英语代词中的关系代词

2024-08-22

英语代词中的关系代词(共11篇)

英语代词中的关系代词 篇1

The relative pronouns are:

关系代词有:

We use who and whom for people, and which for things.

我们用who和whom指代人,用which指代物品。

Or we can use that for people or things.

或者可以用that指人或物。

We use relative pronouns:

下列情况中我们使用关系代词:

after a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about:

在名词后加关系代词,用于指明我们所谈论的人或物:

the house that Jack built

the woman who discovered radium

an eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop

in relative clauses to tell us more about a person or thing:

在关系从句中提供关于某人或某物更多的信息:

My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveller.

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

We had fish and chips, which is my favourite meal.

But we do not use that as a subject in relative clauses.

We use whose as the possessive form of who:

我们用whose表明所有权:

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:

有时用whom作为一个动词或介词的宾语:

This is George, whom you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

But nowadays we normally use who:

但今天我们通常用who:

This is George, who you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.

When whom or which have a preposition the preposition can come at the beginning of the clause...

当用whom和which有介词时,介词可以前置:

I had an uncle in Germany, from who[m] I inherited a bit of money.

We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.

… or at the end of the clause:

或者是放在句子最后:

I had an uncle in Germany who[m] I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood up with.

We can use that at the beginning of the clause:

也可以将that放在句子开头:

I had an uncle in Germany, that I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw, that we cut all the wood up with.

英语代词中的关系代词 篇2

用定语从句合并两个句子的具体方法是: (1) 确定指代关系。分析所给的两个句子, 确定一个用作定语从句, 找出其中指代前面提到的人或物的词 (一般为代词) 。 (2) 确定先行词。把被指代的人或物的名词确定为先行词。 (3) 用关系代词替代指代者, 并提到定语从句的句首, 引导定语从句。 (4) 调整句子语序。把关系代词所引导的定语从句放到先行词的后面。

下面笔者举例进行说明。

从上面的图示我们可以看出, 第 (2) 句中的hee指代第 (1) 句中的the waiter。这样, the waiter是被指代者, 就是被定语从句修饰限制的先行词;he是指代者, 就用指人且在定语从句中作主语的关系代词who或that取代 (为了便于说明, 以下就不再用that) 。因此, who就引导定语从句了, 再把该从句移到先行词the waiter后, 两个句子就合并成了一个带有定语从句的复合句。

2. (1) The woman is a scientist. (2) You met her in my office yesterday.

首先, 确定指代关系。第 (2) 句中的her指代第 (1) 句中的the woman, 那么第 (2) 句就为定语从句。其次, 确定先行词。通过上面的分析, 被指代的the woman就是先行词。再次, 用关系代词whom替代指代者her, 再把whom提到定语从句的句首。最后, 调整语序。这样, 两个句子就合并为:Thewoman whom you met in my office yesterday is a scientist.

另外, 可以依靠关系代词的指代作用把定语从句从主句中分解出来。例如:

1.“At last, ”I thought, “I’m going to visit tha interesting country, _____I have heard so much.”

该题要求用“介词+关系代词”填空。介词的选择要根据: (1) 与前面名词 (即先行词) 的搭配关系。 (2) 与后面定语从句中的动词或形容词的搭配关系。如果把该题中的定语从句分解出来, 就是“I

have heard of the country so much”, hear of为固定搭配, 这样就可以确定答案为of which。

2.In the office I never seem to have time unti after 5:30 p.m., _____many people have got home.

A.whose timeB.that

C.on whichD.by which

从中分解出来的定语从句应为“Many people have got home by the time”, 所以可以看出定语从句中缺少时间状语, 故A、B两项不正确。“到那时”要用by the time, the time指代主句中的先行词5:30 p.m., 因此, 引导词要用by which。

总之, 定语从句是高中学生必须掌握的英语语法知识, 只有借助关系代词的指代作用, 才能做到巧妙地、正确地解答一些有关定语从句的题目。

点击定语从句中的关系代词as 篇3

一、限制性定语从句中的as

关系代词as常用在以下结构中:如,the same…as; such…as; as…as以及so…as, 其中as 作为关系代词引导的是一个限制性定语从句,此时的它可以作从句的主语也可以作宾语。例如:

