句译成前置修饰语,仅仅译出了原句的字面意思,而译文二不仅译出了原句的字面意思,而且还译出了原句字里行间所体现的逻辑关系。此句中由who引导的非限制性定语从形式上看是补充说明先行词Judas的,但在语义功能上却对主句起着一种状语作用,相当于一个原因状语从句,说明主句中谓语动词所表示的动作(has been linked to untimely death)的原因。这个定语从句与其说回答了“Who was Judas?”这样一个问题,莫如说回答了“Why was the number 13 linked to untimely death?”这样一个问题。

具体说来,起状语作用的定语从句,常用来间接说明主句所描述的行为、动作或状态发生的原因、条件、目的、结果或让步等,虽然形式上是定语从句,但在功能上却相当于状语从句。因此,我们在理解和翻译英语中具有状语功能的定语从句时就不能局限于语法关系上的对等,而要摆脱英语句式的束缚,在正确理解原句的基础上,可以视情况增加适当的连词,译成汉语的偏正复句,从而实现译文在语义和逻辑关系上与原文的对等。

1.表示原因,其中的关系代词或关系副词相当于because,since或as+主语,例如:On their silver-wedding day Ashurst and his wife were motoring along the outskirts of the moor, intending to crown the festival by stopping the night at Torquay, where they had first met.

译文:在银婚纪念日,艾舍斯特与妻子驾着汽车,行驶在荒原的边缘,要到托尔基去过夜,圆满地度过这个节日,因为那里是他们初次相遇的地方。

解析:定语从句where they had first met中的关系副词where相当于because it was there,因此将定语从句译成原因状语从句更能体现出原句字里行间的因果关系。

2.表示目的,其中关系代词可以替换成类似in order to的不定式结构,例如:He wanted to write a letter that would tender consolation to her and assuage the anguish of her bereavement.

译文:他想写一封信以便安慰她,以减轻她割爱的痛苦。

解析:关系代词that引导的定语从句that would tender...相当于in order to tender ...。因此译成目的状语更能体现出“写信的目的”。

3.表示条件,其中的关系代词或关系副词相当于if+主语,例如:He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.

译文:如果有人敢于公然反抗世界公众舆论而一意孤行,他一定是个鲁莽之徒。

解析:原句使用了虚拟语气,是对现在或将来事实相反的一种假设,因此,由关系代词who引导的定语从句相当于一个虚拟条件句,等于if he should venture…。在翻译时,将其译成条件状语从句能更好地体现出句子间的逻辑关系。

4.表示结果,其中关系代词相当于as a result+主语,例如:They tried to stamp out the revolt which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.

译文:他们企图扑灭反抗,结果反抗愈演愈烈,遍及全国。

解析:定语从句which spread...中的关系代词which相当于as a result it,因此将定语从句译成结果状语从句更能体现出“企图扑灭反抗”所产生的结果。

5.表示让步,其中关系代词相当于though或although+主语,例如:Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.

译文:电子计算机虽然有许多优点,但它们不能进行创造性的工作,也代替不了人。

解析:非限制性定语从句which have many advantages充分肯定了电子计算机的优点,但在其后面出现的主句的谓语和宾语部分却指出了电子计算机的缺点,前后形成了逆接,因此该定语从句在语义功能上相当于让步状语从句though they have many advantages,译成状语从句能更好地体现出其中的逻辑关系。

小结:英语的定语从句是英汉翻译的难点。在遇到定语从句时,译者不仅要判明它与主句之间的语法关系(如限定或非限定,先行词是哪个单词或短语还是整个句子),而且还要判明它与主句之间的语义关系和逻辑关系,尤其应当能够鉴别含有状语功能的定语从句,从而采取相应的翻译策略,使译文在语义上实现与原文的对等。

参考文献:

[1]董成.新编英汉互译综合技能教程[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,2015.

英语状语从句翻译方法的研究 篇4

(1) Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.

这句话翻译成“武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。”是比较合适的。因为原句中的地点状语从句所处的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序, 在这种情况下, 就可以按照原文顺序翻译。这就是顺译法。

(2) Since no one is against it, we'll adopt the proposal.

这句话翻译成“既然没有人反对, 这个议案我们就通过了。”是比较合适的。因为原句中的原因状语从句所处的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序, 这样顺译来翻译就很符合语言的表达。

结论:

(1) 英语状语从句的翻译是很复杂的语言现象。

(2) 有些状语从句所处的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序, 在这种情况下, 就可以按照原文的顺序进行顺译。这就是顺译法。

2 举例:

(1) I’ll let you know as soon as it is arranged.

这句话翻译成“一安排好我就通知你。”是很合适的。因为英语的构句主要靠关联词, 不在意时间顺序和逻辑顺序, 汉语则与之相反, 所以, 英译汉时, 常常需要调整主句和状语从句的语序, 以符合汉语的行文习惯。这里是将时间状语从句前提, 采用了换序的方法, 将一句话完好地表达。

(2) No matter how she juggled the figures, she and her husband were wage earners and their savings were all eaten up by the increased prices of everything.

本句如果采用顺译法, 译成“无论怎样精打细算, 她和丈夫还是靠工资收入来谋生的人, 而他们的一点储蓄都被飞涨的物价给蚀空了。”就会使人产生一种错觉, 好像“精打细算”的结果, 应该改变“她和丈夫靠工资收入来谋生”这一事实似的。而将让步状语从句后提, 翻译成“她和丈夫都属于工薪阶层, 所以, 无论她怎样精打细算, 他们的一点储蓄还是被飞涨的物价给蚀空了。”这样就说明白了这句话, 说明白了一切。

结论:

(1) 这种时间状语从句前提或者让步状语从句后提实质上都是改变了翻译的顺序。这种改变翻译顺序的译法就是换序法。

3 举例:

(1) She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night, and were walking home together at about 10 o’clock, when a“very big, very tall man, ”awosted them and demanded their purses.

如果译成“她说, 那天晚上她和一个朋友出去吃晚饭, 并且在晚上大约10点一起走回家, 突然, 一个非常大、非常高的男人向他们走来, 并且要他们的钱包。”就不如把时间状语从句拆分出来, 使其单独成句。而译成“她说, 那天晚上, 她和一个朋友出去吃饭。大约10点钟, 两人步行回家。忽然一个又高又大的男人朝他们走来, 要他们交出钱包。”这样单独成句更能说明白那一天的一个又一个情况。这就是分译法。

(2) And I know that my father and his comrades were ordered to ride on the outside of tanks as they rumbled towards the Rhineland, but they camouflaged themselves so well by holding boughs and branches that only about half of them were picked off by snipers.

这句话要翻译成:“我知道我父亲和他的战友们受命在进攻莱因兰地区时坐在隆隆行驶的坦克外面, 但他们用树枝把自己巧妙地伪装起来, 只有大约半数的人被敌人的狙击手给一个个瞄准击落。”在这一句话中, 含有一个so…that…结果状语从句, 在翻译的时候, 避免了翻译腔过重之嫌, 因为汉语并不常说“如此…以致”, 而是将状语从句拆分开来, 使其单独成句, 这样把复杂的结构拆分成简单的语句而把意思说清楚。

结论:

(1) 这种将状语从句拆分, 独立成句的翻译方法叫做分译法。

(2) 英语世界之中的确有一些长句, 其结构复杂, 在翻译时, 只有分译, 只有拆分能将其意思说清楚。这就是分译法的所在。

4 举例:

(1) I didn’t know a word of English until I came here.

这句话如果翻译成:“我直到来这儿才懂得一点英语。”就不如“我来这儿之前一句英文都不懂。”将主句与从句捏合在一起, 将两句话紧缩成一个单句, 表达起来既简炼又明确, 还合乎汉语的规范。这种译法即为合译法。

(2) When he entered the room, he found them sitting together singing.

这句话如果翻译成:“当他进屋时, 他发现他们坐在一起唱歌。”就不如翻译成一句话“他进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌。”这又是一个合译法。虽然原英句子有“when”, 但是译成汉语将这个词略去, 而将原来的时间状语从句与主句捏合成一句话。

结论:

(1) 有些含有状语从句的复合句在汉译时可省去主句的主语或从句的主语, 将两个句子捏合成一句话, 紧缩成一个单句。

(2) 这种译法称为“合译法”。

5 举例:

(1) Later in life, when Einstein was at asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said“When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it's only a minute.But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it’s two hours.That is relativity.”

这句话的翻译为“许多年以后, 有人请爱因斯坦对一些青年学生解释他的相对论原理。他说:‘你要是跟一个漂亮的姑娘在一起呆上两个小时, 你会觉得只呆了一分钟。但你如果在灼热的火炉上呆一分钟, 你就觉得呆了两个小时。’这就是相对论。”这里是将时间状语从句转换成条件状语从句, 翻译成条件状语, 这样准确地再现原文的意思。这需要在翻译时仔细地体会, 从中把握每一句的具体处理, 将时间状语从句处理成条件状语从句译出。这种翻译方法就叫做转换法。

结论:

(1) 在英语翻译之中, 使用将时间状语从句或地点状语从句转换成条件状语从句来处理, 这种翻译方法就叫做转换法。

(2) 因为在这些状语从句中很有可能含有其他一些意思, 在翻译时只有仔细体会, 准确再现原文的意思。

6 几种方法并用的翻译

有些状语从句在汉译时并不单纯采用上述译法中的一种, 而是几种方法并用, 形成几种方法并用的翻译。

(1) As soon as he arrived, he gave us a phone call.

