动名词和不定式作主语的比较(共2篇)
动名词和不定式作主语的比较 篇1
在中学英语课本中,动名词和不定式作主语的句子较为常见,但它们的含义有所不同。现在将动名词和不定型式作主语的含义、位置及习惯用法分述如下:
一、动名词和不定式作主语的含义
一般来说,动名词作主语表示一种抽象的和泛指的动作,而不定式作主语则表示一次性的、具体的动作。换句话说,动名词作主语通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起,而不定式作主语往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如:
Lying is wrong.(泛指lying的做法或作风)
To lie is wrong.(对于说谎者是谁,说话人心中是有所指的)
To live in Beijing is the height of Tom’s ambition.(对某个特定的动作执行者而言)
Swimming is good exercise.(指游泳这项运动)
二、动名词和不定式作主语的位置
1.动名词作主语通常有两种位置,一种是把动名词直接置于主语的位置。例如:
Saying is easier than doing.
Seeing is believing.
Crossing the Atlantis(大西洋)by plane takes only a few hours.
第二种是用it作形式主语,把作真正主语的动名词置于句末。这通常用于某些形容词或名词之后。例如:
It’s interesting planning a holiday.
It’s rather tiring walking around in a city.
It’s fun having guests for the weekend.
We don’t think it’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day.
动名词作主语的上述两种位置有时可以互换,但第一种形式比第二种形式的泛指意义更强些。例如:
Lining in Beijing must be wonderful
It must be wonderful living in Beijing
2.不定式作主语通常也有两种位置,与动名词作主语时的位置相同,即第一种是把不定式作直接置于句首担任主语。例如:
To learn English is not an easy thing.
To be here is a great pleasure.
To remember to cut off the electricity is important.
To hesitate is a pity.
不定式作主语的这种形式一般用得不多。现代英语倾向于用it作形式主语,把不定式置于句末。例如:
It’s a pity to hesitate.
It took(us )five hours to get here.
It made me happy to find Mary there.
It needed hard work to finish the job.
注意:
(1)如果主语和表语都是不定式,则只能采用第一种形式。例如:
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To see is to believe.
(2)如果是疑问句或感叹句,则只能采用第二种形式。例如:
What is it like to be there?
How long did it take you to finish the work?
What a joy it was to read Barbara’s book!
三、动名词和不定式作主语的习惯用法
虽然动名词和不定式都可以作主语,但以下几种情况时,人们习惯用动名词,而不用不定式。
1.主语与表语一致,即当表语是动名词时,主语也要用动名词;当表语是不定式时,主语也要用不定式。
Teaching is learning.(= To teach is to learn)
Seeing is believing
2.在“There BE+no+主语”这种结构中,通常用动名词作主语,而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”,相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。例如:
There is no getting along with him.(=It is impossible to get along with him.)
There is no joking about it.
注意:本句型中的no有时可用not any或never any代替。例如:
The man is a bore,but there is not any getting him away.
There is never any telling what will happen in the future.
3.当use,good,waste,bore,fun,shame,encouragement,misery等名词作表语时,通常用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如:
It’s no use talking to him again.
It’s no good(your)refusing to do it.
It is a waste of time trying to reason with him.
It’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day.
It’s fun having guests for the weekend.
It’s such an encouragement being able to pass all the exams.
注意:“It’s no use /good+动名词”这种结构可改成“There BE+no+use /good+动名词”结构。例如:
It’s no use talking to him again .= There is no use talking to him again.
It’s no good(your)refusing to do it .= There is no good(your)refusing to do it.
4.当,interesting,tiring,terrible,nice,better,foolish,enjoyable,worthwhile,useless,dangerous等形容词作表语时,通常也用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置,例如:
It is dangerous risking climbing a tree.
It’s terrible not being allowed to smoke at all.
It’s interesting planning a holiday.
It’s nice talking with you,John.
注意:important,necessary,possible,impossible,essential等形容词不适用于上述结构。例如,不能说:
It’s important learning foreign languages.
应改为:It’s important to learn foreign languages.
5.在疑问句中,多用动名词的复合结构做主语,而不用不定式的复合结构。例如:
Isn’t our saying so right?
Isn’t his leaving like that strange?
不定式和动名词的功能区别 篇2
不定式不仅有名词的功能,还具有形容词和副词的功能,所以,除了可做主语、宾语、表语和定语外,还可做宾语补足语和状语。这里我们主要探讨不定式和动名词在句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语上的功能上的差别。
1
做主语时的差别
作为抽象名词用,动词不定式和动名词都可做主语,一般情况下可互换,但是不定式还可用来指特定的某一次或具体某一个对象的行为,或表示将来的行为;而动名词则表示经常的、习惯性的动作,或适用于一般人的普遍情形。
动词不定式和动名词做主语时,句子的谓语动词都用单数。
To be a pilot is the girl’s ambition.
