毕业设计英文翻译材料

毕业设计英文翻译材料（共8篇）

毕业设计英文翻译材料 篇1

精

大学毕业仪式讲话中英文发言材料

晚上好，女士们，先生们!今晚是一个很特别的日子。我感谢我们亲爱的陈老师。她是一个有责任心的老师和经常让我们对学习英语充满兴趣的老师。她总是希望我们的英语有所提高。不管她有多累，她从来没有放弃我们。她还是经常给予我们很大的鼓励。我将永远记住我们最好的老师。

今晚的晚会使我十分高兴地拥有这样一个宝贵的机会，对全体代表的大学毕业生毕业讲话。首先，我想给我们衷心感谢你们。相约大学，开阔着我的视线，丰富着我的思想，洗涤着我的灵魂，滋润着我的生命。

相约大学，捡一片落叶，感觉时光的流逝。成熟的秋天告诉我：生命中最珍贵的东西未必是最闪光的，把握住青春，以最成功的姿态回报四季。

相约大学，我们拥有许多朋友在大学校园里。在这里我们拥有最珍贵的友情。在这里你学习更多你懂得的就更多！

今天我不知道我应该开心还是伤心。因为开心是我要在GDAIB的北校区结束学习了。在此我获得了很多的英语知识。但我也很伤心。因为今天我们将要离开了，也许我们都会拥有好运气，我们还会再次相聚。

所以我们要继续保持自信状态，因为明天将会是美好的一天。作为大学毕业不是结束，而是一个开始。我们将永远牢记我们的校

精

精

训---尊师，勤学，求实，奋进---这已经并将永远激励我们贡献我们已经学会了社会的进步和人类的利益。

这是永远不会被遗忘一天，一天珍惜作为重点和在我们的生活和事业的里程碑之一。

要结束我的发言，让我们从最良好的祝愿杯喝了我们的母亲学院的进一步发展。谢谢大家！

GraduationCeremonySpeech Goodevening,ladiesandgentlemen!Tonightisaspecialday.IappreciateourdearteacherMisschen.SheisresponsibleteacherandsheusuallymakesusfeelinterestedinlearningEnglish.ShealwayshopethatourEnglishhavemadeimprovement.Nomatterhowtiredsheis,shenevergivesuponus.Andshegiveusenoughencouragement.Wewillrememberourgreatteacherforever.Itgivesmegreatpleasuretobeentitledtosuchapreciousopportunitytogiveagraduationspeechonbehalfofallthegraduatesofourcollege.First,I’dliketogiveourheartythankstoyou.Meetcollege,openmysight,toenrichmythoughts,washingmysoul,moistensmylife.Meetcollege,pickupafallingleaf,feelthepassageoftime.Matureautumn,tellme:themostpreciousthinginlifeisnotthemostshining,catchtheyouth,themostsuccessfulattituderewardsseasons.精

精

Meetcollege,wemakesomanyfriendsinthecollege.Wehaveavaluablefriendship.Themoreyouleanyoumoreyouunderstand.TodayIdon’tknowImustbehappyorsad.BecausehappyforI’mendingthestudyofthenorthcampusinGDAIB.I’mgotsomuchofEnglishknowledge.ButI’msadtoo.Becausetoday,we’llbreakuptogether,maybeifwe’rehasgoodluckatall,we’llmeetagain.So,wemustbegetconfide

nceatall,becausetomorrowwillbeaprettyday!Beinggraduatedfromcollegeisnotanend,butabeginning.Wewillalwaysbearinmindthemottoofourcollege---Respects,diligent,andprogressive.---whichhas,andwillalwaysinspireustocontributewhatwehavelearnttotheadvanceofthesocietyandthebenefitsofhumankind.Thisisadaynevertobeforgotten,adaytocherishasoneofthehighlightsandimportantinourlivesandcareers.Toendmyspeech,letusalldrinkfromthecupofbestwishestothefurtherdevelopmentofourmothercollege.Thankyou.《大学毕业仪式讲话中英文发言材料》

精

毕业设计英文翻译材料 篇2

With the development of life level, the need for better environment quality is becoming more and more demanding, and the production capacity has also been being seriously restricted by the long production period and high energy consumption in traditional coating industry. Based on this background, the coating industry is facing an increasing pressure to reduce the emissions of VOC, and turn the solvent-based coatings to more environmentally compliant systems. Consequently, this industry is looking for the new alternative technologies, for which UV-radiation curing technology is one of the best solutions, this implies higher productivity, low energy consumption and reduced production space, and so on[1,2,3], so it has been paid widely attention since its coming out.

Using special aliphatic urethane hexaacrylate and hexaacrylate of caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol as film forming materials to provide the photosensitive groups, a polymer material with high abrasion resistance has been prepared on the UV curable property, which can be used in the protection system of optical film coating. Its excellent abrasion resistance can effectively prevent the surface from being scratched during processing, so it could greatly improve the generality of optical film. The paper discussed the main factors affecting the resistance of the coating, and the optimized conditions were determined.

2 Experimental Part

2.1 Materials and Instruments

Special aliphatic urethane hexaacrylate: Industrial grade; Hexaacrylate of caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol: Industrial grade; Free radical type photoinitiator 184: Industrial grade; Silicone additives: Industrial grade; Diluents: Industrial grade.

P300MT UV curing machine; LT-HW-012 Infrared leveling machine; JC2000C1 Contact angle meter; DYL Dyne pen; WGW Haze Meter; RDS Wire rod coater; PPH-ⅠPencil hardness meter; QFH Cross hatch tester; EIT UV Energy meter.

2.2 Sample Preparation

According to a specified proportion, a mixture of the photosensitive resin, functional monomer, photoinitiator, additives and diluent was added to a reactor with stirring apparatus, thermometer, reflux condenser, then stirred and heated for 20min at 60℃, stood, cooled, filtered, the sample obtained is ready to be coated.

The sample prepared was coated on the PET, PVC or PC film substrate by wire rod coater, then curing it on the UV curing machine after leveling a few minutes in the appropriate infrared temperature. Coating thickness 3μm~4μm.