1.the same…as+从句

①We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. 我们面临着与几年前相同的问题。

as作定语从句中动词did的宾语,指代先行词problems。

②That was the same pen as you bought yesterday. 那支钢笔和你昨天买的一样。

as作定语从句谓语动词bought的宾语,指代先行词pen。

2.so…as+从句

③Here is so heavy a box as can be lifted by nobody. 这儿有个没人能提动的箱子。

as作定语从句的主语,指代先行词box。

3.such+名词+as+从句

④Such a thing as you mentioned didn't seem to happen. 你提及到的那件事似乎并没发生。

as作定语从句的宾语指代先行词a thing。

⑤This is such an interesting book as we all like. 这是一本我们都喜欢的书。

as作定语从句like的宾语。

二、非限制性定语从句中的as

在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词as 和which都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容, 并在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。一般情况下可以互换。但as引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾,而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。当表示“正如”之意时不能用which替换as。

1.as在非限制性定语从句中作宾语。例如:

①As we all know, he is the top student in his class. 正如大家所知道的,他是他们班上最好的学生。

关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句,作know的宾语。

②It is a beautiful sightseeing, as anybody can see. 正如人人所看到的,这是一个美丽的风景点。

关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句,作see的宾语。

2.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语, 此时从句的谓语部分必须有系动词be或其它系动词。例如:

③He is the best gardener in the farm, as is well know. 据我们所知,他是农场最好的园艺师。

关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句, as作从句的主语。

④As is the case, he is often late for school. 他上学迟到是经常的事。

3.含有否定意义的非限制性定语从句中不能用as作关系代词,而只能用which。例如:

⑤The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 天气变好了,这是我们没有预料到的。

此从句含有否定意义“没有预料到”,所以不能使用as,而用which。

⑥He entered the famous university, as (which) was natural. 他进入了一所名校,那是自然而然的事。

此从句为肯定句,可用as,也可用which。

⑦He entered the famous university, which was unnatural. 他进入了一所名校,那很意外。unnatural为否定词,故用which而不用as。

与as有关的特殊题例如下:

1.____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (2004江苏卷)

A. WhichB. WhenC. WhatD. As

【思路点拨】as作为关系代词引导一个非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句,置于句首,此时不能使用which,故选择D。句意:和往常一样,我们已经制定出了生产计划书。

2.____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.(2005浙江卷)

A. WhenB. AfterC. AsD. Since

【思路点拨】as具有“正如”之意,搭配的动词一般是固定的,如as you know/as you see/as we planned/as we expected/as is reported。句意:就像我在电话中解释的一样,会在下次会议中考虑你的请求。

3.____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.(2003上海卷)

A. ThatB. AsC. ItD. What

【思路点拨】这是一种比较特殊的定语从句,as常译作“正如;这一点”。句意:消息已被公布,我们在下月进行期末考试。

4. ____ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing.(1999上海卷)

A. WhichB. AsC. ThatD. It

【思路点拨】as is mentioned above意为“正如上面所提及到的”。句意:正如上面所提到的,高中生人数正在增加。

5. ____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京卷)

A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What

解读物主代词在英语句子中的使用 篇4

1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:

Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)

2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:

This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)

3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:

A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)

[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)

还有一种是连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。

赛达语法关系代词知识点讲解 篇5

下面为大家介绍的SAT语法知识点是关于关系代词方面的。关系代词是区别复杂句和简单句的一个重要标准,想要掌握常用的关系代词用法,大家可以对这些知识点进行适当的参考。下面我们就一起来看看详细内容吧。小马过河国际教育

SAT语法考试中,关系代词主要有:who, whom, whose, that, which

who在句子中表示人,并且在从句中作主语;在现代英语里,who也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语;whom表示人充当宾语;

whose一般用来表示“某人的”,有些情况下也可以表示“某物的”;

that可以表示人,也可以表示物

which只可以表示物。

小马过河专家经过对SAT语法考试真题的总结发现,SAT考试中并不会考察who和whom之间的区别或者是from which和with which之间的不同点,也不会考察与之相关的固定用法,如in that是什么意思;只会考察他们所指代的是“人的意义”还是“物的意义”:

