北京外国语大学基础英语试卷

2024-11-23

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷（共8篇）

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷篇1

所有考研本科试卷免费下载

北京外国语1998 年基础英语试卷

Read the following passage: 1

ARCHIBALD MACLEISH: Bicentennial of What?

An address at the Bicentennial commemoration of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia

It is a common human practice to answer questions without truly asking them and the American bicentennial is merely the latest instance.Everyone knows what the Bicentennial celebrates: the 200th anniversary of the adoption, by the Continental Congress, of the Declaration of

Independence.But no one asks what the Bicentennial is because no one asks what the Declaration was.The instrument of announcing American independence from Great Britain? Clearly that: but is that all it was? Is it only American independence from Great Britain we are celebrating on July 4,1976——only the instrument which declared our independence? There have been otherdeclarations of unilateral independence from Great Britain which no one is likely to remember for 200 years, much less to celebrate.“All men” are said in that document to be created equal and to have been endowed with certain unalienable rights.All governments are alleged to have been instituted among men to secure those rights —— to protect them.Are these, then, American rights? Doubtless——but only American? Is it the British Government which is declared to have violated them? Unquestionably——but the British Government alone? And the revolution against tyranny and arrogance which is here implied ——is it a revolution which American independence from the mediocre majesty of George III will win or is there something more intended? —— something for all mankind? ——for all the world? In the old days when college undergraduates still read history, any undergraduate could have told you that these are not rhetorical questions: that they were, from the beginning, two opinions about the Declaration and that they were held by(among others)the two great men who had most to do with its composition and its adoption by the Congress.John Adams, who supported the Declaration with all his formidable powers, inclined to the view that it was just what is called itself: a declaration of American independence.Thomas Jefferson, who wrote it, held the opposite opinion: it was a revolutionary proclamation applicable to all mankind.“May it be the world”, he wrote to the citizens of Washington a few days before he died, “what I believe it will be: to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all, the signal of arousing men to burst the chains…” And he went on in reverberating words: “The mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs for a favored few, booted and spurred, ready to ride them by the grace of God.”

Moreover, these two great and famous men were not the only Presidents of the Republic to choose between the alternatives: A third, as great as either, speaking in Philadelphia at the darkest moment in our history —— bearing indeed the whole weight of that history on his shoulders as he spoke —— turned to the Declaration for guidance for himself and for his country and made his choice between the meanings.Mr.Lincoln had been making his way slowly eastward in February 1861 from Springfield to

Washington to take the oath of office as President of a divided people on the verge of Civil War.He had reached Philadelphia on the 21st of February where he had been told of the conspiracy to murder him in Baltimore as he passed through that city.He had gone to Independence Hall

before daylight on the 22nd.He had found a crowd waiting.He had spoken to them.He had often asked himself.Mr.Lincoln said, what great principle or idea it was which had held the 2 Union so long together.“It was not,” he said, as though replying directly to John Adams, “the mere matter of the separation from the mother country.”

It was something more.“Something in the Declaration,” they heard him say.“Something giving liberty not alone to the people of this country but hope to the world.” “It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men.”

Anyone else, any modern President certainly, would have said, as most of them regularly do, that his hope for the country was fixed in huge expenditures for arms, in the possession of

overwhelming power.Not Mr.Lincoln.Not Mr.Lincoln even at that desperate moment.His hope was fixed in a great affirmation of belief made almost a century before.It was fixed in the commitment of the American people, at the beginning of their history as a people, to “ a great principle or idea”: the principle or idea of human liberty —— of human liberty not for themselves alone but for mankind.It was a daring gamble of Mr.Lincoln’s —— but so too was Mr.Jefferson’s Declaration —— so was the cause which Mr.Jefferson’s Declaration had defined.Could a nation be founded on the belief in liberty? Could belief in liberty preserve it? Two American generations argued that issue but not ours —— not the generation of the celebrants of the 200th anniversary of that great event.We assume, I suppose, that Mr.Jefferson’s policy was right for him and right for Mr.Lincoln, because it was successful.But whatever we think about Mr.Lincoln’ view of the Declaration, whatever we believe about the Declaration in the past, in other men’s lives, in other men’s wars, we do not ask ourselves, as we celebrate its Bicentennial, what it is today, what it is to us.Our present President has never intimated by so much as a word that such a question might be relevant —— that it even exists.The Congress has not debated it.The state and Federal commissions charged with Bicentennial responsibility express no opinions.Only the generation of the young, so far as I am informed, has even mentioned it, and the present generation of the young has certain understanble prejudices, inherited from the disillusionments of recent years, which

color their comments…

Express your view that the nation brought into being by hat great document was, and had no choice but be, a revolutionary nation, and you will be reminded that, but for the accidental discovery of a piece of tape on a door latch, the President of the United States in the Bicentennial year would have been Richard Nixon.And so it will go until you are told at last that the American Revolution is a figure of obsolescent speech;that the Declaration has become a museum exhibit in the National

Archives;and that, as for the Bicentennial, it is a year-long commercial which ought to be turned off.Well, the indignation of the young is always admirable regardless of its verbal excesses —— far more admirable, certainly, than the indifference of the elders.But, unfortunately, it is the

indifference of the elders we have to consider.And not only because it is a puzzling, a paradoxical,indifference but because it is as disturbing as it is paradoxical.Does our indifference to the explicitly revolutionary purpose of the Declaration － our silence about Mr.Jefferson’s interpretation of that purpose —— mean that we no longer believe in that

2purpose —— no longer believe in human liberty? Hardly?...But if this is so, if we still believe in the cause of human liberty, why do we celebrate the anniversary of the document which defined it for us without a thought for the meaning of the definition, then or now? Why have we not heard from our representatives and our officials on his great theme?

Is it because, although the Republic continues to believe in human liberty for itself, it no longer hopes for it in the world? Because it no longer thinks such a hope “realistic”?...So far, indeed, is Mr.Jefferson’s revolution from being obsolete that it is now the only truly revolutionary force in the age we live in.And not despite the police states but because of them.In 1945, when e had driven the Nazis out of Europe and the Japanese out of the Pacific in the name of human freedom and human decency, we stood at the peak, not only of our power as a nation but of our greatness as a people.We were more nearly ourselves, our true selves as the inheritors of Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, than we had ever been before.And yet within a few years of that tremendous triumph, of the unexampled generosity of our nuclear offer to the world, of the magnificence of the marshall Plan, we were lost in the hysterical fears and ignoble deceits of Joe McCarthy and his followers and had adopted, as our foreign policy, the notion that if we“contained” the Russian initiative, we would some how or other be better off ourselves than if we pursued our historic purpose as Jefferson conceived it.The result, as we now know, was disaster.And not only in Southeast Asia and Portugal and Africa but throughout the world, Containment put us in bed with every anti-Communist we could find including some of the most offensive despots then in business.It produced flagrantly subversive and shameful plots by American agencies against the duly elected governments of other countries.And it ended by persuading the new countries of the postwar world, the emerging nations, that he United States was to them and to their hopes what the Holy Alliance had been to us and ours 200

years before.I.Explain the following in your own words:

1.All governments are alleged to have been instituted among men to secure those rights － to protect them.2.In the old days when college undergraduates still read history…

(1)What isthe implication of this statement?

(2)How do you know?

3.… who had most to do with its composition and its adoption by the Congress.4.May it be to the world, what I believe it will be: to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all, the signal of arousing men to burst the chains…

5.The mass of mankind has not been born with saddles… by the grace of God.6.It was that which gave promise… from the shoulders of all men.37.It was a daring gamble… which Mr.Jefferson’s Declarationhad defined.(1)What does “daring gamble” refer to?

(2)What was the cause the Declarationhad defined?

8.Our present president … that it even exists.9.…you will be reminded… would have been Richard Nixon.10.… regardless of itsverbal excesses

11.So far is Mr.Jefferson’s revolution from being obsolete…but because of them.12.And it ended by persuading… to us and ours 200 years before.II.What is the message the speaker wants to put across?

III.Translate the following passage into English:

“主人翁意识”，在我看来，也就是“所有者的意识”。“主人翁意识”当然也是社会意识，而且，任何一种社会意识，都是由社会存在所决定。那么，产生此种“社会意识”的社会存在是什么呢？譬如说吧，在一个拥有1200 万元资产和1200 名职工的企业里，加入这是一家由职工等额持股的股份合作制企业，那就意味着每个职工都是拥有万元资产的主人翁。每个职工的“主人翁意识”也就由此而产生。山东诸城市委书记陈光曾提到过这样一组数据:某次对一国有企业的300 名职工以“如果看见有人偷企业的财产你会怎么办”为题，进行了一次问卷调查。回答“装作看不见”的220 人，回答“他偷我也偷”的67 人，回答“与他作斗争”的13 人。这是诸城4改制前对国有企业“主人翁意识”的一次定量调查结果。邓小平南巡之后，在市场经济问题上，姓“社”姓“资”的非议，是逐步销声匿迹了，然而，“左家庄”的炊烟不散。这些人很重要的一个理由——只有坚持国家所有制，职工才能产生“主人翁意识”。一副悲天悯人、为民请命的“革命动机”。而在传统体制中，企业自身的自主权都无从保证，还论什么职工的“主人翁意识”？ 4

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷篇2

Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled PayingKids for Chores?You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below.