2.3 Performance Test

The Performance of prepared sample was tested by the following methods. Adhesion: according to GB/T 9286-1998; Hardness: according to GB/T 6739-2006; Transmission: according to GB/T 2410-1980; Abrasion resistant: using 0000# steel wool, weight-bearing 1000g to determination; Flexibility: according to GB/T 1731-1993; Shrinkage: according to J1S C-2318; Surface Tension: using dyne pens to determination; Contact angle: using contact angle analyzer to determination; Chemical resistance: according to GB/T 1763-1979.

3 Results and Discussion

The product formula of UV curing materials is a complex system. It is necessary to study the factors that affect the cured coating in order to get a good curing rate and cured properties. The experiments were carried out by one-factor experimental design, it discussed the effects on the coating abrasion resistance in the addition amount of photosensitive resin, functional monomer, photoinitiator and additive in this paper, and also compared the changes of coating abrasion resistance under different irradiation intensity.

3.1 Study on the addition amount of photosensitive resin

In this experiment, the special aliphatic urethane hexaacrylate was chosen as raw material. The coating abrasion resistance was investigated by adding different amount of photosensitive resin, when the other components of the system were kept a certain ratio. The results are shown in Figure 1.

The photosensitive resin containing two-phase structure, the continuous phase is polyester or polyether flexible chain, and the discontinuous phase is rigid chain synthesized by isocyanate and alcohol compounds. Because the hydrogen bonding interactions between them, it will form the compact dense cross-linking structure. So it can furthest reduce the impact of the external medium, while maintaining self-sufficient stiffness and mechanical strength, and it can provide with special excellent abrasion resistance. However, the further increase of the resin in the system would drop the polymerization and double bond conversion rate, and cause the structure worsening and abrasion resistance declining. The results we can see from Figure 1, if the addition amount of photosensitive resin is 13%, the best abrasion resistance will be obtained.

3.2 Research on the addition amount of functional monomer

In the UV-curing system, the functional monomer is reactive diluent, crosslinker or performance enhancers. It affects the cross-linking density. In this study, the hexaacrylate of caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol is selected, the effect of addition amount monomer on the coating abrasion resistance is discussed, and the ratio of the other components in the system is also determined, the results are given in Figure 2.

As seen from Figure 2, the abrasion resistance of the coating increases with the increase of functional monomer under 26%. When the monomer is over 26%, contrarily, it decreases. The reason for this phenomenon might be: When the system monomer concentration is too low, it can not generate enough cross-linking points, so that it will lower the cross-linking density and the abrasion resistance of the cured coating. To increase the amount of monomer, it will speed up the curing process and increase cross-linking degree of the coating, which will help to improve the abrasion resistance; but at the same time, it would increase the shrinkage gradually, decrease the adhesion to the substrate and reduce the final conversion rate. Finally, it led to the cured coating that contains a large number of monomer residues, caused the coating flake abscission, and then reduced the abrasion resistance of the coating.

3.3 Determine the concentration of photoinitiator

In the coating, photoinitiator is the major absorption material, it absorbs the ultraviolet light and can produce free radicals trigger for initiating the curing reaction, it broke the double bonds of the unsaturated group, and initiated polymerization. In this part, when the other components of system remain unchanged, the different concentrations of photoinitiator are researched to discuss the effect on the abrasion resistance. The experimental results are shown in Figure 3.

As shown in Figure 3, the abrasion resistance and photoinitiator concentration was non-linear relationship, when the concentration was increased to 4% ~ 4.5%, the abrasion resistance reached the maximum, and then with increasing the photoinitiator concentration showed a downward trend. This is just mainly due to the polymerizetion process, the concentration of photoinitiator is directly impact on the curing speed, while the photoinitiator concentration is low in the system, it generates a small amount of free radicals mainly to be consumed by the O2in the surface of coating, it can not fully induced free radical polymerization, so that the cross-linking density lower, the abrasion resistance decreased; As the concentration was too high, the ability to decompose photoinitiator reached the saturation point, within the amount of residual free radicals were determined in the system, and the excess photoinitiator existed in molecular form; Under the UV irradiation, the residual photoinitiator molecules break down, produced a large number of free radicals, caused a certain degree aging and powder in the surface of the coating, resulted in the abrasion resistance decline[4].

In addition, according to the optical absorption law we can see, the concentration of photoinitiator is higher, the thickness of the light penetrating will be smaller. In a certain coating thickness, if photoinitiators is excessive, the UV radiation reached the bottom of the coating will reduce and lower the curing rate. Under this condition, the bottom could not been fully cured, the adhesion between the coating and the substrate is reduced.

R.W.Bush et al.[5]derived the relationship among the maximum curing rate, the coating thickness and the photoinitiator concentration. Set the incident light intensity is Io, which passes through the coating thickness of x, and the intensity is Ix, Δx is infinitely thin, Ia is the absorbed within the thin layer of light, from Beer-Lambert Law:

Ix=Ioexp(-2.3ε·c·x)

Ia=Ix [1-exp(-2.3ε·c·Δx)]

≈Ix·2.3ε·c·Δx(Δx≈0)

=2.3ε·c·Δx·Ioexp(-2.3ε·c·x)

When the Iareaches maximum, the curing rate of the system has also reached the maximum.

It can be seen that the bottom curing and the surface curing are contradictory; In order to obtain the excellent performance, it is necessary to determine the best concentration of photoinitiator through experiments and consideration to surface and bottom have enough light to cause polymerization.

3.4 Select the addition amount of additive

The different amounts of additives were added to the system. Of course, the other components are fixed, and discussing the effect of additive amount on the abrasion resistance of cured coatings, experimental results are shown in Figure 4.

