张理想毕业设计中英文翻译

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湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文

Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring system

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants.The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line.The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed.A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure.The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations.It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g.by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Introduction Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building.Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc.A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a)The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b)An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers(c)Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d)Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e)Availability of emergency power supply.The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire.The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions.These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture.When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes.In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate.First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS.Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two.These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip.At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible.The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control.The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance.In terms of fire detection and

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements.A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation.This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design.This implementation was not possible with old technology.Most of fire detection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology.In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel.Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devices A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation.An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting the byproduct of a combustion.Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices.When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases from the pA to the mA range(say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA)in the active mode.Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those

given in Table 1.The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T.The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected;smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems.In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants.Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically.Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making.There is no communication between equipment on the same level.Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands.This is shown in Fig.1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker(when not in manual mode).At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations.At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers.Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer.Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards.Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level.This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a)When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b)The decisions have uncertainty(c)It will isolate local decisions(e.g.locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardware I :Fig.2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel.This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible.However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling.In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

routes throughout the system may be connected in parallel.Fig.3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus.This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3.1 Central control task

A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

activities.In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i)It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii)It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii)It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu)It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u)It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stations The local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs.In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g.the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level;the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented.The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer.This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations.The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a)It is CMOS technology;this reduces power consumption.(b)It has a UART on board;this facilitates serial communication.(e)It has an a/d converter on board;this eliminates an external A/D.(d)It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer;this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 System implementation The local station: Fig.3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig.4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form.It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller.The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator.In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open-and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions.More information can be found in Reference 9.Main loop

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 Conclusion This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers.The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making.This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making.Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so.It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations.A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10].The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor(MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

monitor called Tutor.The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor.The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References 1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng., ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

译

文

基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测

摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。该系统采用多个单芯片架构到一条主线上。该控制算法是基于两级决策层次，因此分配了复杂性。一个完整的电路原理图，给出了主、分控制器所需的软件的结构要求。设计延续一般形式，这样可以适应于多种系统的配置。尤其显示出新的技术发展，特别是CMOS单芯片器件，在系统设计中的使用，以减少整体硬件的复杂性，例如，通过分解系统，这样的层次较低水平的控制器能够有一些决策自主权，用简单的分布式的方法解决了复杂的决策。

1、引言

大多数高风险地区和建筑物的管理要求安装火灾探测报警系统。多数国家消防规范的要求监测和控制具体的是危险场合或建筑物，如化工厂，石油类，核电厂，住宅高楼等这些场合的一般性质可以指定为下列要求 ：

（一）所有探测器信号源信号能被主处理器准确识别。

（二）主从控制器有另外的沟通路径。

（三）检测报警和主控制设备由控制中心控制。

（四）火灾现场和控制中心的通讯。

（五）提供的应急电源。

它也被用来应对特殊情况和进行深被检测。

火灾探测及报警系统是一个旨在信号，在一旦发生火警报警装置的组合。该系统也可实现风扇控制，防火门关闭或释放，电梯锁定，应急照明控制和其他

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

紧急任务。这些额外的功能补充由检测和报警装置和中央控制单元组成。

技术对系统结构有很深的影响。当技术的变革，该架构必须修订，以利用这些新的功能变化。近年来，超大规模集成电路技术已经大大进步。第一，NMOS在过去的一年或两年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆积密度拥有更多的门和更低的功耗。当然这种技术的变化必然影响在芯片和系统级我们的硬件设计。在芯片级，单芯片现在正在制作的是只相当于上一年或两年的水平。这些芯片有微处理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存储器串行和并行，A / D转换定时器，和其他功能的芯片。在系统级，新的芯片做出新的结构成为可能。本文的目的是体现技术如何影响消防控制领域的系统结构。新的高密度的单芯片微控制器纳入一个大系统的设计，但我们可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系统。在火灾探测和报警监控系统中，这是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因为地处偏远和电源的要求。一个完整的分控制站可以围绕着一个带电源的CMOS芯片设计。这种方法降低了成本和设计复杂性，方便实施和维护，并提供易于扩展和便携式设计。这是旧技术不可能实现的。大部分火灾检测/监测系统提供特定的应用程序，缺乏对CMOS超大规模集成电路技术的应用。在这项研究中，我们开发了火灾检测/监测系统，常规设计，易于执行的早期发现火警。在这里，我们提出一个中央控制和分发控制/检测/充分的沟通，如果使用的单芯片微控制器在分控制站，从而提高可控性和可观性的监测过程。