典型错误:

the person which I know

the book who I read

例:Candy manufactures applauded the discovery by(A)researchers that the students which

(B)smell chocolate while studying and again while taking(C)a test are able to(D)recall more material than students not exposed to.No error(E)

初中英语代词用法 篇6

句子的成份 例句

作主语(代替上文中提到的人或物) Mrs. Suen is an English teacher. She teaches us geography. I can’t read the story. It is written in Russian

直接宾语: Let her play now. We often meet him at the school gate

间接宾语: Granny offered us fruit The sun gives us light and heat

介词宾语: Please sit between him and me. The teacher took good care of us.

作表语 (用主格或宾格) Who is that? It was I whom you saw at the station

1. 人称代词不仅仅指人,也可以指事或物。

2. 人称代词主格单数he, she和it的复数,都是they,宾格形式也相同,为them。

3. 第三人称的人称代词分阳性he(him),阴性she(her)和中性it(it),复数只有一个形式they(them),不分性别。

4. 选用什么人称代词,取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。

英语疑问代词语法化的认知机制 篇7

对疑问代词语法化的共时性考察正是基于上述事实:疑问代词的疑问用法和各种非疑问用法构成一个连续体,体现着不同的语法化程度。本文在共时层面上展开对英语疑问代词的语法化研究,并深入挖掘其背后的认知机制。

1 英语疑问代词的非疑问用法及语法化路径

以what为例,1a)-1d)从共时角度体现了疑问代词what的语法化过程,其存疑度从1a)到1d)逐步下降,语法化程度却逐步升高。

1)a.What is your name?

b.She asked what my job was.

c.Nobody knows what will happen next.

d.What awful weather!

1a)中what为典型疑问用法;1b)-1c)为非疑问用法,wha的存疑度下降并指称逐步泛化,客观上不再具备确定的指称信息;当发展到1d),what已完全虚化为感叹语气的标记词。

由此可见,疑问代词的各种非疑问用法正是其语法化过程的体现。因此,在下文中,拟将把对各种非疑问用法语法特征的讨论归结为对疑问词各种语法化路径的探讨。通过对语料的分析,按照疑问代词所充当的句法成分,可将其非疑问用法(即语法化路径)划分为三种类型:

路径一:充当名词性从句中的连接代词

路径二:充当关系从句中的关系代词

路径三:充当感叹句标记词

要理解这些“语言形式和意义的演变”的理据所在,有必要进一步探索隐藏于它们背后的语法化认知机制。

2 英语疑问代词语法化的认知机制

不同学者对于语法化机制有不同的认识(Hopper&Traugott,2003;Bybee,1994;王寅,2005)。对于疑问代词而言,主观化、重新分析和转喻是其语法化的主要的认知机制。

2.1 主观化

对于主观化与语法化的关系,Traugott(1995)强调主观化是语法化的一个重要机制,并指出语法化中的主观化表现在如下几个互相联系的方面:“由命题功能变为言谈功能;由客观意义变为主观意义;由非认识情态变为认识情态;由非句子主语变为句子主语;由句子主语变为言者主语;由自由形式变为粘着形式。”(Traugott,1995)由此可发现,疑问代词的泛指、遍指、感叹等非疑问用法都包含有明显的主观化印记。某种程度上,疑问代词非疑问用法的语法化程度也是对其主观化程度的反映——说话人所说的每句话都是对自己的思想和观点的编码(语言的主观性),而不单单局限于对客观现实的陈述;当说话者将疑问代词置于一个非疑问句的句法环境和存疑度为零的语义环境时,就会采用特殊句式、语气等手段以体现其个人的情感和态度,而这种结构的发展、形成并固定有赖于主观化机制(唐燕玲,2009)。

从英语疑问代词的各条语法化路径来看,主观化机制主要体现在三个方面:首先,疑问代词的遍指用法(常现于路径一)具有较强的主观性。说话人往往通过疑问代词的遍指功能来表达自己对某件事的肯定或否定的态度。

2)I would not go,no matter who he was.

