商务合同中英文翻译(通用8篇)
商务合同中英文翻译 篇1
【摘 要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言,用词准确、正式、严谨,具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析,探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。
【关键词】商务英文合同 词汇特征 翻译
商务合同是商品经济的产物,它随着商品经济的产生而产生,也随着商品经济的发展而发展,是商品交换关系在法律上的体现,受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天,国际商务活动日益频繁,贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务,具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点,同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。
一、庄重正式
Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体,即庄重文体(frozen style),正式文体(formal style),商议文体(consultative style),随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体,即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。
1.商务专业术语
专业术语(technical term留学生论文网http://s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单
一、无歧义,且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据,商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如,policy(保险单),negotiable(可转让的),liability(责任、义务),right of recourse(追索权),factoring(保理)等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释,简化交易过程,提高工作效率。
2.法律专业术语
为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务,商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语,此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多,如:imputed negligence(转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移,它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障,是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语,如action(诉讼),party(当事人),financial responsibility(经济责任,指违约责任,具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性,因此要格外留意。如,“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受,合同随即订立。”而实际上,“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语,其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”,前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意,而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。
3.外来词和古体词
商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语,有些则是由其词根派生或合成,许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定,利于精确地表达概念,例如:ad valorem duty(拉丁语)从价(关)税,bona fide holder(拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人,pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语,即proportional tax rate),insurance premium per capita(拉丁语)人均保险费,force majeure(法语)不可抗力,pro forma(拉丁语)估算表。
商务合同英语具有古体特点,这种古体特点的一个主要标志是古体词语的使用。古体词(archaism)是一种具有鲜明文体色彩的词汇成分。尽管古体词在现代英语口语和一般书面语中极少使用,但在商务合同等法律文体中,古体词却大量出现,充分体现出其庄重严肃的文体风格。合同英语最具特色的古体词形式当数自由词素where、here和there与in、by、with和after等构成的复合副词:(1)here +介词:如,hereto,hereof,herein,hereinafter等。这里here相当于this,指本文献、合同或有关文件,因此,“hereto”(本合同)相当于to this,依此类推。(2)there +介词:这类词由thereto,thereon,therein,thereof等。其中there相当于that,指句子前面已出现的某个名词或名词词组,因此,“thereto”(根据那一点)即为to that。
(3)where+介词:whereby,wherein,whereof,whereupon中where相当于which或者what,“whereof”(关于它)也就是of which。如,payment in respect thereof(关于此项的付款)。古体词语的使用除了体现其庄重严肃以外,还可避免不必要的重复,使意义更加清楚、简明。例如:“依照本合同相关规定”在英文商务合同中几乎见不到“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”这种表达方式,常见的表达方式是“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等。对“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”,西方工商界一般会选择使用“Neither party hereto may assign this contract.”,而较少使用“Neither party to the contract may assign this contract.”。
4.复杂介词短语
商务合同英语正式性还体现在倾向使用较复杂的介词短语来代替非正式语体中常见的简单介词与连词。例如,用with regard to和prior to分别代替about和before。又如:All disputes in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by way of amicable negotiation.在此句中,用“in connection with”就比用“of”要显得更为正式。
二、准确严谨
1.情态动词