他一到就给我们打了一个电话。

这里将As soon as时间状语从句按照原文的顺序进行顺译与省去主句的主语, 使两句紧缩成一个单句的合译。

(2) Shall I be disturbing you if I do my typing here?

我在这里打字会吵你吗?

这里调整主句与状语从句的语序, 将状语从句提前, 主句放后, 这是采用了换序法;同时, 将主从两句紧缩成一个单句, 因为主从两句主语一致, 这又采用了合译法。

参考文献

考研英语翻译 状语从句指导 篇5

状语从句

Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produce. (2007年完型)

[结构分析]

这个句 子的 结构比 较清晰 ,这是 一个 复合句 。

Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower是主句,翻译为 对结束印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现,。

状语从句的省略 篇6

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件时,从句中的主语和be动词常可省略:①主句和从句的主语一致,或从句主语为it;②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。例如:

She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.

她站在门口好像在等人。

The woman teacher hurriedly left the classroom as though (she was) angry.

这位女教师匆匆忙忙离开教室,好像生气了。

The man, while (he is) over eighty, can walk faster than I.

这人虽年过八十,却比我走得快。

Don’t speak until (you are) spoken to.

有人对你说话时你才说。

Be careful while (you are) crossing the road.

过马路时要当心。

When (it is) heated, ice can turn into water.

冰经过加热能变成水。

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.

如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.

除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

另外,比较状语从句经常省略。例如:

I’m taller than he (is tall).

我比他高。

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is).

温度越高,压力越大。

He has no money. If (he has) any,he will give us.

他没有钱,如果有,他会给我们的。

Some flowers shut up at night as if (they did this in order) to sleep.

有些花夜间收拢,好像为了睡眠一样。

在使用条件、让步、时间、地点、方式、比较或原因等类型的状语从句时,如果其中谓语部分含有to be的任何一种形式,而主语又与主句的主语相一致或主语为it时,为避免重复,使语言生动、自然、简洁,常可以省略从句的主语和谓语的部分,特别是动词be。这就是状语从句的省略。状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下几种状语从句中。

[条件状语从句的省略]

即主要由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句。例如:

She won’t go to his birthday party unless (she is ) invited.

The news is quite important to us, if (it is) true.

但如果if引导的是表示假设的虚拟条件句,虽具备条件,也不能用于这类省略。这时如果if从句的谓语动词中含有were,had,should,则可以用倒装省略,即将were,had或should提到句首,而将连词if省略。例如:

Were it not for you, I would also go there with them.

Had you come here earlier, you would have met him.

Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.

另外,当once作“一旦,一经”解释,连接时间或条件状语从句,其主语与主句的主语相同或其主语为it+be时,常省略从句中的主语或it+be。例如:

Once (it was) published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.

Once (you) lose confidence, you can never expect to do your work well.

例1 Unless to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

A. invited B. inviting

C. being invited D. having invited

解析 A。“Unless to speak”是条件状语从句的省略,它们之间省略了you are, 原句可变为:Unless you are invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

例2 If the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.

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A. giving B. give

C. given D. being given

解析 C 。“If the same treatment again”也是条件状语从句的省略,它们之间省略了he is,原句可变为:If he is the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.

例3 The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health.

A. being carried out B. carrying out

C. carried out D. to carry out

解析 C。句子的主语是the experiment;谓语动词是shows;that引导宾语从句,宾语从句的主干是:proper amounts of exercise can improve our health;if regularly是插入的条件从句, 从句的主语是proper amounts of exercise, 此时应用it代替前面提到的主语, 条件句的主语与主句的主语一致, 并且含有is, 故省略了it is, 完整形式是:if it is carried out。句意:这项实验表明, 适当的运动, 如果有规律的进行, 能够有助于我们的身体健康。

[让步状语从句的省略]

即主要由though,although,however,whatever,even if,even though,no matter how/what引导的让步状语从句。例如:

Though (he had been) defeated many times, he didn't lose heart.

They worked very hard, though (he was) still rather weak.

与if引导的虚拟条件从句不能用这类省略一样,as引导的让步状语从句同样不能省略。不过如果让步状语从句由as引导时,从句中的表语(一般是形容词或名词)或状语必须提前到as前,构成倒装。如果作表语的是单数可数名词,则还须省略不定冠词。例如:

Poor as he was, he was honest.

Hard as he tried, he still failed.

Much as I like her, I won’t marry her.

Child as he is, he can express himself in good English.

例4 She stopped to help the boy .

A. although being in a hurry

B. although be in a hurry

C. although be hurry

D. although in a hurry

解析 D。although是从属连词,故只能接从句,A选项不是从句,而是非谓语doing结构,故不能选。D选项是although接的从句,也是省略句,省略了主谓,补充完整是:although (she was) in a hurry。

[时间状语从句的省略]

即主要由when, while, as, before, after, until/till等引导的时间状语从句。例如:

When (he was) still a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.

Don’t leave the machine till (you are) told to.

I’ll let you know as soon as (it is) arranged.

但要注意,before和after虽然也可以用作连词引导时间状语从句,却不能用于这类省略主语和be的结构。例如:

The plan should be discussed once again before it is carried out.

上句不能改为:The plan should be discussed once again before carried out.但可以改为:The plan should be discussed once again before being carried out. 句中before不是连词而是介词,后面的being carried out是V-ing形式短语作介词的宾语,整个句子是简单句,而不是复合句。

例5 When , the museum will be open to the public next year.

A. completed B. completing

C. being completed D. to be completed

解析 A。“When completed”是时间状语从句的省略,其之间省略了it is, 原句可变为:When it is completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.

例6 It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when at the meeting by my boss.

浅谈英语状语从句的翻译策略 篇7

关键词:状语从句,连接词,翻译策略

英语状语从句是指在主从句中作状语、修饰主句的谓语动词、形容词或副词等的句子。常见的有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句等。

一、英语和汉语状语从句的对比

一方面, 英语状语从句多为形合, 有连接词, 但连接词在句中不充当句子成分, 只起连接作用;而汉语状语从句多为意合, 相应的连接词常常被省略。另一方面, 英语状语从句的位置较为灵活, 可放在句首, 要用逗号将主从句隔开, 也可放在句尾, 不用逗号隔开;而汉语中多数状语从句位于主句之后。

鉴于此, 在翻译英语状语从句时应该注意以下几个方面:第一, 语序。在翻译状语从句时应该适当调整语序, 使译文复合汉语的表达习惯;第二, 连接词。注意英语状语从句中的连接词, 分清主句和从句的逻辑关系;第三, 避免机械翻译。在准确理解主句和从句之间的逻辑关系后, 必要时应该进行相应的句型转换。

二、英语状语从句的翻译策略

1、前置法

英语状语从句的位置较为灵活, 可前可后。当我们在译为汉语的时候, 可以把译文的从句放在主句的前面。英语中的时间、地点、条件、原因和让步等状语从句可前可后, 汉语中的这类从句一般前置。

(1) When I left my house, it began to rain. 我离开家的时候, 天天使下雨了。 (时间)

(2) Let’s get together in 2 hours at the place where we just say goodbye. 两小时后, 我们在刚刚分开的地方汇合。 (地点)

(3) You will miss the early bus unless you get up right now. 除非你马上起床, 否则你赶不上早班车。 (条件)

(4) He can’t carry the box because it is too heavy for such a little boy. 因为这个箱子实在太重了, 像他这样的小男孩是搬不动的。 (原因)

(5) Poor as the man is, he is very confidence. 虽然他很穷, 但他非常自信。 (让步)

2、后置法

汉语的原因、时间、条件和让步状语从句有时也可放主句的后面, 起补充说明的作用。因此在翻译时可将英语状语从句后置。

( 6) Nothing can stop her, because she is so confident an denergetic. 没有什么能阻止她, 因为她信心十足, 精力充沛。 (原因)

(7) I was on the point of leaving, when the telephone rang. 我正要离开, 电话就响了。 (时间)

(8) I will be home in half an hour if everything goes smoothly.我半小时后即可到家, 如果一切顺利的话。 (条件)

(9) Lucy is more skillful at driving than Tom although Tom drives for a longer time.露西比汤姆开车开得好, 尽管汤姆开车开得久一些。 (让步)

表示目的、方式、结果等英语状语从句在汉译时可以后置。

(10) Say it louder so that everyone can hear you. 说大声点, 以便每个人都能听见。 (目的)

(11) She explained so clearly that every body understood very well.她解释得非常清楚, 所有的人都明白了。 (结果)

(12) He strutted up and down as if he were the boss.他大摇大摆地走来走去, 就想自己是老板一样。 (方式)

3、分离法

在汉译时, 我们可将英语中较长的、较为复杂的状语从句译为较短的、较为简单的汉语句子, 以更容易被理解。

(13) She was alone on the way home at around 11:00 P.M., when a strong man appeared and demanded her money. 大约晚上11点左右, 她独自一人回家。突然一个高大的男人出现了, 要她把钱交出来。

(14) The skeleton, which is composed of 203 bones, forms the framework and supports the body as the reinforced concrete construction supprts the modern building.骨胳是由206块骨头组成的框架, 支撑着人体, 就像钢筋水泥结构支撑现代化建筑物一样。