The results from Figure 4 showed: when the additive dosage less than 0.6%, the abrasion resistance of the coating gradually increased; From microcosmic to speak, the reason is that it did not realize rectangular distribution in each micro with too small amount of the additive, so the difference of surface tension between vertical and plane was induced in the coating system. In the case, it occurred Benard swirl phenomenon, resulted in poor coating smooth surface, and caused the defects of shrinkage, shrinking edge, pinhole, sagging, and so on; At the same time, it is also difficult to effectively reduce the surface tension of the system, to increase the wettability and permeability of the substrate in order to improve the adhesion between layers[6], so then further influence the abrasion resistance of the coating.

However, once the amount of additive excessive, some additives would be aggregation in certain areas of the substrate to form a number of very low surface tension in the space, while the surrounding parts of the surface tension was relatively larger, so that it may be will produce bubbles and affect the rheological properties of the system, caused re-coating and the adhesion decreased. Therefore, the most appropriate amount of additive for the system is 0.6%~0.7%, not only guarantees the appearance of the coating, but also to ensure the physical and chemical properties of the coating.

3.5 Compare the property of cured coating under different radiation intensity

The radiation intensity has greatly influence to the curing process and the cured properties of the coating in the UV-curing system. The different cumulative amount of light produced by differences in the performance of the coating was studied. The results are shown in Figure 5.

From Figure 5, the data showed that: Under the same curing conditions, the curing rate increases with the irradiation intensity. When the coating exposure is insufficient, it may cause surface curing incompletely, resulted in low hardness, surface defects more, abrasion resistance down. Curing degree of the abrasion resistance of the coating can be indirectly by radiation curing time to express; In the most cases, the appropriate extension of UV irradiation time can contribute to cross-linking more completely and improve the cross-linking degree, and it is beneficial to improving the abrasion resistance and scratch resistant; But if over-exposure, it may lead to film cross-linked too high, ultraviolet aging defects, and so on. Therefore, supposing that chosen the appropriate radiation intensity in the production, it would help to improve the abrasion resistance of the coating. In addition, the sufficiently high radiation intensity is also very necessary; If the power of UV light is too low, the UV intensity will be not enough, even irradiate a long time, the ideal results can not been obtained.

3.6 Testing results of optical coating properties

Based on the above conclusions, some repeated experiments were made by optimizing the formula design, and tested the comprehensive properties. The results are shown in Table 1.

续表

3.7 Applications of the optical coating

The optical thin film was treated by the coating, it can provide better surface properties and smoothly reached the 3D complex shapes for the products design requirements, so it could not only greatly improve the generality of optical film, but also obtained superior capability products. Some application examples are given.

4 Conclusion

Though UV-curing system, a polymer material with excellent physical and chemical properties was developed. This product can be used as the protecting coating for optical film, so it has a wide application prospect in optoelectronics research field. Single factor optimization was used to study the influence of photosensitive resin, functional monomer, photoinitiator, additive and radiation intensity, experimentally the abrasion resistance of the coating.

(1) The coating was prepared mainly using photosensitive resin and functional monomer, so their performance will be played a leading role for the properties. In order to abstain the excellent properties, it must be choice of proper raw materials and ratio. The results showed that the optimal dosage were 13% and 26%.

(2) The photoinitiator is a major absorption in the system, when the concentration is too low, it can not trigger polymerization; but if too high, it will cause incomplete curing. Experimental results showed that the best photoinitiator concentration is 4%.

(3) By adding additives, it can improve the Abrasion resistance of the coating, and its optimal concentration was 0.6%~0.7%.

(4) The radiation intensity is one of the basic conditions for initiating the UV-curing reaction, it has great significance to obtain ideal properties of the coating, if increasing the cumulative amount and improving the process conditions.

The research group will continue to further study the mechanism of UV curing system, and further optimize the processing operation parameters, so as to providing the necessary theoretical support for production.

参考文献

[1]HUANG W K,CHEN K J,YEH J T,et al.Curing andcombustion properties of a PU-coating system with UV-reactive phosphazene[J].Journal of Applied PolymerScience,2002,85(9):1980-1991.

[2]HONG J W,KIM H K,YU J A,et al.Characterizationof UV-curable reactive diluent containing quaternary am-monium salts for antistatic coating[J].Journal of Ap-plied Polymer Science,2002,84(1):132-137.

[3]Jianbo Lü.Oxygen inhibition of Polymerization for ultra-violet curable coatings[J].Electroplating&Finishing,2010,29(1):64-68.

[4]Hongtao Li,Zhengbing Fu.Development of an anti-ab-rasion UV-curing paint[J].NEW CHEMICAL MATE-RIALS,2005,33(9):43-44,50.

[5]Yonglie Chen,Zhaohua Zeng,et al..Radiation curingmate-rials and applying[M].Beijing:Chemical IndustryPress,2003,36.

毕业设计英文翻译材料 篇3

关键词： “中国英语”翻译    外宣材料    翻译策略

1.引言

随着中国社会经济的快速发展，中国在国际上的地位日益提升，在国际舞台上，中国发出的声音日益受到重视，在对外宣传中，“中国英语”成为必然。一方面，大量具有中国政治经济特色的概念与现象需要用英语表达，向世界传播，另一方面，受译者语言、思想、思维习惯的影响，外宣材料的英语译本不可避免地打上了中国烙印。“中国英语”承载的中国特有语言文化为英语注入了新的活力，“这个趋势正在改变人们对英语语言的认知，同时也使人们的思维方式更加色彩斑斓”。

李文忠先生把“中国英语”定义为：以规范英语为核心，表达中国社会文化诸领域特有事物，不受母语干扰和影响，通过音译、译借及语义再生诸手段进人英语交际，具有中国特点的词汇、句式和语篇[1]。

本文以翻译研究的杂合理论为依托，以2013年度的《政府工作报告》为研究对象，认真研读了其中的英文版本，对其中的中国特色表达进行了整理归纳，从词汇层面对其翻译策略进行了分析。

2.词汇层面的“中国英语”