1.现在有不少家长付钱让孩子做家务

2.有人对此赞成,也有人表示反对

3.我的看法

Paying Kids for Chores?

PartⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)

Directions:In this part,you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answerthe questions.For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Universities Must Deal Better with Complaints

With student complaints at a record high,universities will have to raise their game once tu-ition fees rise.

Two universities that have broken official rules for dealing with student complaints are namedtoday in the independent adjudicator's(仲裁人的) annual report.The two,Southampton and Westminster,are the first to be exposed in this way—yet another sign of the new era in which universities are expected to be more accountable (负责的) to students who expect to be treated as customers.

The Office of the Independent Adjudicator (OIA),which reviews complaints when students haveexhausted their university's procedures,also reports a record rise in the number of cases.Last year the office received 1,341 complaints against universities in England and Wales,the highest number ever and an unprecedented(空前的) rise of one-third on the year before.

As the adjudicator himself,Rob Behrens,points out,1,341 complaints represents just 0.05%of higher education students,and 53%of those were not justified.But,he also observes,the proportion of justified and partly justified complaints has grown for the first time in several years.He predicts the increase in complaints will continue."It's to be expected where you have rising tuition fees,where students are being invited to behave like consumers and where the labour market is difficult so students will do what they can to ensure they qualify."

He says his decision to expose the universities of Southampton and Westminster is not"nam-ing and shaming,with all the associations of moral censure that term implies".He was,he explains,simply following OIA rules—something those two institutions failed to do.

Westminster fell short in its handling of two complaints.One was from a student who argueda disability hadn't been properly taken into account.The adjudicator agreed.The other student claimed that an exam question and its marking scheme had been unreasonable.In both cases the university broke the rules by failing to resolve the cases,as recommended,promptly and in full.

At Southampton University,four months after the OIA concluded that an undergraduate had ajustified complaint about their experience on a placement,the university continued to oppose the decision and was refusing compensation.

In a second case,the university also failed to comply with the adjudicator's decision.And ina third one,although the complaint turned out to be unjustified,for 10 months the university delayed the investigation by failing to provide evidence despite the adjudicator's repeated reminders.

At both universities,it was only after the adjudicator involved the vice-chancellors (大学副校长) that the complaints began to be resolved.

Behrens is pleased the relationships between his office and both universities are now muchmore positive."As the government places more emphasis on the student experience,complaints have an important role in safeguarding that,"he says."Universities must see complaints as feedback to become more professional."

Both Southampton and Westminster universities want to charge undergraduates annual fees of£9,000.There is an expectation,not only from ministers,but importantly from students and their families,too,that all universities wishing to increase charges will move to increase student satisfaction as well.

Before making an investment of£27,000,for example,each student will ask,"Is this good val-ue?Is the teaching good?Is this the best route to a successful career?"

Universities are being encouraged,some may say pressurised,to become more transparent andaccountable in a number of ways.

The government is urging all universities to publish a student charter,a sort of statement ofterms and conditions to remind students of their responsibilities and their rights.Universities are also expected to publish"key information sets"by September 2012.These will enable students to shop around by providing the same 17 pieces of information about each institution,including,for example,the proportion of"contact"time and group work,and the careers and starting salaries of previous graduates.

The OIA is already looking at creative ways to cope with both limited resources and likelyfurther rises in student complaints.Settling more disputes by phone is one option;helping universities to install an independent ombudsman (巡视员) on each campus—an idea borrowed from the Netherlands and the US—is another.

The question is,are UK universities well prepared for the new consumer culture where thedeal is if you pay more,you expect more,and if you feel you're not getting it,you'll complain?

The question is particularly pertinent for the universities of Southampton and Westminster onthe day they are exposed for dragging their feet with a legally established adjudicator.Both vicechancellors were unavailable for interview.

In a statement,Professor Debra Humphris,Southampton's pro-vice-chancellor,education,saidthe vast majority of the small number of student complaints are dealt with swiftly,described the dialogue with the OIA as"constructive and supportive"and said that an improved complaints procedure will be in place this autumn.

In a more defiant statement,Professor Geoffrey Petts,vice-chancellor at Westminster,points outthat the university is working with the OIA towards compliance with its recommendations:"The University of Westminster was disappointed to have been cited in the OIA report.The university has robust procedures for handling the very small number of formal complaints which it receives from stude nts.”

Aaron Porter,the president of the National Union of Students,has welcomed the new step ofnaming universities that don't fully co-operate with the adjudicator."In an environment where students are paying higher fees and will therefore raise expectations,they need to know which institutions stic.k to the rules."

He also makes this warning:"Faced with increasing competition to recruit students,many uni-versities are being tempted to make grander and grander claims.They need to improve their offer,but they need to be honest in what they promise."

The advice is echoed by Steve Smith,president of Universities UK and vice-chancellor of theUniversity of Exeter.He sees,in the adjudicator's annual report,a sector getting to grips with a new world where students are more demanding and will make sure universities correctly follow procedures."It is vital that institutions are honest and transparent about what students can expect from their courses.In an age of marketing,don't oversell.Any institution will have to make sure they do what they say.”

1.Southampton and Westminster's being named shows that______.

A) the independent adjudicator is quite impartial

B) the two universities have a very bad reputation

C) universities are expected to be more responsible

D) college students are treated with much respect now

2.What is said about last year's complaints against universities in England and Wales?

A) Few of them turned out to be completely justified.

B) They were much less than those on the year before

C) Most of the complaints were exposed in the report.

D) The number of the complaints reached a record high.

3.According to Rob Behrens,the increase in complaints is likely to continue as long as______.

A) we are living in a customer culture B) universities increase tuition fees

C) students have to pay their tuition fees D) the level of unemployment keeps rising

4.When a student complained about an exam question,the University of Westminster______.

A) deliberately delayed the investigation B) didn't deal with the complaint swiftly

C) modified the marking scheme promptly D) handled the case following official rules

5.Behrens believes that complaints play an important role in______.

A) safeguarding the student experience

B) protecting the interests of universities

C) enhancing customers'shopping experience

D) improving government employees'service

6.Students and their families expect that universities wanting more tuition fees will______.

A) offer more part-time jobs B) lower entrance requirements

C) increase student satisfaction D) invest more in teaching facilities

7.For the OIA,to resolve more complaints with limited resources,one option is to______.

A) urge universities to simplify their procedures

B) use the telephone to deal with the complaints

C) cooperate with officials from other countries

D) send an independent ombudsman to each school

8.According to Professor Debra Humphris,the University of Southampton will be ready to use______this autumn.

9.Aaron Porter warns that universities should not only______butalso be frank in their offer.

10.Steve Smith,president of Universities UK,understands that we have entered a new era wherestudents become more______.

PartⅢListening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section,you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations.Atthe end of each conversation,one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A),B),C) and D),and decide which is the best answer.

11.A) He fell ill on the jet plane.B) He has been working too hard.

C) He went to bed too late last night.D) He hasn't adapted to the new time yet.

12.A) The man doesn't have a strong enough will.

B) The man loves horror films.

C) The man will see the film anyway.

D) The man studied for the whole night last night.

13.A) Not to worry about the ticket.B) Buy a ticket at a higher price.

C) Book an air ticket in advance.D) Wait for others to cancel their booking.

14.A) The young man had some unusual problems.

B) The problem is common for young people.

C) It's not common for young men to leave home.

D) It was a problem for John when he left home.

15.A) The man will have no choices left.

B) The man had better go there quickly.

C) The man should go when he has spare time.

D) The books are a bit scratched and are of poor quality.

16.A) She can't afford the time for the trip.

B) She will manage to leave this month.

C) She has to change the time for the trip.

D) She hasn't decided where to go next month.

17.A) It is located near a large residential area.

B) It is open around-the-clock on weekends.

C) It is the same as other banks in any way.

D) It provides convenience and quality service.

18.A) He will go to see a doctor about his coughing.

B) He has had a heart attack because of smoking.

C) He is coughing because of too much smoking.

D) He has a serious lung disease and heart attack already.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19.A) Go to summer school.B) Take a vacation.

C) Stay at home.D) Earn some money.

20.A) They hired someone to stay in their home.

B) They left their pets with neighbors.

C) They rented their house to a student.

D) They asked their gardener to watch their home.

21.A) Walking the dog.B) Cutting the grass.

C) Watching the children.D) Feeding the fish.

22.A) They attend a house-sitter's party.

B) They check a house-sitter's references.

C) They interview a house-sitter's friends.

D) They look at a house-sitter's transcripts.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23.A) Writing reports for them.

B) Teaching them foreign languages.

C) Helping them deal with daily existence.

D) Introducing work for them.

24.A) They don't have support networks.

B) They cannot cope with the difficulties in their lives.

C) The woman is famous for helping others.

D) People from their nationality refuse to help them.

25.A) They were surprised at the flavors.

B) They could find food they know and love.

C) There was at least one Chinese restaurant in every China town.

D) Americans have different foods.