4、融合法

对于一些简而短的英语状语从句, 在翻译时没有必要逐字翻译, 可以将其融合为一个汉语句子。

(15) The teacher didn’t hand out the test papers until we were all silent.老师等我们都安静了才分发试卷。

(16) For a while I felt ashamed of myself. Young as I am—just sixteen, and there was the old man who must have been usefully engaged perhaps before the sun appeared above the horizon.虽然我只有16岁, 但是一想到这位老人很可能在日出前就开始了一天的洗车工作, 我突然感到一阵强烈的自责和羞愧。

5、转换法

有些状语从句从形式上看是某种状语从句, 但从其主从复合句的逻辑关系来看, 又是属于另一种从句。此时, 在翻译时就应根据主从句的逻辑意义进行适当的转换。如将时间状语从句转换译为条件或让步状语从句, 将地点状语从句转换译为条件或结果状语从句等等。

(17) Why take a taxi when you can by bike? (时间) 既然可以骑自行车, 为什么要做出租车呢? (让步)

(18) There is a countryside at the place where there is a river. (地点) 只要有河流, 就会有村庄。 (条件)

6、连词省略法

英语重“形合”, 汉语重“意合”, 因此汉语的复合句中常常省略连接词。为更复合汉语的表达习惯, 在汉译时常常将主从句译为并列关系, 或将主从句紧缩为一个句子。

(19) I met him in 1998 for the last time, when he was very energetic. (时间) 我最后一次见他是1998年, 那是他还很有活力。 (并列)

(20) In October, Jiuzhaigou is full of visitors because the sceneryis the most beautiful. (原因) 秋天, 九寨沟景色最为漂亮, 游客量大。 (并列)

( 21) If you compare the two situations, you can find someclues. (条件) 对比这两种情况, 便可发现某些线索。 (紧缩句)

三、总结

鉴于英语和汉语状语从句的不同特点, 作者就英语状语从句的翻译提出了以上五种常用的翻译策略。但这里需指出的是我们在翻译英语状语从句时, 所会用到的翻译方式也不止这五种, 在翻译中只要是能使译文流畅且忠实原文的方式都可以使用。此外, 在翻译英语状语从句时也没有最好的固定的翻译策略, 译员得根据上下文选择较为恰当的方式, 其目的也是使译文流畅且忠实原文。

参考文献

[1]郭富强.英汉翻译理论与实践[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2004.

[2]许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2000.

状语从句考点扫描 篇8

一、时间状语从句

1. when, while和as引导的时间状语从句。

三者都可引导时间状语从句。when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可用延续性动词, 也可用非延续性动词。while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词只能用延续性动词。as引导的时间状语从句强调主句和从句的动作都在发展变化, 强调动作同时发生, 不指先后, 常译为“随着……”。when还可用作并列连词, 表示“这时”之意。while还可用来表示对比、对照。例如:

It happened to be raining when we got to Beijing.

Don′t talk too much while you are eating.

As the children were walking along the street, they sang happily.

2. before和until引导的时间状语从句。

两者都可引导时间状语从句。before强调主句动词的动作与从句动词的动作之间的先后关系。before在引导时间状语从句时, 一般不用否定式谓语, 意为“……之前, 不到……就……, 还来不及……就, ……才……”。用在“It will be + 一段时间+before...”结构中, 意为“多久之后才……”。until表示动作的阶段性, 主句是肯定式而且动词为非延续性动词时, 不能用until。not ...until表示“直到……才”, 此时可用非延续性动词。例如:

He had left before I could have a word with him.

It will be five years before we meet again.

He worked until it was midnight.

He didn′t join the army until he was 20years old.

3. since引导的时间状语从句。

在since引导的从句里, 谓语动词是非持续性动词的过去式, 从该动作发生时算起;如果是持续性动词的过去式, 就从该动作结束时算起。例如:

He has worked hard since he entered this school. (entered是非持续性动词, 就从entered的动作发生时算起。)

We haven′t seen each other since I worked in this factory. (worked是持续性动词, 就从worked的动作结束时算起。)

It′s two years since he joined the army. (joined是非持续性动词)

It′s two years since he smoked. (smoke是持续性动词)

4. 表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句。

as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, the moment, the minute, no sooner...han, hardly/scarcely... when等可引导时间状语从句, 表示“一……就……”。其中当no sooner和hardly/scarcely置于句首时, 主句的谓语动词用倒装句结构。在no sooner...than和hardly... when引导的时间状语从句中, 主句的谓语动词用过去完成时, 从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。例如:

The moment I got off the train, I saw my fa⁃ther.

I had hardly got home when the phone rang. = Hardly had I got home when the phone rang.

【典例1】If you miss this chance, it may be years ______ you get another one. (2015 年重庆卷)

A.as B.before

C.since D.after

解析:B。句型“It + will be + 时间段+ be⁃fore...”表示“要过多久才……”。句意:如果你错过这次机会, 可能要等好几年才会再有。

【 典例2】It was the middle of the night______my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game. (2014 年江西卷)

A. thatB. as

C. whichD. when

解析:D。when引导时间状语从句。句意:当我的爸爸把我叫醒, 告诉我看足球赛的时候, 已经是半夜了。

二、条件状语从句

常用if和unless引导条件状语从句, 其中unless引导条件状语从句时, 从句的谓语动词只能用肯定式, 相当于if...not。once (一旦) , as/so long as (只要) , in case (如果) 等也可引导条件状语从句。例如:

Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are not managed carefully.

I′ll go there tomorrow unless it rains. = I′ll go there tomorrow if it doesnt rain.

Take your umbrella with you, in case it should rain.

I will lend my car to you as long as you return it on time.

【典例1】It is so cold that you can′t go outside ______ fully covered in thick clothes. (2015年江苏卷)

A.if B.unless

C.once D.when

解析:B。unless意为“除非”, 引导条件状语从句。句意:外面太冷, 你不要出去, 除非用厚衣服完全裹起来。

【典例2】You won′t find paper cutting difficult ______ you keep practicing it. (2015 年北京卷)

A.even though B.as long as

C.as if D.ever since

解析:B。even though“即使, 尽管”;as long as“只要”;as if“犹如, 好像”;ever since“自从”。结合句意可知选B。

【典例3】______ the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover. (2015年北京卷)

A. UntilB. Unless

C. OnceD. Although

解析:C。根据句意可知once在此用作连词, 意为“一旦”, 符合句意。

三、地点状语从句

where引导的地点状语从句, 常译为“在……地方”, 可放在句首或句末。例如:

Where there is a will, there is a way.

We should go where we are most needed.

The factory is built where two rivers come together.

He advised me to live where the air is fresher.

【典例1】______ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going. (2015年安徽卷)

A. WhereB. As

C. In caseD. Now that

解析:A。考查状语从句。where在此引导一个地点状语从句, 意为“在……地方”。

【典例2】 Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn′t get a taxi ______ the bus had dropped her. (2014年重庆卷)

A.until B.when

C.although D.where

解析:D。考查状语从句。where引导一个地点状语从句。

四、让步状语从句

1. although与though引导的让步状语从句。

两者均可表示“虽然”, 一般可互换, 且可与still, yet连用, 不能与but连用。另外, though还可用作副词, 置于句末, 意为“然而”。例如:

Although/Though it was raining hard, they still went out.

She said she would come;she didn′t, though.

2.while与as引导的让步状语从句。

while位于句首时, 意为“虽然, 尽管”, 相当于although。as引导让步状语从句时, 通常用倒装语序, though引导让步状语从句也有这种用法, 但although不能这样用。例如:

Teacher as/though he is, he can′t know everything.

While the problem is very difficult, I don′t think it can′t be solved.

3. even if, even though, whether...or... 等引导的让步状语从句。例如:

I won′t mind even if he doesn′t come.

【典例1】______ the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp. (2015年福建卷)

A.While B.Unless

C.Since D.Until

解析:A。while在此表示“尽管”之意, 引导让步状语从句。

【典例2】______ scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still don′t know. (2015年安徽卷)

A.Once B.Since

C.Though D.Unless

解析:C。though表示让步或转折。根据句意可知这里是转折含义, 故选C。

五、原因状语从句

1. 常用because, since, as, for, now that ( 既然) 等引导原因状语从句。这几个说明原因的连接词中because语气最强, 表示直接的因果关系, 回答why提出的问题。例如:

—Why didn′t she come to school?

—Because she was ill.

Now that he has come, I will tell him the truth.

2. for引导原因状语从句时, for不能置于句首。for表示的是解释性、补充性的理由, 常指推测的根据。列如:

The ground is wet, for it rained last night. 地面是湿的, 因为昨晚下过雨。

【典例】Mark needs to learn Chinese ______his company is opening a branch in Beijing.

A.unless B.until

C.although D.since

解析:D。考查状语从句。since在此意为“由于, 因为”, 符合句意。since在此引导原因状语从句。

六、目的及结果状语从句

1. so that, in order that引导目的状语从句;so...that, such...that...引导结果状语从句。例如:

He sat in the front of the classroom so that he might hear the professor more clearly.

She works hard at her lessons in order that she can get a good job in the future.

He was in such a hurry that he forgot to take his flight ticket.

2. in case, for fear that引导目的状语从句时, 从句的谓语动词要用 (should) +动词原形。例如:

You′d better take an umbrella in case it should rain.