合同英语中各情态动词意义界限非常明确,体现了合同语言的严谨性。“shall”在商务合同英语中使用率最高,含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制性”之意,其含义相当于“must”,但合同中不能使用“must”。如,“The seller shall present the following shipping documents to the bank for negotiation of L/ C”中的“shall”表明“卖方在向银行议付信用证时,必须履行递交所要求的装运单据这一法律义务,而且应做到单据相符、单单相符,否则银行即可拒付。”“will”则只表示对合同一方的某种建议或合同双方之外第三方的行为的说明,不构成法律约束。“should”意为“应该”,带有主观意思,表示“这样做最好”。若用于条件句中,则表示较低的可能性。“may”表示“可以”、“可能”。这两个意思在日常用语中都可用“can”来表达,但是在合同中几乎只用“may”而不用“can”,因为前者比后者语气更正式。例如:Unless otherwise agreed,delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions,that is to say,the seller must be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods.译为:除非另有协议,货物的交付和价款的支付应是同时履行的条件,换言之,卖方必须乐意让出占有将货物交至买方以交付价款;同时,买方须乐意支付价款以交换对货物的占有。
商务合同中英文翻译 篇2
1 长句
与普通的英语文本相比, 商务合同英语句子具有两个典型的特点:句子字数多, 句子结构复杂, 因而增加了翻译的难度。对于法律英语中的长句可以通过“拆分—组合”翻译法加以翻译。具体就是将“长句”拆分成“短句”, 分析找出句子的主体结构即找出主语和谓语;然后再把“短句”翻译出来;最后根据目的语的表述习惯将译文组合, 完成整个长句的翻译。
在商务合同中, 长句的形成主要有以下三种方式:复杂的长句、多个并列结构和多个分句。
1.1 复杂的长句
商务合同中对权利和义务的规定事关当事人的利益, 尤其是经常与经济利益密切相关, 因此常使用大量结构复杂的长句并带有很多修饰成分, 明确表述各个条款的内容。状语从句和定语从句是商务合同中较常见的附加成分。根据语法功能的不同, 状语从句包括时间、地点、目的、原因、让步等类别, 而且有各自的特点。定语从句常用来对中心词进行更精确地说明和限定, 从句或长或短, 结构繁简不一。
复杂长句的使用一方面体现出正式庄严、准确严谨、逻辑清晰的商务合同文体风格;另一方面又可以对合同当事人履行权利与义务的条件、期限、方式、地点等严格限制, 使商务合同不存在任何漏洞, 避免合同履行过程中发生争端, 以维护双方的合法利益。在翻译时要理清多层次的复杂逻辑关系, 明白长句所表达的相互关联的意义。例如:
W hen the goods have ar r ived at their destination, the consignee that demands delivery of the goods under the contract of carriage shall accept delivery of the goods at the time or within the time period and at the location agreed in the contract of carriage or, failing such agreement, at the time and location at which, having regard to the terms of the contract, the customs, usages or practices of the trade and the circumstances of the carriage, delivery could reasonably be expected.
翻译步骤如下:
步骤1:“拆分”句子, 找出句子的主干部分。
在这一长句中, 有多个从句:when引导的时间状语从句, that和which引导的定语从句;该句子还有or和and引导的多个并列结构, 以及at引导的介词成分。经过分析句子的主干部分为the consignee shall accept delivery of the goods.
步骤2:分别翻译各个从句。
When the goods have arrived at their designation:当货物到达目的地时。
The consignee that demands delivery of the goods under the contract of carriage:要求交付货物的的收货人。
Having regard to the terms of the contract, the customs, usages or practices of the trade and the circumstances of the carriage:应当考虑到合同条款和行业习惯、惯例或者行业做法以及运输情形。
At the time and location at which…delivery could reasonable be expected:能够合理预期的交货时间和地点。
步骤3:将各个短句的译文进行组合:当货物到达目的地时, 按照运输合同要求交付货物的收货人应在运输合同约定的时间或者期限内, 在运输合同约定的地点接受交货;无约定的, 应考虑到合同条款和行业习惯、行业惯例或行业做法以及运输情形, 在能够合理预期的交货时间和地点接受交货。
1.2 多个并列结构
由于撰写合同时要将所有可能发生的情况预计到并包括在合同中, 所以英文商务合同中往往含有大量的并列成分, 包括并列的词、短语以及从句。并列的平行结构使合同句式平衡、表意完整。
Except for the license granting Manufacturer the right, nothing contained in this Agreement shall be constr ued as conferring any right to Manufacturer or Vendor to use or register any name, trademark, service mark, logo, slogan, tagline, domain name, or other designation, including any contraction, abbreviation, or simulation of any of the foregoing, in advertising, publicity or marketing activities or for any purpose whatsoever.Any publicity, advertising, etc.with regard to this Agreement which mentions another Party shall be mutually agreed upon in writing prior to use.
多个名词的并列使用增加了句子的长度, 具体翻译步骤:
步骤1:分割句子找出句子的主体结构, 经分析这一段话中包括两个句子, 从“句号”处分隔开, 然后再分别翻译即可。步骤2:分别翻译两个句子。步骤3:组合全部的译文为:除授予制造商特许权之外, 本协议中的任何内容不得被解释为授予制造商或卖方如下任何权利:在广告、宣传或营销活动中, 或者为任何目的, 使用或注册任何名称、商标、服务标志、标示、口号、宣传词、域名、或者其他标志, 包括任何简写、缩写、或前述任何内容的模仿。与本协议有关的任何提及另一当事方的宣传、广告等, 应当在使用前由本协议全体当事人共同书面协商一致。
1.3 多个分句
In respect of the territories referred to in article 35 of the Constitution of the International Labor Organization as amended by the Constitution of the International Labor Organization Instrument of Amendment, 1946, other than the territories referred to in paragraphs4 and 5 of the said article as so amended, each Member of the Organization which ratifies this Convention shall communicate to the Director-General of the International Labor Office with or as soon as possible after its ratification a declaration stating:
(1) The territories in respect of which it undertakes that the provisions of the Convention shall be applied without modification.
