考研英语历年作文真题

考研英语历年作文真题（共9篇）

考研英语历年作文真题 篇1

51. Directions:

Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.

You should include the details you think necessary.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points).

Dear Mr. President,

It is my great honor to write to you. As far as I am concerned, we have enough extraordinary lectures and what we need now is physical exercise.

Since most of the time is spent in watching TV and playing computer games, our physical conditions are not good enough. i still have some suggestions for you. To begin with, our university should arrange more PE classes. To continue, we should have a fixed schedule for a certain time of outdoor activity. What is more, teaching faculty should be involved in the same kind of physical exercise.

I hope that our university could take the responsibility for our students’ physical health. I will be highly grateful if you could take my suggestions into account.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

考研英语历年作文真题 篇2

关键词：高中英语写作训练,书面表达,范文翻译,小组合作

过去, 老师对英语书面表达有所关注, 但指导方法不佳, 时间投入带来的并不是学生高质量的书面表达。相反, 就连基础比较好的学生要写一篇内容较充实、结构较完整、可读性较强的书面表达都存在一定困难。究竟是学生不敢爱书面表达, 还是书面表达爱不起。只要解决这一问题, 就能提高学生的英语书面表达能力。在新课程背景下, 现今的英语教师已都认识到英语书面表达在英语教学中的重要性。在日常英语教学中, 他们对书面表达教学越来越重视。英语书面表达的教学新法不断涌现。我结合日常书面表达教学实践和研究, 旨在探究书面表达教学的有效途径。

一、当前高中书面表达教学简析

1. 当前高中书面表达教学存在的问题

(1) 书面表达布置无的放矢

在日常英语教学过程中, 许多老师虽明白写作的重要性, 但在给学生布置书面表达任务时存在随意性和盲目性———往往拿到什么练习卷就布置什么书面表达, 缺乏系统性, 无的放矢, 事倍功半。

(2) 学生存在消极训练心理

听说读写译各项技能中, 写是高中学生最头疼的一项。所以, 一谈到书面表达, 学生总是表现出排斥和畏惧的心理, 但是为了完成老师布置的任务, 他们又不得不一次次消极地进行训练。反复训练的结果可想而知, 一些学生反而越写越糟。

(3) 书面表达批改后反馈不佳

书面表达批改任务繁重, 许多老师辛辛苦苦地将书面表达批改完, 可是分发下去, 学生只是简单地看看分数和评语, 对于错误不做任何修改就扔到一边。其实, 更多时候学生是不知道怎么修改, 更不用说知道自己到底哪些地方、哪些句子写得好。

(4) 错误“输入强化”

以上教学中存在的所有问题, 在一次次的作文训练中, 会形成错误的强化现象, 与Sharwood Smith提出的“输入强化理论” (1991) 相悖。

“输入强化理论” (Input Enhancement) 的核心是交际活动与改错活动的有机结合。Sharwood Smith指出, 通过“输入强化”, 学习者既可注意在交际过程中忽略的语言现象, 又可使交际过程中的错误输入得到纠正, 提高语言的准确性。然而, 在现实教学中, 许多学生不仅没有改正错误, 习得正确的表达法, 实现“输入强化”, 还使错误在一次又一次训练中强化, 最终出现负面的“输入强化”现象, 错误得到巩固。教师会抱怨学生老是犯同样的错误, 更别指望学生写出优美句子。

2. 当前高中书面表达常见有效的训练法

不同省份的英语书面表达字数要求在120至150个字不等, 似乎仅由十来个句子组成, 而要把这十来个句子写好, 却很有学问。冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒。日常的积累在英语书面表达训练方面有至关重要的作用。写作能力的培养不可能一蹴而就, 我们需要由浅入深、由易到难、由简到繁地进行训练。在英语教师的大家庭里, 所有成员为了学生, 都在积极探索高中书面表达训练的“秘籍”, 渴望我们的弟子能够在师傅这本“武功宝典”指引下练就一身绝世的英语书面表达功夫, 来日闯荡各种英语测试这一“江湖”。

首先, 教材是学生首先接触到的最主要的课程资源, 为学生提供了大量鲜活的语言。课文题材广泛, 体裁多样, 难易程度适中, 适合学生做缩写、仿写、改写、续写及写评论、读后感等练习。这些练习既能使学生巩固已学的课本知识, 加深学生对课文的理解, 又有助于提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。

其次, 美文背诵、句型操练、翻译等方法得到了运用, 发挥了作用。运用这些方法培养出了一大批技艺超群的英语书面表达高手。

3. 范文翻译法出现的背景

根据课标要求, 学生在高中阶段要不断地提高听说读写四项基本技能。整合当前有效的训练方法, 我对书面表达的训练进行了可控制性设计, 目的是让学生在一定的教学目标的指引下进行有效训练。

