GRE阅读猜生词技巧实例讲解

2024-08-07

GRE阅读猜生词技巧实例讲解(精选6篇)

GRE阅读猜生词技巧实例讲解 篇1

GRE阅读猜生词4个技巧实例讲解

先看懂体现论证意义的词汇

GRE文章是论证性文字,不是说明性文字,也不是叙述性文字。这种以论证为特点的文字,存在于GRE阅读文章的各个层面:“篇章—段落—句子—单词”。篇章由多个论点组成,论点由作为论据的句子构成,句子本身的典型构成是前后句由表示论证关系的词汇连接,而体现论证的意义的单词最重要。因此,要真懂得文章,就必须把所有那些表现论证的字、词、句抓出。

对不影响整体理解的词汇不用理会

首先要说的是,在阅读教学的研究当中,语言学家们发现,一篇文章中不认识的单词占全文词汇总量的比例只要控制在8%以内,是绝对不会影响到我们对全文任何观点的理解的。基于这一点,我们大家大可不必因为遇到了几个我们完全没见过的奇形怪状的单词而感到头痛和挣扎。因为它们不足以对我们理解文章产生影响。

结合文中定义解释理解特定生词

但同时,我们在阅读文章的过程中也常常会碰到这样的一种单词,那就是专有名词,尤其是涉及全文主题的专有名词,难道我们就必须一一认识它?答案显然是否定的。什么叫做认识专有名词?从英到汉的翻译叫做认识?还是知道专有名词的特征叫做认识?读者请想想看,我们在阅读理解中有没有遇到过这样的问题提法:What is sedge root? 我想没有,因为这种问法是在问专有名词的翻译。我们遇到的更多是这样的一些问法:According to the passage, which of the following statements about sedge root is true? What can be inferred from the passage about sedge root? 这些问题的提法却是在问专有名词的文中阐述特征。我们再从文章本身对这个问题做出进一步的分析。

假设原文有这样一句话:Sedge root, a woody fiber that can be easily separated into strands, is essential to basketry production. 请问sedge root的中文翻译“莎草的根” 能够帮助我们解决阅读理解题目吗?我想很难!真正能够帮助我们解决阅读理解题目的应该是这样的文字a woody fiber (木制纤维)和定语从句中的文字部分can be easily separated into strands (能够轻易地被分割成线)。通过以上的分析,想必大家已经非常清楚地认识到,过去我们拼命去死记硬背专有名词的中文释义是多么愚蠢的行为。因为真正的认识应该是对特征的认识,所以一个专有名词和他的中文释义对我们来说是没有任何意义的,毕竟我们对它们都没有任何的概念。

只看上下文猜不出生词意思

最后很多人都说我们可以从上下文中猜出单词的释义,难道真的是这样么? 笔者认为从上下文中猜出单词的释义是不现实的。例如有这样一句话“Supernova is a massive star which undergoes gravitational collapse.” 我们是不可能从上下文中猜出supernova的释义“超新星”的。而我们真正能够做到的只是从上下文中猜出单词的特征:supernova是巨大的恒星(massive star),它在进行引力收缩(undergoes gravitational collapse)。于是以后当我们遇到不认识的单词,我们可以再也不用停下来思考单词的释义,也不用费尽思量地去猜所谓的单词的释义,我们需要做的只是静下心来在后面找到单词在文章当中传达的特征就可以。

GRE长难句练习及解析:薛定谔氢原子方程式

Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)

因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略

解释:读到此句时,数学家不见得震惊,晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂,而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲,在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要,GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它;关键是要读懂句子的主要意思;数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中,出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的,所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。

主句中的主语it是一个开工主语,其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式,但是此不定式实在太长,如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句,中间以分号和and分开,可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。

意群训练:Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.

GRE长难句练习及解析:出版的书信全集

But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.