正如许多学者提出的一样，“中国英语”主要体现在词汇层面，因为大量富含中国特色的文化专有项在英语中没有对应项，在外宣翻译中，我们要将这些中国的政策、制度、特有事物向国际传述，较理想的方法是采用“中国英语”。如外宣文本中众多的中国文化专有项的英语表达，例如全国人民代表大会（National People’s Congress）;国务院总理（Premier of the State Council）;全国政协委员（the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC））;“十一五”规划（the Eleventh Five-Year Plan）;党的十八大（the Party’s Eighteenth National Congress）;党的政策（the Party’s policy）;户籍制度（the household registration system），等等。

需要注意的是，在国内，一提到“党”或者“我党”，毫无疑问指的是中国共产党，其英语对应词为Communist Party of China，简称CPC。在政府工作报告的英译本中，采用了“党”的直译——the Party，用定冠词the限定该party只能是CPC，体现了中国实行的中国共产党领导下的多党合作制度（中国共产党是执政党，其他民主党派是参政党）与西方国家两党制或多党制的根本不同。

3.“中国英语”翻译策略

在翻译策略上，词汇层面的“中国英语”翻译主要包括以下几种：

3.1直译

所谓直译，指的是按照字面的意思，将译入语与原语直接对应，最大限度地保留原语的特征。具体到外宣材料的翻译，即将中国特有的政治性称谓、提法等专有名词，按汉语的本义和结构，按英语的语法和表达习惯直接翻译成英语。直译的方法在保留了汉语文化特征的同时，遵循了英语的表达形式。但是在选词上，外宣材料的翻译应特别注意同义词之间的鉴别。如：

全国人民代表大会    National People’s Congress

人民利益    the people’s interests

民族区域自治法    the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy

民族区域自治制度    the system of regional ethnic autonomy

城镇居民    urban residents

农村居民    rural residents

上述例子中，“人民”被直接翻译成people，该词兼有人、民族等概念，淡化了“人民”一词所蕴含的强烈的政治色彩，更易于被西方社会接受。“民族”一词采用了ethnic一词，该词蕴含了基于同一社会、文化、国别等内容之上的同一社会群体，充分体现了中国是由多个民族构成的，但同时是一个统一的国家，政治内涵丰富。“居民”一词则直接采用residents，表示居住在特定地方的，有着固定住所的人群，没有政治色彩。

3.2意译

意译是一种很常见的翻译策略，即在英语表达中，借用汉语词汇，产生新的表达方式。不同的语言所蕴含的文化内涵、政治色彩不同，直接翻译可能导致理解上的困难甚至误解，可以采用意译的方法，将原语所表达的意义用英语进行解释，从而达到晓畅明白的目的。意译强调的是内涵意义的传递，而非字面形式的对应。在外宣材料翻译过程中，因其所蕴含的强烈政治色彩，加之中西政治观念的巨大差异，或因中国特色国情，很多专有词汇或专有项不能用直译的方法。例如：

进城务工人员随迁子女children of rural migrants working in cities

保障性住房government-subsidized housing units

棚户区改造housing units in run-down areas were upgraded.

计划生育基本国策the basic state policy on family planning

保障性安居工程construction of government-subsidized housing

上述这些专有词汇在英语文化背景中没有直接对应的部分，如果直译，仅仅翻译出字面意思，没有特定文化背景的读者会产生理解上的困惑，如：“城镇就业困难人员”译为“urban residents having difficulty finding jobs”，通过对“就业困难”的解释，易于读者理解。“计划生育”在国内长时间以来是个敏感的话题，直接翻译成“childbirth according to plans”或者解释性翻译为“one family is allowed to have one child”容易使人产生误解，政府工作报告中将其翻译成“family planning”，更易于西方人士理解和接受。

3.3解释性翻译

该翻译策略与意译有相似的地方，但截然不同。其重点在于译者充分把握原文的内涵和实质后，在译文中做出必要的增补与解释。这种翻译策略适用于中国特有现象的缩略表达，或特有的经济文化术语。这些词汇对于缺少文化背景的译文读者来说很难理解其真实内涵，如农村五保供养制度、绩效工资、国家助学制度等。其中“五保”是个社会救济概念，指“我国农村对无劳动能力、生活无保障的成员实行的社会保险，即保吃、保穿、保烧（燃料）、保教（儿童和少年）、保葬五个方面”。如果直接翻译成“the five guarantees”，西方人士就无法理解其内涵。因此，在政府工作报告中对其进行了解释性翻译，译为“infirm rural residents assistance in the form of food，clothing，medical care，housing，and burial expenses”，将五个方面的内容进行了解释，便于理解。“绩效工资”是新近出现在汉语里的词汇，主要是针对公务员、事业单位群体原来采取的平均主义、大锅饭式的工资方案进行改革，将这些群体的业绩纳入考核的范畴，按劳取酬，所以翻译时采用解释性的方法，译为：“The pay is linked to their performance.”“国家助学制度”是指国家通过经济上的支持，为大中小学困难学生提供经济上的资助，所以可以翻译为“the system of state financial aid to students”。

上述译文在对原语内涵进行分析的基础上，对其进行了必要的解释，对其中所蕴含的深层次的社会、文化、政治因素进行了剖析，通过解释使译文更易于外国人理解。但是不难发现，解释性翻译存在冗长、拖沓的弊端，不应该大范围采用。可以预想到，当我们的对外宣传足够频繁，外国人士对这些富有中国特色的表达足够熟悉时，解释性翻译就可以被直接翻译或者意译取代。

4.结语

“中国英语”的产生是语言发展的必然，随着国际经济文化交流的进一步深入，将会有越来越多的中国特有事物进入英语表达，在外宣材料的翻译中，必须针对不同的翻译对象，采取行之有效的策略，方能够恰当地传情达意，向世界介绍中国，使世界认识了解中国。当然，中国英语的翻译不能局限于词汇层面，在以后的研究中，我们将会进一步探讨诸如句法、语篇层面的中国英语翻译策略。

参考文献：

[1]李文中.中国英语与中国式英语[J].外语教学与研究，1993.4.

[2]马文丽.传媒翻译中的“中国英语”[J].武汉理工大学学报，2009.8.

[3]邱立中，宁全新.“中国英语”质疑[J].外语教学，2002（6）：23-26.