Section B

Directions:In this section,you will hear 3 short passages.At the end of each passage,youwill hear some questions.Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A),B),C) and D).Passage One

Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26.A) To do some research.B) To support his family.

C) To pay for his college education.D) To help his partner expand business.

27.A) It stood at an unfavorable place.

B) It lowered the prices to promote sales.

C) It lacked control over the quality of sandwiches.

D) It made no profits due to poor management.

28.A) They had enough money to do it.

B) They had succeeded in their business.

C) They wanted to make others believe that they were successful.

D) They wished to meet the increasing demand of customers.

29.A) Learning by trial and error.B) Making friends with suppliers.

C) Finding a good partner.D) Opening chain stores.

Passage Two

Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

30.A) To exchange ideas.B) To prove their value.

C) To achieve success in life.D) To overcome their fear of silence.

31.A) About whatever they have prepared.B) About whatever they want to do.

C) About learning something new.D) About getting on well.

32.A) To explain why people keep talking.

B) To persuade people to stop making noises.

C) To encourage people to join in conversations.

D) To discuss why people like talking about weather.

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

33.A) Bettering his way of life.

B) Improving his surroundings.

C) Modifying the face of the planet.

D) Altering the physical features of the earth.

34.A) When the ecological balance of the river is lost.

B) When people consume more fish than they used to.

C) When large numbers of algae,fish and birds are killed.

D) When the production of marine petroleum is increased.

35.A) Ecologists.B) Industrialists.

C) Businessmen.D) Environmentalists.

Section C

Directions:In this section,you will hear a passage three times.When the passage is read forthe first time,you should listen carefully for its general idea.When the passage is read for the second time,you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard.For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information.For these blanks,you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.Finally,when the passage is read for the third time,you should check what you have written.

Today we are going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing groups—the (36)______.There are three main elements that combine to create either a positive or negative(37)______for listeners.They can (38)______in a voice that is pleasing to listen to and can be used effectively,or they can create a voice that doesn't hold the attention,or even worse causes an (39)______reaction.The three elements are volume,pitch and pace.

When talking about volume,keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of boththe room and the audience.Of course,with an (40)______device like a microphone,the speaker can use a (41)______tone.But speakers should not be (42)______on it.A good speaker can speak loudly without shouting.

The second element—pitch—is related to the highness and lowness of the sounds.High pitchesare for most people more difficult to listen to,so in general,the speaker should use the lower (43)______of the voice.(44)______.

The third element,pace—this is how fast or slow words and sounds are articulated—should al-so be varied.(45)______.Pauses ought to be used to signal transitions or create anticipation.It can be very effective when moving from one topic to another(46)______.

PartⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select oneword for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.

Perhaps like most Americans you have some extra pounds to shed.You may even have tried afad(时尚) diet or two,but found yourself right back where you 47.The key to weight loss is regular 48 activity.And surprisingly,you don't have to give up eating or make the gym your second home to see long-term,49 effects.

Your body needs a certain amount of energy to maintain basic 50 such as breathing,blood circulation and digestion.The energy required to keep your organs functioning is referred to as the resting or basal metabolic rate.Any time you are active,51 energy is required.It isobtained from glycogen(糖原) and fat stored in the blood,liver,and muscles.The key to losing weight is to draw on the fat rather than on the carbohydrate reserves.

Which of the two energy sources you use depends on the intensity and 52 of your activi-ty.The higher the intensity,the more your body will pull from the stored carbohydrates.The lower the intensity,the 53 your body will rely on fat as its fuel.

Aerobic exercise is most 54 for weight loss.When you perform aerobic activities you 55contract large muscle groups such as your legs and arms.Walking,running,rollerblading,swimming,dancing,and jumping jacks are all forms of aerobic activity.Surprisingly,if your aerobic activity is low to moderately intense and of long duration,you will burn more fat than if you had 56 in a short burst of high-intensity exercise.In short,a brisk 30-minute walk will burn fat while a 100-yard sprint will burn glycogen.

Section B

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished state me nts.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D).You should decide on the best choice.

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

The warming of the Arctic is releasing a new wave of banned toxic chemicals that had beentrapped in the ice and cold water,scientists have discovered.

The researchers warn that the amount of the poisons stored in the polar region is unknownand their release could"undermine global efforts to reduce environmental and human exposure to them."

The chemicals leaking out as temperatures rise include DDT,lindane,chlordane,PCBs andHCBs.All of these persistent organic pollutants (Pops) are banned under the 2004 Stockholm Convention.

Pops can cause cancers and birth defects and take a very long time to degrade(降解),mean-ing they can be transported for long distances and accumulate over time.

Over past decades,the low temperatures in the Arctic trapped volatile(易挥发的) Pops in iceand cold water.But scientists in Canada and Norway have now discovered that global warming is freeing the Pops once again.

They examined measurements of Pops in the air between 1993 and 2009 at the Zeppelin re-search station in Svalbaard and Alert weather station in northern Canada.After allowing for the decline in global emissions of Pops,the team showed that the toxic chemicals are being remobilised by rising temperatures and the retreat of the sea ice,which exposes more water to the Sun.For example,air concentrations of PCBs and HCBs have shown a rising trend from about 2004 onwards.

Hayley Hung,a member of Environment Canada and of the team,said its work provided thefirst evidence of the releasing of Pops in the Arctic."But this is the beginning of a story,"she said."The next step is to find out how much is in the Arctic,how much will leak out and how quickly."With the exception of lindane,there was little existing knowledge of the scale of the Pops stored in high latitude(纬度) regions.

The fate of the frozen Pops depends on the speed of warming in the Arctic—it is currentlyheating up much more quickly than lower latitudes—as well as how the chemicals interact with snow and rain.Pops accumulate in fats and are therefore concentrated up the food chain,but Hung cautions that food chains themselves in the Arctic may be altered by climate change.

57.What have the researchers discovered in the Arctic?

A) The ice and cold water in the region contain banned toxic chemicals.

B) Poisons stored in the region are leaking out due to global warming.

C) The amount of toxic chemicals in the region could destroy all mankind.

D) The ecosystem in the region has been changed by rising temperatures.

58.What do we learn about Pops from the passage?

A) They pose a threat to marine life and humans.

B) They are substances that are easily degraded.

C) They can be found only in the polar region.

D) They will decrease in number if moving in the air.

59.By"the toxic chemicals are being remobilised"(Line 3,Para.6),the author means that the Pops______.

A) are taking in the form of ice or water

B) are becoming more and more poisonous

C) are able to move easily and quickly in the water

D) are no longer trapped in the ice and cold water

60.According to Hayley Hung,the scientists need to figure out______.

A) the harm the Pops will do to human beings

B) why the Pops have been trapped in the ice

C) the scale of the Pops stored in the Arctic

D) how to eliminate the banned toxic chemicals

61.What is said about the warming in the Arctic?

A) Human activities have sped it up.

B) It may change the food chains.

C) It is affected by the release of the Pops.D) It happened earlier than other regions.

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

If you haven,t heard or seen anything about road rage in the last few months,you've proba-bly been avoiding the media.There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon,considered a type of aggressive driving.If you drive,you have more than likely encountered aggressive driving.

While drunk driving remains a critical problem,the facts about aggressive driving are surely asdisturbing.For instance,according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),41,907 people died on the highways last year.Of those fatalities,the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.

Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now,and why is it something that seemedalmost nonexistent a few short years ago?Experts have several theories,and all are probably partially correct.One suggestion is sheer overcrowding.In the last decade,the number of cars on the roads has increased by over 11%,and the number of miles driven has increased by 35%.Meanwhile,the number of new road miles has only increased by 1%.That means more cars in the same amount of space;and the problem is magnified in urban areas.

Also,people have less time and more things to do.With people working and trying to fit extrachores and activities into the day,stress levels have never been higher.Stress creates anxiety,which leads to short tempers.These factors,when combined in certain situations,can spell road rage.

You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively,but you might be sur-prised.For instance,have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver,honked long and hard at another car,or sped up to keep another driver from passing?If you recognize yourself in any of these situations,watch out!

Whether you are getting angry at other drivers or if another driver is visibly upset with you,there are things you can do to avoid major confrontations.If you are susceptible (受影响的) to road rage,the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way.If you are the target of another driver's rage,do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely,including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.

62.What do we learn from the first paragraph?

A) The media coined the term"Road Rage"only a few months ago

.B) People have been raged by media reports and want to avoid them.

C) People not interested in the media know little about recent happenings.

D) Road rage has received much media coverage in the last few months.

63.According to NHTSA,last year on the highways______.

A) approximately two thirds of drivers were killed by road rage

B) road rage remained the No.1 killer and took 41,907 people's lives

C) more people were killed by aggressive driving than by drunk driving

D) drunk driving was a problem more serious than aggressive driving

64.Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause of aggressive driving?

A) Drivers'stress and anxiety.B) Rush hour traffic.

C) Increasing number of cars.D) Overcrowded roads.

65.According to the passage,aggressive driving is characterized by______.

A) driving at full speed B) yelling at another driver

C) talking while driving D) sounding the horn when passing

66.The last paragraph is intended to______.