3)I would not go,no matter what he offered me.

如2)和3)所示,疑问词who和what的询问和传疑功能已经消失,不再表示客观语境,带有主观标记性,表示“任何什么人(或东西)都”,是说话人对某类人或事的概括,意义变得越来越植根于说话人对命题内容的主观信念和态度,已经是完全主观化的成分。此外,特殊句式“no matter+疑问代词”常现于此类用法,所以,某种程度上来说,疑问代词典型语义特征的消失与句法环境的改变密切相关。在这个过程中,客观语言形式逐渐获得抽象语用功能,而这种抽象的演变过程就是主观化过程。

其次,疑问代词在某些句法环境下可以自主地选择省略或保留(常现于路径二),而不影响句子的语法正确性。如,说话人可以按个人意愿选择保留关系代词的4a)或者选择省略关系代词的4b),而不会受到任何语法上的谴责,且对语义没有任何影响。

4)a.The watch which you gave me keeps perfect time.

b.The watch you gave me keeps perfect time.

根据语言的“省力原则”,人们更倾向于省略关系代词。可就目前的语料看,“省略”策略的使用频率与文体有关——较于书面语,口语中更有可能省略关系代词。说话人主观上保留或省略关系代词体现出了他们对语用情景的自主反馈。在符合语法规范的前提下,疑问关系代词的省略与否受到说话人对文体的主观判断与期待。因此,是否在语言形式或结构上省略关系代词依赖于说话人的主观意愿。而这种“双选的”结构是否会逐渐演变为一道“单选题”,即演变为单一的语法化现象(“保留”或“省略”),则由包括“省力原则”在内的多种因素共同决定。

再次,疑问代词what用作感叹句标记词(路径三)也昭示着语法化过程中的主观化机制。如,1a)到1d)的变化也体现了主观化过程。说话人通过借助疑问代词形式向原本的名词短语或陈述句添加了个人或惊叹或欣喜的人际意义,体现了语言的主观性特征,并逐渐发展为典型的感叹句结构。

总之,疑问词的三种常见非疑问用法都在某些方面上受到了语言主观性的影响:由最初的疑问语义和句式发展为特指、泛指、遍指、乃至纯粹的感叹标记,并最终通过主观化过程固定为特定的语言形式或句法结构,实现语法化。

2.2 重新分析与转喻

重新分析是语言变化的主要机制(Hopper&Traugott,2003),是基于部分与整体、部分与部分的邻近关系的重新组合,与认知的转喻过程相关(王寅,2005:5)。这种过程导致历史上某一时期一种语法形式同时标示两种语法意义的重叠现象/过渡阶段的出现(张秀松,2011:12)。英语疑问代词的语法化与这种语用强化密切相关:一,路径一中疑问代词向连接词的转变可归因于重新分析;二,路径三中疑问代词what转为感叹功能可视为认知转喻过程。分析如下:

重新分析是指表层相同的结构,其内部构造因语用或其他原因被重新划分边界,从而从底层上改变了音位、词法、句法的结合方式(王寅&严振松,2005:4;赵学德&王晴,2009:4)。这种语法化机制突出地表现在疑问代词充当名词性从句中的连接代词的情况(语法化路径一)。

例如,在语言形式上,5a)和5b)具有相同的表层结构。但5a)中的疑问代词who为其典型疑问用法,用以向听话人询问信息,直接引语不与He asked构成主从关系;5b)中who则被重新分析为一个连接词,用以连接主句和从句两个命题,弱化了其原有的“询问”与“传疑”的语义特征,强化了其背后所体现的逻辑语义关系或称语法关系。同理,在其他名词性从句中充当连接词的疑问代词也都可看作是重新分析的结果。

5)a.He asked:“Who has come?”

b.He asked who has come.

认知转喻机制对疑问代词语法化的影响则主要体现在路径三中疑问代词语用功能的转变,即原本具有询问功能的疑问代词what被逐渐用以表达感叹。以6)和7)为例。

6)a.What’s the weather?

b.What awful weather!

7)a.What’s the flower like?

b.What a beautiful flower!