二、范文翻译法简介

1. 范文的选择

在收集了近十年各省高考书面表达题目及其范文之后, 写出相应的中文版本范文, 按记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文进行分类。针对文体的不同, 将高中英语写作常见的近百个句型分别用在4种文体的35篇范文中进行训练。当然, 选择的范文话题根据课标要求的话题进行整合。

2. 范文翻译实例介绍

某英语报社拟成立“微笑俱乐部”, 现对外征募会员。要求申请者提交一篇题为“I want to Smile”的英语短文。请你以申请者的身份, 根据提示用英语写一篇短文 (2009年福建高考) 。 (1) 根据思路图适当展开, 使行文连贯; (2) 词数:120左右。

中文范文:

我要微笑

微笑优点很多, 既可以愉悦自己又可以愉悦他人。如果对生活微笑, 生活也会对我们微笑。不论何时何地, 我们要对所有人微笑。

首先, 对父母微笑, 因为他们生我并含辛茹苦把我养大。他们几乎为我安排好了一切。在他们的帮助下, 我取得了巨大的进步。我想微笑地对他们说声“谢谢!”。然后, 我要对自己微笑, 因为只有通过这种方式我才能够笑走麻烦, 过更好的生活。

总之, 让我们笑迎每一天。明天又是崭新的一天。

(1) 翻译前

翻译之前, 我先介绍范文翻译当中会用到的句型供学生使用, 目的在于让学生在翻译中强化句型, 方便今后写作时信手拈来。如下:

句型1:not only...but also...

句型2:only+状语+倒装。

句型3:if等从属连词引导句子的省略。

句型4:would like to do sth.

句型5:without/with+宾语作为条件的句子。

但是并不是简单将句型告之学生。对于每个句型的使用, 利用课堂时间进行事先操练, 提高使用的准确率。

(2) 翻译时

在上交作业之前, 要求小组成员之间用蓝色笔先互改。主要是修改句型、标点和单词拼写的错误。要求批改者签名。互改完后进行二次修改, 然后组长收起上交等待老师批改。

(3) 教师批改

为了解决教师包办而效率低的问题, 对于翻译进行“双改”制。一改老师将学生错误的地方用各种规范的作文批改符号标出。评分并写好评语分给学生进行二改。学生二改要找到互改的那位学生一同修改。之后, 老师利用课后时间进行二改。 (根据不同的学生, 有的进行面批, 有的用录音的方式减少对学生的干扰。) 第二次修改后, 老师与小组成员一起讨论, 进一步修改, 最终形成小组翻译成果。

(4) 成果展示

选出5篇优秀的翻译作品张贴到学习园地。

(5) 后翻译阶段

翻译结束后, 要求小组将成果收集汇总形成“专著”。在积累中成长, 在共同提高中体验学习的快乐。

3. 范文翻译法的辅助提高措施

单一的翻译可能会让学生烦, 特别是基础不好的学生。所以范文翻译还可以采用单句成段法、借用缩写、仿写、改写、续写及写评论、读后感、同声传译法等变换操练。

4. 范文翻译的优缺点

范文翻译法, 能够扎实基础, 稳步提高学生的书面表达能力, 效率高。但是, 由于工作量大、课时要求高, 要求授课教师做好充分的规划并充分调动学生的积极性。

四、结语

范文翻译法还处于研究探索阶段, 但从教学实践的效果来看, 是相当有效的。怎样使该方法成熟并推广, 还有待进一步研究。所谓有心人天不负, 相信在不断深入的过程中能够不断完善该方法。所谓条条大路通罗马, 对于书面表达的教学也没有定法, 关键是一种方法运用好了, 可以让多人受益。

参考文献

[1]Sharwood Smith, M.“Speaking to many minds:On the relevance of different types of language information for the L2 learner”.Second Language Research, 1991, 7 (2) :118-132.

[2]教育部.普通高中英语课程标准 (试验) [M].人民教育出版社, 2003.

[3]孙尧芳.浙江省东阳市中天高级中学.高中英语书面表达教学中存在的问题及对策.学英语, 2008.04.29 (44) .

[4]夏建清.输入强化理论与英语书面表达打草稿.考试周刊, 2008 (8) .

长春历年中考英语作文真题 篇3

注意：

1. 文章必须包含三个方面的内容，要点可适当发挥。参考词汇，供选择使用。

2. 文中不得出现真实姓名学校等信息。

3. 词数：80~100。

4. 文章的开头与结尾已给出，不计入总词数

A letter to my parents

Dear Mom and Dad,

I am writing to express my thanks for all your care and love.