A) tell people how to cope with road rage

B) inform people how aggressive drivers could be

C) tell people how to control themselves when angry

D) warn people against eye contact with another driver

PartⅤCloze (15 minutes)

Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are fourchoices marked A),B),C) and D) on the right side of the paper.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.

Are organically grown foods the best food choices?The advantages claimed for such foods 67 conventionallygrown food products are now being 68.Advocates oforganic foods—a term whose meaning 69 greatly—frequently proclaim that such products are safer andmore nutritious than others.

The growing interest of consumers in the safetyand nutritional quality of the 70 North American dietis a welcome development.71,much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the foodsupply is unsafe or inadequate in meeting nutritional72.Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific 73,the preponderance (优势) ofwritten material advancing such claims makes it difficult for the general public to distinguish fact74 fiction.As a result,claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods75 or cures disease or provides other benefitsto health have become 76 advertised and form the basis for folklore (民俗).

77 daily the public is surrounded by claimsfor"no aging"diets,new vitamins,and other wonder foods.Many an unfounded report 78 that naturalvitamins are superior 79 synthetic ones,that fertilizedeggs excel unfertilized eggs nutritionally,and the 80.One thing that most organically grown foodproducts seem to have in 81 is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods.But in many82 consumers are misled if they believe thatorganic foods can 83 health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods.84 there is a real cause for concern ifconsumers,85 those with limited incomes,distrust the regular food supply and buy merely expensive organic foods 86.

PartⅥTranslation (5 minutes)

Directions:Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

87.______(冒着破产的危险),he invested all his money in this facto-ry.

88.Many people______(理所当然地认为)marriage is the goal of every young woman's inmost thought.

89.It's time______(采取一些有效措施)to solve the pollution prob-lem all over the county.

90.John can not afford a car,______(更不用说房子了).

91.It______(我想起来)he might be interested in the problem we had disucssed.

(本刊资料)

《大学英语四级模拟试卷》参考答案及听力文字材料:

PartⅠ

Possible version 1:

Paying Kids for Chores?

A rising proportion of parents pay their children to do chores around the house nowadays.Forexample,some parents will give their kids allowances if they clean the room,do laundry,set the table,or prepare simple food for the family.

People differ on whether parents should pay their kids for doing housework.Supporters saytying kids'allowances to housework is a good way to teach kids accountability and responsibility.It also helps children learn about money and how it works.But critics of this approach say children should do routine housework for free.The reason is simple:chores are part of a family,and everyone does chores.

Personally,I don't think parents should adopt the pay-for-work view.Paying kids to help outsends the wrong message:they are entitled to freely have everything parents provide for them while the contributions they make to the family have to be paid for.It risks creating teenagers who would worship money and who are likely to drive a hard bargain just to take out the garbage.

Possible version 2:

Paying Kids for Chores?

To foster a love for work and help them become accustomed to it,many Chinese,especiallythose in big cities,pay their only child to do chores at home.Usually the amount of money given to the child depends on the child's age,the family's income and the child's expenses.

People's opinions vary towards this phenomenon.Some people think it's a good idea for par-ents to pay kids to do housework.It motivates children to do more jobs around the house,as paying chores shows them that they have to work in order to get allowances.Others,however,argue that it's improper for parents to take this approach,since paying them makes them lazy.They say many children now refuse to do anything unless there is some kind of compensation.

I'm in the camp that parents should pay their children in return for work done around thehouse.On the one hand,it teaches children that they should work for what they want in life.Onthe other hand,it provides solid lessons and opportunities related to money management.

PartⅡ1.C) 2.D) 3.B) 4.B) 5.A) 6.C) 7.B) 8.an improved complaints procedure9.improve their offer 10.demanding

PartⅢ11.D) 12.A) 13.D) 14.B) 15.B) 16.C) 17.D) 18.C) 19.D) 20.A)21.C) 22.B) 23.C) 24.B) 25.B) 26.C) 27.D) 28.C) 29.A) 30.D) 31.B) 32.A) 33.A) 34.C) 35.B) 36.voice 37.experience 38.result 39.adverse 40.amplifying41.natural 42.dependent 43.registers 44.During a presentation,it's important to vary pitch to some extent in order to maintain interest 45.A slower pace can be used to emphasize important points—note that the time spent not speaking can be very meaningful too 46.because a pause gives the listener time to think about what was just said or even predict what might come next

PartⅣ47.K) 48.F) 49.A) 50.H) 51.B) 52.C) 53.E) 54.D) 55.L) 56.I) 57.B) 58.A) 59.D) 60.C) 61.B) 62.D) 63.C) 64.B) 65.B) 66.A)

PartⅤ67.D) 68.B) 69.A) 70.B) 71.C) 72.A) 73.C) 74.B) 75.A) 76.C) 77.D) 78.B) 79.C) 80.D) 81.A) 82.D) 83.C) 84.B) 85.A) 86.D)

PartⅥ87.At the risk of going bankrupt/Running the risk of going bankrupt

88.take it for granted that

89.(that) some effective measures were taken

90.let alone/not to mention a house

91.occurs to me that

附:听力录音文字材料

Short Conversations

11.W:You look very sleepy and tired.What's wrong,John?Did you stay up very late last night?

M:Oh,no.Well,you know,I've been here for only a few days.In my home country,it isstill late at night now.I am suffering from jet lag.It's so hard to overcome this.

Q:What does the man mean?

12.M:Hey,I've rented a horror film from the shop near the college.Could you come over andenjoy it with me?

W:You told me last night you're going to study this morning.Your plans are always good enough,yet you rarely carry them out.

Q:What can we infer from the conversation?

13.M:I can't believe I can't get a plane ticket for the summer holiday.I mean,it's only March.

W:Well,you know I wouldn't worry about it too much.People cancel their reservations allthe time.

Q:What does the woman suggest the man do?

14.W:John's room was in a mess.It seemed that he had never cleaned it.

M:This problem is not uncommon for a young man from home.

Q:What does the man mean?

15.M:I think I'll get my second-hand books at the Student Union this year.So many of the books we are using are the same print.

W:I hope you're not planning to take your time going there.They are usually snapped up withinthe first week.

Q:What does the woman mean?

16.M:You're going to make a trip to San Francisco,aren't you?

W:Yes.But I haven't got the plane ticket yet.I'm thinking of postponing the trip to next monthsince this is the busiest month for the airlines.

Q:What do we know about the woman from this conversation?

17.W:The bank near the supermarket opens on Sundays,quite different from the other banks in the same street.

M:On Sundays people have time to go there.It is really convenient for people.Besides,theyoffer quite satisfactory service.

Q:What does the man think of the bank?

18.W:Did you go to see the doctor about your cough?

M:The doctor said if I keep smoking it will increase my chance of having a heart attack or,lungdisease.And I am thinking about quitting smoking as the problems seem to be quite serious.

Q:What do we know about the man?

Long Conversation One

M:I really don't know what to do this summer.I can't afford to just sit around,and there don't seem to be any jobs available.

W:Why don't you try house-sitting?Last summer my friend Margaret house-sat for the Dodds when they went away on vacation.Mr.Dodd hired Margaret to stay in their house because he didn't want it left empty.

M:You mean the Dodds paid Margaret just to live in their house?

W:It wasn't that easy.She had to mow the lawn and water the house plants.And when Eric housesat for Dr.Cohen,he had to take care of her pets.

M:House-sitting sounds like a good job.I guess it's a little like baby-sitting—except you're taking care of a house instead of children.

W:The Student Employment Office still has a few jobs posted.

M:Do I just have to fill out an application?

W:Margaret and Eric had to interview with the home owners and provide three references each.

M:That seems like a lot of trouble for a summer job.

W:Well,the home owners want some guarantee that they can trust the house-sitter.You know,they want to make sure you're not the type who'll throw wild parties in their house,or move a group of friends in with you.

M:House-sitters who do that sort of thing probably aren't paid then.

W:Usually they're paid anyway just because the home owners don't want to make a fuss.But if the home owner reported it,then the house-sitter wouldn't be able to get another job.So why don't you apply?

M:Yeah,I think I will.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

Q19.What does the man want to do this summer?

Q20.What did the Dodds do when they went away last summer?

Q21.What is one responsibility the house-sitter probably wouldn't have?

Q22.How do home owners determine the reliability of a house-sitter?

Long Conversation Two

M:So,you must have a lot of contact with overseas students in your work helping people coping with daily existence.

W:Sometimes.You know the life of a social worker is not all wonderful and working to help people in their daily life.I have to spend a lot of time pushing paper,and writing reports too.But when I do get out,yeah,I see a lot of foreigners.And sometimes they come in because life in A merica has just beaten them down and they can't cope financially or emotionally.

M:Really?I would think that they had a good support network in place,especially university students.

W:They do have a network,and a variety of support groups,but these can't meet all of the students'needs.They can't help with paying bills,dealing with American neighbors and customs,fitting in,getting a driver's license,etc.They try,but very often the student has to figure out a lot of this stuff by himself.And if he or she is shy,they don't have the courage to ask other people,even other people from their nationality.people,

M:So what are some of the things that overseas students struggle with?

