建筑证书中英文翻译

建筑证书中英文翻译（精选5篇）

建筑证书中英文翻译 篇1

建筑证书的中英文翻译

Certificate of Real Estate Ownership（房地产权证）

The Certificate granted by the government stating the ownership title of the property built on a certain piece of land, location, construction area, etc.The years of property ownership is equal to the years of land use right.New Certificate is a combination of both the land use right information and real estate ownership information.由政府部门颁发的关于某土地上所建建筑权属、地理位置、建筑面积等的证书。房屋所有权年限等于土地使用年限。新的房地产权证包括土地使用权信息和房地产权信息。

Construction Completion Inspection Certificate（建设工程竣工验收备案证书）

A certificate issued by Construction Project Quality Supervision to approve the inspection for the quality of construction after completion.建设工程完工时，对工程质量进行验收检查，合格后由建设质量监督总站颁发建设工程竣工验收备案证书。

Construction Permit（施工许可证）

A permit for the construction company to commence construction on a piece of land issued by Construction Management Bureau.由建设工程管理局颁发的对于建筑单位可以开始在土地上建设的施工许可。

Engineering Planning Permit（建筑工程规划许可证）

A permit issued by City Planning Management Bureau for the construction planning which confirms its legitimacy to protect the lawful rights and interests of an entity or individual.It includes time schedule, details in construction area, approved layout, structure, etc.由城市规划管理局颁发的有关建设工程符合城市规划要求的法律凭证，用以确认有关建设活动的合法地位，保证有关建设单位和个人的合法权益，内容包括施工进度表、建筑地区详情、批准规划和工程结构等。

Land Usage Planning Permit（建设用地规划许可证）

A permit issued by City Planning Management Bureau which confirms its legitimacy for the land usage planning.由城市规划管理局颁发的用以确认建设项目位置和范围符合城市规划的法律凭证。

State-owned Land Use Right Certificate（国有土地使用产权证）

A certification issued by Administrative Bureaus of Houses and Land Resources certifying that the certificate holder legally has the right to use a piece of State owned land as approved by the governmental authorities.由房屋土地资源管理局颁发的表明土地使用者依法享有国有土地使用权的证明。

英文产品保证书的文体特征与翻译 篇2

关键词：保证书；文体；翻译

产品保证书(warranty)是一种法律性文书(legal document)，是制造商对客户就产品质量保证和售后服务的书面承诺。由于产品保证书具有法律约束力，制造商在保证书中必须对担保的范围、期限、责任和义务等作出明确的规定，以避免日后和客户发生法律上的纠纷。我国出口产品保证书的读者对象是不同语言文化背景的外国顾客，保证书的篇章结构、文体特征及其英文翻译应该和国际通行的产品保证书接轨，这对提高我国出口产品的商业信誉和服务水平有重要的意义。

一、句法特征及其相关的翻译方法

1.大量使用一般现在时和一般将来时。保证书中的动词时态主要以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。就时态翻译而言，英语的一般现在时可以直接翻译为汉语一般陈述句子；一般将来时可以译为“将……”或翻译成不带任何时间标记的时态内隐式句子。如：

①The warranty only covers defects specified herein and doesnot include defects or damages attributable to installation，misuse……

保证书只对规定内的产品瑕疵担保，对因安装或使用不当造成的瑕疵或损坏不予担保。

②Jimex will dispatch authorized service technician and onlypay for travel time with 50 miles radius.Extra travel time willbe charged to the end-user

Jimex如果工作范围半径在50英里内，公司(将)负责派遣合格的技术人员，并仅支付行程时间的报酬。额外行程时间(将)由用户付酬。

2.使用结构复杂的长句。为了确保行文逻辑严密，滴水不漏地表达各部语义逻辑之间的关系，保证书中会使用一些句子结构复杂的长句或复合句。同英语复杂长句相比，汉语思维表达一般按时间心理流程，采用按时间先后顺序和事理推移的方法，一件件交待，一层层展开。所以汉语以句式简短、语义简晰见长。因此译者需要摆脱原文表达形式的限制，对其形式结构重新进行排列整合，按汉语的逻辑顺序和表达习惯译出。如：