译文:但是我们当中的那些希望(也算上Kolb本人)Kolb新出版的19书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。

解释:该句考察的也是复杂修饰和插入语。首先是受who引导的定语从句的影响,主语those of us与谓语的距离很远是造成该句子你难以读懂的原因之一;修饰主语those of us的定语从句who hoped之中又套了一个of引导的宾语从句,宾语从句的主语complete edition又被一前一后的两个定语所修饰,让整个句子显得错综复杂难以理解是造成句子难懂的原因之二;再者,本就是从句套从句的句子当中又加入了一个小小的插入语with Kolb,这个句子虽小,但是却打断了定语从句前后完整的连接,这可谓是造成整个句子难理解的原因之三。

解法:放眼一望,不难看出本句是从句中套从句,还连带有插入语。为了避免干扰,考试可以直接跳过who引导的定于从句和with引导的成对出现逗号的插入语,直接定位到后面的句子谓语部分,化繁为简:But those of us are disappointed. 如此以来,此题志在必得。

英语阅读

雅思阅读判断题技巧实例讲解 篇2

TRUE=YES=agree=一致;FALSE=NO=contradict=不一致=抵触;

NOT GIVEN=if there is no information on this (未提及型);NOT GIVEN=if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this (证据不足型);

雅思考试判断题的考点其实是有规律可循的,在定位好的前提下,需要熟悉判断题中的考点,以快速找到问题之所在,进行判断。一般来说,一道判断题通常考查一或两个考点,常考的考点为:

1.是非考点

2.数字考点

3.绝对考点

GRE阅读猜生词技巧实例讲解 篇3

GMAT短阅读3大解题技巧

首先小编要为大家介绍GMAT短篇阅读的三个重要解题技巧: 1.一段式文章句首重点

一般来说,GMAT短阅读文章的呈现形式有两种,一种是一段式的文章,另一种则分成两段。对于一段式的文章来说,想要快速读完全文找到重点,考生就必须把注意力集中在文章的段首部分。这是因为整篇文章的核心基本都会出现在文章前三句里。而短篇文章中不少题目为主旨题,只要考生能够找到中心句,那么即使不读完全文也能迅速解题。2.二段式文章看结构

比起一段式文章,短阅读的两段式文章需要关注的就不只是句首部分了。考生需要额外注意两个段落之间的衔接部分,各种承接上下关系的连接词和句子结构都有可能成为解题的关键。这是因为两段式文章段落间一般都会存在逻辑关系,题目出题也大多围绕这个考点进行,因此搞清楚段落结构对于考生来说是非常重要的。

3.注意细节做笔记

虽然短阅读文章看似很容易看完,内容也不太多,但考生并不能就因此忽视做笔记的工作。所谓麻雀虽小五脏俱全,对于短篇文章也是如此。某些短阅读里提到的各类细节有时候甚至可能比长阅读还要多,因此,勤记笔记才能保证考生更好地定位细节,应对各类关于细节考点的问题。GMAT短阅读真题实例讲解

下面小编就结合1篇最新的GMAT短阅读真题来为大家做讲解分析。

Eco efficiency(measures to minimize environmental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes)has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing significant cost savings from such innovations.Peter Senge and Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simply adopting eco efficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future.Such innovations reduce production waste but do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discard;indeed, most companies invest in eco efficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth.Moreover, there is no guarantee that increased economic growth from eco efficiency will come in similarly eco efficient ways, since in today’s global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries.Even a vastly more eco efficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less eco efficient economy.Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste.Focusing exclusively on eco efficiency, which offers a compelling business case according to established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.The primary purpose of the passage is to

A explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated B propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage C present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy D make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale than is currently practiced E suggest several possible outcomes of companies’ failure to understand the economic impact of a particular business strategy 正确答案 C 题目解析

这是一道最基础的短阅读,文章为一段式,题目也只有一道,根据选项分析可以看出:

A 文章从没说这个经济策略是否会成功,也没预测过。B 但是没有这样一个方法实际上被提出。

GRE阅读猜生词技巧实例讲解 篇4

GRE填空考试并非只有五选一单空题一种题型,而是由单空多空和等价多种题型所组成。其中多空题和等价题均有较高难度和要求,需要考生具备除了GRE词汇量以外的一些逻辑推理分析解题技巧。新手考生想要入门GRE填空就需要从了解题型出题形式解题思路开始,来看下面的具体讲解。