在某些交际场合,说话人所询问的信息可以凭借自己的主观认识或外在的客观情景找到合理答案:6a)的问话人可能正好在户外,一看便知答复;7a)中,flower可能正处在问话人的感知范围内,问话人已经看到并形成了自己的主观感受(即答复)。在上述语境中,说话人可能并不太期待听话人的答复,因为这个答复在多数正常情况下会与说话人自知的答复相一致;经历过多次这种无实质意义的问答后,说话人选择直接出说自己的感受。但与此同时,为了“调节交际,协调讲话人与听话人之间互动”,句首疑问词形式得以保留,以便在传达说话人个人感受的同时,也能唤起听话人的注意与共鸣。当这种用法达到一定的重复频度,疑问代词what便彻底失去了询问的语用功能,转为感叹语气,what的语法化(路径三)得以实现。这种语气上和语用上的转换体现了转喻的语法化机制。

3 结束语

本文从共时的角度、以英语疑问代词的各种非疑问用法为出发点,分析探讨了英语疑问代词的语法化路径及其背后的认知机制。需指出的是,鉴于语言变量的多样性,难免会有一些个案不在文中所述的语法化路径及机制之列(如疑问代词what就有许多非疑问用法的固定表达,亦可视为其特有的语法化结果)。此外,虽然本文的研究仅限于疑问代词,但许多非代词类疑问词亦符合文中的部分描述,但又不尽然;因此,从语法化角度,对英语疑问词进行全面系统的探究还有很大空间。

摘要:作为认知语言学的重要内容之一,语法化研究有历时与共时两种取向。研究选取共时的研究视角,以英语疑问词的非疑问用法为切入点,从句法和语义两个维度分析其语法特征,并将之归纳为疑问代词的三条语法化路径;由此对探究疑问代词所特有的语法化认知机制(主观化、重新分析和转喻等)进行了进一步探究,并发现,某种机制可能在某条语法化路径中发挥着更为突出的作用,而在其他路径中则略显解释力不足。

关键词:英语疑问代词,语法化路径,主观化,重新分析,转喻

参考文献

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巧解“介词+关系代词” 选择题 篇8

例1:The gentleman ____________ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (2000年上海春招卷)

A. about whichB. about whom

C. with whichD. with whom

解析:此题的先行词为人(gentleman),很明显,which是不能指代人的,故可排除A和C两个错误选项。

例2:The man pulled out a gold watch, _______ were made of small diamonds. (2008年陕西卷)

A. the hands of whom

B. whom the hands of

C. which the hands of

D. the hands of which

解析:此题先行词为物(a gold watch),所以凡是有whom出现的选项全是错误选项。

解此类题时,要牢记“非人即物”,也就是说,先行词只要不是人,均要作为物来看待,选择的时候要选含有which的选项。

由此可见,通过判断先行词是人还是物即可迅速确定关系代词,可是介词该选择哪个呢?笔者发现,此类题中的介词有三种用途:① 表示主句与从句之间的逻辑关系;②用来与从句中的谓语动词搭配;③用来与先行词搭配。根据这三种用途,笔者给大家提供了三种有效的解题思路。

利用主句与从句间的逻辑关系

定语从句主句与从句之间的逻辑关系常常会影响到关系词前介词的选择,常见的有时间关系、所属关系和方位关系三种。这种情况一般发生在非限定性定语从句中。

1. 时间关系

先来看一道高考题。

例3:She was educated at Beijing University, _____ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (2006年陕西卷)

A. after whichB. after that

C. from whichD. from that

解析:首先,观察四个选项。因为that不可用在这一结构当中,故可立刻排除错误选项B和D。其次,分析主句与从句之间的关系。从句中的动词短语went on (继续;进而)明确告诉我们,从句中的动作“出国深造”发生在主句动作“在北大学习”之后,所以只能选表示时间“在……之后”的介词,故答案为A。

无独有偶,历年高考中竟多次出现了对同一时间关系的考查,请看下列考题。

例4:He was educated at the local high school, _______ he went on to Beijing University. (2007年江苏卷)

A. after whichB. after that

C. in whichD. in that

例5:He was educated at a local grammar school, _______ he went on to Cambridge. (2005年山东卷)