All these years, you have done so much. Almost everyday, Mom cooks delicious food for me and dad takes me to and from school. When I am sick, you look after me carefully and patiently.

Both of you always trust me and care a lot about my school life and personal feelings. The many talks we have had and the advice you have given me help me grow. The encouragement from you helps me fear no difficulties and troubles.

Thanks again for everything you have done for me!

Love from

历年英语四级作文真题题目及参考 篇4

The Mechanic is one of my favorite movies, in which the protagonist has a very beautiful gun with a famous motto engraved on it-- Victory Loves Preparation. Indeed, increasing undergraduates has realized the importance of preparation which even renders tense peer pressure. While, how to prepare for tomorrow?The best way is to do your best today.

How to do our best? First, try to know yourself. In your free time, you can attend some club activities, social practice, and part-time work to understand what you like and what you want to do in the future. Second, make a dream, and set a goal. Everyone has a dream, but each of us must analyze its feasibility and make it a real and effective goal. Last, make a plan and keep moving. After know what your goals will require, plan to do them one by one. You can devote yourself to your professional field, concentrate on research, and accumulate academic knowledge. Or you can practice in a part-time job that is conducive to your career plan, which could build a perfect resume and improve the work e_perience. Or you can participate in some qualification e_ams to enhance your competitiveness, such as computer language, accounting certificate, teacher qualification certificate, IELTS, and TOEFL.

In a word, when you are at a young age, try to do something more, as long as you are not in vain, all your efforts will become your best assets in the future.

考研英语历年作文真题 篇5

2001 Directions: Write a composition according to the information given in the following outline in Chinese.Your composition should be about 120 words.Remember to write clearly.You should write this composition on the Answer Sheet.网络经济的新启示(new revelations)

1网络经济被誉为新经济的代表。

2网络经济与传统经济的区别。

3在新经济来临之际，我们需要做哪些准备。

2002 Directions: In this diction, you are asked to write a composition entitled Is Failure a Bad Thing or a Good Thing? Your composition should be based on the Answer Sheet 2.Outline: 1.Failure is what often happens.2.Different attitudes towards failure.3.Your attitude.2003 Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Outline:

1.有人认为财富比健康重要。

2.有人认为健康比财富重要。

3.你的看法。

2004 Directions:

In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Which Is More Important, Family or Career? Your composition should be about 120 words.Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.2005 Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.“五一”、“十一”长假已逐步为人们所习惯，她给百姓带来了充足的娱乐休闲机会，更促进了旅游经济的发展。但是，“黄金周”也带来了诸如交通压力增大、环保等诸多问题。作为一名普通百姓，请你给政府有关部门写一封信，提出你关于“黄金周”的意见和建议。

2006 Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.1998-2004年全国工程硕士(Master of Engineering)录取人数

2007 Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.2008 Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。如今，手持本科、硕士文凭，回头重新考大学的大有人在。据报道，今年报名全国成人高考的上海考生中，有390名本科毕业生，15名硕士生。

写一篇约150字左右的作文进行评论和表达自己的意见。

2009 Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information.Make comments and express your own opinion.You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives.We are all aware that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows.First of all, in festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know.It brings us a lot of convenience.In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world.For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched.But it is pity that every coin has two sides.The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored.We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can’t focus on our studies.Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers’ short messages one after another.As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself.In my opinion, we can use it.But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it and don’t let it disturb us from our lives.2010 Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing, you should

1)Interpret the chart and

北大哲学考研历年真题 篇6

20005年中国哲学史

一 名词解释（5分x4）

中庸 四法界 六理 四几

二 简答（8分x5）

离坚白 以说出故 崇本举末 一物两体 能必副其所

三 问答（35分x2 国内考生前3题选2,外国考生4选2）

1、老子与韩非道论异同。

2、罗钦顺与朱熹理一分殊比较。

3、王守仁与王夫之知行观异同。

4、孟子与告子人性论比较。

四 标点并翻译古文（20分）

中庸何为而作也子思子忧道学之失其传而作也盖自上古圣神继天立极而道统之传有自来矣其见于经则允执厥中者尧之所以授舜也人心惟危道心惟微惟精惟一允执厥中”者舜之所以授禹也尧之一言至矣尽矣而舜复益之以三言者则所以明夫尧之一言必如是而后可庶几也