新GRE填空题型更多要求更深入

从GRE填空题型和考点来看,现在的GRE考试更加注重学生实际运用语言能力的考察,减少对单纯词汇意义的考察,强调“高级认知能力”。这些改变可以看成是更多要求学生基于语境理解,强调推理和分析的能力。考生不必再像以前那样死记硬背大量的生僻单词。同时,GRE填空加大了理解的难度,强调根据上下文理解词汇的含义。这给重记忆轻推理、重归纳轻演绎的中国学生增加了压力,也提醒考生应更为关注和适应研究生学院和商学院的思维方式。

以前GRE考试(一般称为老GRE)的填空题形式比较单一。即:一段话中设置1或2个空格,根据已有文字的提示完成空格。而新GRE考试的填空题出现了多样化的特点,同时难度有所上升。考试题型基本可以分为以下三种:

GRE填空题型一:单空题五选一

出题形式:

题干由1-2句话构成,中间设置一个空格,给出5个备选选项

真题举例:

In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so ____ that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea.

(A) permanently (B) imperceptibly (C) irregularly (D) precariously (E) relentlessly

KEY: B

解题思路:

1. 关键字:“So … that …” 结构

2. “So … that …” 结构,that后面的部分对于so后面的词进行解释说明,其表示的是arcitic附近的某些冰层向海中伸出的程度,如果仅仅说是能够让人行走的话,选项中没有合适的词语进行对应,因而,形容的是给人们的一种感觉,对应部分如颜色标注。

3. 词语解释:

[1]. (A) permanently:(永久地)continuing or enduring without fundamental or marked change : STABLE

[2]. (B) imperceptibly:(不被察觉地)not perceptible by a sense or by the mind

[3]. (C) irregularly:(不规则地)lacking continuity or regularity especially of occurrence or activity

[4]. (D) precariously:(不安全地、随意地)dependent on chance circumstances, unknown conditions, or uncertain developments

[5]. (E) relentlessly:(无情地、残酷地)showing or promising no abatement of severity, intensity, strength, or pace

GRE填空题型二:多空题三选一

出题形式:

两空/三空三选一

题干由1-5句话构成,中间设置两个或三个空格,每个空格给出3个备选选项:

真题举例:

The (i) ____ of Vladimir Nabokov as one of North America’s literary giants has thrown the spotlight on his peripheral activities and has thus served to (ii) ____ his efforts as an amateur entomologist.

BLANK(i) (A) stigmatization B) lionization (C) marginalization

BLANK(ii)(D) foregrounded (E)transcend (F) obscure

KEY: BD

解题思路:

1. 关键字:thus表示因果

2. 先从blank(i)入手,前半句话再说VN是一个北美文学巨擘,因而在这里应该是对于VN的一个正评价,看选项中无论是stigmatization还是marginalization,都是相对负面的评价,因而只有B选项与语气对应。

3. 看blank(ii),其中说VN这个人被当作北美文学的巨擘以后对于他的其他一些周边小活动产生了一种 “throw spotlight on”的证明的影响,而后半句话用thus连接以后,两句话之间构成因果关系,由于没有否定词的存在,对应词语之间应该是同义关系。前文说对于VN的一些次要活动产生了一种证明效应,因而后面也要体现这种证明效应。

4. 词语解释:

[1]. (A) stigmatization:(玷污)to mark with stigmata

[2]. (B) lionization:(崇拜)to treat as an object of great interest or importance

[3]. (C) marginalization:(边缘化)to relegate to an unimportant or powerless position within a society or group

[4]. (D) foregrounded:(着重强调)to bring to the foreground especially : to give prominence or emphasis to

[5]. (E) transcend:(超越)to rise above or go beyond the limits of

[6]. (F) obscure:(使……模糊)to conceal or hide by or as if by covering

新GRE填空题型三:等价题

出题形式:

等价题包含一个句子,一个空格,6个选项。要求考生在其中选出2个答案使得句子意思一致。只选出一个答案不得分。

真题举例:

Economic competition among nations may lead to new forms of economic protectionism that hearken back to the mercantilism of an earlier age: there are signs today that such protectionism is indeed ____.