W:This might interest you,but they struggle with the food,especially Chinese.You know,they come here knowing that Americans love Chinese food so much.They think that there will be good restaurants with Chinese food that they love.But they get here and they are extremely surprised.Americans enjoy totally different flavors.

M:So what do they do?

W:If they're brave and curious,they look around and test all the restaurants.There is usually at least one restaurant in every town that has almost quality food.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

Q23.In which aspect does the woman help people in her work?

Q24.Why do people come to the woman for help?

Q25.How did Chinese students expect the American-made Chinese food before they came to the US?

Passage One

It was the summer of 1965.DeLuca,then 17,visited Peter Buck,a family friend.Buck askedDeLuca about his plans for the future."I'm going to college,but I need a way to pay for it,"DeLuca recalls saying."Buck said,you should open a sandwich shop."

That afternoon,they agreed to be partners.And they set a goal:to open 32 stores in tenyears.After doing some research,Buck wrote a check for$1,000.DeLuca rented a storefront in Connecticut,and when they couldn't cover their start-up costs,Buck kicked in another$1,000.

But business didn't go smoothly as they expected.DeLuca says,"After six months,we weredoing poorly,but we didn't know how badly,because we didn't have any financial controls."All he and Buck knew was that their sales were lower than their costs.

DeLuca was managing the store and going to the University of Bridgeport at the same time.Buck was working at his day job as a nuclear physicist in New York.They'd meet Monday evenings and brainstorm ideas for keeping the business running."We convinced ourselves to open a second store.We figured we could tell the public,'We are so successful,we are opening a second store.'"And they did—in the spring of 1966.Still,it was a lot of learning by trial and error.

But the partners'learn-as-you-go approach turned out to be their greatest strength.Every Fri-day,DeLuca would drive around and hand-deliver the checks to pay their suppliers."It probably took me two and a half hours and it wasn't necessary,but as a result,the suppliers got to know me very well,and the personal relationships established really helped out,"DeLuca says.

And having a goal was also important."There are so many problems that can get you down.You just have to keep working toward your goal,"DeLuca adds.DeLuca ended up founding Subway Sandwich,the multimillion-dollar restaurant chain.

Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.

Q26.What was DeLuca's purpose in opening the first sandwich shop?

Q27.What can we learn about DeLuca and Buck's first shop?

Q28.Why did DeLuca and Buck decide to open a second store?

Q29.What contributes most to their success according to the speaker?

Passage Two

Silence is unnatural to man.He begins life with a cry and ends it in stillness.In between hedoes all he can to make a noise in the world,and he fears silence more than anything else.Even his conversation is an attempt to prevent a fearful silence.If he is introduced to another person,and a number of pauses occur in the conversation,he regards himself as a failure.He knows that ninety-nine percent of human conversation means no more than the buzzing of a fly,but he is anxious to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a waxwork figure.

The aim of conversation is for the most part,to communicate ideas;it is to keep up thebuzzing sound.There are,it must be admitted,different qualities of buzz;there is even a buzz that is as annoying as the continuous noise made by a mosquito.But at a dinner party one would rather be a mosquito than a quiet person.Most buzzing,fortunately,is pleasant to the ear,and some of it is pleasant even to the mind.He would be a foolish man if he waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbors.

Those who hate to pick up the weather as a conversational opening seem to me not to knowthe reason why human beings wish to talk.Very few human beings join in a conversation in the hope of learning anything new.Some of them are content if they are merely allowed to go on making a noise into other people's ears.They have nothing to tell them except that they have seen two or three new plays or that they had food in a Swiss hotel.At the end of an evening,during which they have said nothing meaningful for a long time,they just prove themselves to be successful conversationalists.

Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

Q30.What is people's purpose in making conversation according to the speaker?

Q31.What do people usually talk about to their neighbors according to the passage?

Q32.What is the speaker's purpose in giving this speech?

Passage Three

Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way oflife.With the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth.He has transformed wood lands into farmland,and made lakes and reservoirs out of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric power.Man has also modified the face of the earth by draining marshes and cutting through mountains to build roads and railways.

However,man,s changes to the physical environment have not always had beneficial results.Today,pollution of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the planet.Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles;smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding areas of countryside.The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy.

The pollution of water is equally harmful.In the sea,pollution from oil is increasing and killingenormous numbers of algae (a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water),fish and birds.The whole ecological balance of the sea is being changed.The same problem exists in rivers.Industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless.

Conservationists believe that it is now necessary for man to limit the growth of technology inorder to survive on earth.

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

Q33.What is the purpose of man changing his physical environment?

Q34.When is the ecological balance of the sea lost?

Q35.Who would most probably disagree with conservationists?

Compound Dictation

Today we are going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing groups—thevoice.There are three main elements that combine to create either a positive or negative experience for listeners.They can result in a voice that is pleasing to listen to and can be used effectively,or they can create a voice that doesn't hold the attention,or even worse causes an adverse reaction.The three elements are volume,pitch and pace.

When talking about volume,keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of boththe room and the audience.Of course,with an amplifying device like a microphone,the speaker can use a natural tone.But speakers should not be dependent on it.A good speaker can speak loudly without shouting.

论大学基础英语教学模式的创新篇3

关键词：大学;基础英语;教学模式;问题;创新

中图分类号：G642.4文献标识码：A文章编号：1671-864X（2015）09-0155-01

一、绪言

伴随着我国经济水平和综合国力的不断提升，我国和世界各国之间的交流也在不断加强。英语作为国际间交流的主要语言，因此英语水平的提升就显得至关重要。然而目前我国大学的基础英语教学存在着一些问题，阻碍了学生英语水平的提升。因此，加快创新大学基础英语教学模式已经成为当前最为重要的任务。

二、当前大学基础英语教学中存在的问题

（一）学生学习的积极性差。

开设英语办学是为了学生未来的发展，然而在现实生活里，学生根本没有认识到英语学习的重要性。并且对于广大学生而言，他们由于学习英语没有学习汉语起步早，因此很多学生的英语基础不是很好。在学习过程里，他们遇到的问题很难通过自己独立解决，这些因素在一定程度上挫伤了他们对英语的学习积极性。

（二）语言素养未得到提高。

在现实英语教学里，英语仅仅作为一门学科，把英语学习仅仅当作一种学习任务，他们并没有真正融入到英语学习中去，没有感受到英语学习带来的乐趣;因此他们在英语学习方面并没有真正得到全方位发展。不仅如此，很多学生对于英语的学习仅仅停留于课堂学习阶段，在课余时间，他们并没有对英语学习投入过多精力，没有养成良好地英语学习习惯，英语语言素养没有真正到得到提高。

（三）英语应用与实践能力差。

我国素来实行应试教育，使得很多学生掌握了丰富的理论知识，然而却缺乏应用实践能力。对于英语学习而言，许多学生对于语法等一些知识掌握得非常牢固;在做题时，很多学生可以得到令自己满意的分数。但是在现实生活里，却不会如何运用这些知识。例如在和英语教师对话的时候，很多学生根本不能够运用自身掌握的英语知识与教师进行一场顺利的对话。大学生对于英语的应用和实践能力较差。

三、大学基础英语教学模式的创新

（一）注重英语基础知识的学习。

常言道：不积硅步，无以至千里，不积小流，无以成江海，对于英语学习，也同样如此。在英语学习中，一定要加强学习基础知识;基础知识作为学习英语的基础，掌握了基础知识就能够为以后学生更深入层次地学习英语做好铺垫。

（二）注重口语交际能力与学生自主阅读能力。

由于学生长期以来形成的学习习惯，他们仅仅对写作和阅读加强重视，因此他们并没有加强英语口语的练习。除此之外，他们仍缺乏自主阅读能力。为了全面提升广大学生的英语水平以及学习能力，一定要加强培养学生在口语交际方面的能力。并且，培养他们的自主阅读能力有助于他们口语交际能力的提升，二者之间存在着紧密地联系。

（三）全面提升学生英语素养。

英语是一种交际性与应用性十分强的语言，所以对于英语的学习，我们不能够只停留于能力以及知识层次上，更应当提升“英语素养”。在日常学习过程里，要忽视英语的语言特性，加强语言素养的培养。英语素养的培养是一个长期而漫长的工作，因此我们要有一个长远计划。在学习过程里，我们能够通过借助于现实生活中的一切有利条件培养学生的英语素养。例如说我们可以在学校的公开栏设置英语角，经常更换内容，这样可以让广大学生处处感受到英语的魅力，提升他们的英语素养，加强英语学习。

（四）自主学习能力的培养。

学习是学生的唯一任务，除了教师在课堂上的指导学习学习之外，还要对培养学生的自主学习能力加以注重;因为它是决定学生学习效率高低的主要影响因素。例如说为广大学生提供自习室，为学生提供一个自主学习的场所。在学习过程里，学生往往会遇到一些自身难以解决的问题，此时学校可以每日安排值日教师，为学生解决这些自身解决不了的难题。

（五）组织英语竞赛，锻炼学习能力。

英语学习最主要的就是练，一定要加强学生的学习能力，培养他们良好地学习习惯。在日常英语学习过程里，我们可以举办英语竞赛来加强英语学习。学生由于自身的求胜欲望，往往会加强对英语的学习。通过这样的方法，学生在英语竞赛中不断培养了自身的英语学习能力，同时还让他们体会到了英语学习的乐趣。

四、结语

伴随我国经济水平的提升，我国同世界各国之间的交流也在不断加强。而英语作为我国主要外交语言，一定要加快我国英语教育事业的发展。我们要针对当前大学基础英语教学里存在的问题，采取具有针对性的解决措施，完善大学基础英语教学体系，以便于全面提升广大大学生自身的英语能力，加快我国英语教学事业的发展。

参考文献：

[1]董娟，程月芳.大学英语教学中的学习策略教学[J].上海理工大学学报，2002，（2）.