[4]王弄笙.汉英翻译中的Chinglish[J].中国翻译，2000（2）：31-34.

[5]闫永林，何霜.中国英语视角下的大学英语[J].理论与研究，2010.12.

[6]杨莉，曾剑平.从词汇层面看中国英语的翻译策略[J].江西财经大学学报，2008.4.

[7]周吉.《政府工作报告》中有中国特色政经用语的对等翻译[J].广西大学学报，2006（10）：167-169.

留德材料翻译 篇4

在读证明翻译

Bescheinigung Der Student（姓名），männlich，würde am 17.November 1982 geboren.Im September 2001 würde er von unserer Universität einer allgemeinen ordentlichen ganztagsystematischen Universität aufgenommen.Jetzt ist er in Klasse 11 an der Fakultät für Electronic Business in Institut für Wirtschaft sowie Finanz an unserer Universität.seine studiennummer ist 01131014 mit 4-jährigem Schulsystem.Sein Studienzeitraum ist von Sept.2001 bis Juli 2005.Er hat schon 6 Semeter vollendet，und besucht jetzt das 7 Semster.Er wird normalerweise ordentlichen Abschlußzeugnis mit ökonomie Bachlor-Grad erzielen.Das wird hiermit bestätigt.Institut für Wirtschaft sowie Finanz an der Jiaotong-Universität Xi‘an（Dienstsiegel）den 23.September 2004

大学录取名册翻译件

Die Personalliste für staatlichen allgemeinen Hochschulen im 2001 jahr von Autonomiegebiet der Inneren Mongolei Hochschul Nr.：285 Hochuschul Name ：Jiaotong Universität Xi‘an Fakultät：Betriebswirtschaft Aufnahmeform：Staatlich Hochschulaufnahmeprüfung Nr Prüfungskandidat Nr.Name Geschlecht Geburtsdatum Die Nationen 1 01***4 姓名 weiblich 8.juli 1982 mongolischeNationalität Kandidatskategorie

Abschlußoberschule

Aufnahmefachrichtun Sprachesorte Ideal Schulsystem Bei der 2 Aufnahmeprüfung aus dem Land Die Mittelschule Nr.3 Daban Betriebswirtschaft Englisch 1 4 Zensurentabelle bei der Hochschulaufnahmeprüfung Chinesisch 116 Mathematik 107 Fremdsprache Englisch 127.5(Hörtext 21;Allgemeine 234)Physik und Chemie Gesamte Note 585

大学毕业证书翻译件

Allgemenine Hochschulbildung

Abschlußzeugnis（Lichtbild）

Der Student姓名, männlich, geboren am 2.April 1978, hat vom September 1997 bis Juli

2002

an

unserer

Universität

das

Fach Industriebauingenieure studiert.Er hat alle für ein fünfjähriges Studium vorgeschriebenen Fächer erfolgreich beschlossen und sich daher die Genehmigung verschaffen, unsere Universtät zu absolvieren.Hochschuleie Jiaotong-Universität Xi‘an（Stempel）Rektor： Xu Tongmo（Stempel）Nr.：01757852 3.Juli 2002

学士学位证书翻译件 Bachelor（Bachelorabsolvanten der Allgemeinen Hochschulbildung）

姓名，männlich，im April 1978 geboren，hat vom September 1997 bis zum Juli 2002 das fünfjährige Studium vom Industriebauingenieure an der Jiaotong-Universität Xi‘an beendet und absolviert.Den Bestimmungen von Vorschriften des Akademischen Titels Volksrepublik Chinas “entsprechend wird ihm der Bachelortitel für Industriebauingenieure verliehen.Präsident des Ausschuss Akademischer Titel：Zheng Nanning（Stempel）Zeugnisnummer： 106984020353 3.Juni.2002

研究生在读证明翻译件

Bescheinigung Der Student 姓名，männlich，ist am 2 April 1978 geboren.Im September 2002 wurde er von unserer Universität einer allgemeinen ordentlichen Universität mit dem ganztätigen System aufgenommen.Jetzt studiert er an der Fakultät für Industriebauingenieur u.Verwaltungswirtschaft an dem Institut für Aspiranten an unserer Universität.Sein Studienzeitraum ist vom Sept.2002 bis Juli 2005.Er hat schon 5 Semeter vollendet, und besucht jetzt das 6.Semster.Er wird normalerweise das ordentliche Abschlußzeugnis mit Diplom im Juli 2005 erzielen.Das wird hiermit bestätigt.Das Institut für Aspiranten Jiaotong-Universität Xi‘an（Stempel）Den 28.März 2005

高中毕业证书翻译件

Oberstufe der allgemeinen Mittelschule der Provinz Liaoning

材料类优秀英文简历 篇5

Name:Sandy Bin

Address:15/F,TOWARD ,BRIGHT CHINA,BUILDING,BEIJING.

OBJECTIVE

A career within sales and marketing.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

JOLENE'S Columbia,SC

Marketing Director/Amber Rain,1989-Present

Maximize sales in 19 stores;consistently achieve monthly sales plan.

Recruit/interview /hire,train and develop counter managers and beauty advisors;stress improved customer service and follow through.

Act as liaison between Jolene's and Amber Rain account executives;communicate/execute corporate plans.

Merchandise cases/counters;oversee/organize stock areas;review stock control and productivity books.

Actuate/implement promotional events to generate additional business.Hire/train freelance models to promote business.Conduct product sales and seminars for promotional agencies.

Review and analyze goals and retail sales;interact with general managers and cosmetic buyers.

Organize/supervise 25 clinics and special promotional events.

Marketing Director/Emerald Haze,1984-1989

Responsible for 25 stores and $3 million account.Improved staffing,increased business 30% in spring'89,60% Christmas '88,and 42% Fall'87.

Restructured special events to generate business.Actuated“Days of Haze”program, stressing customer service/follow through;established goals to increase average unit sales,makeovers,and consultations.

Brought account to #2 in the country;exceeded sales goals.

Received numerous Galena Marketing Awards.