(A) evanescent (B) resurgent (C) recrudescent (D) transitory (E) controversial (F) inimical

KEY: BC

解题思路:

关键字:冒号解释说明

空格中应该填入一个形容词,用来描述贸易保护主义的特点。

前后两个半句话之间通过冒号连接,构成解释说明关系,故前后两个半句之间是同义。又因没有否定词存在,所以对应单词之间也是同义关系。前面半句话中定语从句中描述的是这个贸易保护主义的特点,后面直接将这个特点再次重复即可。这个特点就是“重复过去”,因此填入“重复”等相近意思即可。

词语解释:

(A) evanescent:(易逝的)tending to vanish like vapor synonyms see TRANSIENT

(B) resurgent:(复活的)undergoing or tending to produce resurgence

(C) recrudescent:(复发的)breaking out again : RENEWING

(D) transitory:(易逝的)of brief duration : TEMPORARY synonyms see TRANSIENT

(E) controversial:(引起争端的)of, relating to, or arousing controversy (F) inimical:(敌视的)having the disposition of an enemy : hostile

以上就是结合GRE填空真题为大家介绍的填空题型出题形式和解题思路分析,小编希望各位考生都可以参考本文内容更全面地了解GRE填空,更快地入门填空备考提升解题正确率,为GRE考试打好基。

GRE填空的互补方法

互补法

在读完题后,以最快的速度整理区分出两个(甚至三个)概念,当这些概念在题目的另一处被复述时,可用这些已知的概念进行双重或多重互补以达到解题的目的。

例 Ⅰ:

The most technologically advanced societies have been responsible for the greatest ----------; indeed, savagery seems to be in direct proportion to -----.

(A) wars ... viciousness

(B) catastrophes ... ill-will

(C) atrocities ... development

(D) inventions ... know-how

(E) triumphs ... civilization

〖解答〗

在第一个句子中,可从主语中整理出“社会的技术发达”这一概念并将其设定为概念A;即使宾语表现为空格,仍可将其设定为未知的概念B。在两个句子间出现的分号和indeed一词标志着第二个句子是对第一个句子的复述。在第二个句子中,主语savagery由于与第一个句子的概念A(技术的发达)含义不同,故可设定为概念B。自此为止,概念A和B全部已知,只需将savagery移入空格Ⅰ,将advanced变作名语后移入空格Ⅱ,便求得正确选项(C)

atrocities ... development。

〖词汇〗

vicious: 邪恶的,堕落的,恶劣的

catastrophe: 惨祸,灾难性的结局

ill-will: 恶意,怨恨

know-how: 技能,诀窍,实际知识

triumph: 1.胜利,杰出成就 2.狂喜

〖中译〗

技术最为发达的社会必须对最大程度上的残暴负责;诚然,野蛮似乎与技术的发展构成正比。

GRE填空三空题的特点

题型特点

首先,我们来认识一下三空题的特征。根据ETS的官方指南的说明,三空题具有以下题型特点:题干部分是由1-5句话构成的短文,整个短文中包含3个空格,每个空格有3个选项且各个空格对应的选项相互独立(即一个空格的选项的选择不影响另一个空格的选项选择),考生需要选出答案使得整段话在逻辑和意思上构成一个连贯的整体,且考生需要选择出所有空格的正确选项才能得分。

解题技巧

弄清楚三空题的“长相”之后,接下来笔者将详细介绍如何解答三空题。事实上,纵观ETS在官方资料中所给出的三空题题目,我们可以发现其解题所运用的基本逻辑关系仍然是传统GRE填空中的内容,只是在更大程度上把长难句结构糅合在一道题中,并且也正是由于题干的内容信息和空格增加,导致逻辑关系更加繁多。因此,结合以上三空题的特征,笔者总结了解答三空题的三大技巧。

第一, 寻找signpost(逻辑关系指路标),判断逻辑关系。

通览题干之后,要找出对于本道题的逻辑关系有明确指示作用的标志物,即signpost。例如,转折关系的signpost有despite, although, however等等,因果关系的signpost有for the reason that, because, consequently等等。值得一提的是,逻辑关系指路标除了可以是词语或词组之外,还可能是标点符号或者一些特殊的语法结构等。比如说冒号在填空题中一旦出现则指示前后同义的解释说明逻辑关系,而并列的宾语结构作为signpost常常指示同义的并列结构的逻辑关系。因此,这些逻辑关系指路标一旦出现在题干当中,就成为了考生判断本题逻辑关系的标志物,因而对逻辑关系的确立有着举足轻重的作用。