一、关于名解

1、老子和庄子每年考1或2个很偏的，在方克立的辞典中老子有70多个名解，庄子也有60多个，考到了不会不要管，猜一个作者。估计没几个人会，那本书没得卖了。庄子的注意一个“见独”：是体会到独一无二的道的一种人身修养境界。是人在修养19天之后达到朝彻境界后的第二阶段。见独之后才能达到超脱生死、不为外物所累的阶段的境界。

2、每年都会考几个史料学的名解，曾考过《礼记》、《肇论》等。注意西铭（即订顽）

3、只会考名解的哲学部分孔子、孟子、名家、先秦逻辑学、孙武、道教、贾谊、慧远、天台宗、范缜、柳宗元、刘禹锡、李觏、谭嗣同、严复、章炳麟4、2004年的新动向。考陈来《宋明理学》中的重要论述概念和命题（包括大题）。列举可能考的孔颜乐处、一故神两故化、太虚即气、仁者浑然与物同体、民胞物与、定性说、涵养须用敬、元会应世、心统性情、四句教、知行合一、一物两体、道则自然生万物（程颐）、物极必反（注意程颐的发挥）、百姓日用即道。

5、明清之际部分：反因、四几、能必副其所、习与性成、颜李学派、六府三事、知无体以物为体、气化即道、血气心知。

二、大题

可考范围：

1、老庄比较道论或论无；荀子、韩非子；

2、玄学与早期佛学（3个考察方面：本体论即是有无之辩、方法论即是言意之辩、理论归宿即是名教与自然之争。特别注意不要漏了嵇康和阮籍这一派）

3、佛学中的僧肇就剩般若无知论没有考过，重视！华严宗、维识宗或禅宗；

4、宋明理学部分朱熹陆王掌握知行观和格物说即可。张载、二程、王夫之、颜元、方以智要全面把握。其中如果按专题分则格物说注意王阳明、朱熹、王夫之、颜元、戴震和王艮；

知行观掌握朱熹、王阳明、王夫之；人性论此部分掌握罗钦顺、王廷相、王夫之、颜元、本体论部分注意张载和二程。

三、近两年试题分析

1、综合部分的题大题一般和中哲150试卷难度相当，基本是从中哲当年试题中抽选，但是名解较中哲的相对容易，亦有重合部分。

2、03年的题很怪，大题基本都是考过的真题，名解也有一半左右是考过的真题。但是04年的就难了，而且已考题重复考的情况骤减。主要是大题偏向于考五行和周易的一些专题方面，可能与北大那个研究周易的姓朱的老教授有关。但是应该对你们影响不大。估计05年不会这么偏。

四、对比以往试题、实际情况的发展以及我掌握的信息我押的题

名解：

反者道之动 十翼 仁内义外 无故从有故 物莫非指，而指非指 三惑 泰定 识体 《七略》 见分相分 真唯识量 《坛经》 《六逆论》 新故相除 元亨利贞 为性者五 法行法弛（一、4、5所列 名解）敬除其舍 公羊三世说 仁以通为第一义 心力 内籀外籀