EDUCATION

Columbia Institute of Aesthetics,Columbia,SC

Courses in Advanced Makeup Artistry,1988

University of Florida,Gainesville,FL

B.A.,Marketing,1982

PERSONAL

Willing to relocate

Percentages and dollar amounts quantify candidate's accomplishments.

英国签证翻译材料注意点（精选） 篇6

百家公证处指定翻译公司签证翻译专家

一次翻译 终身免费打印

英国签证翻译材料注意点

Main navigation

英国边境管理局（UKBA）在中国

在中国申请的支持文件申请英国签证

本页介绍了在中国境内申请英国签证所需要提交的支持文件。

除文件说明上提到的文件外，中国境内的申请人还需要提供以下支持文件：

户口本

 营业执照

 CSSC 政府担保证明(只适用于政府作为担保的申请)

所有的存款单必须附上存款证明，以便于确认其真实性。没有附上存款证明的申请可能导致拒签。

如果您不确定需要提供哪些支持文件，请下载本页右侧的指南。

原始文件和复印件

对于您所提交的每一份文件，包括您的护照生物信息页（即有您照片的那一页），您都必须同时提供原件和复印件。

南京领域翻译有限公司全国客服专线：400-6969-469

百家公证处指定翻译公司签证翻译专家

一次翻译 终身免费打印

请确保复印件清晰明了，并使用质量良好的纸张。

如果您未能提供原件，签证官可能无法准确评估您的申请，这将导致您的签证申请被延迟审核或被拒签。如果您不提供复印件，那么我们可能不会把您的原件退还给您。

如果您确实无法提供原件材料－例如您的出生证原件，那么您可以提供该文件的签发机构关（即“发证机关”）核准的复印件。

翻译件

您必须提供所有非英语支持文件的翻译件。如果您无法提供您翻译件，签证官可能无法准确评估您的申请，这将导致您的签证申请被延迟审核或被拒签。所有翻译件上都必须包括：

译者证实所提供翻译件为原件的准确译文

 翻译日期

 译者的全名及签字

 译者的联系方式 

毕业设计英文翻译材料 篇7

关键词：形状记忆合金,冷变形,不完全马氏体相变,温度记忆效应

0 Introduction

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are known for the ability of memorizing their shape in the parent phase. This shape memory effect has been extensively studied in the past deca-des[1,2]. Besides the shape memory effect, some researches have also shown that SMAs have the ability of memorizing their thermal history [3,4,5,6]. That is, if the reverse transformation of a SMA is interrupted, a kinetic stop will appear in the next complete reverse transformation. The kinetic stop temperature always falls in a position a little higher than the previous interruption temperature, so it is reasonable to call this kinetic stop temperature a “memory” of the previous interruption temperature.

This temperature memory effect (TME) , however, has not received intensive attention. One main reason is that TME was once believed to be willing to appear just in a temperature range between As and Af (reverse transformation starting temperature and finishing temperature, respectively) . Usually the temperature interval between As and Af is less than 30K, which is too narrow for application.

However, our previous investigations have shown that a pre-strained NiTi alloy embedded in a composite has a much wider transformation temperature range than an alloy in a free state, due to the presence of the recovery stress. Therefore, a moderate heating of the composite results in an in-complete transformation cycling of the embedded NiTi alloy wire. But, the interfacial bond cannot postpone the finishing temperature of prestrained wire in a composite without limit, due to the interface fails or plastic deforms. This upper temperature limits restricted the application of TME.

In the present work, our aim is to study the TME of an in-situ composite with macroscopic heterogeneous structure formed by cold rolling, and it is shown that the temperature memory effect can be expanded to be operational in a wider temperature range by cold rolling a curved surface NiTi alloy.

1 Experiment

A Ti50Ni50 alloy rod was obtained from the Generous Research Institute for Non-ferrous Metals, China. The rod was vacuum annealed at 873K for 1h, and then spark cut into sheets with sinusoidal surface and a maximum thickness of 2mm. One sample was designed with amplitudes of the surface sinusoidal wave of 0.1mm. By deformation to a thickness of 1.6mm, the sample had a nominal minimum deformation of 0%, and maximum deformation levels of 20% (named Wave-20%) . Fig.1 schematically shows the macroscopic heterogeneous structure formed by cold rolling.

An SMA sheet with wavelike surface has different thickness in different parts. Therefore, a cold rolling causes different deformation levels in different parts. Fig.1 shows the internal structure of the sheet after cold rolling, where (a) represents the region with relatively large deformation level (and therefore with weak shape recovery ability) , and (b) represents the region with relatively small deformation level (and therefore with strong shape recovery ability) . One can see that the heterogeneous in a SMA is magnified in such a way that macroscopic distinct domains are aligned regularly, and then the SMA has a structure similar to those of composites. The best advantage of the composite shown in Fig.1 over conventional SMA composites is that the in-situ composite has a graded interface between different domains, whereas conventional SMA composites has a distinct interface between different phases and are more susceptible to interfacial debonding than any other composites[7,8]. The DSC and the thermal expansion measurements were conducted using a Netzsch DSC 2004 Phoenix and a WRP-1 compu-terized dilatometer.

2 Results and discussion

Fig.2 shows the temperature memory effect of the NiTi wire without any deformation. The global reverse transformation curve is reproducible by complete thermal cycling between Mf and Af. If the global reverse transformation is interrupted at a certain temperature Ts, for example, at 337.1K, as shown in Fig.2, only part of the martensite transforms into the parent phase, with the rest of the martensite remaining. The remaining martensite is called M1. Decreasing the temperature below Mf transforms the parent phase back into martensite. This newly formed martensite is called M2. One can see in Fig.2 that, during heating, M2 and M1 transform into the parent phase sequentially, with a kinetic stop between them. It is known that the kinetic stop tempera-ture is always about 3K higher than Ts. Therefore, without knowing Ts, one can still find it, with a maximum error of 3K, by examining this kinetic stop.