[2]郭楚生.网络自主学习与听力策略训练[J].邵阳学院学报（社会科学版），2013，（4）.

[3]沈翠萍.国内外二语学习策略培训研究述评（1990-2012）[J].外语界，2012，（6）.

[4]吴喜艳，张庆宗.英语专业学生自我效能、学习策略、自主学习能力与学业成就的关系研究[J].外语教学，2009，（5）.

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷篇4

一、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

请将你认为正确的内容填在各小题所留的括号内。

1、管理的职能是（）。

2、西蒙曾说过：“管理就是（）”。

3、泰勒的科学管理理论的中心问题是（）。

4、计划是管理活动的（）。

5、（）是根据组织的宗旨提出的组织在一定时期内要达到的预期成果。

6、组织是两个以上的人在一起（）。

7、（）反映了人们对人的本质及其行为特征的基本认识与判断。

8、赫茨伯格把使职工感到满意的工作本身或工作内容方面的因素称作（）。

9、（）是指信息从发送者传递到接受者的过程和行为。

10、（）是控制工作的必要前提。

二、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）

每小题只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

11、（）认为人是以一种合乎理性的、精打细算的方式行事的。

A、经济人假设 B、社会人假设 C、自我实现人假设 D、复杂人假设

12、（）被称为“组织理论之父”。A、泰罗 B、德鲁克 C、韦伯 D、法约尔

13、在管理决策中决策是（）。

A、高层管理人员所承担的任务 B、直线制组织结构高层和中层管理人员所承担的任务 C、每一个管理人员都可能要从事的活动 D、高层主管和参谋人员所承担的任务

14、企业在销售商品时，需要预估货款回收的可能性。为此，信用审核部门力图以一种低成本的方式处理有关客户资信的材料，但因为过程速度太慢，使许多客户另觅他处购货。该项信用审核工作可以说是（）

A、重效率、轻效果 B、轻效率、重有效性 C、重效果、轻效率 D、效率和效果都不重视

15、下述有关管理层次的评论中，哪一个是错误的？（）。

A、多层次意味着可以节省管理费用 B、多层次可使沟通联络复杂化 C、多层次

使得计划和控制复杂化 D、层次是信息的过滤器

16、这种信息沟通网络中，信息在组织成员间只进行单线、顺序传递，这种沟通网络形态是（）

A、链式沟通 B、轮式沟通 C、环式沟通 D、Y式沟通

17、与个人的品质、魅力、经历、背景等有关的权力称为（）

A、法定权力 B、专家权力 C、奖赏权力 D、感召权力

18、期望理论是由（）提出的。

A、马斯洛 B、赫茨伯格 C、弗洛姆 D、以上都不对

19、下列哪种控制方法强调组织的权威（）

A、市场控制法 B、科层控制法 C、族群控制法 D、平衡计分卡 20、关于目标管理，错误的是（）。

A、建立目标体系 B、重视成果 C、员工不参与目标制定 D、必须对目标进行有效分解

21、下列不属于计量决策方法的是（）

A、德尔菲法 B、盈亏平衡分析法 C、决策树法 D、决策表法

22、下列说法正确的是（）

A、管理幅度和管理层次成反比例关系 B、管理幅度和管理层次成正比例关系 C、当组织规模一定时，管理幅度和管理层次成反比例关系 D、当组织规模一定时，管理幅度和管理层次成正比例关系

23、与正式组织相对应，非正式组织的基本特征之一是（）。A、目的性 B、自发性 C、正规性 D、稳定性

24、下列哪种组织结构形式的缺陷是多头领导、极大地违背了统一指挥原则？（）

A、直线制结构 B、直线职能制结构 C、职能制结构 D、事业部制结构

25、美国的（）教授在《

29、政策的作用是为组织建立活动的一般指南。（）

31、计划赶不上变化，所以没有必要做计划。（）

32、组织设计的一个重要任务就是要提供可以实现统一领导、统一指挥的组织保障。（）

34、预算是用数字表示预期结果的报表，是一种“数字化”的计划（）

35、目标管理的局限性之一是目标制定较为困难，导致目标成果的考核与奖惩不能完全一致。（）30、管理的二重性是指管理的科学性和艺术性。（）

33、只要组织目标不变，组织结构等就无须变革。（）

四、简述题（本大题共5小题，每小题5分，共25分）

36、简述决策的基本程序

37、简述德尔菲决策方法的特点

38、简述计划的内容（即5W1H）。

39、简述权力使用的三条原则。

40、简述当代企业组织结构变化的基本趋势。

五、论述题（本大题共两题，每题10分，共20分）41、42、试述管理二重性原理及学习管理二重性原理的现实意义。（10分）

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷篇5

2言之有序：“言之有序”就是要求文本的结构安排能够符合语言表达的线性特征所体现的本质要求，使文本思想内容的表现过程具有严密而又灵活的线性表达秩序，其目的在于使阅读者能够循此而最有效地实现与写作者的精神交流。要达到这样的目的，文本的结构安排应当遵循以下基本原则：结构安排要符合人类思维活动规律，结构安排要服从文本内容表现需要，结构安排要具有一定的审美效果。

3．语言的约定性：所谓语言的约定性，是指语言的根本特点在于语言与它所代表的事物之间没有必然的、本质的联系，语言与它所代表的事物之间的联系完全是创造这一语言的那个民族或人群的习惯的产物，是约定俗成的结果。这里所说的约定俗成有两层含义：一是就语言的创生而言，它是具有任意性的、非本质性的。这是它异于思维之处。二是就语言的使用而言，当语言符号与其所指对象之间的这种任意性关系被使用者所确认，它在使用中便具有了限定性，不能随意更改，否则便将直接影响人的思维及其交流活动的正常进行。正是因为语言的约定俗成性质所决定，语言只能是某一民族历史的产物，它不可能具有全人类性，而只具有民族性。

4．审美性文体：所谓审美性文体，即通常所说的文学创作中的几种文体，包括散文、诗歌、小说等。之所以采用审美性文体这个概念，意在突出它们作为人类运用艺术方式掌握世界的结晶而不同于其他文体类型的心理特征。在此基础上，文学由于使用语言作为自己的表现媒介，又具有与其他艺术相区别的表现特征。文学作为艺术的审美心理特征主要表现在：审美的超功利性特征、审美的感性（形象性）特征、审美的情感特征；

文学作为语言艺术的审美表现特征主要表现在：塑造艺术形象的间接性、反映社会生活的灵活性、揭示心灵世界的具体性。

二、简答题（每小题10分，共20分） 5．简述写作过程中对典型材料进行选择的要求。

答：(1)材料要最具代表性。材料的典型性，首先意味着在被选用的符合思想表达要求的同类材料中最具有代表性，能够以一当十，因而在同类材料中最具有表现力和说服力。（3分）(2)材料要最有精神启迪效果。材料的典型性，还意味着在被选用的符合思想表达要求的同类材料中最具有精神的启迪效果，不只是被动地或简单地完成印证或是体现写作者思想表达的任务，而且能够举一反三，积极地引发阅读者丰富的联想和深入的思考，甚至每读一次都会有新的感悟，因而特别耐读。（4分）(3)材料要具有可读性。材料的典型性，还有一个与它的以一当十的代表性和举一反三的启迪效果联系在一起的重要特征，那就是它应当具有可读性。这种可读性主要指由材料的鲜活生动所产生的使阅读者“一见钟情”的吸引力。（3分）6．简述不同文体中层次安排的表现形态。

答：关于层次安排的方式，在以不同表达方式为主的不同文体中，会有不同的表现形态：

(1)在以记叙为主的各种文体中，有六种层次安排的基本方式：以时间的推移为顺序来安排层次，以空间的变换为顺序来安排层次，以时空交叉为顺序来安排层次，以材料性质的分类来安排层次，以作者的认识和感情发展为顺序来安排层次，以人物的意识流动为顺序来安排层次。（3分）(2)在以议论为主的各种文体中，有四种层次安排的基本方式：以并列的关系来安排层次，以递进的关系来安排层次，以先总后分或先分后总的关系来安排层次，以比较的关系来安排层次。（3分）(3)在以说明为主的各种文体中，有三种层次安排的基本方式：以事物的空间组合关系为顺序来安排层次，以事物发展变化的时间过程关系为顺序来安排层次，以事物功能和特征的主次关系为顺序来安排层次。（3分）总之，层次安排的根本手段是依据层次之间的一定的逻辑关系来安排层次。（1分）三、分析论述题（共20分）7．分析并阐述语言运用生动性的文体差异。