2、检测和报警装置

一个基本的火灾探测系统由两部分组成，检测和报警。自动检测设备有比如热，烟雾或火焰检测器，紫外线或红外线探测器或火焰闪烁，是基于检测 一个燃烧的副产品。烟雾探测器都电离和光类型，是最常用的检测设备。当这种类型的典型探测器进入报警状态产生的电流信号会从PA变成MA（比如，从单纯的15pA在休眠模式下为60毫安）在主动模式。在许多探测器的检测器输出电压明确在各种运行条件，例如见表1。越是敏感的检测器，它更容易受到虚假警报。为了控制探测器的精确，可使用下列方法：过滤技术，这样的逻辑电路成为活跃仅当x警报的时间内检测周期T。检测技术在很大程度上取决于地点和植物受到保护，烟雾探测器是睡觉的地方，红外线和紫外线辐射探

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

测器，检测易燃液体燃烧，热探测器用于灭火和灭火系统。一般来说，生命和财产保护有不同的做法。报警装置，从通常的声响或视觉报警外，还可以采用固态的声音再现和紧急话音通信或打印机，记录时间，日期，地点和其他资料。Heavisid [4] 拥有一支优秀的审查探测器和灭火器的各种制度。

2.1控制理念和分工

我们的理念是实施控制等级。三个层次的系统级的实施，两个级别的决策。之间没有设备，在同一层次的沟通。交互各级之间发生了向上的信息传输有关的子系统和向下状态转移的命令。这是图所示。1，其中第1级是中央控制站，是微机最终（在不手动模式）决策者。第2级是当地控制器，建立在当地的站。第3级是实际检测器和驱动器。在各级提供手操作模式。所有探测器的数据和分处理器是当地控制的基础。他们将信息浓缩，并转交中央处理器。信息传递的地位始终是单向及以上。命令传输是单向的总是向下，并在扩大局部控制的水平。这种方法保留了层次的准确监测检测和严格的规则高风险的核电站警报系统。两个控制层的分类是基于决策层。

（一）在届时的决定，提出和决定的执行情况不能再拖延

（二）决定的不确定性

（三）将隔离当地的决定（例如，我们可能会在当地报警，但有可能有故障系统）

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3、硬件

图.2描绘了我们的设计最简单的形式。这个系统采用四个导体开放的路线，在所有远程共享一个循环电缆设备和控制面板。这种方法简单，经济上可行。但是，一个主要缺点是对一个单一的电力和信号电缆的依赖。在重要环境下，可靠性是极其重要的。固可采用两个甚至三个电缆采取不同的线路连接，可并行连接。图.3是驱动电路必须得一个扩展总线。采用这种设计在单片机技术的最新发展优势减少与中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。

3.1中央控制任务

中央站点提供了一个集中点，以监测和控制系统的活动。在该系统介绍了中央控制单元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警钟及其他输出设备。

（二）它提示在系统出现故障时的操作。

（三）它提供了一个全面系统的手动和自动控制。

（四），它提供了中央和分站的系统测试点。

（五）它提供了一个中心点观察，学习和适应。

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3.2 分控制站

分控制站的决定可以控制处理当地的信息。这种技术我们就依靠负载型协调下级单位，承认在同一水平上的其他决定单位的存在;中央或高层提供了一个较低的单位模型之间的行动和系统响应的关系。很明显，一个强大的机器，需要在这个阶段，使所有需要的功能得到有效执行。该芯片的新一代供应使得该体系结构的解决变得可行。

单片机被选中了离散的数字和模拟设备接口，到外地设备和中央微机。这是最主要的原因，以前这种做法是不可行的。该芯片的选择的，包含要求的模拟和数字接口所需的端口和CMOS技术的运用，由于地处偏僻的分控制站最一体化。这个选择是摩托罗拉68HC11A4，理由如下：