3. so...that... 与such...that... 引导结果状语从句的区别。

①so+形容词/副词+that从句

such+ a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句

②so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that从句

such+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+that从句

例如:

Jim is so clever a boy that we all like him. =Jim is such a clever boy that we all like him.

It is such fine weather that we all want to have a picnic outside.

【典例1】I′ll be out for some time. ______anything important happens, call me up immediately. (2014年四川卷)

A. In caseB. As if

C. Even thoughD. Now that

解析:A。in case意为“万一”, 在这里引导目的状语从句。

【典例2】Cathy had quit her job when her son was born______she could stay home and raise her family. (2014年浙江卷)

A.now that B.as if

C.only if D.so that

解析:D。so that引导目的状语从句。根据句意可知选D。

七、强化训练

(一) 单句语法填空

在下列句子的空白处填入适当的词语。

1.___________I admit your suggestionsounds reasonable, I won′t adopt it because it inot practical.

2.—Where is my e-dictionary?

—I′m sorry I am using it. I will return to you___________ I look up the new word.

3. The book appeals so much to readers___________ it caters well to the tastes of all ages.

4. In our city, housing prices are higher___________ there are key middle schools.

5. According to China′s environmental laws, a power plant has to pass an environmental impact assessment ___________ construction starts.

6.We cannot understand disease __________we understand the person who has the disease.

7. As a rule I catch the seven o′clock subway to work ___________ I can be sure of getting a seat.

8.Li Jianrou was lucky, ___________ all other three competitors stumbled in front of her in the women′s 500 meters short track final, making her China′ s first gold winner in the Sochi Winter Olympics.

9. Medicine should be kept ___________ it is not accessible to kids.

10. The fire was so big that it was several hours ___________ firefighters could get it under control.

11. Yaan, Sichuang is seeing improvements in life after the earthquake, ___________ life is still far from normal.

12.___________ the Internet is an anonymous (匿名的) electronic system, consumers want to feel as if the website owner knows about and cares about them as individuals.

13.—Every bird likes its own nest.

—Yes. A nest is to a bird ___________ a house is to a man.

14.___________I know, the computer can never take the place of the human brain.

15.____________ he comes back, I′ll go to pick him up at the airport.

16. —Mary looks so excited and happy.

—So will you ____________ you win the first prize in the next English speech competition.

17.____________ compared with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn′t seem big at all.

18. I was so tired that I fell asleep___________ my head touched the pillow.

19. I thought her nice and honest____________ I met her.

20. ____________ asks her for advice, she is always ready to help.

21. Fewer visitors invited by him came___________ I expected.

22. It will not be long____________ we can have a trip to the moon.

23.____________ the days went on, the weather got worse.

24. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ____________ great it is.

25. She is always listening to music___________ doing her homework.

26. They caught the thief. Then they bound his legs ___________ he couldnt escape.

27. He had to be called two or three times___________ he would come to his dinner.

28. ___________ bad weather stops me, I jog every day.

29. Take a hat with you during the trip___________ the sun is very hot.

30.____________ the job takes a significant amount of time, most students agree that the experience is worth it.

(二) 语篇型语法填空

阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容 (1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。

A

Eating a full English breakfast can help you lose weight, a new study suggests.

Research shows having sausage, egg1bacon instead of low-fat cereals ( 谷类食物) or fruit for the first meal of the day helps to fight2 (hungry) off and avoid the urge to overeat later in the day.

An experiment at the University of Missouri on a group of women3 (range) from 18years old to 55 years old showed a high protein breakfast4 (keep) them feeling full longer5a meal with less protein but the same amount of fat and fiber.

The team, 6was led by research scientist, Dr. Kevin Maki, found7 (eat) around 35 grams of protein for breakfast helped regulate (控制) appetite.

Dr. Heather Leidy, 8assistant professor, explained, “ In the USA, many people9 (choice) to skip breakfast or choose low protein foods because of a lack of high protein choices.”

Dr. Leidy said, “These results show proteinrich meals can help women feel full10lunchtime and potentially avoid overeating and improve diet quality.”

B

Once I had a loose tooth, I asked my father, a dentist, to examine it.“It needs1 (pull) , ”he told me. My dad took out some tissues (纱布) and I closed my eyes, 2 (expect) a sharp pain.I was still waiting for him to pull3I heard my father say, “I′m done.”I opened my eyes and saw my tooth in his tissue-covered hand. I4 ( feel) no pain at all. I thought my father was5magician.

The next day at school I bragged (吹嘘) to a friend about my father′s remarkable feat.6I explained that the process hadn′t hurt, my friend called me a liar. He said that when he had his tooth7 (pull) , it hurt a lot. I talked to my father about this and there was not a single mystery left after my father’s8 (explain) : my tooth had been ready to be extracted, 9my friend′s had not.

“I′m going to be a dentist, ”I declared. Years later, the dream of a child has not diminished but actually grown firmer. Now I realize that hard work is necessary to be a dentist. I must work hard to make my dream10 (come) true.

C

Thousands of female engineers have joined1Twitter campaign. They want to break down stereotypes (固定模式) . Their issue is about2female engineers should look like.

As of Aug. 6, more than 75, 0003 (woman) used the website Look Like An Engineer to post photos of themselves and promote gender4 ( diverse) in technology. The campaign started when Isis Anchalee, an engineer at tech startup One Login, attracted a lot of attention. It came after her photo5 (appear) in a recruitment ad for her company.

In the ad, Anchalee has long, wavy hair and wears glasses. She6 (see) smiling in a black T-shirt7 (bear) her company logo. Many people could not believe that an8 ( attract) woman could also be an engineer at a tech company.Some thought that the company had hired a model for its recruiting efforts.

“I didn′t want any of this attention. But9I can use this to put a spotlight on gender issues in tech, I consider that to be at least one win, ”she said. She suggested people10 ( use) the website to post photos of themselves.

参考答案与解析:

(一) 单句语法填空

1. While/Though/Although。本句是让步状语从句。句意:虽然我承认你的建议听起来有道理, 但我不会采纳它, 因为这个建议不实用。

2. the moment/as soon as。从属连词the mo ment/as soon as意为“一……就……”, 引导时间状语从句。

3. because。“___________ it caters well to the tastes of all ages.”是一个原因状语从句, 故用because引导。

4. where。从属连词where在此引导一个地点状语从句。

5. before。从属连词before在此引导一个时间状语从句。

6. unless。从属连词unless意为“除非”, 在此引导一个条件状语从句。

7. so that。从属连词so that意为“ 因此, 以便”。句意:我通常是赶七点的地铁去上班, 这样才能保证有座位坐。

8. as/because。从属连词as/because在此引导一个原因状语从句。

9. where。从属连词where引导地点状语从句, 常译为“在……地方”。

10. before。从属连词before在此意为“在……之前”。

11. though。though在此引导让步状语从句。

12. even though/if。even though/ if意为“即使”, 引导状语从句。

13. what。A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样。”

14. As far as。as far as引导状语从句时, 意为“就……, 尽……”, as far as I know意为“就我所知”。

15.As soon as /The moment。as soon as /the moment引导时间状语从句。

16. if。if引导条件状语从句。句意:——Mary看起来很兴奋和高兴。——如果你在下次英语演讲比赛中得了一等奖的话, 你也会这样的。

17. When。本句是一个省略的时间状语从句。句意:当与整个地球大小相比较的时候, 最大的海洋似乎显得一点也不大。

18. As soon as /The moment。as soon as /the moment引导时间状语从句。句意:我是如此疲劳以至于我的头一挨枕头我就睡着了。

19. the first time/the moment/when。the first time/the moment/when引导时间状语从句。句意:我第一次见到他时, 我就觉得他好心和诚实。

20. No matter who。no matter who引导让步状语从句, 相当于whoever。句意:无论是谁向她请教, 她总是乐意帮忙。

21. than。根据fewer可以判断出这是一个比较状语从句, 故本句应填than。

22. before。“It will not be/was not long before...”, 意为“不久就……”。

23. As。as引导时间状语从句, 意为“随着”。as引导时间状语从句强调两个动作的发展变化。句意:随着时间的推移, 天气变得越来越差。

24. however。however引导让步状语从句。句意:如果我们意志坚强, 我们就可能克服任何困难, 不管困难有多大。

25. while。状语从句采用了省略形式, 后面可补充为“while she is doing her homework”。

26. so that。从后面的情态动词couldn′t可以判断出这是一个目的状语从句, 故用so that。so that意为“以便, 为了”, 引导目的状语从句。