答：语言要生动，通常也是不论什么文体的写作都会提出的一种对语言运用的要求。与对语言的准确性、简洁性要求一样，写作中对语言的生动性要求的具体内涵也是因体而异的。

(1)理论写作中的语言生动，就不是指语言的通俗化或形象化，因为“书论宜理”，在理论写作，尤其是学术文章的写作中追求市俗化，乃至插科打诨、耍贫嘴，那只会令读者倒胃口。理论写作中语言运用的生动性，从根本上来说，是由语言表述形式的严密而流畅，与其所表达的认识内容的深刻而透彻相互结合，共同形成的一种令人茅塞顿开、酣畅淋漓之感。

(2)对实用写作而言，其语言的基本特色在于平实，即所谓“铭诔尚实”。实用写作通常使用通俗但却简洁，朴实而又流畅的语言，将需要告知的内容准确、清晰地传达给接受者。然而，平实并不等于平淡，好的实用写作同样会令我们获得一种语言的生动感。这是因为，实用写作是一种最直接地与接受者现实日常生活相联系的文体类型，在它那种通俗但却简洁，朴实而又流畅的语言表达中，适时地传达着生活中正在发生的变化，以及我们需要及时了解的新鲜知识，正是这种平实的语言与鲜活的信息相互结合，形成了实用写作所特有的语言的生动性。

(3)至于文学写作，语言的生动性几乎就是它的“专利”。从根本上来说，文学语言作用的对象不是我们的抽象理解，而是审美想象，所以判定文学语言生动与否的关键，不在于书面语言本身是否“丽”，而在于它能否有效地充分调动阅读者的审美想象活动。不能有效调动阅读者审美想象的作品，即使华辞丽句堆砌满纸，也毫无生动性可言；

能够有效调动阅读者审美想象的作品，即使字面平淡如“床前明月光”，也能令我们在审美想象中获得生动的美感。这正是文学写作所特有的语言生动性的真实含义所在。

四、写作（40分） 8．阅读材料，根据要求作文。

总有人在你逛淘宝时练口语；

总有人在你打游戏时，看完一章教材；

总有人在你熟睡时，回想得失，总结不足。不要抱怨成功的总是别人，那些风光背后，是你不了解的咬着牙的坚持。

请以“有关时间”为题，写一篇文章。

写作要求：

(1)自选角度，题目自拟；

(2)文体特征突出，表达方式恰切；

中心明确，内容充实；

结构完整，语言流畅；

书写规范，文面整洁5(3)不少于1000字。

答：古代人没有长久的时间观念，当进入农耕社会之后，因为季节的更替，植物的播种和收获，始有时间观念。但不同的民族对时间的态度很不一样，有的认为时间是周而复始的，有的认识时间是一直向前流淌的。

为了精确计量时间，始有计时的仪器。人们从计时仪器中获知，在不同时间段完成相同的事情需要花费相同的时间中大致得知：时间时均匀流淌的。这是一个直觉的观念。现代人认为时间时均匀流淌的，并认为时天经地义的，其实并无确实的根据。

人们根据时间是均匀流淌的观念，不断设计更精确的均匀变化的计时仪器，一直到伽利略的单摆。人们才算找到一个非常好的理想的计时仪器。也只有在此之后才能建立经典的物理学。

所以钟表的设计只能说时满足了人们的理想，却不能证明是均匀流淌的，更不能证明时间是物质的。但从那以后时间作为一种存在为人们广泛接受。所有物理学的公式中的时间（T）是对称的，物理学没有规定时间流失的方向，而在现实中我们却从未发现时间的倒流。这个问题是最主要的，热力学提供了一种解释，但这个解释同样带来了麻烦（在这里我就不阐述了），所以我要提出我的解释。

时间是用来标记量子事件的主观工具。

量子力学中的时间观念：光子在不发生量子行为时是没有时间流失的，因此光速无穷大，它在某一时刻，既在此地，又在彼地，表现出波的行为。当它撞上胶片时我们就检测到光子的存在，光子就发生了一个量子行为，时间呈现出来了，发生了量子行为的光子就再不时那种光波的存在了，也不可能倒退到那种情况了。因此时间是用来标志量子行为的发生的工具。时间再量子力学中是点性跳跃的。

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷篇6

一．单选题。（10分）

1.0k时，任何绝对完美晶体的熵值是（A）

A零B大于零B小于零D不能确定

2.水结成冰时下列状态函数为零的是（D）

A．△UB.△SC.△HD.△G

3.已知一个反应由三步反应组成，这三步反应的平衡常数为K1，K2，K3。则这个反应的平衡常数为（A）（注意：这题的具体题目简化了，但是题目意思一模一样）

A.K1K2K3B.K1/K2/K3C.K3/ K2/K1D.不能确定。

4．二．填空题。（20分）

1.将两只锌棒分别插入容度为0.10mol/l，0.50mol/l的硫酸锌溶液中组成原电池，请写出原电池图式＿＿＿。

2.[Pt(NH)4Cl2]的中心体为＿＿＿，配位数为＿＿＿，配位原子是＿＿＿，命名为＿＿＿。

3.已知某种元素的电子数是30，请写出其核外电子排布式＿＿＿，该元素符号是＿＿＿。

4.已知一氧化碳和水在高温条件下发生反应新生成水煤气（化学方程式省略），其焓大于零，二熵小于零，升高温度反应向＿＿＿（正向，逆向）。

5。

三．简答题（20分）

1，简述酸碱度的变化对重铬酸钾氧化性的影响，说明原因。

2.FeCl3和Na2C03能得到Fe2（C03）3吗？为什么？写出相应的方程式。

3.比较HF,HCL,HBr三者的沸点的高低，说明原因。

4.使用杂化轨道理论简述NH4+和SiCl4的杂化类型，并指出分子构型。

四．计算题（20分）

1.已知由白锡生成灰锡的反应焓变为-219.80kJ/mol(估计不是这个数字)，熵变为

9.10j/k/mol.是通过计算，指出是白锡更加稳定还是灰锡更加稳定。

2.亚铁离子能被溴氧化为铁离子。已知E（Fe3+/Fe2+）标准=(数据忘了)，E(Br/Br-)=(数据忘了).①求此反应的标准电动势。②标准平衡常数③若溴离子为0.1mol/l,铁离子和亚铁离子的比值为1，求此时的电动势。

五．将英文译成汉语（30分）

1.本小节英文讲的是化学的作用，在化学专业英语的开头。但是是多个段落的开头句组合在一起的。

2.第二小题讲的是三个系统（孤立系统，隔离系统，封闭系统）划分。和定义。是物理化学树上摘下来的。

大学生基础英语听力教学策略篇7

“听”是一种领会性的技能。英语和汉语是两种存在很大差别的语言, 包括语音、语调、词汇、句子结构和篇章安排等方面。学生在听的时候, 首先必须树立这种差异意识, 继而努力在听的过程中克服这种差异———即综合运用分析和判断听力材料的能力, 以便正确理解说话人传达的信息和表达的意思。其次, 几乎所有的大学生在听力训练过程中都有这样的体验:即使反复听一段对话或一篇文章, 却也总是抓不住其主旨;而阅读相同内容的书面材料, 就比较容易抓住其主旨了。这恰好能说明听力与阅读在理解方面存在的区别, 这种情况出现的原因主要有:

1) 听力训练中学生接受的是具有不可重复性的声音信号;而阅读训练中接受的是具有可重复性的视觉信号, 在时间允许的条件下学生还可自由调整阅读速度。

2) 听力训练中的声音信号有很多不易把握的特点:句子调势各有, 句子单词可能会被重读、轻读、连读等, 还有的音节存在特殊语音现象如清辅音浊化或失去爆破等。非英语国家的大学生要么对此知之甚少, 要么对此分辨不清从而导致在理解方面出现失误或失败。而对书面材料的理解就不存在这样的问题, 学生只要曾经接触过某些单词, 即使对其读音掌握不准, 也可根据上下文推断出其词义。

3) 从心理学角度看, 听力训练和理解的过程主要依赖的是大脑短暂记忆功能, 而这种记忆方式的容量是有限制的。

2 当前大学生英语听力现状

随着改革开放的深入发展, 中国学生目前一般从十岁左右就开始了英语学习。从小学到初高中再到大学, 经过这长达十二、三年的时间之后, 学生的听说能力却依然让人不满意。很多大学生通过多年的英语学习后虽然能阅读英语文章, 但在英语听力方面却存在着不小的障碍, 更无法开口说英语而形成了所谓的“哑巴英语”。为了改变这一现象, 国家教育部要求大学英语教学模式要“以学生为中心”, 注重培养学生的综合应用能力, 尤其是听说能力。但目前的大学生英语听力教学中仍存在着以下几个问题:如学生对听力课兴趣高;听力课时安排太少;而大班上课的方式使教师难以驾驭学生。