第二, 分清逻辑关系层次,先解线索最明显的空格。

判断出逻辑关系之后,即可运用填空的逻辑关系来解题。在进行逻辑推理寻找答案的时候注意要分清逻辑关系层次。这一点之所以在三空题当中尤为重要是由三空题的题型特点决定的,即涉及多种逻辑关系嵌套,所以分清大层逻辑关系与小层逻辑关系是能够理清逻辑脉络的必要前提。再次值得考生注意的一点是,解答空格的顺序与空格在题干中出现的顺序没有必然联系,永远把握住“先能解哪个空就去解哪个空”的原则即可,同时,先解答的空格可能帮助考生进一步解决后面的空格。

第三, 整体主题一致,句间无反则同。

三空题的题干长度决定了其信息量较其他填空题更加繁多,因此对考生在阅读题干时的大脑容量提出更高的要求。在考场的紧张环境中,很多考生会因题干信息过多而无法准确把握和提炼信息来解决空格,比如说题干有四句话,考生在读到第三句的时候可能已经无法判断出和第一句话到底有没有联系了。针对这一问题,笔者强调在解答三空题时一定要注意“整体主题一致,句间无反则同”的原则。纵观ETS在官方资料中所给出的三空题目,我们发现三空题的题干部分虽长达短篇阅读的长度,但是整段题干的主题是一致的,即是围绕着一个中心对象叙述的;其次,根据填空题的逻辑关系规律,三空题的每句话与每句话之间,如果没有明显的反义关系,则符合广义上的同义关系。因此,考生把握住以上规律性原则,每往下读一句话,就思考其与上下文的联系,就能达到对题干的大量信息的有效驾驭。

样题解析

为了使得考生对以上解题技巧有一个更加直观和具体的认识,笔者将详细解析以下两道题目来帮助各位考生学习并掌握三空题的解题技巧。

首先来看一道来自于《The Official Guide to the GRE revised General Test》(新GRE的官方指南)的样题。题目如下:

It is refreshing to read a book about our planet by an author who does not allow facts to be (i) ____ by politics: well aware of the political disputes about the effects of human activities on climate and biodiversity, this author does not permit them to (ii) _____ his comprehensive description of what we know about our biosphere. He emphasizes the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations, and the (iii) _____, calling attention to the many aspects of planetary evolution that must be better understood before we can accurately diagnose the condition of our planet. (OG-P49.1)

BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)BLANK(iii)

A overshadowedD enhanceG plausibility of our hypotheses

B invalidatedE obscureH certainty of our entitlement

C illuminatedF underscoreI superficiality of our theories

解析:

通览题干之后,不难发现题干是由两个长句子构成,且其主题是在论述和评价一个作家的一本书。并且由题干的“refreshing”一词就可以判断出整段话对该作者及其作品的基本态度为正评价色彩。接下来,联系题干大意和空格出现的位置,我们发现第一句话的前后分句由冒号连接的,而冒号在填空题中是指示前后同义的解释说明的逻辑关系的signpost,因此第一句话的前后两个分句满足广义上同义的关系。细看两个分句的内容,第一分句的中心意思是这个作家不允许事实被政治如何,第二分句的中心意思在于这个作家不允许政治纷争对他的全面描述如何,因此,虽然在句式表达上,第一分句运用被动结构,第二分句运用主动句式,但是两个分句的基本意思明显是同义重复。因此,我们可以判断出第一空格和第二空格都是填上一个该作家所不允许的政治对事实所做的一个动作,应为同义词,且由于整段内容对作者及作品是正评价,所以说明作者不允许政治对事实做负面的动作,故寻找两个同义且负面的动作即可,纵观前两个空格对应的选项,只能选择A overshadowed(遮蔽,使失色)填入第一空,E obscure(使模糊)填入第二空。