27 before。before引导时间状语从句。根据句意可知应填before。

28. Unless。unless意为“除非”, 引导让步状语从句。句意:除非天气太差, 我每天都坚持慢跑。

29. in case。in case意为“万一, 以防”, 引导目的状语从句。

30. Although。although意为“虽然, 尽管”, 引导让步状语从句。

(二) 语篇型语法填空

A

【解题导读】本文为说明文。研究发现吃饱早餐, 吃好早餐有助于减肥。

1. Or。前后名词之间为选择关系, 故用并列连词or。

2. Hunger。应用名词作宾语。

3. ranging。用现在分词作定语, 修饰women。动词短语range from意为“从……到……变动”。

4. kept。根据主语的时态showed可知宾语从句的谓语动词也应用一般过去时态。

5. than。longer说明这里用了形容词的比较级形式, 故本空应填从属连词than。

6. which。非限制性定语从句缺少主语, 故填which。

7. eating。用动名词作句子的主语。

8. an。不定冠词在此表泛指。

9. choose。根据or后的choose可知本空应用choice的动词形式作谓语。

10. until。介词until在此意为“一直到……的时候”。

B

【解题导读】本文为记叙文。一个小孩在体验了父亲高超的拔牙技术后, 决定长大后成为像他父亲一样的牙医。

1. to be pulled。need后面应接不定式。且it与pull之间存在被动关系, 故用不定式的被动语态形式。

2. expecting。本空应用现在分词表示伴随状况。

3.when。并列连词when在此意为“这时”。

4.had felt。考查时态。feel的动作发生在opened my eyes之前, 故用过去完成时态。

5. a。不定冠词在此表示泛指。

6. When。从属连词when引导一个时间状语从句。

7. pulled。用过去分词作宾补。have sth.done意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”。

8. explanation。应用名词形式作宾语。

9.while。并列连词while在此表示“对照”。

10.come。动词make后面常接不带to的不定式作宾补, 故本空填come。

C

【解题导读】本文为记叙文。成千上万的女性工程师加入到了一个推特运动。她们想打破固有的女性工程师的形象, 塑造女性工程师全新的形象。

1. a。不定冠词在此表示泛指。

2. what。宾语从句缺少宾语, 故用what引导宾语从句。

3.women。此处应用名词的复数形式。

4.diversity。应用名词形式作宾语。

5. appeared。根据前面的时态可以判断出, 此处用一般过去时态。

6. is seen。she和see之间存在被动关系, 故用被动语态形式。根据前面的时态可知此处应用一般现在时态。

7. bearing。用现在分词作定语, 修饰T-shirt。

8. attractive。应用形容词作定语。

9.if。从属连词if引导一个条件状语从句。

状语从句难点与易错点剖析 篇9

高考解读

状语从句是每年高考必考的重点语法项目之一。尤其是对时间、地点、条件、让步、比较、原因状语从句的考查频率很高。此外高考还经常考查状语从句中的时态、语态、语气、省略。要掌握高考对状语从句的考查要求, 应从以下环节着手。

一、掌握引导状语从句的特殊连词

1.the moment, the instant, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen等引导时间状语从句。这些特殊连词都表示“一……就……”。

【典例剖析】I had hardly got to the officemy wife phone me to go back home at once. (2012年全国卷Ⅱ)

解析:本题考查特殊连词的固定搭配, hardlywhen为固定搭配, 所以选择A项。

2.用来引导原因状语从句的特殊连词:in that“因为, 既然”, seeing that“既然”, considering that“因为, 考虑到”。

【典例剖析】Animals suffered at the hands of Manthey were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.

解析:根据句意, 表示原因关系, in that作连词, 意为“因为”, 用来引导原因状语从句。所以选择D项。

3.用来引导条件状语从句的特殊连词:suppose/supposing (that) “假如”, providing/provided (that) “只要, 如果”, only if“只要”, if only“但愿, 要是……就好了, 只要”。

【典例剖析】Too high house prices can be broughtunder control, the authorities introduce a series of regulatory policies.

解析:even if“即使”;as if“似乎, 好像”;so that“以致”;provided (that) 引导一个条件状语从句, 意为“如果, 只要”。句意是:如果政府采取一系列的调控政策, 高房价是可以得到控制的。故选D项。

二、掌握不同意义的连词

1.区分when引导的并列句与状语从句

(1) when引导的并列句:when引导并列句, 表示“就在那个时候”, 相当于and then。表示“将要干……那时”, 常用句型be about to do sth.when, be on the point of doing sth.when;表示“正在干……那时”, 常用句型be doing sth.when;表示“刚做完某事, 突然就……”, 常用句型had just donewhen。

【典例剖析】Tom was about to close the windowhis attention was caught by a bird.

解析:本题考查固定句型“be about to do sth.when”表示“将要做某事时, 那时……”, 其中when是并列连词。所以选择A项。

(2) when除了可引导时间状语从句, 还可引导条件状语从句, 相当于if;引导原因状语从句, 相当于since或considering that。

【典例剖析】 (1) How can you expect to learn any-thing you never listen?

解析:由从句句意可知, 空白处应表示“既然”之意, 四个选项中只有when可表达此意。句意是:既然你从来不听, 你怎么能期待学到什么呢。所以选择D项。

(2) Don't be afraid of asking for help it is needed.

解析:根据句意, 此句是由when引导的条件状语从句, when相当于if。句意是:如果需要, 就不要害怕要求帮助。所以选择D项。

2.区分while引导的并列句与状语从句

(1) while引导并列句时, 表示前后句之间的对比, 意为“然而”。

【典例剖析】At school, some students are activesome are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another. (2012年四川卷)

解析:根据句法, 此句是个并列句。句意:在学校, 一些学生很活跃而一些学生却很害羞, 然而他们都可能彼此成为好朋友。根据句意选择while, 表示两种情况的对比。所以选择A项。

(2) while除了可引导时间状语从句, 还可引导让步状语从句, 相当于although, while常放在句首;while引导条件状语从句时, 相当于as long as。

【典例剖析】—What are you going to do this af-ternoon?

—I will probably go for a walk it stays fine.

解析:根据句意, 此句是由while引导的条件状语从句, 表示“只要”, 相当于as long as。所以选择D项。

3.区分是定语从句还是状语从句

(1) when引导的定语从句与时间状语从句的区别:句中有无表示时间的先行词, 如果有先行词则是定语从句, 没有先行词则是时间状语从句。在when引导的定语从句中, when是关系副词, 用来修饰表示时间的先行词, 并在从句中作时间状语。而在when引导的时间状语从句中, when起连接词作用, 不用来修饰某一表示时间的名词。

【典例剖析】 (1) She'll never forget her stay thereshe found her son who had gone missing two years before.

解析:句中her stay为先行词, 可以理解为抽象的一段时间, 即:她待在那儿的时间。根据句法, 从句基本句意完整, 所以用关系副词when来指代her stay, 并在定语从句中作时间状语。故答案选D。

(2) Mrs.Black had such a wonderful timeshe visited her friends in Sydney last year.

解析:根据句法, 从句基本句意完整, 从句中有时间状语last year, time不是先行词, 因此此句是when引导的时间状语从句。所以选择A项。

(2) where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别:这要看句中有无表示地点的先行词, 如果有先行词则是定语从句, 没有先行词则是地点状语从句。在where引导的定语从句中, where是关系副词, 用来修饰表示地点的先行词, 并在从句中作地点状语。而在where引导的地点状语从句中, where起连接词作用, where不是用来修饰某一表示地点的名词。

【典例剖析】 (1) A number of high buildings havearisen there was nothing a year ago but ruins. (2012年山东卷)

解析:根据句法, 句中没有先行词, 主从句基本句意完整, 因此此句是个状语从句。句意:在一年前还是废墟的地方出现了许多高楼。where引导地点状语从句, 表示“在……地方”。when表示“当……时候”, 这与后面的a year ago矛盾;before和until都不符合句意。所以选择B项。

(2) —Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for ahaircut?

—You should try the barber's I go.It's only 15. (2010年天津卷)

解析:此句是个定语从句, 从句中谓语动词go是不及物动词, 先行词“the barber's”表示“理发店”, 在从句中作地点状语, 所以用关系副词“where”来引导此定语从句, 并在从句中作状语。故选C项。

4.as引导的状语从句与定语从句的区别:

as除了引导时间状语从句外, 还可引导原因、让步状语从句。as还可引导定语从句, 在引导非限制性定语从句中, 指代后面句子的内容时只能用as;先行词与as, so, such, the same连用时, 常用关系代词或关系副词as;表示“正如……”时, 只能用关系代词as, as从句可以放在主句的前面、中间或句末。

【典例剖析】 (1) —Coach, can I continue with thetraining?

—Sorry, you can't you haven't recovered from the knee injury. (2012年重庆卷)

解析:句意为“———教练, 我能够继续我的训练吗?———不行, 因为你膝盖的伤还没有痊愈。”根据句意, 此句上下文在逻辑上有因果关系, 因此用as引导原因状语从句。所以选择C项。

(2) A lot of language learning, has beendiscovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. (2012年安徽卷)

解析:此句是由so引导的并列句, 而第一个分句又嵌套了一个定语从句, 根据句法, 从句中缺少主语, 表示“正如……”时, 只能用关系代词as, as从句可放在句中。句意:正如所发现的, 大量的语言学习是出现在孩子出生后的第一年, 因此父母在那段时间应多和孩子说话。所以选择A项。

三、辨别易混的状语从句的连词

1.掌握as, when与while引导时间状语从句时的区别

as着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生, as从句中的谓语动词既可是持续性动词, 也可是短暂性动词。而when=at or during the time that, 既可以表示在某一点的时候, 又可表示在某一段时间内, 主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。while意为“当……的时候”或“在……期间/同时”, 从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词, 并且while强调主句所表示的动作持续于从句所指的整个时间内。

【典例剖析】Peter was so excitedhe received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.