(2) The territories in respect of which it undertakes that the provisions of the Convention shall be applied subject to modifications, together with details of the said modifications;
(3) The ter ritories in respect of which the Convention is i napplicable and i n such cases the g rou nds on which it is inapplicable;
(4) The territories in respect of which it reserves its decision.
这种包含了多个分句的长句结构比较复杂, 字数也很多, 但各个分句已经被单独列出, 在一定程度上降低了分析句子结构的难度, 只需要分别翻译每一个分句, 再组合译文就可以了。
步骤1:拆分句子, 找出句子的主干部分。这个长句的主干部分为each Member of the Organization which ratifies this Convention shall communicate to the Director-General of the International Labor Office, 其前面有两个由In respect of, other than引导的状语从句, stating后面引导了4个分句。
步骤2:分别翻译, 然后进行组合。完成的译文为:
关于经1946年《国际劳工组织组织法修正书》修正后的《国际劳工组织组织法》第35条所述领土 (该条修正后第4款和第5款所述领土除外) , 国际劳工组织每一成员于批准本公约时, 或于批准后尽快向国际劳工局局长提出一份声明说明:
(1) 不经修改地适用本公约规定的该国领土;
(2) 在加以修改的情况下适用本公约规定的该国领土以及这些修改的细节;
(3) 不适用本公约的领土, 以及不适用的原因;
(4) 该国保留决定权的领土。
2 条件句
商务合同主要约定合同各方应享有的权利和应履行的义务, 既要考虑到各种情况, 又要排除各种例外情形, 而且这种权利的行使和义务的履行均附有各种条件, 条件句的使用使合同条款的内容更加完整、精确, 避免语句使用不当而导致任何一方的经济损失, 所以条件句的大量使用成为商务合同的一个特点。合同英语中条件句非常多而且形式多样, 有时一个句子中出现多个条件句, 这在普通的英语文本中很少见。条件句通常由以下连词引导:if, as if, unless, whereas, in case, in the event that, provided that, should, provided (that) , subject to, otherwise等, 这些连词意思虽然相近但表达的意义及侧重点不同, 翻译时需加以注意。
3 名词化结构
名词化结构是英语书面语的主要特征之一, 而在汉语中较少使用此结构。英语常被人们称为一种“名词化” (nominalization) 的语言 (Roger Fowler:79) 。所谓名词化结构就是把一个句子中的动词或形容词转换为名词, 使之具有名词的功能, 同时又保留动词或形容词的某些主要功能, 从而使原来的句子转换为名词词组。商务英语合同中的名词化结构用以表明抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化, 使语体更加庄重、更加具有书面语言的风格。为达到简洁确切、严密表达, 商务英语合同中广泛使用以下几种类型的名词化结构组合:
(1) 用of连接主谓关系。如:That the L/C shall comply with what is stipulated in the contract is of vital importance. (2) 用of连接动宾关系; (3) 用of连接含有by的短语, 把从句转换成名词短语; (4) 将被动结构转换成名词; (5) 将副词与动词一起转换成名词词组。
4 结语
由以上分析可以看出, 与其他商务文本相比, 商务合同文本属于正式程度较高的契约文体, 句子结构具有逻辑周密严谨, 句式复杂, 因此翻译合同时应掌握其句式特征灵活运用翻译策略, 使译文准确规范。
参考文献
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[2]廖文玉.国际商务英语合同的翻译准则及其中译技巧[J].商场现代化, 2008 (4) .
[3]许俊强.收货人提取货物的义务——兼评《鹿特丹规则》第43条收货人接受交货义务[J].中国海商法年刊, 2009-09-15.
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商务英文合同的句式特点及翻译 篇3
[关键词] 合同法律文件复杂句翻译
我国与世界各国双边贸易日趋频繁,使得合同翻译成为一项必不可少的工作程序。合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。因此,合同翻译至关重要,其内容直接影响合同双方的利益。如何做好合同法律文件的翻译,保证中方的利益不因合同文本的翻译而招致损失越发具有现实的意义。其中,由于合同的严肃,严谨,严密性,导致复合句的应用较多,而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。
一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句,首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点
商务合同作为一种实用文体,在词汇使用方而具有与其他文体不同的特,如用词正式规范,大量使用商务术语、法律术语及其他具有法律语言特点的正式词语。因而商务合同的翻译要求译者具有一定的专业知识。在句式结构方面,商务合同也与其他文体迥异。商务合同英语常不以易于理解为目的,大量使用复合句。究其根源,还是源于商务合同英语的文体属性。作为法律文书,商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务,合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句,可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定,也可能并列平行,因此,在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来,确保合同句子结构的严谨性,以及文意的严密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等,有时会显得臃肿、晦涩,无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度,与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法
商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高,句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,无疑给译者增添了许多困难,但是,无论多长的句子,多么复杂的结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思,然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤:首先,译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构,其次,要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词,然后再分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配,插入语等其他成分。
例1:
If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or underApplicableLaws,itshallindemnifyandkeep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.