下一步再解决第三个空。第三空所在的位置是题干的第二句话,且第二句话中的谓语动词emphasize接了三个并列宾语的结构,因此根据这一特殊结构作为signpost,我们可以看出三个宾语符合并列结构的同义关系,而第一个宾语“the enormous gaps in our knowledge”(我们知识当中的巨大裂痕),和第二个宾语“the sparseness of our observations”(我们观察的稀缺)都是明显的负评价色彩,因此第三个宾语“the (iii) _____”也必定是一个负评价短语,纵观三个选项的意思分别为G我们的假设的可能性,H我们的命名的确定性,I我们的理论的肤浅性,只有I为负评价色彩,故第三空选择I为正确选项。

题目参考译文:

读这样一本关于我们星球的书是让人赏心悦目的,这本书的作者不允许事实被政治 遮蔽 :他深知关于人类活动对气候和生物多样性的影响存在很多政治纷争,从不允许这些政治纷争 模糊 他对于我们关于生命圈层的了解的全面性的描述。他强调我们知识的巨大裂痕,我们观察的稀缺性,和我们 理论的肤浅性 ,呼吁我们在精确地确诊我们星球的情况之前必须更深入地了解星球进化的许多方面。

接下来再看另一道例题,本题同样来自新GRE的官方指南。

Statements presented as fact in a patent application are (i) _____ unless a good reason for doubt is found. The invention has only to be deemed “more likely than not” to work in order to receive initial approval. And, although thousands of patents are challenged in court for other reasons, no incentive exists for anyone to expend effort (ii) _____ the science of an erroneous patent. For this reason the endless stream of (iii) ____ devices will continue to yield occasional patent. (OG-P61.5)

BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)BLANK(iii)

A presumed verifiable D corroboratingG novel

B carefully scrutinizedE advancingH bogus

C considered capriciousF debunkingI obsolete

解析:

本道题的题干由四句话构成。第一句话意为“在专利申请中表示为事实的陈述是

_________,除非有一个好的可以怀疑它的理由被发现”,其中“unless”一词在这里可以作为signpost,指示一个反义重复的逻辑关系,因此结合句意可以判断空格应填上一个意思为“不被怀疑的”的短语,因此只有A选项“被认为是可证实的”符合要求。第二句话意为“发明只需要被认为是 ‘相对于不来说更有可能是’有效的就可以受到最初的许可”,可见这句话果然符合整体主题一致的原则,因为前两句话明显都是在表达“专利的审查不够严格”这一意思。第三句话中有一个although可以作为转折关系的signpost,指示一个反义重复的逻辑关系,结合第三句话的句意可以看出,第二空应填上一个“挑战”的广义同义词才能使整句话构成转折关系,选择F选项“揭露”错误专利即是“挑战”错误专利的意思。第三个空格在第四句话中,而第四句话的 for this reason是一个明显的表示因果关系的signpost,因果关系在填空中属于同义关系。在本道题中第四句话之前的内容是原因,第四句话for this reason之后的内容为结果,既然原因都是围绕着“专利审查不严格”这一信息,因此结果只能是说“会导致一些不合格、不正确的装置也获得了偶尔的专利”,所以第三空格填上“错的假的”意思的词汇,故选择H选项“假冒的”。

题目参考译文:

在专利申请中被表述为事实的陈述是 被认为是可证实的 ,除非一个好的可以怀疑它的理由被发现。发明只需要被认为是相对于不来说更有可能是起作用的就可以受到最初的许可。并且,尽管在法庭上有上千的专利因其他的原因被挑战,没有任何动机使得任何人愿意花力气去 揭露 一个错误专利的科学性。正是因为这个原因,无尽的假冒的 装置之流将继续偶尔获得专利。

GRE填空反面陈述模式法

人类在用语言作出某一陈述或判断时,可采用正面陈述和反面陈述两种方式。所谓正面陈述,即是以一肯定句式作出的表述,如“He is a good person”。所谓反面陈述,即是以一否定句式再加上一个与正面内涵相反的概念作出的表述,如“He is not a bad person” 或 “It is wrong to say that he is a bad person”。很大一部分GRE填空题前后两部分是互为重复或互为说明性质的,其思路大抵均沿袭正面陈述和“否定之否定”的反面陈述这一模式。

例 Ⅰ:

The poet W. H. Auden believed that the greatest poets of his age were almost necessarily irresponsible, that the possession of great gifts ---------- the ---------- to abuse them.