Fig.3 shows the temperature memory effect of the Wave-20% sample. The heating process was respectively interrupted at 426K three times, a temperature much higher than the reverse transformation temperature (Af) of the alloy. In the fourth heating, an endothermic peak appeared right at the position of Ts, indicating that the Wave-type sample had “remembered” the arrested temperature. It is worthwhile to note that the transformation temperatures are significantly enlarged by the severe cold deformation, as can be seen in Fig.3. By using the method shown in Fig.1, one can have the advantages of both a much-pronounced endothermic peak on the DSC curve, and a wide transformation temperature range. This kinetic stop can be regarded as a “memory” of the previous arrest temperature[9]. Our previous research[7,8] has shown that by embedding a prestrained SMA wire into composites, one can have a much wider transformation temperature window and therefore the ability to remember the arrested temperature in the previous heating process over a wide temperature window. However, the interface of a SMA composite is usually very vulnerable to thermal shock. For samples prepared by the method shown in Fig.1, no such vulnerable interface is presented. Therefore, samples prepared by the method shown in Fig.1 can demonstrate the temperature memory effect over a much wider temperature range than an ordinary SMA composite.

Fig.4 shows the expansion curves of the samples Wave-20% in the third and fourth heating cycles, which can be regarded as a proof of the above description. One can also see from Fig.4 that by an intended design, Wave-type sample can overlap a desirable (also adjustable) strong negative strain over a moderate negative strain, indicating the existence of the ongoing reverse transformation. Due to the partial reverse transformation, thermal expansion curves of the samples Wave-20% shows a strain plat (cd) in the fourth thermal cycle.

It is well known that the constrained heating of a prestrained SMA will result in a gradual buildup of recovery stress, and therefore a significantly enlarged reverse transformation temperature range, according to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Obviously, the recovery stress plays an important role in NiTi composites. The heavily cold rolled NiTi alloy gained a great spatial inhomogeneity in strains, which resulted in a wild reverse transformation temperature range, whose temperature is defferent from one place to the other. During the partial reverse transformation, the martensite to austenite transformation is stopped at a certain temperature between As and Af, and only part of the martensite transforms into the parent phase, with the rest of the martensite remaining. Here the remaining martensite is called M1. With further decreasing the temperature below Mf, the pa-rent phase transforms back to martensite, and the newly formed martensite is called M2. Upon heating part of the martensite transforms to parent phase with M1 martensite phase remains. M2 martensite phase forms upon cooling, domain walls appear between the M1 and M2 martensite phase. The newly formed M2 martensite at the M1-M2 interface will accommodate itself to decrease the elastic strain energy level. This leads to the release of the stored elastic strain energy in M1 at the M1-M2 interface. As the first formed martensite plate is the last to revert to the parent phase and the last formed plate is the first to revert[10], and much more work to overcome the domain walls motion. So the release of the elastic strain energy and more work to overcome the motion of domain walls lead to the transformation of M1 shift to higher temperature and a kinetic stop appears upon heating.

3 Conclusions

In summary, by controlling the ratio of the cold deformation, the density of dislocations can be managed, and therefore the reverse transformation expands over a large tempera-ture window. This is quite useful to output strains in a large temperature window comprising to conventional SMA composites interface which will be failure in the same temperature. As a example of applications in the so-called temperature memory effect, one does not have to embed SMAs into composites; instead, one just has to cold roll a curved surface NiTi alloy above its recoverable limit to obtain a material with the ability of temperature memory in a wide temperature range, and the temperature memory effect was also confirmed to be operational in this wide temperature range.

参考文献

[1] Otsuka K, Wayman C M. Shape memory alloys[M]. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

[2] Duerig T, et al. Engineering aspect of shape memory alloys[M]. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990

[3]Airoldi G, Riva G.Step-wise stimulated martensitic trans-formations[J].Key Eng Mater, 1990, 48:5

[4]Amengual A, et al.An experimental study of the partial trans-formation cycling of shape-memory alloys[J].Scr Mater, 1996, 343:1549

[5] Madangopal K, Banerjee S, Lele S. Thermal arrest memory effect[J]. Acta Metall Mater, 1994, 42 (6) :1875

[6]Airoldi G, Corsi A, Riva G.Step-wise martensite to austen-ite reversible transformation stimulated by temperature or stress:Acomparisonin Ni Ti alloys[J].Mater Sci Eng A, 1998, 241 (1-2) :233

[7] Zheng Y J, Schrooten J, Tsoi K A. Thermal response of glass fibre/epoxy composites with embedded TiNiCu alloy wires[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2002, 335 (1-2) :157

[8]Zheng Y J, Cui L S.Martensite fraction-temperature dia-gram of Ti Ni wires embedded in an aluminum matrix[J].Intermetallics, 2004, 12 (12) :1305

[9] Zheng Y J, Cui L S, Schrooten J. Temperature memory eff-ect of a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 84 (1) :31

毕业设计英文翻译材料 篇8

材料化学主要介绍金属、陶瓷、高分子及复合材料的结构、性能、加工、设计及用途，其专业英语与日常英语截然不同[1]，句子以长难句为主，这对学生阅读专业文献造成很大困扰。本文举例解析长难句的句型结构，并结合材料化学专业知识进行句子翻译技巧的归纳总结，为材料化学专业英语的教和学提供帮助。

1.翻译技巧

为了专业问题表述的严密性和准确性，材料化学专业英语中的句子多为带有修饰成分的长句，即句中多有定语、状语、补语等从句；再者，为了专业问题表述的客观性和专业性，句子多用被动语态，又有若干特定句型，这些就导致专业英语句子翻译困难[2-4]。专业英语的翻译要求“信、达、雅”：信—准确，即译文要不偏离、不遗漏、不随意增减意思，符合学科的发展规律；达—通顺明白，指句子符合汉语的表达习惯，不拘泥于原文形式；雅—专业得体，指译文选词要专业得体，简明优雅。实际翻译科技英语句子时，首先要断句准确，即找到句子的主干（主、谓、宾）和枝叶（定、状、补），再根据句型（如It-that句型、被动句型、省略句型等）和特定词汇，结合上下文和专业知识才能准确翻译句子。因此，专业英语的翻译是对语法、特殊句型、特定词汇和专业知识的综合运用。