A. from which B. after that

C. after whichD. from this

例6:Eric received training in computer for one year, _______ he found a job in a big company. (2007年辽宁卷)

A. after that B. after which

C. after it D. after this

以上四个考题如出一辙,都是非限定性定语从句,考查的均是时间的先后关系,连正确答案都是惊人的一致(after which),只是选项中介词后出现了it、this、that等词。遇到这种情况时,有一个快速排除错误选项的好办法:只要句子的两部分之间用逗号隔开,且没有and或but等并列连词连接,it、this、these、those这些非定语从句的关系词通通不可用。

2. 所属关系

请看下面考题。

例7:For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _______ New York is an example. (2008年四川卷)

A. for which B. in which

C. of which D. from which

解析:观察此题四个选项,差别只在于介词的不同,这时,可以根据主从句之间的关系来判断。通读题干,可以发现New York属于many cities中的一个,而英语中表所属关系的介词应该用of,所以正确答案为of which。

历史总会重演,高考语法选择题也是如此,请看下面几道高考题。

例8:She allowed the visitors around the museum, the construction _______ had taken more than three years. (2011年江西卷)

A. for which B. with which

C. of which D. to which

例9:I have many friends, _______ some are businessmen. (2005年全国卷I)

A. of them B. from which

C. who of D. of whom

例10:The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad. (2004年辽宁卷)

A. of which B. which of

C. of them D. of that

例11:I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. (2006年浙江卷)

A. of that B. of which

C. that D. which

例8~11答案依次为C、D、A、B。这些考题同例2一样,都是非限定性定语从句,先行词与从句主语之间都存在所属关系,只要根据先行词指人还是指物来选择of which还是of whom即可,其他含有诸如that、who、them等和其他介词的选项一概不予考虑。

3. 方位关系

例12:By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _______ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (2008年福建卷)

A. of which B. on which

C. from whichD. above which

解析:考生就算不认识Qomolangma (珠穆朗玛),从Mount这个词也可以确定这是一座山。从句的意思是:“一条罕见的彩虹很快出现在山的_______。”根据常识,彩虹应该出现在山的上方。四个介词中只有above可表示“在……上方”,故D为正确答案。

利用从句中的动词和介词搭配

有时,关系词前的介词并不是因为从句与主句之间的逻辑关系而产生的,而是用来与从句中的动词搭配的。这种情况一般出现在限定性定语从句中。请看下面的例题。

例13:The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _______ they are being trained. (2005年江西卷)

A. in that B. for that

C. in which D. for which

解析:本题先行词前已有介词,说明选项中的介词必定不是与先行词搭配的,主从句之间也没有时间和所属关系。遇到这种情况时,考生可以看选项中哪个介词可以和定语从句中的动词搭配使用,然后选出最符合语境的那一个。Train这个动词可以和介词for搭配,表示“为什么而进行训练”,正好符合语境,所以答案为D。

例14:Wind power is an ancient source of energy _______ we may return in the near future. (2010年上海卷)

A. on whichB. by which

C. to which D. from which

解析:此题主句和从句之间并无时间和所属关系,先行词在从句中作宾语,此时的介词是与从句动词搭配的。能与return搭配的只有to。题干的意思是:“风能是一种古老的能源,在不久的将来我们可能会重新利用风能。”故选C。

例15:We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ______ we gave some bells and glasses. (2006年湖南卷)

A. to which B. to whom

C. with whom D. with which

解析:先行词为one of them,指人,可先排除错误选项A和D。表示“给某人某物”应用give sth. to sb.,故B为正确答案。

例16:Gun control is a subject _______ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009年陕西卷)

A. of which B. with which

C. about which D. into which

解析:从句中有动作argue (争论),但缺少argue的对象,关系代词指代的就是argue的对象,在从句中作宾语。表示“争论某事”应该用argue about sth.,故C为正确答案。

利用先行词与介词间的搭配

英语中在表达一些意思时,介词的用法是固定的,如“在操场/农场上”都用介词on,“在教室里”只能用介词in等。因此,当介词用来与先行词搭配时,考生需结合语境判断句意,并根据介词与先行词的适当搭配来选择介词。

例17:The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success. (2004年全国卷)

A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which

解析:观察题干,发现从句中缺少地点状语,说明这里的介词是与先行词搭配的。根据题意可知,“我的学生们”应该是“在戏剧中演出”,而“在戏剧中”只能表达为in the play,故选C。On the play和at the play都是错误搭配,而for the play不符合语境。

以上就是笔者在高考语法教学中总结出的应对定语从句中“介词+关系代词”选择题的三种行之有效的方法,只要大家大胆应用,三管齐下,这种难题便可一举攻下!