分析:
第一步,拆分句子:
此长句可拆分为四个意义段,分别是
1)If a Party breaches …in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18. 2
2)then in addition to …Applicable laws
3)it shall indemnify and …costs,expenses,liabilities and claims
4)that such Party or …as a result of suchbreach.
第二步,句子的结构分析:
1.句的主干結构是主语(It)+(情态动词+动词原形)(shall indemnify and keep indemnified…against)+宾语(the other Party and the Company)。
2.“if”引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18. 1 or repeated in 18. 2)。
3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分,其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the otherPartyunderthiscontract orunderApplicablelaws)。
4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。
5.固定结构“indemnify sb. Against …”使某人不受……
根据以上分析,以及汉语的行文习惯(条件在前.结果在后,以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前),以上条款可翻译为:如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所做的陈述及担保或重述,则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。
在对长句进行分析的基础上,商务合同长句具体翻译方法又可细分为二种:即,顺序法、逆序法和分译法。
(1)顺序法。所谓顺序法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务合同中,当英语长句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时,此类长句与汉语的表达方式较一致,可按原文的顺序译出。
例2:
In the event that the Company's operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the parties,or the Company experience substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties,the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.
上述句子的逻辑关系非常清楚,即:三个假设条件,一个结论,表达顺序与汉语一致。因此,可按照原文的语序进行翻译。参考译文:如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减,或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损,导致双方商定的业务计划中所未预期的盈余保留负数,或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下,双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。
(2)逆序法。所谓逆序法就是逆着原文的顺序翻译。在商务合同中,有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同,甚至语序完全相反。因此,根据汉语的习惯,译者必须从原文句子的后面译起。 由于译文句子的前后与原文句子的前后相比,有倒置现象,因此,逆序法又称为“倒置法”。
例3:
The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due toForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocess of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit。
这里原文的行文方式是把信息的重心放在句首,先表明卖方的免责事项(The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods),接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责( due to Force Majeure)。而对不可抗力又做了限定(which might occurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourse of loading or transit)。而按照汉民族的思维习惯往往是先谈原因再讲结论。因此翻译时译者应采用逆序的方法将原文表示免责条件的“duetoForceMajeure,whichmight…ofloadingortransit” 移到句首。再者, 英语中的非限制性定语从句(即本句中的which might occur... of loading or transit)翻译成中文时要么仍翻译成定语放在所修饰的词之前,要么处理为别的成分。根据以上分析,原文可翻译为:凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任。
(3)分译法。分译法就是将原文一个句子分成几个句子来翻译,或者将其中某个较长的修饰成分单独翻译成一句或几句。这是由于在商务合同中有些句子过长,又含有多层意思,而主句和从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系又不十分紧密,如果采用一个汉语句子对原文进行翻译,容易导致句义混乱,这种情况下,译者可以把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来翻译。这样做也符合汉语多用短句的习惯,同时也可以使句子意思表达得更清楚明了。
例4:
EitherPartymayterminate thecontract incase of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremediedsixty (60) days after the service of a written noticeas described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question andrequiring it to be remedied.