③Products or Accessories with (a)serial numbers or datetags that have been removed，altered or obliterated；(b)brokenseals or that show evidence of tampering；(c)mismatched boardserial numbers；or(d)nonconforming or non-Motorola housings，antennas，or parts，are excluded from coverage.具有如下情形的产品或零部件不属于保证范围：(a).系列号或日期标签已被撕毁；(b).封条已经破裂或有证据表明篡改过；(c).错误配置主板系列号；(d).非摩托罗拉公司的机架、天线、零件。

例句③共有40个词语，主语的定语是用with带的三组并列的名词短语，主语部分多达36个词语，是典型的“主语长、谓语短”句型。译文把原文主语中的长定语译成了表示列举的主语补足语，译文的结构有很大的调整变通，更符合汉语公文体的行文模式。

3.使用大量的被動句。英语产品保证书使用被动语态叙述可以起到突出信息中心，使语气显得客观委婉的作用。相比之下，汉语使用被动语态的频率比英语要低得多。这与汉民族主体思维习惯有密切关系。特别是陈述责任界线时，汉语句子更不可能出现施事主语缺位的现象。在一般情况下，英语被动句应译作汉语主动句或无主句。例如：

④No warranty is made that the software will meet yourrequirements or will work in combination with any hardware orsoftware applications provided by third parties，that the operationof the software products will be uninterrupted or error free，or thatall defects in the software products will be corrected.(本公司无法保证软件会满足客户的要求或同第三方提供的硬件或软件兼容；也不保证软件产品不受干扰或无误差或软件中所有的瑕疵会得到更正。)

例句④有三个同位语从句修饰主语warranty(保证)一词，为了尾重的需要，置于主句No warranty is made之后。原句是被动句，译文为主动句式，通过增译法补充逻辑主语，使厂家的主体性得到强调。

4.使用大量的平行结构

(1)句内平行结构

句内平行结构以句中的同一词性的三项以上的词语或短语构成，一般不存在轻重缓急和程度高低，而是逐项列举，穷尽各种事项，堵塞漏洞，体现了产品质量保证书语体风格的缜密性。例如：

⑤Defects or damages resulting from service，testing，adjustment，installation，maintenance，alteration，inckuding with-out limitation，software changes or moodification in any way bysomeone other than Motorola，or its authorized service centers areexcluded from coverage.(因维修、检测、调节、安装、维护和改造引起的瑕疵或损害，不在保证之列，包括且不限于非摩托罗拉公司或其授权的维修中心的专业人员进行的软件修改。)例⑤是多项名词(化)的排比，不属于保证的项目被清楚地告知了客户。平行结构的各项必须准确、等值地翻译出来，使译文能够完整地传递原文的信息功能，以免因漏译或误译造成不必要的争议。

(2)句际平行结构

句际平行结构也是产品保证书的文体特征之一。在笔者所接触到的保证书中，几乎所有的产品质量保证书都有这种平行结构，而且主要出现在厂家不承担责任的条款中。采用这种结

构可以节省篇幅，便于客户迅速了解重点信息。这种平行结构的特点是名词性短语同句子混杂，层次分明、排列有序，条理紧凑。翻译可以保留原文结构的特点。

⑥Damages caused as the result of any of the following isnot covered：

Collision，fire，theft，freezing，vandalism，riot，exploSion，or objects striking the vehicle；

Misuse of the vehicle such as driving over curbs.Overloading，racing，or other competition.Proper vehicle use is discussed in theOwner's Manual and Maintenance booklet.

Alteration or modification to the vehicle including the body，chassis or components after final assembly by GM.In addition，coverages do not apply if the odometer has been disconnected，itsreading has been altered，or mileage cannot be determined.

因下列情形之一引起的损坏不包括在内：

·碰撞、火灾、盗窃、冰冻、人为破坏、暴乱、爆炸或物体撞击交通工具；

·不正确使用交通工具，如在路缘驾驶车辆，超载、飙车或其他竞争。在《业主指南和维修手册》里有正确驾驶车辆的指南；

·对车辆(包括对通用汽车公司组装的车体、底座、零件的)改装。此外，里程表同汽车分离，读数被改变，里程无法确定。

二、词汇特征及其相关的翻译方法

1.庄重的法律词语。产品保证书具有法律性文书的语言特征，使用法律词汇虽显古奥刻板，但能使语言准确严谨，文体庄重，逻辑严密，避免歧义。翻译这类词语要尽可能使用正式、庄重的语体词，使译文语体色彩与原文保持一致。如：hereby(特此，兹)，thereby(由此)，be liable for(负有责任的)等。