解析:句意为“当彼得收到他朋友邀请他去重庆参观的时候, 他非常兴奋。”根据句意可知, 此句是由when引导的时间状语从句;要摆脱思维定势, 不能误选B, 而把此句当作结果状语从句, 因为主从句之间没有因果关系。故答案选D。

2.when, before和since引导的时间状语从句与强调句之间的区别

when引导时间状语从句, 在“It+is/was+具体的时间点+when”这一结构中, 主句中的it指时间, 后接时间点, 常译为“当……的时候, 是什么时间”。before引导时间状语从句的句型有:it will not bebefore与it was notbefore表示“没过多久就……”;而it will bebefore和it wasbefore表示“过了多久/就/才……”。since意为“自从……”, 可构成It is/was+一段时间+since这一句型, since与终止性动词连用, 表示“自……以来已有多长时间”;since与延续性动词连用, 表示“自从不做某事有多长时间了”。从句中常用过去时, 主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。对强调句型的识别是:如果把“it is/was”和“that/who”去掉, 若能还原出句法结构完整的句子来, 则为强调句型, 否则不是强调句型。

【典型例析】 (1) Because of the heavy traffic, it was already time for lunch breakshe got to her office.

解析:在“It+is/was+具体的时间点+when”这一结构中, 主句中的it指时间, 由when来引导这个时间状语从句。常译为“当……的时候, 是什么时间”。所以选择C项。

(2) John thinks it won't be long he is ready for his new job.

解析:此句是由before引导的时间状语从句, 构成“It+won't be+时间段+状语从句”, 如果主句的谓语动词是否定式时, 意思是“没过多久就……”。所以选择C项。

(3) As it reported, it is 100 years Qinghua University was founded. (2011年四川卷)

解析:根据主从句中用的时态, 主句中的years是一段时间, 然而它修饰的谓语动词was founded却是一个终止性动词, 这显然用的是“It is/was+一段时间+since”这一句型。since与终止性动词连用, 表示“自……以来已有多长时间”。所以选择D项。

(4) It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Zheng sailed to East Africa. (2012年重庆卷)

解析:根据句法, 此句主干为强调句型, 是对时间状语“80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic”进行了强调, 由此可知, 空白处应用that。所以选择B项。

3.掌握until与till之间的区别

until和till都表示“直到”, 一般情况下两者可以互换, 但till一般不用于句首, 也不可用于强调句中。在肯定句中, until表示“直到……为止”, 主句要用延续性动词, 表示动作的结束;在否定句中, 表示“直到……才”, 主句用终止性动词, 表示动作的开始, 常用“not.until.”句型, 这时till和until可用before替换。

【典例剖析】It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in lifewe've actually had that lesson.

解析:句意为“我们往往在生活中遭受实际挫折后, 才更容易从中汲取教训。”根据语境判断, until表示主句中的状态一直持续到从句提供的时间为止;after表示主句中的动作在从句提供的时间后才发生;since表示“自从……以来”, 强调主句中的状态从从句提供的时间起一直持续到现在;而when则仅提供主句中的动作发生的时间。根据主句来判断, 主句中的状态应该到从句提供的时间为止才能发生改变。所以选择A项。

4.掌握although与though所引导的让步状语从句

although与though引导让步状语从句, 不可与并列连词but连用, 但可与yet, still或nevertheless连用。

【典例剖析】I don't believe we've met before, I must say you do look familiar. (2012年全国卷Ⅰ)

解析:根据句意, 应由although来引导此让步状语从句, although表示“虽然”。所以选择B项。

5.掌握because, as, since, now that与for表示原因的区别

because表示直接的原因, 用来回答why提出的问题或用于强调句型;as和since语气较弱, 强调显然的、已知的事实;as表示“由于”, as的位置可以放在主句前或者后;而since, now that意为“既然”, 它们通常被置于主句之前, 表示双方都知道的原因, 可省略that。而for是并列连词, 也可表示原因, 只能置于主句之后, 对前句的内容起补充说明作用。

【典例剖析】 (1) —Did you return Fred's call?

—I didn't need to I'll see him tomorrow.

解析:根据句意, 因为I'll see him tomorrow是I didn't need to的原因, 所以用从属连词because表示直接的原因。所以选择D项。

(2) It must have rained last night, theground is wet this morning.

解析:根据句意, 前后句有因果关系, 所以用并列连词for, 意为“因为”。所以选择D项。

6.sothat, suchthat引导结果状语从句, 常用下列句型:

(1) so+形容词/副词+that从句。

(2) so+many/few+复数名词+that从句。

(3) so+much/little+不可数名词+that从句 (句中little表示“少”, 而不是“小”的意思) 。

(4) such a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句。

(5) such+形容词+可数名词的复数/不可数名词+that从句。

【典例剖析】The Great Wall istourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.

解析:根据句法, 此句是一个结果状语从句。tourist attraction表示“旅游胜地”, 是抽象名词具体化, 所以用“such+a/an+adj.+单数名词”=“so+adj.+a/an+单数名词”。所以选择D项。

四、辨别状语从句中其他易错易混点

1.对状语从句时态的考查

在时间和条件 (有时也在方式、让步等) 从句中, 要保持主、从句时态一致。如果从句表示一个将来的概念, 从句通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

【典例剖析】—What would you do if ittomorrow?

—we have to carry it on, since we've got everything ready.

解析:根据句法, 此句是if引导的条件状语从句, 如果从句表示将来的概念, 从句应用一般现在时来代替一般将来时, 所以选择B项。

2.区分考查的是状语从句还是非谓语动词作状语

如果每两个动词之间有一个状语从句的连接词, 则是状语从句;如果句中两个动词之间没有连接词, 并且两个动词之间也没有分号或句号, 那么其中一个动词则要用动词的非谓语形式。

【典例剖析】Before you quit your job, how your family would feel about your decision. (2012年重庆卷)

解析:根据句法, 此句是由before引导的时间状语从句, 而主句实际上是一个祈使句, consider后又接了一个由how引导的宾语从句。所以选择A项。

3.掌握状语从句中的倒装句与强调句

(1) 以hardly/scarcelywhen;no soonerthan开头连接两个分句时, 第一个分句的主谓要部分倒装, 表示“一……就……”, 引导时间状语从句, 并且第一个分句的谓语要用过去完成时。

【典例剖析】—Did Linda see the traffic accident?

—No, no soonerthan it happened.

解析:no soonerthan引导时间状语从句, 并且no sooner置于句首, 第一个分句要部分倒装, 并且主句的谓语要用过去完成时。所以选择A项。

(2) whatever, whoever, however, whichever, whenever, wherever引导让步状语从句时相当于no matter what/who/how/which/when/where, 在句中应采用倒装语序。

【典例剖析】hard you try, it is diffi-cult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. (2012年湖南卷)

解析:句意为“不管你如何努力, 如果你不减少食量是很难减肥的。”however作连接副词, 相当于no matter how, 后接形容词或副词, 意为“无论, 不管”, 引导让步状语从句, 其语序为“however+形容词、副词+主语+谓语”。所以选择A项。

(3) sothat, suchthat引导结果状语从句时, 把so, such所在的部分提到句首时, 应使用部分倒装句型。

【典例剖析】So suddenthat the enemy had no time to escape.

解析:在sothat引导的结果状语从句中, 把so与其所修饰的词置于句首, 应采用部分倒装。so用来修饰形容词sudden, 在句中作表语。故选C项。

(4) 有关notuntil的倒装句, 应把not until放在句首, 谓语动词采用部分倒装。

【典例剖析】Not until he retired from teaching three years agohaving a holiday abroad. (2012年辽宁卷)

解析:此句是关于notuntil的倒装句, 把not until放在句首, 采用部分倒装。consider having a holiday abroad这个动作是发生在retire之后, 所以用一般过去时。故选择D项。

(5) 在由if引导的虚拟条件从句中, 如果将从句中的连词if去掉, 应把从句谓语动词中的were, had或should放在主语之前, 从而构成特殊倒装句型。

【典例剖析】last Friday, she would have got to Paris.

解析:这是省略if的虚拟语气的倒装形式。与过去事实相反, 主句是would+have+过去分词, 条件句的谓语应为had+过去分词。故选B。

(6) 有关not.until的特殊强调句型结构是It is (was) not until+时间状语或时间状语从句+that+句子的剩余部分;由于此句型中not已经前置, that后用肯定的陈述结构, 切勿再用否定句。

【典例剖析】It washe came back from Africa that yearhe met the girl he would like to marry. (2009年江西卷)

解析:根据句意, 此句是个强调句, 强调的是由notuntil引导的状语从句。not.until强调句型的结构是“It was not until+时间状语从句+that+句子的剩余部分”。所以选择C项。

4.掌握状语从句中从句的省略现象

由when, while, as, before, after, till, until, once, whenever等引导的时间状语从句;由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though, although, even if, whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由as, than等引导的比较状语从句;由as, as if, as though等引导的方式状语从句。如果主从句的主语一致, 从句中的主语可以省略, 从句中的谓语动词用v-ing;如果be动词不表示原因, be动词也省略。如果省略从句的主语, 若从句中的动词与主句的主语之间构成动宾关系, 那么从句中的谓语动词用过去分词。此外从句中的谓语动词还可用介词短语或不定式等。

【典例剖析】 (1) Whenfor his viewsabout his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. (2012年安徽卷)

解析:根据句法, ask是及物动词, 与句子的主语Philip之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 所以用过去分词。此句可补为“When Philip was asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.”。故选B项。