原文是商務合同中有关期限和终止的条款,按照先讲结论,即合同任一方具有的权利(Either Party may terminate the contract)然后再列举实施此权利的条件(in case of failure ... and in the eventthat ...)的顺序行文,而汉民族的行文习惯往往是先条件后结论,所以译文在整体上应采用逆序法。但,即:违约行为60天内未改正,60天是从无责任方书面通知送达之日算起,书面通知中无责任方已指出对方违约行为并要求其改正等等。如不对内容进行分解,则可能导致句义混乱。因此,翻译此句时应采用拆译法,以期将原文意思表述清楚。参考译文:如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务,而且未按照下述第X条规定在另一方向其送达书面通知,指出其违约行为并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天内,其仍未子以改正,另一方则可以终止本合同。
商务英文合同为了在有限的条款中完整、明确地表达合同各方的权利和义务,大量使用信息包涵量大的复杂长句,给译者造成一定困难。但不管遇到何种类型的长句,译者都可在对原句进行分析的基础上,根据汉语行文习惯,采用顺序法、逆序法,以及分译法或同时采用几种方法的方式,准确翻译原文。
参考文献:
[1]张新红等:商务英语翻译(英译汉)[M].北京:高等教育出社,2003
[2]傅伟良:合同法律文件翻译谈[J].中国翻译,2002,(5)
[3]肖石枢:英汉法律术语的特点、词源及翻译[J].中国翻译,2001,(3)
英文合同翻译 篇4
例1:
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
例2:
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.参考译文:
特此证明,据我们所知,上述声明内容真实,正确无误,并提供了全部现有的资料和数据,我们同意,应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3:
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party
A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.参考译文:本合同双方,公司(以下称甲方)与 公司(以下称乙方),在平等互利基础上,通过友好协商,于 年 月 日在中国(地点),特签订本合同。
例4:
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).参考译文:本协议特由中国 公司(以下简称甲方)与 公司(以下简称乙方)于 年 月 日订立。
例5
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.参考译文:
商务合同中英文翻译 篇5
英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文 语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用,以避免重复,置于这些词组前面,与之紧邻。
例1:
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释:
(1)in accordance with:under 根据
(2)Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures:中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法
(3)Hereinafter:以下
(4)articles of association:合营公司章程(条款)
(5)hereby:特此
(6)formulate:prepare 制订
参考译文:
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由公司(以下称甲方)与公司(以下称乙方)所订的合资经营的合同,特制订本公司章程。
例2
Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);
(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);
(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);
(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and
(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注释:
(1)financial institution:金融机构(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China:总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译英时,这里的“外国资本银行”,应理解成“外资银行的子银行”,英文为subsidiary banks,而不能简单地译成foreign banks,因为很少有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外,但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks:以下简称外资银行。
(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches:以下简称外资银行分行。(5)finance company:财务公司,这里应理解为金融公司,是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务所,则要译成:accounting firm
(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies:以下简称外资财务公司
(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies:以下简称合资财务公司 参考译文:
本条例所称外资金融机构,是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定,经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构:
(一)总行在中国境内的外国资本银行(以下简称外资银行)
(二)外国银行在中国境内的分行(以下简称外资银行分行)
(三)外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行(以下简称合资银行)
(四)总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司(以下简称外资财务公司)
(五)外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司(以下简称合资财务公司)
例3
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign
investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注释:(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures:已设立的中外合资经营企业,即现有的中外合资经营企业(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture:中外合作经营企业(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises:外资企业
(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”:以下简称外商投资企业
(5)shall have a record of making profits:应有盈利纪录
参考译文:
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业,外资企业(以下称为外商投资企业),如申请转变为公司的,应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。
例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释:
(1)the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC):对外贸易经济合作部(以下简称外经贸部)(2)the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities:外经贸部门
(3)municipalities directly under the Central Government:直辖市
(4)the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan:计划单列市
参考译文:
申请设立投资公司,投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后,报对外贸易经济合作部(以下简称外经贸部)审查批准。
例5
These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the
People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the
qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释:(1)these Regulations are formulated and prepared:制定本条例 prepare:制定(2)the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China:《中华人民共和国公司法》
(3)hereinafter referred to as the Company Law:以下简称《公司法》
(4)to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies:确认公司的企业法
人资格(5)standardize the registration activities of companies:规范公司登记行为
参考译文:
为了确认公司的企业法人资格,规范公司登记行为,依据《中华人民共和国公司法》(以下
简称《公司法》),制定本条例。
例6
In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to
absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as
foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations
(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the
principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares
with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释:(1)to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange:进一步
扩大国际经济合作和技术交流(2)to absorb foreign investment:引进外资
(3)to promote the development of socialist market economy:促进社会主义市场经济的发展
(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders:以下简称外国股东 foreign shareholders:外国股东
(5)hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders:以下简称中国股东
(6)within the territory of China:在中国境内
(7)a company limited by shares with foreign investment:外商投资股份有限公司参考译文:
为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流,引进外资,促进社会主义市场经济的发展,外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人(以下简称外国股东),按照平等互利的原则,可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织(以下简称中国股东)在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司(以下简称公司)。
例7
In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注释:
(1)to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise:引进国外先进技术和管理经验
(2)to establish investment company:设立投资公司
(3)hereinafter referred to as “investment company”:以下简称投资公司
(4)the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment:中国有关外国投资的法律、法规
参考译文:
为了促进外国投资者来华投资,引进国外先进技术和管理经验,允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定,在中国设立投资公司(以下简称投资公司)。例8
These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant
companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign
enterprises”).注释:
(1)these Detailed Rules:本实施细则
(2)apply(to):vi.适用于 More Examples:The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.(3)the resident representative offices:常驻代表机构
(4)shipping agents:货运代理商
(5)consultant company:咨询公司
(6)advertising agency:广告公司
(7)leasing company:租赁公司
(8)hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”:以下简称外国企业 参考译文:
本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织(以下简称外国企业)在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。
例9
A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities
directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized
Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the
municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释:
(1)its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations:其授权的对外经济贸易委员会
(2)hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities:以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities:审批机关
(3)register with:办理登记手续
(4)the State Administration for Industry and Commerce:国家工商行政管理局
(5)its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce:其授权的(各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市)工商行政管理局
参考译文:
商务合同翻译 篇6
In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一个月内,甲方将按合同单价把已售出的货物以美元形式全额汇给乙方。如果有销售额总额超过15万美元的情况,甲方应在一月内将销售款以美元形式汇给乙方。
Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)装配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方运至广州。如有零部件短少或破损,甲方应负责补充替换。
甲方应于成品交运1个月前开出不可撤销的信用证以支付全部装配费和乙方在广州购买零件、消耗品和部件的费用。
The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4)一切与本合同有关的进出口手续,均由乙方办理。
乙方将所装配的晶体管收音机运交甲方指定的外国买主。有关运费和保险费由甲方负担。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party
B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5)晶体管收音机的商标由甲方供给,如有法律纠纷,甲方应负完全责任。
如因装配需要,由乙方在广州购买的零部件必须达到品质标准,并应事先经过甲方核准。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6)本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效,到聘期届满时失效。如一方要求延长聘期,必须在合同期满前一个月用书面向对方提出,经双方协商同意后另签延聘合同。
This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other
party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7)公司为一有限责任公司及在中华人民共和国法律下的法人,公司的所有活动应遵守中华人民共和国颁布的法律、法令及条例,公司的所有合法权益及利益受中华人民共和国的法律管辖及保护。
The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8)合营的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的义务,违约一方得赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。