2.众多的专业词汇。保证书中有数量众多的科技专业词汇，如：vitreous china(玻璃)、adapter(适配器)等。这些词汇具有很强的专业性特点。此外，保证书涉及到众多的产品及其型号和规格，缩略词使用比较频繁，因为简洁直观的语言可以使业内人士一目了然，如：CRT(阴极射线管)、LCD(液晶显示屏)等。有的缩略词毋须翻译，保留原形更为简明便捷，翻译反而多此一举，如DVD等；有的可译为原形离合词，如cable FREEModels NCF110(无线型NCF110)等。

3.缜密的同义词语。为了使词义精确，避免多义词产生歧义，让人钻空子，保证书中同义词的叠用很常见，其主要形式是用连词and和or连接，或者为“名词+名词”或“形容词+名词”形式，如terms and conditions(条款)、consumer purchaser(购买者)等。翻译这些并列同义词，只需译出他们共享的词义即可。

4.丰富的介词短语。保证书中介词短语使用偏多，出现的频率远比其他文体高，其目的是尽量减少使用动词，提高语言的正式度。英语介词虽然是虚词，但有很强的组合能力，在英语中发挥着十分重要的作用。要准确地翻译介词短语，首先应根据上下文或搭配方式弄清其基本含义，再译成意义对等的汉语。如：in testimony whereof(为了作证)，at the Owner'sexpense (由所有者负担费用)等等。

5.严谨的情态动词。韩礼德的语言元功能理论认为，語言形式对语义的体现主要表现在两个功能方面，概念功能和人际功能。概念功能是表达思想的功能，人际功能是指语言的运用表现了人与人之间的关系和态度。人际意义是由语法的情态系统来实现的。事实上产品保证书中情态意义的体现形式也是重要的文体特征之一。

(1)Shall.在产品保证书中，shall并非单纯地表示将来，而是具有强制性的要求履行责任和义务的含义。Shall正式的用法仅限于法律语篇，是法律文书规约化的语言手段。一般情况下可将Shall翻译为“应”，在否定句中还可以略而不译。例：

⑦Under any circumstances，the cost of shipping the units toand from the manufacture shall be paid for by the customer.(无论在任何情况下，往返于生产厂家的设备的运输费应由买方支付。)

(2)May.产品保证书中，may不像shall那样含有很强的法律约束性的情态意义，在一定的条件下表示允许或许可。在法律语篇中，may是表示权利规约化的语言手段。在一般的情况下，may可以翻译为“可以”。例：

对外承包工程资格证书英文翻译 篇3

No.Unit Name

……CO., LTD

Through examination, it is approved to operate contracting foreign construction projects within the scope of the registered certificate.Department of Commerce of ……Province

July 12, 2013

Registration Number of Business Licence for Enterprise’s Legal Person: Unit Code:

Legal Representative:

Type of Unit: Engineering Construction

Domicile of Unit:

Registered Capital:

Scope of Business:

1.contract relevant projects at home and abroad matching its capacity, scale, and performance;

2.dispatch personnel abroad related to the foreign construction projects.Approval No.Issued byDepartment of Commerce of…… Province

Inspection and supervision

哥特式建筑英文翻译 篇4

Further Reading(1): Gothic Architecture 深入阅读（1）：哥特式建筑

建筑091班

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period.It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.哥特式建筑是一种兴盛于中世纪高峰和晚期的建筑风格。哥特式建筑是从罗马建筑演变发展而来，并且成功地发展为后来的文艺复兴建筑。

Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as “the French Style”, with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance as a stylistic insult.Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress.哥特式建筑发展于12世纪的法国并且持续到第十六世纪，哥特式建筑在此期间被称为“法国式”，哥特这个词第一次出现在文艺复兴后期并且带有一定的贬义色彩。哥特式建筑的特点包括有尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。

Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and parish churches of Europe.It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings.哥德式建筑最常见于欧洲著名的大教堂、修道院和教区教堂。同时，这种建筑风格也应用到了许多城堡、宫殿、城镇的会堂、大学以及尺度较小的私人住宅。

It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions.A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.哥特式建筑在著名的教堂、大教堂和一些市政建筑中，哥特式风格得到了充分的体现和表达，它的建筑特点符合了人们的情感需要。这个时期保留了大量的基督教建筑，这些建筑对于研究教堂的结构具有较大的意义，被联合国教课文化组织认为是无价的艺术品并列为世界遗产地。因此学习哥特式建筑主要就是学习大教堂和教堂。