（1）它是CMOS技术，这可减少电力消耗。

（2）它有一个UART，这有利于串行通信。

（3）它有一个A / D转换器上，这消除了外部A / D转换

（4）它有一个4K的ROM，256 K内存，512K EERROM字节40个I/O端口的线路和一个16位定时器;符合分控制站所有的内存和1 / 0的要求。

4、系统实施

分控制站：图.3 是用于一个远程火灾报警MC68HCllA4电路框图

检测电路：图.4这是前一个电路的扩展形式。可以看出单片机可用于监控多个探测器，从而降低了系统成本。

回路电源，通常在26到28V之间，通常五伏一百毫安单片低功耗电压调节器供电的微控制器。板载振荡器，是一个2.4576 MHz的外部晶体结合，提供时间信号，它被分为4个内部收益率为614.4千赫，这是一个更多的RS 232 [7]波特率发生器的处理器频率微控制器。

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

5、主循环

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

6、结论

本文描述了一个大规模的火灾探测及报警系统，使用多的发展，单芯片微型计算机。该架构是采用两个层次的决策层次。这种架构是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在数据处理功能强大的高堆积密度和决策。每个地方控制站可以自主作出的决定如果上级机构，允许它这样做。一般格式化系统设计，因此它可以适应不同的情况。所描述的系统原型已经建成并测试。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC 68000微处理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托罗拉），它有一个内置的显示器称为导师。该应用程序都是使用这个显示器提供的特性。本地基站控制器的设计采用了MC68705R3单片机。

7、参考文献 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings,4, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specif: Eng., 6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

毕业祝福语英文 翻译 篇2

多年离别后，抑或再相逢，相逢何所语?泪流默无声。

If life cheats you，don’t be disappointed and worried.Calmness is needed in melancholy days.Believe that pleasantness is coming.Long for the bright future though you are unhappy. All will pass by and everything will be over.Past things will be pleasant memories. ―〔Russia〕Alesander Pushkin

假如生活欺骗了你，不要悲伤，不要心急。阴郁的日子需要镇静。相信吧，那愉快的日子即将来临。心永远憧憬着未来，尽管你现在常常是阴沉的。一切都是瞬息，一切都会过去，而过去了的，将会变成亲切的怀念。

If life is a river, would like to forward you are persistent leaf boat; if the life of a boat, would like a sailor you are rain or shine.

假如生活是一条河流，愿你是一叶执著向前的小舟;假如生活是一叶小舟，愿你是个风雨无阻的水手。

My friend, I would press you all to my heart.

我的朋友，我会深深的记住您。

Offer parting wish to have the time of Happiness with you. Separation of melting may friendship thicker, the first reunion in that brighter tomorrow.

献上依依惜别的祝愿，愿福乐时该与你相伴。分离熔得友情更浓，重逢首将在那更灿烂的明天。

Oh，my friend，do you like stars?If you feel lonely far away from home，look up at the stars in the sky， where there is a star for luck that I’ve send you.

朋友，你喜欢星空吗?如果有一天你在远方流浪时感到孤独、忧郁，请抬头看看星空，那儿有我送给你的幸运星。

Scrap steel has become a useful, because it can stand the painful process of tempering.

废铁之所以能成为有用的钢材，是因为它经得起痛苦的磨练。

Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, these three alone lead life to sovereign power.

自我尊敬，自知之明，自我控制，这是生活的最高境界。

The language of friendship is not words but meanings.

友谊的表达方式是只可意会，不可言传的。

The most cherished thing in life is friendship. The most precious thing between us is understanding.

生命中最值得珍惜的事是友谊。 朋友之间最珍贵的事是相互理解。

高中毕业证书英文翻译[最终版] 篇3

Certificate number(2009)***

30th May, 2009

张理想毕业设计中英文翻译 篇4

GRADUATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the student XXX, female and born on XX, who has completed the four-year undergraduate program of XX MAJOR in the XX University.She satisfied all requirements prescribed in this program, is hereby permitted to graduate and awarded this certificate of graduation.Name of University:(seal)President: XX(Signature)

Certificate No.Date:

CERTIFICATE OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE

This is to certify that the student XX, female and born on XX, who has completed the undergraduate program of XX at XX Normal University, is hereby duly admitted to the Bachelor’s degree of Science upon due examination fully in accordance with the Degree Regulations of the People’s Republic of China.XXXUniversity

Chairman of Degree Appraisal Committee:

Certificate No.:Date

张理想毕业设计中英文翻译 篇5

关键词：工作室 项目教学法 网页设计

摘要：在《网页设计》教学中采用项目教学法，为学生实践和实习作好了准备，充分体现了职业教育以“学生为主体，以能力为本位”的价值取向。

随着网络的高速发展和“所见即所得”网页编辑工具的出现，网页设计已发展为一门新兴的学科。网站设计不单纯是计算机技术的运用，也是平面设计在网络世界的延伸。新的领域需要复合型的人才，作为一个合格的网页设计师不仅要有熟练的网页制作技术，也要有扎实的页面设计能力。随着时代的发展，网站建设越来越接近于一门艺术而不仅仅是一项技术。网页界面的艺术设计，日益被网站建设者所注重。在目前国内对此领域研究甚少的情况下，将网页艺术设计与其他艺术设计形式进行比较，尝试从网页界面艺术设计的内容、原则和特点等三个方面按照项目领域进行划分，对这个新的艺术设计领域进行初步的归纳总结和理论探讨。

《网页设计》课程是一门实践性较强的专业课，也是环境设计（本科）专业的一门专业课程，它涵盖了 HTML 语言、Dreamweaver、Fireworks、Flash 等相关知识，全面介绍 WEB 站点开发、设计、制作、维护等技术。课程组对课程进行全面改革，形成以典型实例贯穿全局，以课程设计和项目开发来驱动教学的教学模式，该课程改革以后会以一个综合网站的形式出现，课程会出现：教学大纲、实践大纲、综合实训、网页设计与制作教学课件下载、习题与练习、作业上传等版块，采用了“三位一体”教学法，功能模块出现会大大提高教师授课质量和教学的直观性，调动学生的积极性，增强学生的动手能力，达到了教、学、做合一，手、脑、机并用的效果。教学效果显著提高。

目前，我系环境专业构建了“工作室”教学模式。“工作室”教学模式指的是把现有的专业根据专业研究方向与领域进行整合，成立不同的工作室。学生在学习完前两学年的基本专业知识后，进入工作室学习第三学年的全部课程。工作室的具体任务是依托教研室专业教师的技术实力，走产学研结合之路，在完成项目的同时带动教师与学生专业水平的提高。工作室的主要工作是承接企事业单位的工程项目及网站项目，由专业教师和学生共同努力完成项目。在项目实施过程中，依据企业相应岗位的工作业务流程和管理规定来规范学生的工作实践，达到锻炼学生的实践技能与岗位意识的目的。

确定项目在制定项目时，进行科学规划，力求所制定的项目不仅有利于教学的开展，而且有利于调动学生的学习积极性。我们将《网页设计》课程的总项目确定为开发一个具有简单交互功能的网站，并根据其涉及的知识点，将课程总项目划分为若干个子项目，每个子项目再根据知识点划分为若干个由基本知识、基本操作构成的实验项目。

在《网页设计》课程实施项目教学时首先要求科学确定项目。具体内容与特点：（1）．采用了“三位一体”教学法

“精讲多练”是该课程教学的最大特点，本课程的教学目标强调在了解网页设计理论知识的基础上，重点培养学生的操作技能和技巧。为了达到良好的教学效果，采用了“三位一体”教学法。所谓“三位一体”教学法就是在实训课中教师在计算机上教，学生在计算机上学，然后在计算机上做。这种边教边学，边学边做的交互式教学形式，提高了教学的直观性，调动了学生的积极性，增强了学生的动手能力，达到了教、学、做合一，手、脑、机并用的效果。

（2）．应用现代教育技术，推动教学手段现代化

目前，本课程中的讲授课均在配有大屏幕投影和计算机的教室中授课。教师用电子幻灯片讲解基本概念，用多媒体课件演示操作过程。通过这些先进的教学手段，提高了教学的直观性和生动性。

（3）．开发网上助学系统，弥补课堂教学的局限

本课程教学网站的建立，多媒体课件、教学大纲、教案、电子版教材、实验实训指导书、习题、常见问题解答、参考资料、应用案例和网上答疑系统等教学资源全部上网，教学网站建设初具规模，并能经常更新。学生结合自己的个人情况进行自学或助学，有助于学生更好地学习和掌握网页设计的精髓。同时，学生可利用校园网或Internet网上资源，查找学习资料，培养自学能力，以弥补课堂教学的局限。为学生构建了一个“全天候、立体化”的学习的平台。