作者简介:

初中英语物主代词语法 篇9

物主代词一般可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,下面就是对他们两个的具体介绍。

物主代词的基本用法

物主代词分形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。

形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语。

如:His son is taller than hers. 他的.儿子比她的儿子高。

Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。

Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家

This is my desk and that’s hers. 这是我的书桌,那是她的书桌。

She clasped Helen’s hand in both hers. 她用双手握住海伦自手。

My view is the very opposite of his. 我的看法和他的看法恰恰相反。

He lives in the house which is opposite ours. 他住在我们家对面的房子里。

Our school beat theirs at baseball. 棒球赛我们学校打赢了他们的学校。

This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 这是你的铅笔,我的在铅笔盒里。

高考英语语法代词考点 篇10

类 别 区 别 例 句

one, some,

any和it one可以泛指人或者事(东西),其复数为ones ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet.

A.one B.ones C.it D.them

②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do.

A.one B.ones C.it D.those

some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等 —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico.Would you like ________?

A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle

some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个 ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.

②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

—________way as you please.

A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either

one指同类中的一个,it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ?

—No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore.

A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it

some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句 ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________.

A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any

②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________.

A.none B.either C.any D.each

③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.

英语代词用法练习 篇11

_____ time left.

A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

( ) 2. There is still _____ meat on the plate.

A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

( ) 3. —Mom,Jim bought a parrot yesterday. Could you

please buy _____ for me?

—Sure. But you must look after it yourself.

A. one B. this C. it D. that

( ) 4. Come on,Sure!Here’s _____ about the English

Speech Contest.

A. something special B. anything special

C. nothing exciting D. special something

( ) 5. —Which of the two T-shirts would you like?

—_____. I don’t like their styles.

A. Either B. Both C. None D. Neither

( ) 6. —Bob, can you see the boys over there?

—___are my cousins. Let’s go and say hello to them.

A. This B. Those C. That D. These

( ) 7. Tom is the right person to show the foreigners around,

for_____ of us can speak English.

A. all B. each C. both D. none

( ) 8.Yao Ming is a famous basketball star _____ played in

the NBA.

A. whose B. who C. what D. which

( ) 9. _____my mother _____ my father cooks dinner,my

grandmother does.

A. Either...or B. Neither... nor

C. Both...and D. Not only...but also

( ) 10. Look!Sonia looks worried. There must be _____

wrong with her.

A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything

( ) 11. —Do you know_____ Deng Chao is?

—He is an actor.

A. which B. when C. what D. that

( ) 12.There are enough cups for each visitor to have___.

A. one B. it C. this D. that

( ) 13.—Would you like some pear juice?

—Yes,please. It’s my favorite. I think_____ is

more delicious than pear juice.

A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything

( ) 14. —Does Tom have any friends in the school?

—No, he has_____ friends here, he is new .

A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

( ) 15. —Is there any milk in the cup?

—I’m afraid there is____ milk left.

A. some B. any C. no D. not

( ) 16.It was a long journey, but_____ of them four felt

boring.

A. neither B. both C. none D. all

( ) 17.—Who helped you with your English?

—_____!I learned it all by myself.

A. Nobody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Everybody

( ) 18.—Is the girl_____ is sitting under the tree your

friend?

—Yes, she is my best friend.

A. whom B. which C. who D. whose

( ) 19. I’d like to tell you the table manners you

should know when you visit Korea.

A. which B. who C. what D. whom

( ) 20. I have_____ to do. Please give me_____ to read.

A. something;anything B. nothing;something

C. nothing;everything D. anything;something

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