(2) When different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

解析:在when引导的时间状语从句中, 句子的主语we与compare之间构成主谓关系;此外, compare所表示的动作并不是发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前, 所以用现在分词的一般式。故答案选C。

5.掌握状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1) if引导表示假设条件的虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况:条件从句用动词的过去时 (be用were) , 主句用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。表示与过去事实相反的假设:条件从句用“had+过去分词”, 主语用“would/should/could/might/+过去分词”。表示与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况:条件从句用动词的过去式或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形, 主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形。

【典例剖析】 (1) Sorry, I am too busy now.If Itime, I would certainly go for an outing with you. (2012年湖南卷)

解析:句意:对不起, 我现在太忙了。如果我有时间的话, 我肯定会和你一起出去郊游的。根据语境可知此处表示和现在事实相反的假设, 故从句用一般过去式, 主句用would/could/might/should+动词原形。故答案选择D项。

(2) We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold us a ride home. (2012年天津卷)

解析:根据主句可知, 本题为虚拟的条件状语从句, 主从句均与过去情况相反, 因此从句应该使用过去完成时。所以选择D项。

(2) 在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中, 有时用虚拟语气。从句表示与现在事实相反, 谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反, 从句用过去完成时;表示与将来事实可能相反, 从句用would/could/might+动词原形。

【典例剖析】Don't handle the vase as if itmade of steel. (2012年北京卷)

解析:根据语境可知, as if引导的状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气, 从句谓语动词用一般过去时, 如果谓语动词是be动词, 应该使用were。所以选择B项。

巩固提升

1.—What was the opening ceremony of the 2012Olympic Games like?

—Wonderful.It's years I enjoyed myself so much.

A.after B.before

C.when D.since

2.You deserve a good rest you've finished the work.

A.unless B.while

C.now that D.even if

3.It cost her much to have broken the law.I wonder why she stole things she could easily afford them.

A.when B.unless

C.in case D.so that

4.I thought her nice and honest I met him.

A.first time B.for the first time

C.the first time D.by the first time

5.interesting the film is, I won't waste any time on it.

A.No matter B.Whatever

C.Whichever D.However

6.You can't believe how terrible the fire is you see it with your own eyes.

A.though B.because

C.unless D.since

7., Gao Xiaosong was sentenced to 6-month imprisonment—the most severe punishment about drunk driving.

A.A public figure as is he

B.Public figure as he is

C.Public figure he is as

D.A public figure as he is

8.Hardly out of the court thereporters raised a lot of questions to him.

A.had he got;when B.had he got;than

C.did he get;when D.did he got;than

9.The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity, but it may be some timethe situation improves.

A.before B.when

C.unless D.since

10.The pills might cure him, he's taken them regularly.

A.thanks to B.in case

C.so that D.if only

11.you're familiar with both players, will win?

A.Since;do you think who

B.As;who you think

C.When;whoever you think

D.Since;who do you think

12.private cars are bringing us convenience, they also cause more traffic accidents and pollution.

A.While B.As

C.If D.Since

13.—I failed in the Physics examination once again.I'm finished!

—Don't lose heart!Failure is the mother of success.Get upyou fell.

A.where B.when

C.unless D.until

14.—What's your plan for this winter vacation?

—I'll take an express train to Shanghai for my holidayschool ends.

A.hurriedly B.soon.

C.immediately D.since

15.You probably won't need to call—but take my number, justyou have something urgent.

A.even if B.if only

C.so that D.in case

16.—Was it under the treeyou put your bike when you were away talking to a friend?

—Sure.But when I got back there, the bike was gone.

A.that B.where

C.which D.while

17.When a disaster occurs, all people, they are old or young, rich or poor, try their best to help those in need.

A.no matter B.whether

C.however D.even though

18.With prices rising sharply, we now have to spend three months ago on basic living materials.

A.twice as much as

B.as twice much as

C.twice as more than

D.twice as many as

19.When, the museum will be opened to the public next year.

A.completed B.completing

C.being completed D.to be completed

20.you are aware of the trick used in advertisements, I don't think you are eager to buy.

A.Unless B.Whether

C.Once D.Although

答案与解析

1.D。句中years表一段时间, 然而它修饰的谓语动词enjoyed却是一个持续性动词, 这显然用的是“It is/was+一段时间+since”这一句型。本句中enjoy是持续性动词, 从动作结束时算起。

2.C。句意是:既然你已经完成这项工作了, 你应该好好休息。根据句意, 前后句之间有因果关系, now that引导的是原因状语从句, 其中that还可省略, now that意为“既然”, 通常被置于主句之前。

3.A。when意为“既然”, 可用来引导原因状语从句。根据题意可知选A项。

4.C。根据句意与句法, 此句是由the first time引导的时间状语从句, 意为“第一次”。所以选择C项。

5.D。句意是:不管这部电影多么有趣, 我都不会在那上面浪费时间。interesting是形容词, 所以用however引导此让步状语从句, however意为“无论, 不管”, 其语序是:however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语相当于no matter how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语。

6.C。句意:你很难相信大火有多么可怕, 除非你亲眼看到。unless表示“除非”, 符合句意。

7.B。此句是由as引导的让步状语从句, 如果把作表语的单数可数名词放在as之前, 此时要采用特殊倒装, 主谓语序不变, 但要省去可数名词前的不定冠词。“Public figure as he is=though he is a public figure”。

8.A。此句是由“hardlywhen”引导的时间状语从句, 当hardly位于句首时, 主句要用部分倒装, 并且主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时。

9.A。此句是由before引导的时间状语从句, 构成“It be+时间段+before引导的状语从句”, 意为“……要过多久才……”。

10.D。句意是:只要他定时吃这种药, 就会治好他的病。根据句意, 前后句之间有因果关系, 所以用if only, 表示“只要”。

11.D。句意是:既然你非常了解这两个选手, 你认为谁会胜出呢?since引导原因状语从句, 意为“既然”;在含有插入语的特殊疑问句中用“疑问词+do you think+句中的剩余部分 (陈述句语序) ”。

12.A。句意是:虽然私家车给我们带来很多方便, 但是它们也造成了更多的事故和污染。因此用while表示“虽然, 尽管”来引导此让步状语从句。而as引导让步状语从句只能用于倒装句。

13.A。根据句法, 从句基本句意完整, 因此用where引导地点状语从句, 意为“……的地方”。

14.C。根据句意, 此句用immediately来引导时间状语从句, 表示“一……就……”。

15.D。句意是:你可能不必打电话———但记下我的电话号码以免你有急事。even if“即使”;if only“只要, 但愿”;so that“以致”;in case“免得, 以防, 假使”。根据句意, 用in case引导此条件状语从句。

16.A。句意是:———当你离开去同朋友谈话的时候, 你的自行车是在这树下吗?———当然, 但当我回来时, 自行车就不见了。本句是强调句型, 强调地点状语under the tree, 故选A。

17.B。根据句法与句意, 此句是由“whetheror”引导的让步状语从句, 意为“不论……还是……”。

18.A。此题考查由“asas”引导的比较状语从句, 表示一方是另一方的若干倍时, 用“倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+比较对象”的结构。根据句意, 由于钱是不可数名词, 所以用much。

19.A。句子的前半句为状语从句When (it is) completed的省略。故选A项。

20.C。句意是:一旦你意识到广告中所用的骗术, 我认为你就不会急于购买了。根据句意可知, 此句是由once引导的时间状语从句, once意为“一旦”。

英语状语从句 篇10

从总结各地历年的中考题来看, if引导的条件状语从句是每年中考命题的一个主要知识点, 从未回避过。非但如此, 在试卷中所占的分数比例也非常大, 低的时候4或5分, 高至10分以上。但是根据调查和了解, 这个知识点不仅成为学生失分的重要地方, 而且也是教师教学效果不佳的教学内容方面之一。其实, 如果我们仔细地统计和分析一下多年来这个知识点在中考题中命题的方向、出现形式、考查的重点和所占的比例等, 就不难发现在初中阶段学生应掌握的有关if引导的从句知识并不多, 而且都是有规律可循。

if引导的条件状语从句从根本来说, 可以分为两大类, 一类是真实性条件状语从句;一类为非真实性条件状语从句。非真实的也就是我们部分老师平时所称的虚拟语气。在初中阶段, 真实性条件状语从句是学生掌握和中考考查的重点, 非真实性的只需要掌握其中的一个方面, 考查的频率相对较弱一些。

二、if引导的真实性条件状语从句

1. 概念

真实性条件状语从句说简单一些就是从句所表达的情况, 是实现主句所表达情况的条件, 而且从句表达的情况一定是通过努力可以实现的。

例.We won’t go to the beach if it rains tomorrow.

2. 特点

一般情况下, 无论是主句还是从句都用陈述语序。

3. 主句与从句的谓语关系

在真实性条件状语从句中, 主句和从句的谓语关系有下列三种情况, 我们一般将其总结为主将从现、祁使从现、情态从现。

(1) 主将从现, 即主句用一般将来时, 从句用一般现在时

译文:如果玛丽下周周末有时间, 她将会去动物园。

译文:如果你不努力学习, 你将不会通过考试。

(2) 祁使从现, 即主句是祈使句, 从句用一般现在时

译文:如果他努力的话, 让他试试。

译文:如果你有了好的主意, 不要放弃。

(3) 情态从现, 即主句的谓语是情态动词+动词原形, 那么, 从句的时态就用一般现在时

译文:如果你帮助我, 我能做的很好。

译文:如果她努力学习, 她能学得更好。

三、if引导的非真实性条件状语从句

if引导的非真实性条件状语从句在初中阶段涉及的内容不多, 难度也不深。主要的就是与现在事实相反这一种。即主句假设的情况是永远都不会实现的。它的谓语构成为从句“were/did”、主句“could/would/should might+do”。

译文:如果我是你, 我会去试试。 (事实是我永远都会是你)

译文:如果她是你, 她会买下那个包 (事实是她永远都会是你) 。

参考文献

[1]王淑珍, 单先健.蓝飓风英语至尊钻石语法.中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.