Characteristics of Gothic churches and cathedrals 哥特式教堂和大教堂的特点

In Gothic architecture, a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style.Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress.The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality and light.This appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided an engineering solution.The structural jparts of the building ceased to be its solid walls, and became a stone skeleton comprising clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying buttresses.在哥德式建筑中，独特的、成熟的技术结构决定了一种新的建筑风格的出现。这些技术是有尖顶拱的尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。当哥特式风格应用到宗教建筑中时，很强调垂直感和纤细。这种外观是由某一建筑特色发展而来的，还需要有技术和工程施工方案的支撑。建筑的部分结构去掉了实体墙，而是变成了一系列的石柱、骨架券和飞扶壁。

A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.在二十世纪之前，哥特式大教堂或者修道院往往是城镇的地标性建筑，建筑的一个或者多个小尖塔或者高塔尖要高于国内其它建筑物。

Plan平面图

Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross(or “cruciform”)plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery.There are several regional variations on this plan.大多数哥特式教堂，它们除了被称为小教堂，都是拉丁十字或十字平面之外，它们都有一个中厅，横向伸臂两端的空间叫做十字耳堂，延长突出的那一端，有可能是唱诗班区、高坛、或者是内殿。这几个部分在这个拉丁十子平面上不断变化。

The nave is generally flanked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double.The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestory windows which light the central space.Gothic churches of the Germanic tradition, like St.Stephen of Vienna, often have nave and aisles of similar height.In the South of France there is often a single wide nave and no aisles, as at Sainte-Marie in Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.中殿通常是作为两边空间作为平面上交通的通道，一般设置一个，有时候设置两个。中殿的层高一般要高于侧廊，在中殿顶部中间的位置设置有采光的天窗。德国的哥特式教堂，如圣史蒂芬维也纳，也有类似高度的中殿和侧廊。在法国，哥特式教堂通常仅仅有一个宽敞的中殿而没有侧廊，例如圣·贝特朗·德科曼的圣玛丽教堂。

In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not project beyond the aisles.In English cathedrals transepts tend to project boldly and there may be two of them, as at Salisbury Cathedral, though this is not the case with lesser churches.在一些教堂中有两条侧廊，例如巴黎圣母院，它的十字耳堂在设计上没有超过侧廊。在英国，大教堂的十字耳堂设计趋于大胆彰显并且成双存在，例如索尔兹伯里大教堂，这种情况并非存在于少数的教堂。

The eastern arm shows considerable diversity.In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery.It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a “chevet”.While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.教堂的东臂体现出相当大的差异。在英国，东臂一般很长并且明显的区分为两部分，即唱诗班区和长老会区。它通常是在广场的尽端，或者设计一个圣母堂，用来奉献圣母玛利亚。在法国，教堂东臂的尽端通常是成多边形的被称为回廊的走道，有时候是被称为“休息室”的小教堂。然而德国的教堂类似于法国的教堂，在意大利，教堂的东臂设计超过横厅部分通常是半圆形的含有圣殿的小教堂，例如佛罗伦萨大教堂。

The pointed arch 双圆心尖券

One of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch.The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids.The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture.哥特式建筑最典型的一个特征是尖券和尖拱。哥特式拱顶不同于罗马式建筑的半圆形拱顶，哥特式拱顶可以用于矩形和不规则形状平面的屋顶，例如梯形。其它结构的优点是尖拱的自重可以由扶壁或者柱子独立承受。这使得建筑师可以把拱顶设计得比罗马式建筑的拱顶更高些。

While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different visual character to Romanesque, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven.同时，在结构上，相对于建筑形式尖拱具有更大的灵活性，尖拱赋予了哥特式建筑与罗马式建筑不同的视觉效果，它的垂直感象征着人们对天堂的向往和渴望。

In Gothic Architecture the pointed arch is used in every location where a vaulted shape is called for, both structural and decorative.Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches.Gothic vaulting above spaces both large and small is usually supported by richly moulded ribs.哥特式建筑中，尖券用于每一个拱形的位置，同时起到结构和装饰的作用。哥特式建筑中开洞的地方，例如门洞、窗洞、拱形走道和画廊都使用了尖券。哥特式拱顶上方的空间大小由浇筑骨架来决定。