大题

1、老庄哲学对道有何不同看法。

2、庄子论心与物、道与物以及物与物的关系。

3、老庄有无观异同。

4、荀子的逻辑学理论以及对当时三大谬误的批判。

5试论述扬雄的玄本体论。

6、王充的精气论。

7、玄学部分如上所述3个角度。

8、玄学补充角度：王弼与本无宗、郭象与即色宗的比较（如郭象与支遁逍遥义比较）

9、僧肇的般诺无知论论述。

10、隋唐佛学均是名解的详述（略）

11、韩愈对儒家仁义道德的新解释。

12、张载的心性论论述。

13、宋明理学部分（二、4中的归纳整理）

14、朱熹罗钦顺理一分殊异同比较。

15、朱陆之争论述。

16、方以智随泯统、交轮几的思想论述。

17、二程关于“有对”的思想。

五、说明

基础题为主，我自认的可能性较高的题。要高分可能题要更细化、范围更广

2002年北京大学伦理学专业的部分中西哲试题

中哲 名词解释

离坚白淮南格物万理具于一心通为天下第一要义

（今年和去年都考了一段给原文标点，翻译和评述）先秦的北大2004伦理学原理、中西哲学史试题

以下系考后回忆而成，措辞用语及先后排设当与原始试题有所差距，有欠精确及完整。

伦理学原理试题

一.列举下列人物的一部伦理学/有伦理学意义的著作（共10小题，每小题2分）

1.柏拉图 2.亚里士多德 3.密尔 4.摩尔 5.西季威克 6.罗尔斯 7.麦金泰尔 8.康德 9.尼采 10.休谟

二.简答.概念术语说明（共5小题，每小题10分）

1.道德怀疑论 2.美德伦理学 3.事实判断与价值判断 4.良心与名誉 5.罗尔斯差异原则

三.问答（共2小题，每小题20分）

1.举出一本自己喜好的伦理学或具有伦理意义的著作，叙述其主要观点及其论证，并解释喜好之原由。

2.说明可普遍化原理，并举实例予以分析（用此原理说明特定道德问题、伦理现象）。

四.情境分析（共1小题，40分）

某轨道上有一车厢突然失控，疾速向前滑动。其前方设有一处岔道，分别通向A、B两股不同轨道。甲轨道上有一正在行走的盲人，乙轨道上有三名被捆绑的健全工人。某工作人员用望远镜发现车厢失控，但因距离原因，不及提醒A、B两道上的人员，只能用一遥控设施进行扳道，从而改变车厢滑向（非A即B）。假若你是这位工作人员，你将采取何种措施（引向A或B），说明其道德理由，并进而分析功利主义与义务论之争及其对于个人、社会政治的意义。

中西哲学史试题

A西哲部分（问答，共4小题，每小题25分，选做3题）

1.解释“人是万物的尺度”，并就此对智者运动/智者学派之若干特点予以说明 2.说明奥古斯丁思想中的柏拉图主义 3.评述休谟关于因果关系的论述 4.如何理解康德之所谓“哥白尼革命”

B中哲部分

一.名词概念简述（共5小题，每小题4分）

1.以说出故 2.六派七宗 3.守真存一（守一存真）4.命不在天而在其人 5.知行常相须

二.问答（共3小题，1、2小题各20分，3小题15分）

1.述华严宗之“理事无碍”思想

2.比较朱熹、王守仁、颜元之“格物”说

3.韩愈关于仁、义、道、德的论述（注：此题系01年中国哲学史考题重复）科目2—

中国哲学史

一 名词解释 5分x4

中庸,四法界,六理,四几

二 简答 8分x5

离坚白,以说出故,崇本举末,一物两体,能必副其所

三 问答 35分x2 国内考生前3题选2,外国考生4选2

1老子与韩非道论异同

2罗钦顺与朱熹理一分殊

3王守仁与王夫之知行观异同

4孟子与告子人性论比较

四 标点并翻译古文 20分

中庸何为而作也？子思子忧道学之失其传而作也。盖自上古圣神继天立极，而道统之传有自来矣。其见于经，则“允执厥中”者，尧之所以授舜也；“人心惟危，道心惟微，惟精惟一，允执厥中”者，舜之所以授禹也。尧之一言，至矣，尽矣！而舜复益之以三言者，则所以明夫尧之一言，必如是而后可庶几也。

如《国语·齐语》谓：“今夫商，群萃而州处，察其四时而监其乡之资，以知其市之贾，负任担荷，服牛轺马，以周四出，以其所有，易其所无，市贱鬻贵。”出现了子贡一类结驷连骑周游列国的富商大贾。战国之世，工商显然已脱离了封君的畜养，成为自己负盈亏的事业

今焉于其良知所知之善者，即其意之所之之物而实为之，无有乎不尽。于其良知所知之恶者，即其意

出处:王阳之所在之物而实去之，无有乎不尽。然后物无不格，吾良知之所知者，无有亏缺障蔽，而得以极其至矣。明 大学问

孔子2000按语：《大学问》者，阳明重要教典也。其中讲述“万物一体之仁”，脍炙人口。以下黑色字是《大学问》原文全文，蓝色字是阳明弟子钱德洪在将《大学问》收入阳明《文录•续编》时所加按语，由此可见《大学问》作为王门教典的重要性。又，钱德洪的议论盖有所为而发也，曾见有学者据此而疑及《大学问》是钱德洪伪造。实则《大学问》所造之境界，非钱德洪所能至也，伪造何易？且钱德洪编辑《文录》时，阳明及门弟子多在世，如何伪造？稍提一下，有心者可以作进一步探究。

又其为文也，举终以证始，本始以尽终。开而弗达，导而弗牵。寻而后既其义，推而后尽其理。善发事始以首其论，明夫会归以终其文。故使同趣而感发者，莫不美其兴言之始，因而演焉。异旨而独构者，莫不说其会归之徵，以为证焉。

夫途虽殊，必同其归；虑虽百，必均其致。而举夫归致以明至理，故使触类而思者，莫不欣其思之所应，以为得其义焉。

出处:补充资料：王弼《老子指略》（节选）

然则，《老子》之文，欲辩而诘者，则失其旨也；欲名而责者，则违其义也。故其大归也，论太始之原以明自然之性，演幽冥之极以定惑罔之迷。因而不为，损而不施，崇本以息末，守母以存子。贱夫巧术，为在未有，无责于人，必求诸己。此其大要也。