[2]王建军.高中语法各个击破丛书 (语法分册) .黑龙江人民出版社, 2000.

[3]刘增利.倍速中考复习法.北京教育出版社, 2008.

[4]李永生.英语实用语法.光明日报出版社, 1990.

状语从句考点精析 篇11

[时间状语从句]

引导时间状语从句常用的连词有when,while,as,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,once,the moment,whenever,by the time,hardly ... when,no sooner ... than等的用法。

1. when,while和as

(1)when引导时间状语从句的谓语既可以表示持续性动作或状态的动词,也可以表示短暂性动作的动词。从句的动作既可以和主句的动作同时发生,也可以先于主句的动作发生。当when引导时间状语从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,可与while互换。

注意:①在when引导的时间状语从句中,如果主语与主句的主语相同,且动词又是be动词时,主语与be动词常常被省略。

②在when引导的时间状语从句中,若要表示有关将来的事情,通常用现在时代替将来时。

③when还可以用作并列连词,意为“正在这时(=at that/this time);然后(=and then)”,此时通常与be about to do,be doing或be on the point of doing连用。

(2)while引导时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是表示持续性动作或状态的动词,强调主句动作和从句动作的同时发生。while还可作并列连词,侧重主句动作和从句动作的对比。

(3)as强调主句和从句动作的相并发生,意为“一边……一边……”,也可以用来说明两种正在发展和变化的情况,此时常意为“随着”。

例1 (2015福建卷) the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.

A. While B. Unless

C. Since D. Until

解释 A。本题考查状语从句引导词用法。句意为:虽然这些学生来自不同的国家,但他们在夏令营相处得很融洽。while常见含意有“虽然;然而,而;在……期间,当……时;趁着”等,此处为“虽然”之意。

2. before和since

(1)before引导的时间状语从句,通常用现在时表示将来的动作,用现在完成时表示未来完成的动作。如果before引导的从句是过去时,主句可为过去时或过去完成时。before还可用于句型“It will be+段时间+before从句”表示“过多久才……”。

(2)在since引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去式,主句用现在完成时(主句表示时间时可用一般现在时代替现在完成时)。如:

It has been ten years since I came to know him.

It is ten years since I came to know him.

例2 (2015重庆卷)If you miss this chance, it may be years you get another one.

A. as B. before

C. since D. after

解释 B。before用于句型“It will/may be+段时间+before从句”表示“过多久才……”。

例3 (2013陕西卷)I have heard a lot of good things about you I came back from abroad.

A. since B. until

C. before D. when

解释 A。在since引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去式,主句用现在完成时。

3. until和till

until和till意义相同,通常可换用,但在强调结构、倒装句或句首时,一般用until。在肯定句中,当主句谓语动词为延续性动词时,通常意思为“直到……为止”,表示主句动作一直延续到until/till从句表示的时间才终止;在否定句中,当主句谓语动词为短暂性动词时,通常意思为“直到……才(做……)”,表示主句动作到until/till从句表示的时间才开始。

4. 表示“一……就……”

如the moment/the instant/the minute,each time/every time, the first/the last/the next time等和某些时间副词如immediately/instantly/directly等,引导时间状语从句。

5. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when

no sooner ... than和hardly ... when意为“一…… 就……”。主句的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时,从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。注意其倒装结构。

例4 (2012全国卷Ⅱ)I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.

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A. when B. than

C. until D. after

解释 A。只要辨认出固定句型hardly ... when ... 问题即刻解决。句意:我刚到办公室,我妻子就给我打电话让我立刻回家。

[原因状语从句]

1. because, since和as

(1)because引导原因状语从句通常表示直接的原因,语气最强。在回答why问句时,只能用because而不能用since或as来回答。在强调句型中,如强调原因状语从句,要用because来引导从句。

(2)since引导原因状语从句通常表示已知的原因,意为“既然”,语气较because弱,且常置于句首。

(3)as引导愿因状语从句表示的原因较明显,且为双方所知,通常置于句首。

注意:并列连词for可引导表示原因的并列句,强调对前句内容进行补充说明。它通常不置于句首,并须用逗号与前句隔开。

例5 (2012重庆卷)—Coach, can I continue with the training?

—Sorry, you can’t, you haven’t recovered from the knee injury.

A. until B. because

C. to consider D. unless

解释 C。短语语境表示“抱歉,你不能继续训练因为你膝盖受的伤还没有恢复”。由此可知,空白处后面为原因状语从句,C选项符合题意。

2. now that(其中that可省略)引导原因状语从句,意为“既然”。

例6 you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.

A. Now that B. After

C. Although D. As soon as

解释 A。由句意“既然现在你有个机会,你就应该充分利用它”可知,此处用now that引导原因状语从句,意思为“既然”。

[地点状语从句]

1. 地点状语从句由where,wherever引导。

2. 地点状语从句与定语从句的区别。

where引导的定语从句:从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;先行词在从句中必须充当状语。地点状语从句则没有表示地点的名词充当状语。如:

Go back to the village where you came from. (定语从句)

Go back where you came from. (状语从句)

例7 (2015安徽卷) he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.

A. Where B. As

C. In case D. Now that

解释 A。此处是where引导地点状语从句,表示“在……地方”。句意:在他曾经想要放弃的地方,他有了继续前行、深入的目的。

[让步状语从句]

引导让步状语从句的从属连词常用的有though, although,even if,even though,as(既然),whether ... or,no matter who/what/which/where/how等。

1. no matter who/what/which/where引导让步状语从句时,可与whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever互换,但whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever还可引导名词性从句,此时不可用no matter who/what/which/where替换。however/no matter how修饰形容词或副词时,该形容词或副词必须放在however/no matter how之后。

例8 (2013江苏卷)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.

A. whatever B. whoever

C. wherever D. whichever

解释 C。句意:在全球经济中,一种治疗癌症的新药,无论它是在哪儿被发现,都将在全球产生很多经济上的可能性。在状语从句“ it is discovered”中,不缺少任何主要成分,引导词只能在从句中作状语,而只有wherever是副词性的。

例9 (2013江苏卷)One can always manage to do more things, no matter full one’s schedule is in life.

A. how B. what

C. when D. where

解释 A。句意:不论一个人的日程有多么满,他总是能设法做更多的事情。no matter how=however。根据how+adj./adv.的原则,full是形容词,所以选A。

2. though,although和as

(1)as引导让步状语从句时,须用倒装语序,意为“尽管”。

(2)although和though均可作从属连词,意为“虽然;尽管”,引导让步状语从句时,常可互换,但although引导的从句一般放在句首。

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例10 (2012陕西卷)Hot the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

A. although B. as

C. while D. however

解释 B。hot是做从句的表语,提前说明从句时倒装,即as引导的让步状语从句中,要将从句中的表语,状语,或动词原形提到as之前。

3. even if和even though

even if和even though均可引导让步状语从句。意为“即使”。但even if引导的从句含有强烈的假定性,而even though则多以从句的内容为前提。

例11 (2014北京卷) the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.

A. As B. When

C. Even though D. In case

解释 C 。as意为“尽管”时需用倒装语序,when意为“当……时”,even though意为“即使”,In case意为“以防”。由题意可知,“尽管森林公园很远,每年仍然有很多游客”。

[条件状语从句]

引导条件状语从句常见的从属连词有if,unless, so/as long as(只要),on condition that (a),in case,suppose/supposing/providing等。

例12 (2015北京卷)You won’t find paper cutting difficult you keep practicing it.

A. even if B. as long as

C. as if D. ever since

解释 B。其中A项意思为“即使”;B项意思为“只要”;C项意思为“好像”;D项意思为“自从”。句意:只要你坚持练习,你会发现剪纸不难。

例13 (2015江苏卷)It is so cold that you can’t go outside fully covered in thick clothes.

A. if B. unless

C. once D. when

解释 B。句意:天气如此冷以至于除非全身穿着厚衣服你才能到外面去。A项意思为“如果”,B项意思为“除非”,C项意思为“一旦”,D项意思为“当……时”。

[目的和结果状语从句]

引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that,in order that,lest等。引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so,so that,so/such...that等。

注意:so that既可引导目的状语从句,也可引导结果状语从句,区别在于:引导目的状语从句时,常与情态动词连用;引导结果状语从句时,一般不与情态动词连用,且so that前常用逗号与主句隔开。试比较:

I got up early so that I might be in time for the early train. (目的状语从句)

I got up early, so that I was in time for the early train. (结果状语从句)

例14 (2014浙江卷)Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family.

A. now that B. as if

C. only if D. so that

解释 D。句意为:当她的儿子出生时,凯西已经辞去了她的工作以便能呆在家里照顾家人。

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