（4）．严把实训环节

网页设计工作是手脑并用的高强度劳动，只听、看、读是学不会的，只有让学生多动手、多实践，才能将所学的知识加以巩固。实训环节在这门课的学习中有着非常重要的作用。为了更有效地利用实训课锻炼学生网页设计的技能，我们精心设计了同步配套的三十多个实训内容，每个实训都有明确的知识点和任务要求，还有较为详尽的参考步骤。采用实训教材，既能规范各位教师有相同的教学要求，也有助于学生按章节复习和检查自己掌握所学知识的程度。

此外，教师们严把实训环节，每次实训都要对学生完成实训的情况加以记录、评定，给出相应的成绩。这样既调动了学生动手实践的积极性，又真实地记录了每个学生的平时水平，保证了学期总评成绩的真实性和公平性。

（5）．改革考试方式

考试是检验学生学习效果、评价学生学习业绩的重要环节。考试的形式对教学目标、教学过程有着相当大的影响。结合网页设计操作性强、实践性强的特点，我们改革了考试方式，采用上机考试的方式。而且，网页设计这门课程，一方面是要考核创建网页的能力和技巧；另一方面是要考核页面的设计能力和才华。所以，在命题上也进行了大胆的改进，其中70%为规定内容，30%为围绕主题自创意内容。换句话说，同一份试题，每个学生做的结果是不可能完全相同的。经过实践，除了有效地考核了学生的实际水平外，还有一个好处就是杜绝了考试中的作弊现象。

学院已具备的教学改革基础和环境：学生实习实训机房室具有一定规模，能够开出教学大纲要求的全部实训内容和选修实训内容，能够人手一机，满足学生实验实训的全部需要。

[1]姜赵凤．项目教学法在《机械基础》中的应用[J]．职业技术教育，2006，董雁．

理想职业英文作文 篇6

【My dream job：Lawyer】 I have made up my mind to be a lawyer.There are two main reasons for my choosing this.First, I want to help the innocent people out of guilty. Since I have seen many innocent people being scapegoats of the true criminals in the films ,I decide to avoid this cases in the reality.Second, this is a well-paid and promising job. Although I have to confess that this job may be much more difficult to do it well, the handsome wage and excellent treatment give me the stimulus to pursue it. To realize my dream, I have to make full use of the leisure time to acquire the essential knowledge to become one of the best in this field.

《明史·张文锦传》原文及翻译 篇7

张文锦，安丘人。弘治十二年进士，授户部主事。正德初，为刘瑾所陷，逮系诏狱，斥为民。瑾诛，起故官。再迁郎中。迁安庆知府，度宁王宸濠必反，与都指挥杨锐为御备计。宸濠果反，浮江下。文锦等虑其攻南都，令军士登城诟之。宸濠乃留攻，卒不能克。玺书褒美，擢太仆少卿。

嘉靖元年，拜右副都御史，巡抚大同。大同北四望平衍，寇至无可御。文锦曰：“寇犯宣府不能近镇城者，以葛谷、白阳诸堡为外蔽也。今城外即战场，何以示重?”议于城北九十里外，增设五堡。参将贾鉴督役严，卒已怨。及堡成，欲徙镇卒二千五百家戍之。众惮行，请募新丁，僚吏咸以为言。文锦怒曰：“如此，则令不行矣。镇亲兵先往，孰敢后!”亲兵素游惰有室。闻当发，大恐。请孑身往，得分番。又不听，严趣之。鉴承风，杖其队长。诸边卒自甘州五卫杀巡抚许铭，朝廷处之轻，颇无忌。至是，卒郭鉴、柳忠等乘众愤，遂倡乱。杀贾鉴，裂其尸，走出塞，屯焦山墩。文锦恐与外寇连，令副将时陈等招之入城，即索治首乱者。郭鉴等大惧，复聚为乱，焚大同府门，入行都司纵狱囚，又焚都御史府门。文锦逾垣走匿博野王府第乱卒欲燔王宫王惧出文锦郭鉴等杀之亦裂其尸遂焚镇守总兵公署。出故总兵朱振于狱，胁为帅。时嘉靖三年八月也。

事闻，帝命侍郎李昆赦乱卒。昆为文锦请恤典，不报，久之，文锦父政讼其子守安庆功，礼部为之请，终不许。文锦妻李氏复上疏哀请。帝怒，命执赍疏者治之。副都御史(节选自《明史·列传第八十八》)