而法者尚乎齐同，而刑以检之。名者尚乎定真，而言以正之。儒者尚乎全爱，而誉以进之。墨者尚乎俭啬，而矫以立之。杂者尚乎众美，而总以行之。

夫刑以检物，巧伪必生；名以定物，理恕必失；誉以进物，争尚必起；矫以立物，乖违必作；杂以行物，秽乱必兴。斯皆用其子而弃其母。物失所载，未足守也。

然致同途异，至合趣乖，而学者惑其所致，迷其所趣。观其齐同，则谓之法；睹其定真，则谓之名；察其纯爱，则谓之儒；鉴其俭啬，则谓之墨；见其不係，则谓之杂。随其所鉴而正名焉，顺其所好而执意焉。故使有纷纭愦错之论，殊趣辨析之争，盖由斯矣。

又其为文也，举终以证始，本始以尽终。开而弗达，导而弗牵。寻而后既其义，推而后尽其理。善发事始以首其论，明夫会归以终其文。故使同趣而感发者，莫不美其兴言之始，因而演焉。异旨而独构者，莫不说其会归之徵，以为证焉。

夫途虽殊，必同其归；虑虽百，必均其致。而举夫归致以明至理，故使触类而思者，莫不欣其思之所应，以为得其义焉。

北大本科复习题--中哲史复习题

名词,概念及命题解释(18个)

天人三策 以无为本 形质神用 人副天数 辨名析理 形神相即

法与时变 济有者皆有 道统说 论衡 独化 言意之辩 天人不相预

以心原物 休符不于祥於其仁 崇有论 得意在忘象 独尊儒术

简答题:18个

简述《淮南子》的元气论思想

简述《淮南子》对黄老学派气论的发展

简述《淮南子》的历史观

简述董仲舒的 “天人感应”思想.何谓 “ 《春秋》之道,奉天而法古”

简述王充“天地合气,万物自生”的思想.简述王充的认识论思想.何谓“魏晋玄学”

简述魏晋玄学的代表人物及主要思想

贵无论与崇有论在哲学上的根本分歧是什麼

王弼的玄学观点与裴頠有何区别

简述裴頠的“崇有论”的基本命题和主要思想.何谓“独化于玄冥之境”

范缜是如何论证形尽神灭的范缜《神灭论》有何理论贡献

如何理解“无所谓道德云著,合仁与义言之也”.这句话的思想意义.解析“受命不于天於其人”与“休符不于祥於其仁”这两句话的思想内涵及其理论意义

郭象如何理解“有无关系”

综合性思考题

评述魏晋玄学所讨论的主要哲学问题.魏晋玄学所代表和反映的主要哲学思潮是什麼 其与汉代哲学有什麼根本区别

评述魏晋玄学的方法.《淮南子》和董仲舒各持何种学派立场 他们在哲学上的主要差异是什麼

评述《论衡》一书的思想学术宗旨及其思想方法.范缜《神灭论》的主要内容及其在南北朝儒佛之争中的地位和影响.如何理解和评价由魏晋至隋唐近五百年的思想文化发展.(大体勾勒发展线索,不同思想形态之关系.韩愈道经说的主要内容及其对儒学发展的意义.韩愈对“道”“德”“仁”“义”有何新的解释,这些解释有何理论意义

评书柳宗元的“天人观”.北京大学哲学系“宋明理学”期末考试试题

考试时间：2003/01/02

从以下各题中选5题做答，每题20分：

1、“宋明理学”这一名称指的是什么？“理学”一词有广狭二义，分别指什么？试说明之。

2、宋明理学的代表人物和主要特点为何？

3、简述“孔颜乐处”的思想。

4、程颐然后论“道”与“阴阳”的关系？

5、试用白话接受张载的话“太虚无形，气之本体；其聚其散，变化之客形尔。”

6、朱熹用月印万川的比喻说明什么问题？

7、试述王阳明的格物伦思想。

也许对考北京大学哲学的朋友有些帮助

历年考研英语英译汉真题 篇7

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver，” creating our inner character and outer circumstances， the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.

(46) Allen‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter， we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind， and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone， in reality we are continually faced with a question： “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire， Allen concluded ： “ We do not attract what we want， but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don‘t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.

Part of the fame of Allen‘s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person， they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need， and a rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however， would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances， however bad， offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people， then humanity would never have progressed. In fat， (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless， as any biographer knows， a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.

The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations， now we become authorities of what is possible.