Rows of pointed arches upon delicate shafts form a typical wall decoration known as blind arcading.Niches with pointed arches and containing statuary are a major external feature.The pointed arch lent itself to elaborate intersecting shapes which developed within window spaces into complex Gothic tracery forming the structural support of the large windows that are characteristic of the style.一排雅致的柱子和尖券作为墙的装饰形成一系列靠墙设置的拱门。壁龛的尖券和雕塑是主要的外表特征。尖券之间相互交叉的部分逐渐演变称为复杂的窗花格，这种窗花格并发展为一种窗固定的风格。

Vertical emphasis 垂直向上的趋势

The pointed arch lends itself to a suggestion of height.This appearance is characteristically further enhanced by both the architectural features and the decoration of the building.尖券本身有一定的高度，尖券的这种外观特征更进一步装饰了建筑和建筑特征。On the exterior, the verticality is emphasized in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasizes the vertical and is often attenuated.The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.在外部，垂直感的表现和强调是通过垂直的扶壁支撑的塔和尖塔，通过纤细的贯通建筑几层楼的半圆形壁柱，通过细长的窗子、垂直浇筑的圆形门和形象的雕塑，通过强调垂直感而使建筑变得更加纤细。建筑轮廓、山墙端、扶壁和建筑其它部分一般汇集于塔尖，米兰大教堂就是使用这种装饰非常到位的一个例子。

On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches.The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces.In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.正如一棵大树由树干蔓延到树梢，建筑内部的柱子也总是从地面连续的延伸至屋顶，并汇集于屋顶的肋梁。垂直面通常在窗子和墙面上反复出现。对于走廊和玫瑰窗窗花中垂直元素的处理创造了一种统一的形式，这种形式抵消了建筑内部的水平分隔形式，这种现象体现很多哥特式教堂，尤其是法国和英国垂直式哥特式建筑。

Flying Buttress 飞扶壁 A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of buttress.They are used to transmit the horizontal thrust of a vault across an intervening space(which might be an aisle, chapel or cloister), to a buttress outside the building.The employment of the flying buttress means that the load bearing walls can contain cut-outs, such as for large windows, that would otherwise weaken them.Flying buttresses are often found in Gothic architecture.飞扶壁，或飞拱是一种特殊的扶壁形式。它们是用来传输十字拱顶的水平推力（这可能是一个过道，教堂或修道院）的建筑外部的扶壁。飞扶壁的使用意味着承重墙可以开洞口，例如窗子，否则洞口会削弱承重墙。飞扶壁通常出现在哥特式建筑中。

The purpose of a buttress is to provide horizontal strength to a wall.The majority of the load is carried by the upper part of the buttress, so making the buttress as a semi-arch provides almost the same load bearing capability, yet in a much lighter and cheaper structure.As a result, the buttress seemingly flies through the air, rather than resting on the ground and hence is known as a flying buttress.扶壁的目的是增强墙面的横向强度。扶壁上部的荷载大多数由扶壁来承载，所以扶壁作为拱形的提供几乎相同的承载能力的并且是比较轻巧和便宜的结构。因此，扶壁看似飞跃在空中，而不是坐落于地上，故而人们称其为飞扶壁。

Rose Window 玫瑰窗

A Rose window(or Catherine window)is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.玫瑰窗（或者称凯瑟琳窗口）通常用于圆形窗口的一个术语，尤其是用在哥特式风格教堂中，玫瑰窗用来分隔石头直棂和作为窗饰。

Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France.Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period.Their popularity was revived, with other medieval features, during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world.玫瑰窗是哥特式建筑中突出的特征，在法国南部的大多数哥特式教堂建筑中都能够看到玫瑰窗。玫瑰窗起源较早并且在整个中世纪时期可以看到有各种各样的玫瑰窗。玫瑰窗流行与19世纪哥特式文艺复兴时期，保留了中世纪的特征，因此在世界各地的基督教教堂中都能够看到玫瑰窗。

Notre Dame de Paris 巴黎圣母院

Notre Dame de Paris is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture in the world.The name Notre Dame means “Our Lady” in French.Notre Dame de Paris was one of the first Gothic cathedrals, and its construction spanned the Gothic period.巴黎圣母院被广泛认为是世界上法国哥特式建筑最好的一个例子。名称圣母院在法语中时“生母”的意思。巴黎圣母院是第一个哥特式教堂，整个建设过程跨越了哥特式时期。

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