成为飞行员是这个女孩的志向。(志向是将来才实现的)
To be laughed at in the presence of all his friends yesterday made him annoyed.
昨天他在所有的朋友面前遭到嘲笑让他很生气。(具体某一个情形下的行为)
Being laughed at is unavoidable in our life.
在生活中遭到嘲笑是不可避免的。(适用于所有人)
Playing football ranks first in boys of all their after-class activities. So to learn to play volleyball today seem quite unusual and surprising to the guys.
踢足球在男孩的课外活动排第一,所以今天学打排球对于这些孩子来说很不寻常和令人惊讶。(踢足球是个适合一般人的抽象动作,而学打排球是男孩们今天的具体的一次行为)
Walking does good to our health.
步行对身体有好处。(适用于所有人)
2
做宾语时的差别
动词不定式和动名词都可在句中做宾语。究竟该用不定式还是动名词做动词的宾语,具体取决于其前面动词的用法。此外,动名词可做介词后的宾语,而不定式不能。
The newly married couple can hardly afford to buy a flat at their own expense, as is often the case in China nowadays.
刚结婚的夫妻几乎不能靠他们自己买房,这在现在的中国是常有的事情。
I can understand her wanting to live alone and become independent.
我能理解她想一个人独立生活。
有的英语动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语,而且没什么区别。常见的有attempt, begin, start, bother, can’t bear, cease, continue, hate, like, love, intend, prefer等。
He hates to be cheated/being cheated.
他讨厌被欺骗。
但是,有的英语动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语,意思有区别。常见的有stop,mean, remember, forget, regret, try, need等。
stop to do表示停下(手头的事)去做另外的事;stop doing表示停止做某事。
mean to do表示打算做;mean doing表示意味着做。
remember to do表示记得要做某事,而remember doing表示记得做过某事。
forget to do表示要做某事但忘了,而forget doing则表示忘记做过某事。
regret to say/tell/inform表示遗憾地说、告诉、通知,而regret doing表示后悔做了某事。
try to do表示试图做某事,而try doing则表示试一试做某事。
need to do表示必须要做,need doing表示需要做。
The teacher asked the students to stop chatting in class.
老师叫学生在课堂上不要讲话。
Having walked 30 minutes, they decided to stop to have a rest.
走了30分钟后,他们决定停下来休息一下。
They had meant to get home earlier, but there being no bus meant walking home and being late for supper.
他们本打算早点回家,但是没有公汽意味着步行回家,晚饭迟到。
还有一些动词短语虽然以to结尾,其中的to却是介词,所以后面要么接名词作宾语,要么就接动名词作为介词的宾语。这类短语有:
nlc202309040946
Pay attention to, look forward to, lead to, contribute to/make contribution to, stick to, be addicted to, be accustomed/used to, be opposed to, be exposed to, object to, be devoted to, get down to, on one’s way to等。
还有一些较难理解的句子:
How Tom expected there to be an opportunity to see the pianist in the flesh!
汤姆多么希望有机会能亲自看到这位钢琴家啊!(there to be...作expect的宾语)
Usually noises of desks being opened and closed could be heard far in the street.
通常远远地在街上就能听到桌子开开关关的响声。
上句of后接be opened and closed的动名词作介词的宾语, 而且带有be opened and closed的逻辑主语desks也可改为desks’,就像Do you mind my/me opening the door?一样。
3
做表语时的差别
动词不定式和动名词在句中都可作表语,在一般情况下可互换。但在表将来,或具体某人的某一次行为,则经常用不定式。如:
His favorite sport is playing tennis.
我最喜爱的运动是网球。
Marty’s ambition/wish is to be a computer programmer.
马蒂的志向/愿望是当一句计算机程序员。
My job is training you to give good lectures, but today my first presentation is to share a poem with you.
我的工作是训练你作好演讲,但是今天首先要和你分享一首诗。
另外, 还要注意对等结构中的一致。如“眼见为实”既可以翻译为Seeing is believing, 也可译为To see is to believe,即主语用不定式时,表语也要用不定式;主语是动名词时表语也要用动名词。不要糅杂到一起,要保持主语和表语形式的一致。
4
做定语时的差别
动词不定式通常在所修饰的名词后作定语,或用于表示“有”的结构中作定语。动名词作定语常表示所修饰的名词的功能或用途。
Madam Curie is the first woman scientist to receive a Nobel Prize.
居里夫人是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。
There are a lot of topics to choose from.
有很多话题可供挑选。
The girl has a great number of books to read.
这个女孩有很多书要读。
The swimming pool is accessible to all the residents in the community.
这个社区所有的居民都可使用这个游泳池。
He wants to buy a pair of running shoes.
他想买双跑鞋。
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