46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设——因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。

48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。

49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。

考研英语历年真题高频词组一 篇8

1.by accident 偶然

2.on account of 因为，由于

3.in addition 另外

4.in addition to 除……之外

5.in the air 在流行中，在传播中

6.on （the/an） average平均，一般来说

7.on the basis of 根据，在……的基础上

8.at （the） best 充其量，至多

9.for the better 好转，改善

10.on board 在船（车、飞机）上

11.out of breath 喘不过气来

12.on business 因公，因事

13.in any case 无论如何，总之

14.in case of 假使，万一

15.in case 假如，以防（万一）免得

16.in no case 决不

【1】 【2】 【3】 【4】 【5】 【6】 【7】 【8】 【9】 【10】

★ 考研数学：如何有效利用历年真题

★ 考研数学历年真题06-12考点解析

★ 广州历年中考英语作文真题

★ 考研英语一真题及点评

★ 有关南方电网历年笔试真题

英语四级听力历年真题 篇9

Question 1

- M： Do you remember the wonderful film on space exploration we watched together last month?

- W： Sure。 It’s actually the most impressive one I’ve seen on that topic。

Q：What do we learn about the speakers?

Question 2

- W： Are you looking for anything in particular?

- M： Yes。 My son is graduating from high school， and I want to get him something special。

Q：Where does the conversation most probably take place?

Question 3

- M： Mike told me yesterday that he had been looking in vain for a job in the art gallery。

- W： Really? If I remember right， he had a chance to work there， but he turned it down。

Q：What does the woman say about Mike?

Question 4

- W： Would you like to come to Susan’s birthday party tomorrow evening?

- M： I’m going to give a lecture tomorrow。 I wish I could be in two places at the same time。

Q：What does the man mean?

Question 5

- W： Aren’t you discouraged by the slow progress your staff is making?

- M： Yes。 I think I will give them a deadline and hold them to it。

Q：What is the man probably going to do?

Question 6

- W： Excuse me。 Could you tell me where the visitors’ parking is? I left my car there。

- M： Sure。 It’s in Lot C。 Over that way。

Q：What does the woman want to know?

Question 7

- W： You look great! Now that you’ve taken those fitness classes。

- M： Thanks。 I’ve never felt better in my life。

Q：What does the man mean?

Question 8

- W： I really admire the efficiency of your secretaries。

- M： Our company selects only the best。 They have a heave workload and we give them a lot of responsibilities。

Q：What are the speakers talking about?

Part 2 长对话

Conversion 1

W： Hi Leo， why do you say English would become the world language?

M： Well。 For one thing， it’s so commonly used， the only language that is used by more people is Chinese。

W： Why is English spoken by so many people?

M： It’s spoken in many countries of the world because of the British empire。 And now of course is the influence of America as well。

W： Many students find English a difficult language to learn。

M： Oh， all languages are difficult to learn。 But English does have two greatest advantages。

W： What are they?

M： Well， first of all， it has a very international vocabulary。 It has many German， Dutch， French， Spanish and Italian words in it。 So speakers of those languages will find many familiar words in English。 In fact， English has words for many other languages as well。

W： Why is that?

M： Well， partly because English speakers have travelled a lot， they bring back words with them。 So English really does have an international vocabulary。

W： And what is the other advantage of English?

M： It that English grammar is really quite easy。 For example， it doesn’t have dozens of different endings for its nouns， adjectives and verbs， not like Latin， Russian and German for example。

W： Why is that?

M： Well， it’s quite interesting actually， it’s because of the French。 When the French ruled England， French was the official language， and only the common people spoke English。 They tried to make their language as simple as possible。 So they made the grammar easier。

Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard。

Q9： What does the man say about Chinese?

Q10： What made English a widely used language?

Q11： What is said to be special about English vocabulary?

Conversation 2

Man： Hello。 Yes?

Woman： Hello。 Is that the sales department?

M： Yes， it is。

W：Oh， well。 My name is Jane Kingsbury of GPF limited。 We need some supplies for our design office。

M： Oh， what sort?

W：Well， first of all， we need one complete new drawing board。

M： DO44 or DO45?

W：Ah， I don’t know。 What’s the difference?

M： Well， the 45 costs 15 pounds more。

W：So what’s the total price then?

M：It’s 387 pounds。

W：Dose that include valued-added tax?

M： Oh， I’m not sure。 Most of the prices do。 Yes， I think it does。

W：What are the boards actually made of?

M： Oh， I don’t know。 I think it‘s a sort of plastic stuff these days。 It’s white anyway。

W：And how long does it take to deliver?