2.长难句解析

2.1带有特征词汇的句子

周丽云[4，5]归纳了表达无机、有机化学经典反应的句子中常带有的一些特征词汇，通过这些词汇可以辨识反应类型并准确翻译句义。表明特定反应类型的词有：decompose或decomposition （分解），disproportionate或disproportionation （歧化），neutralize或neutralization （中和），oxidize或oxidation （氧化），reduce或reduction （还原），ionize或dissociate （电离），hydrolyze或hydrolysis （水解），electrolyze或electrolysis （电解），substitution或substitute或replacement或displacement （取代），addition （加成），elimination （消除），polymerize或polymerization （聚合），catalysis （催化）等反应，未表明反应类型的词有：react （反应），form （形成）。例如：In addition polymerization，the starting material is a monomer in a solution，emulsion，vapor，or even in bulk，and the polymer resulting from the polymerization has the same repeating unit as the starting monomer.[2]画线部分为句子主干，表明该句讲单体和聚合物；in addition polymerization为状语，表明反应类型为加聚；in a solution，emulsion，vapor，or even in bulk也为状语，表明单体反应的场所；resulting from polymerization作为polymer的定语，表明聚合物由聚合得到；the same repeating unit as the starting monomer作为宾语，重点是the same ... as短语的辨识。结合专业知识，该句可译为：在加聚反应中，原料是在溶液、乳液、气相或本体中的单体，而聚合所得聚合物具有与单体组成相同的重复单元。

描述材料性能及性能变化的句子一般也带有特征词汇。描述力学性能相关的词汇有：strong （强），weak （弱），stiff （硬），soft （软），brittle （脆），tough （韧），ductile（易延展的）或ductility（延展性），strengthen（强化），fracture（断裂），plastic deformation （塑性形变），elastic deformation （弹性形变），creep （蠕变），failure （失效），recovery （回复），fatigue （疲劳），yield strength（屈服强度）等，描述材料其他性能的特征词汇有：corrosion（腐蚀），degradation（退化），electrical（电的，电学的），thermal（热的，热学的），magnetic（磁性的，磁学的），optical（光学的）等。例如：Polymers are less stiff，less strong and less tough than most metals，so the new component requires careful redesign.[2]（与大部分金属相比，高分子的硬度、强度和韧性都要差一些，因此，新的组分需要仔细地再设计。） 又如：This method（Powder metallurgy）is especially suitable for metals having low ductility，since only small plastic deformation of the powder particles need occur.[2]画线部分为句子主干，having low ductility为metals的修饰定语，since引导原因状语从句，全句可译为：这种方法（粉末冶金术）特别适合延展性小的金属，因为粉末颗粒只需发生小的塑性变形。又如：Corrosion in simple terms occurs in metals because most metals are not in natural state until they return to the ore form in which we found them.[2]画线部分为主句，句中in simple terms（简单地说）是副词短语，翻译时作为插入语前置，because引导原因状语从句，整句可译为：简言之，金属腐蚀的发生是因为大部分金属的存在形式都不是天然状态，直到它们发生腐蚀回到它们被发现时的矿石形式。

2.2特殊句型

（1）It-that句型

It-that句型的形式为“It is/was ... that ...”，句子可能为强调句，也可能it为形式主语，that后面的部分为真正的主语。若去掉It is/was...that句子仍然成立，则为强调句；若it为形式主语的句子，则一般真正的主语都很长，将that后面的句子成分提前作为主语可使句子成立。例如：It is not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.[2]该句型实为it is not until...that句型，主要用于强调时间状语，译为“直到……才……”，全句译为：直到近代，科学家才开始理解材料的结构元素与性质之间的关系。又如：It was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.[2]此句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，该句可译为：人们发现，材料的性质可以通过热处理和添加其他物质而改变。It is said （reported，learned ...） that ...皆为此结构，常译为“据说（据报道，据悉……）”。

（2）被动句

由于科技英语中经常需要描述客观事实，在行为或结果的施事者不明确或不能给出时，可用被动句表达，此外，有时为了强调也用被动句。例如：All the elements have been classified according to electron configuration in the periodic table.[2]此句用被动语态是为了强调客观规律性，可译为：周期表中的所有元素按照电子构型分类。又如：Many an applied scientist or engineer，whether mechanical，civil，chemical，or electrical，will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials.[2]画线部分为句子主句，whether ... or部分为scientist or engineer的定语，at one time or another为时间状语，involving materials为problem的定语，全句译为：许多应用型科学家或工程师，无论是机械方面的、民用方面的、化学方面的还是电学方面的，他们都曾经面临材料的设计问题。虽然是被动句，但考虑汉语表达通顺的要求，译成汉语并不一定用被动句。

（3）省略句

为了句子简明扼要、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，可将句子中的某个单词、短语甚至某个句子成分（从句、谓语或主语等）省略。例如：Impurity point defects are found in solid solution，of which there are two types： substitutional and interstitial.[2]此句为了避免重复，在substitutional和interstitial后都省略了solid solution，而翻译时为准确起见，应译出省略内容，即固溶体中杂质点缺陷有两类：置换固溶体和间隙固溶体。再如：The increments of A and B do not necessarily have to be the same，nor does their spacing.[2]这是描述两种不同单体A和B共聚形成共聚物的结构，其中nor does their spacing就是省略句，完整的应为“their spacing does not necessarily have to be the same，either.”，全句可译为：单体A和B的增长不必相同，它们的间距也不必相同，即单体A和B的增长可以有规律也可以无规律，它们之间的距离可以相同也可以不同。

参考文献：

[1]杨珊.化学专业英语教学体会[J].广州化工，2012，40（8）： 176.

[2]李莉，李新林，郑卫.材料科学与工程专业英语[M].哈尔滨： 哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2006.

[3]宋歌.化学化工专业英语教学实践与改革[J].商丘职业技术学院学报，2013，12（4）： 117.

[4]周丽云.化学专业英语常用句型例谈[J].考试周刊，2011（4）： 126.