在合营期限内,双方都无权单方面宣布撤销或终止本合同。
If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9)公司注册资本为9000万美元。由中方在签约后30天内提供土地使用权。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供办公楼、厂房、必须的设备、设备、机器、工具、仪器、工业产权、非专利技术、生产资金、流动资金等。
The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10)如因不可抗力事件使公司无法继续营业时,本协议可通过双方协商予以提前终止。如果中方或外方想要把本协议规定的权利和义务进行全部或部分转让,另一方有优先购买权。转让必须得到审批机关的批准。
In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺陷,投资人必须按中方的要求,及时适当解决
In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request
12)在上述情况下,该缺点经鉴定是由于中方操作经验不足,搬运不当或某一物品的消耗所致,则投资人应要求中方支付实际运输费用
In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption
13)在投资人派遣工程师的任务完成以后,中方如有必要仍可要求投资人继续给以技术支持,但投资人应要求中方为这种增加的合作支付费用,合作的条款由双方将来讨论约定。
Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future
14)乙方确认由其所生产的许可证产品必须严格按照甲方所提供的设计,图纸及规格生产,除依第C条第一款规定的修改内容以外,在任何情况下许可证产品均具备与 所生产的产品相同的质量与运动性能。如果乙方未严格依照甲方的设计,图纸及规格生产,则甲方对于乙方的许可证产品不承担任何担保责任。
15)GTT是中方和投资人之间的桥梁GTT应协助中方用展销会,研讨会,技术培训等办法在中国销售产品GTT应在产品品质合格时考虑把这些产品销往欧洲和非洲
1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR
2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect
3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory
16)如果初次检验不合格应进行第二次检验,如果第二次检验仍不合格,则投资人赢在2个月内自费调换有关设备如果检验合格,双方应签署检验证明书一式二份,双方各执一份
1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text
2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy
17)本合同的订立,效力,解释,执行及由其引起争议的解决均适用中华人民共和国颁布的法律,法令,和条例规定
The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china
18)受聘方的工作时间每周5天,每天7小时,受聘方按照中国,澳大利亚两国政府规定的节假日放假,寒假按本校校历规定。
The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf
19)聘方每月支付给受聘方工资2000澳元,并按照澳大利亚政府对在澳工作的外籍教师的规定提供各种福利待遇
The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia
20)受聘方在入境,离境,或过境时,必须遵守澳大利亚政府有关外国人居住,工资福利以及旅行等的法律,规章,并遵守聘方的工作制度。
The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party
21)双方均不得无故撤销合同如果聘方要求中途终止合同,除按上述条款承担工资福利待遇外,需给受聘方增发3个月的工资作为补偿金,并于1个月内安排受聘方及其家属回国并承担有关费用
若受聘方中途提出辞职,聘方自同意之日起即停发工资,受聘方不再享受各项福利待遇,受聘方及其家属回国的一切费用均由本人自理
Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it
22)乙方在签约后15天内,为加工设备开出以甲方为受益人的银行承兑信用证,其金额不得少于2220万日元,见票180天付款。这份信用证,只有在乙方收到甲方为芦笋罐头对开的信用证后才能生效,甲方在收到这份信用证后,应及时装运加工设备,提供本协议第七条所需的单证和180天到期的汇票,以便取得他的银行承兑。
Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance
23)乙方将向甲方提供上述货物在香港和日本市场的市级零售价以供甲方参考,乙方无权干涉甲方的销售价,销售场所,和销售办法,但有权提出积极地建议,甲方有责任向乙方提交销售报告(包括零售价)销售过程中出现的问题和为提高销售额而提出的建议,乙方应向甲方提供各种有利于销售(包括免费样品,试销货物,化妆品促销资料,技术交流和有贮存条件等)便利。
Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling
浅谈英文商务合同的写作技巧 篇7
写作合同之前的准备工作十分重要, 要确定合同的写作提纲, 重要的问题要考虑周全, 避免遗漏。可以要求客户列出合同交易的要点, 也可以说是合同的清单、目录或概述, 还可以在办公室的电脑中或是在网上搜索类似的合同范本。可以在电脑中搜寻类似的合同范本, 要么是你给其他客户准备的, 要么是你和其他律师共同协商起草的, 使用这些旧合同可以节省时间和避免打印错误。
一、起草合同时应注意的问题
在确定了合同的写作提纲之后, 就可以开始正式的写作了。在起草时, 要注意一些细节问题, 这些内容可能会影响到合同的法律效力。标题上注明“Contract” (合同) 字样, 如果你的客户需要合同, 就要注明是合同, 如果想让你的文件成为具有法律效力的合同, 就要在标题中注明“合同”字样。一般来说起草合同要尽量写短句子, 因为短句子比长句子更容易理解, 不容易产生误会, 意思也更清楚、明了。
在合同的写作中, 要多用主动语态, 少用被动语态。相对而言, 主动语态的句子更简短, 措词更精练, 表达更明白。让我们来看一个例子, “Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer” (卖方将把此物卖给买方) 和“The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller.” (此物将被卖方卖给买方。) 显然, 前者要比后者更简洁、明了。
二、注意合同的措辞, 要准确、清晰, 避免歧义
合同中的用词要严谨, 意思应该清楚, 不要用“Lessor”and“Lessee.” (“出租人”和“承租人”) , 这对一个租赁合同来说是不好的别称, 因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印错误。可以用“Landlord”and“Tenant” (“房东”和“租户”) 来代替他们。要把握的一条原则是, 在整个合同中, 对合同一方只能用一个别称。
使用术语“herein” (本文, 也可译为“在这里”) 时要注意, 为了避免含糊不清, 使用“本文”时最好特别申明一下“本文”是指整个合同, 还是指其所在的某一段落。
如果你想用“including” (包括) 这个词, 就要考虑在其后加上“but not limited to…” (“但不限于……”) 的分句, 除非你能够列出所有被包括的项, 否则最好用“但不限于……”的分句, 来说明你只是想举个例子。
三、掌握一些英文合同常用语句
合同中有些语句是模式化的, 在大多数的合同中都会出现, 在平时的学习和工作中, 可以积累一些这样的语句, 也可以直接从现成的合同文本中引用, 比如:
The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, all texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text.
(本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成, 一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份, 两种文字具有同等效力。)
The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract.On the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void.
(本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年, 有效期满后, 本合同自动失效。)
The outstanding claims and liabilities existing between both parties on the expiry of the validity of the contract shall not be influenced by the expiration of this contract.The debtor shall be kept liable until the debtor fully pays up his debts to the creditor.