M： Oh， I couldn’t really say。 It depends on how much work we’ve got and how many other orders there are to send out， you know。

W：Ok， now we also want some drawing pens， ink and rulers， and some drawing paper。

M： Oh dear。 The girl who takes all those supplies isn’t here this morning。 So I can’t take those orders for you。 I only do the equipment you see。

W：Ok， well， perhaps I’ll ring back tomorrow。

M： So do you want the drawing board then?

W：Oh， I have to think about it。 Thanks very much。 I’ll let you know。 Good-bye。

M： Thank you。 Good-bye。

Question 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you just heard。

Question 12： What is the woman’s purpose in making the phone call?

Question 13： What do we learn about the man from the conversation?

Question 14： What does the man say about delivery?

Question 15： What does the woman say she will possibly do tomorrow?

Part 3 短文

短文 1

No one knows for sure just how old kites are。 In fact， they have been in use for centuries。 25 centuries ago， kites were well-known in China。 These first kites were probably made of wood。 They may even have been covered with silk， because silk were used a lot at that time。 Early kites were built for certain uses。 In ancient China， they will use to carry ropes to cross rivers。 Once across， the ropes were tear down and wooden bridges would hang for them。 Legend tells of one General who flew musical kites over the enemies’ camp。 The enemy fled， believing the sounds to be the warming voices of angels。 By the 15th century， many people flew kites in Europe。 Marco Polo may have brought the kite back from his visit to China。 The kite has been linked to great names and events。 For instance， Benjamin Franklin used kite to prove the lightening electricity。 He flew the kite in the storm。 He did this in order to draw lightening from the clouds。 He tied a metal key and a strip of silk to the kite line。 The silk ribbon would stop the lightening from passing through his body。 Benjamin’s idea was first laughed at。 But later on， it enlightened the invention of the lightening rod。 With such grand history， kite flying is short remain an entertaining and popular sport。

Question 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard。

Question 16： What does the speaker say about kite?

Question 17： What did ancient Chinese use cats to do?

Question 18： Why did BF flied a kite in the storm?

短文2

I have learnt many languages， but I’m not mastered them the way the professional interpreter or translator has。 Still， they have open doors for me。 They have allowed me the opportunity to seek jobs in international contexts and help me get those jobs。 Like many people who have lived overseas for a while， I simply got crazy about it。 I can’t image living my professional or social life without international interactions。 Since 1977， I have spent much more time abroad than in the United States。 I like going to new places， eating new foods and experiencing new cultures。 If you can speak the language， it’s easier to get to know the country and its people。 If I had the time and money。 I would live for a year in as many countries as possible。 Beyond my career， my facility with languages has given me a few rare opportunities。 Once， just after I returned my year in Vienna。 I was asked to translate for a German judge at Olympic level horse event and learned a lot about the sport。

In Japan， once when I was in the studio audience of a TV cooking show， I was asked to go up on the stage and taste the beef dish that was being prepared and tell what I thought。 They asked” Was it as good as American beef?” It was very exciting for me to be on Japanese TV， speaking in Japanese about how delicious the beef was。

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you’ve just heard。

Question 19 What does the speaker say about herself?

Question 20 What does the speaker say about many people who have lived overseas for a while?

Question 21 How did the speaker experience of living in Vienna benefit her?

Question 22 What was the speaker asked to do in the Japanese studio?

短文3

Dr。 Ben Carsen grew up in a poor single parent house-hold in Detroit。 His mother， who had only a 3rd grade education helds two jobs cleaning bathrooms。 To his classmates and even to his

teachers he was thought of as the dummest kid in his class。 According to his own not so fond memories。

He had a terrible temper， and once threatened to kill another child。 Dr。 Carsen was headed down part of seld distraction until a critical moment in his youth。 His mother convinced that he had to do something dramatic preventing leading a life of failure laid down some rules。 He could not

watch television except for two programs a week， could not play with his friends after school

until he finished his homework。 And had to read two books a week， and write book reports about them。 His mother’s strategy worked。 “Of course， I didn’t know she couldn’t read。 So there I was

submitting these reports。” he said。 She would put check marks on them like she had been reading them。 As I began to read about scientists，economists and philosophers。 I started imaging myself in their shoes。 As he got into the hobbit of hard work， his grade began to soar。 Ultimately he received a scholarship to attending Yale

University， and later he was admitted to the University of Michigan Medical School。

He is now a leading surgeon at Johns Hopkins Medical School and he is also the author of the three books。

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard。

Q23 What do we learn about Ben Carsen ?

Q24 What did Ben Caren’s classmates and teachers think of him whenhe was first at school?

Q25 What did Ben Carsen’s mother tell him to do when he was a school boy?

Part 4 听写题