3 影响英语听力教学效果的因素

3.1 语言因素

1) 语音因素。如果学生缺乏必要的语音知识, 辨音能力就会很差, 影响听力理解。比如:有的同学读音不正确;有的不适应强读和弱读;有的单词重音分不清;有的不熟悉英音和美音的区别;有的不知道不完全爆破等等。这些因素都会成为听力理解中的障碍。

2) 词汇因素。有些学生有着不错的语音基础和较高的听力灵敏度, 但实际的听力理解水平却不怎么高。这主要是因为:听力水平是一个学生英语知识的全面体现, 而英语知识的基础就是词汇。构成听力材料中各种段篇章的基本单位正是词或词组。即使有的学生能地道地模仿出听到的发音, 但如果词汇量有限, 结果也无法正确地理解该词所代表的意思, 文章主旨理解更是无从谈起了。因此, 学生词汇量的大小在某种程度上决定了其听力理解的程度。

3) 文化背景因素。有些学生语音方面没有问题, 词汇量也不小, 可就是不能正确理解题意。例如, “The girl lives in the Big Apple”, 这句每个单词学生们都看得懂也听得懂, 但如果不了解相关的美国文化背景, 就不知道原来“Big Apple”就是指“New York”。这种用法源自于美国20世纪初流行于爵士乐手中的一句唱词:“树上有这么多苹果, 但当你选中了纽约市, 你就选中了最大的苹果”;后来, 美国报刊在为纽约市做宣传时, 也常常把它描述成一个富于机会的城市, 犹如一只熟透的大苹果一样伸手可及。因此, 多多掌握英美国家的相关历史文化背景也有助于听力水平的提高。

4) 语法因素。英语听力材料中也会出现很多带有主句和从句的复合句, 如果搞不懂它们之间的关系, 即使听懂了句子中的每个单词, 也未必能正确理解整个句子的意思。而且学生在短暂的时间段里通常会以快速的心理分析法来分析语法结构, 因此面对那些复杂的长句时通常会找不着头绪。

3.2 非语言因素

1) 生理因素。学生在听读材料时, 经常会有听得懂但记不住的经历, 这和人的生理构造特点有关。听力信息储存属于短时记忆, 短时记忆的保持时间容量只有1—2分钟。我们在听读材料时, 信息进入大脑后被保留的时间很短, 加之大脑记忆存储量是有限的, 而学生在听录音时, 又总想听懂并记住每个单词和每句话, 这样往往导致听了前面又忘了后面的, 无法抓住关键词。

2) 心理因素。近年来有研究发现:学习动机是影响语言综合水平的重要因素之一。因此只有好的学习动机, 学生在听力训练时才容易保持较高的注意力和最佳的情绪状态。可见, 听者的心理和情绪因素也是影响听力效果的一个主观因素。

4 怎样加强大学生基础英语听力教学

1) 训练由浅入深, 泛听精听相结合

听力材料的内容和形式可谓包罗万象, 太容易的材料使学生觉得浪费时间, 而太难的又会打击学生学习英语的信心, 甚至让其产生放弃的想法。因此, 听力训练要从自身实际出发, 由易而难, 把精听和泛听结合起来:课堂上学生做听力训练的强度较大, 要求学生精听;而在日常生活中学生接触的听力材料则较为轻松, 可作用来做泛听练习, 比如一些英文广播、影视剧、报纸杂志等课外内容作为泛听材料, 它们都是有利于提高听力能力的, 而且不会给学习造成压力。只有将精听与泛听结合起来, 一方面通过精听才能真正提高英语听力水平;而另一方面通过泛听则能更好地使学生适应英语语言环境, 补充精听练习中的缺漏和不足, 只有将两者结合起来才能有效、持久地提高听力水平。

2) 多掌握英语国家背景知识

课堂听力材料的内容往往涉及英美国家的政治、经济、文化、历史、地理、风土人情以及生活常识等, 这就要求学生要博览群书, 对英美各个领域的概况做大量的搜集工作。知识面的拓宽不仅有助于学生更准确地理解听力内容, 而且对阅读理解也有不小的促进作用。

3) 培养听力心理素质

学生在做听力训练的过程中, 要保持精神集中, 但情绪要放松。只有聚精会神地听才能提高听力练习的效率。首先, 在听音时, 不必每词必究, 听到不熟悉的词时也不要紧张, 过分紧张也会影响听力水平的发挥;其次, 其次, 在听力过程中要养成做笔记和捕捉重点与要点的习惯, 以弥补我们短时记忆的不足;最后, 在平时就要养成多听多练的好习惯。

参考文献

[1]高利华.英语听力教学方法探讨[J].基础教育外语教学研究, 2003 (6) .

[2]何善芬.实用英语语音学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1992.

北京外国语大学基础英语试卷篇8

关键词：大学英语教学；英语基础知识；教学回归

【中图分类号】H319.3

当前大学生中，学生的英语知识和水平参差不齐，英语基础薄弱的人又很多，怎样让学生打稳英语基础，使学生的英语水平在短时间内得到提升是大学英语教师需要解决的重要问题。在大学生的英语教学中，教师应先将英语基础知识教学放在首要位置，针对学生的语音、词汇、语法、口语以及写作等进行教学，采用灵活的教学方法，激发学生的英语学习兴趣，强化学生的英语基础知识，促进学生英语整体水平的提升。

一、英语语音教学

要学好英语，首先需要强化英语语音学习，对于大学阶段的学生，在入学后，教师就需要制定出科学的英语语音教学计划，然后在接下来一段时间内对学生进行语音强化，争取每一位学生都能过语音关。虽然学生们在中学阶段都学习过英语语音，但是由于教师发音不准，或是自己不够重视，很多大学生的英语语音依旧存在问题，如果不能得到及时解决，必然会给学生后续的英语学习带来不利影响。

对于英语语音教学，需要分元音和辅音两部分进行教学。对于元音教学，需要让学生注意单元音/e/发音的口型，很多学生在发音时口音比较窄，发音并不准确。/e/的发音时，需要注意舌尖抵住下齿，舌前部稍微抬起[1]，但是要注意比/i/音低，嘴唇形中长，牙床开的要比/i/音宽一些，上下齿之间能够容纳一个食指。双元音需要注意/ei/、/ai/、/au/等，由于是由两个音组成的，因此从一个音滑向第二个音时需要注意口型的变化。

在语音教学中，教师应善于归类，对比，给予学生耐心的指导与帮助，让学生反复的练习，并做好练读、检查，保证每一位学生能够过语音关。

二、英语词汇教学

如果没有记忆一定量的单词，是不可能把英语学好的，因此在大学英语教学中，教师需要带领学生将高中阶段的英语单词进行复习，并要求学生将没有记牢的单词找出来并记录下来，随身携带并进行記忆，要求学生每天记忆一定量的英语单词。教师还需要向学生介绍一些英语单词的学习方法，提高学生英语单词记忆的兴趣，鼓励学生持之以恒，不能半途而废。

教师可以对词汇进行分类，然后指导学生进行学习，将学生应该掌握的词汇进行分类，将名词、动词、形容词等按照教学大纲中常用的后缀分类进行教学，然后结合单词一次多性的特点将多性词列出，进行对比教学。例如形容词教学时，教师可以将单词分为无后缀形容词与有两种后缀的形容词，以-able、-al、-ant、-ate、-ed、-ent、-ful、-ible；以- ic、- ical、- ing、-ive、- iess、-ly、-ous、-y结尾[2]。在对多性词进行教学时，教师需要注重让学生理解一词多功能的问题，结合英语四六级考试中的词汇，提高学生英语词汇教学的兴趣，使学生更好地记忆单词，为学生今后英语学习打下良好的基础。

三、语法教学

当前的大学生中，很多学生对语法的掌握与大纲的要求相差很远，他们在造句或写作时经常出现写对时态，忽视语态；用对语态，形式错误等现象，对于非谓语动词的形式了解和使用不够明确。如果教师不能及时对这些问题进行及时解答，会对学生以后的英语学习造成严重的影响。

例如不定式和动名词都可以作为主语，但是二者在使用上也有一定的区别，在表示抽象行为时，大部分使用动名词；在表示某次具体的动作时，尤其是将来动作，多用不定式。如

Parking is prohibited here.此地禁止停车。（Parking是动名词，表示比较抽象的行为。）

It doesnt allow for you to park here.你在这停车是不对的。（to park here表示某次动作）

还有不定式和分词作定语。现在分词表示的主动进行的意思，过去分词表示的是被动和完成，不定式表示的是在谓语动词表示的动作后将要发生的动作[3]。

作定语的现在分词和动名词之间的区别，通常来讲，现在分词是对修饰人或者物的动作进行表示，动名词常常与后面的名词构成新名词。如：

现在分词动名词

swimming boy swimming pool

教师讲解语法时，需要针对学生的薄弱环节进行教学，使用比较通俗易懂的句子进行讲解，使学生的印象更加深刻，实现语法教学的效果。

结束语：

大学英语教学中，由于学生的英语基础参差不齐，因此教师依旧需要注重基础知识的回归，在英语教学中，增加语音、词汇以及语法知识的教学，通过多样化的教学形式，采用学生易懂的内容开展英语教学，减少学生的压力，使学生更加积极愉快的投入到英语学习中，从而实现良好的大学英语教学效果。