(本合同期限届满时, 双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响, 债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。)
参考文献
[1]黄始谋:《漫谈商务英语合同的翻译和理解》, 《商场现代化》, 2007, (13) 。
[2]黄始谋:《漫谈商务英语合同中的介词和介词短语使用特点》, 《商场现代化》, 2007, (08) 。
[3]张慧清:《商务英语合同中的名词化结构及其语篇功能》, 《长沙大学学报》, 2007, (04) 。
[4]莫再树:《商务合同英语的词汇特征》, 《山东外语教学》, 2003, (06) 。
[5]王友琴:《商贸英语合同写作特点与翻译探析》, 《牡丹江大学学报》, 2007, (10) 。
商务合同中英文翻译 篇8
关键词:人际功能理论 语气 “负面消息”商务信函 翻译策略
1、引言
商务信函是指国际经贸活动中用以洽谈生意、磋商问题的函件。本文拟用传达负面消息的英文商务信函作为分析对象,以系统功能语言学的人际功能理论进行分析,探究其译文如何真实生动地再现原文文本的人际意义。
2、理论基础
Halliday提出的纯理功能包括概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。其中人际功能包括语气、情态和语调三个语义系统;在语法层面上,语言主要通过语气系统和情态系统来体现其人际功能[1]。本文拟从语气系统层面对传达负面信息的英文信函实例进行分析,探讨其人际功能和翻译策略。
3、实例分析
以下是买方拒绝与卖方建立业务关系的信函,本文将以此为例,从几个细化的角度进行分析,探究其如何实现人际功能以及运用哪些翻译策略。
原文:Gentlemen:
Your New Model, DONGFENG-3
We have duly received with many thanks your letter of July 15,1997, introducing to us your new manufacture, DONGFENG-3, in which we have very much interest. We, however, regret to inform you that we are not in a position to enter into business relations with any firms in your country because we have already been appointed as an agent by a German Automobile Manufacturing Company for the sale of their products.
Under the circumstances, we are compelled to refrain from transacting with you at least until the agency contract expires. Of course, we filed your letter and catalog for our future reference, so we may not fail to contact you when we become free from the agency contract.
We thank you again and hope you will understand our situation fully.
Yours very truly,
译文:先生们:
新型农用车“东风-3”
贵公司一九九七年七月十五日函悉,非常感谢。来信介绍了你公司的产品“东风-3”,对此我们颇感兴趣。但遗憾的是我们不能同贵国任何商行建立业务关系,因为我公司已经由一家德国汽车制造公司委派为他们的代理,推销他们的产品。
在这种情况下,至少在代理合同期满之前,我们不能同贵公司做买卖,这是迫不得已的。当然,你们的来信和产品目录已存档案,当我们终止已有的代理时,一定与贵公司联系。
再次感谢你们,并希望贵公司充分理解我们的处境。
3.1 从语气系统分析
语气由主语和限定成分构成 ,其中主语由名词性词组充当,而限定成分属动词词组的一部分。主语和限定成分之外的其余部分称作剩余部分,它包括谓语,补语和状语(或附加语)[1]。下面将从这三个方面对上述例文进行分析。
3.1.1 小句主语
传递负面信息的英文商务信函,如例文,大多用“We”作主语,,这样一方面突出信函的目的,即陈述不能接受业务合作的原因;另一方面使句子语气友好,保持良好的人际关系。译文并没有将原文的的主语一一对应翻译过来,而是根据汉语的表达习惯,采取不同的主语来传递信函的信息以及蕴含的礼貌态度,达到了功能对等。
3.1.2 语气类型
系统功能语法的语气类型包括直陈式和命令式两种,英文负面消息商务信函多使用陈述语气,用来提供不满意或不能合作的信息,或是向对方发出命令或请求等。如例文中,全文共5句,全都是陈述句,译文也同样用陈述句传达收信人不能接受业务合作的原因及感激之情,语气委婉、客气,有利于以后业务关系的建立。
3.1.3 剩余部分-状语
小句剩余部分的状语包括情景状语、情态状语和连接状语。情态状语可分为语气状语和评述状语。其中,语气状语是语气成分的一部分,体现人际功能[2]。如例文中“… we have already been appointed as an agent …”的“already”一词,表明动作已经完成,体现了写信人想同对方合作但又无可奈何的心情,使收信人心理上易于接受。
连接状语通常出现在某些成分的边缘,如句首、句尾、主位和述位之间及语气与剩余成分之间,以有利于语篇的组织[1]。如例文中“We, however, regret to inform you that…”的“however”,出现在主位和述位之间,表达意义的转折,但并不表达人际功能。
4、结束语
本文通过从语气系统对传递负面消息的商务信函进行分析,探讨其实现人际功能的方式及翻译方法,发现传递负面消息的商务信函为实现其特定的交际目的,在语气上有其自身的语言特点:一般用 “we”作为小句主语;主要使用陈述句;传达人际功能的状语。传递负面消息的商务信函正是在语气上采取这些策略来表达写信人的观点、感情和态度,并试图影响收信人的态度和行为。
参考文献:
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