(A) negates ... temptation

(B) controls ... resolution

(C) engenders ... propensity

(D) tempers ... proclivity

(E) obviates ... inclination

〖解答〗

本题在主句谓语动词believed后,继之以两个以that引导的宾语从句,后者以另一角度复述前者内涵。第一个宾语从句中所陈述的中心主题为irresponsible(不负责任的),带有贬义色彩,这就为第二个宾语从句提供了线索。换言之,出现在第二个宾语从句中的两处空格,应综合体现出前述的“不负责任”这一主题。在空格Ⅱ,五个选项代入后,均无不妥之处,且连同其后作为定语的动词不定式结构,都为贬义色彩。在此情况下,在空格Ⅰ,就再也不能代入任何贬义色彩的选项,否则,“负负得正”的规律会使第二个宾语从句整体上转而带上褒义色彩,故唯有中性色彩的(C) engenders为正确。其余四项代入后均致使事情朝着积极方向发展,无从与此前irresponsible这一主题谐调一致。

〖词汇〗

abuse: 滥用,妄用

negate: 否定,取消,使无效

resolution: 决心,决意,决定

engender: 使发生,造成,招致

propensity: 倾向,习性

temper: 使变淡,使缓和,使温和

proclivity: 癖性,倾向

obviate: 排除,消除,避免

inclination: 倾向,意向,癖好

〖中译〗

GRE考试背单词技巧性思路讲解 篇5

GRE背单词方法很多,相信大家也见识过不少,但说到实用性比较强的方法无外乎典故拆分和谐音这3个方法。不需要具备多好的基础,考生只需要花费一些时间精力就能学会运用这3种方法提升记忆效率,一起来看下面的具体介绍。

词源典故记忆法

英语中有很多词是来自于一个典故的,这种典故有可能是人、事、物或者古希腊罗马神话,掌握了这个典故就可以帮助你更好地背诵以及理解这个单词的精确含义。比如narcissism一词的典故:Narcissus是一名俊美的希腊青年,他拒绝了女神Echo的求爱,所以他注定会爱上他自己在湖中的倒影,作为惩罚。因为没法令他的爱变得完满,他日益消瘦,最后变成了一朵以他命名的花——那西赛斯,也就是水仙花。而narcissism则表示这位青年才俊的自恋行为,也就是自恋的意思。

拆分理解词缀词根记忆法

顾名思义,把一个词按自己便于记忆的方法拆分开,从而把这个词给记住。虽然不如词根词缀记忆如此有效,但是一旦遇到,效果依然很理想。比如:adamant这个词,意思为坚定的,我们可以把这个词拆解为三部分:a(一只)+dam(大坝)+ant(蚂蚁) →一只站在大坝上的蚂蚁,虽然说风浪很大,但它一依然屹立不到,自然就有坚定的感觉了。

单词发音联想记忆法

根据一个单词的读音,与这个词的词义联系起来,从而相应地把这个词给记住。比如有个词stubborn,意思是顽固的,你可以把这个词记为死大笨,这三个形容词非常具有顽固的感觉了。再譬如morbid,意思是“病态的不正常的”,你可以读为毛病的,就马上记住了。还有个词pest就更好背了,谐音为“拍死它”,马上就可以联想到它的词义:害虫。这个GRE词汇记忆方法是最重要的一个,也是最有效的一个,大家一定要在备考中学会应用。

看来GRE词汇还是可以用简捷的方法进行记忆。上面就是这3个GRE词汇高效记忆方法的全部内容,非常有效,但是,大家还是要明白,这几种方法的应用有一定的局限性,GRE词汇记忆方法还是得依赖毅力与耐心,用最科学的词根词缀的方法慢慢的过遍数。祝大家考试顺利。

词汇复习指导:GRE背词新思路

1.苹果梨的罪过 tt

苹果梨源于graft(嫁接)

阵阵异香waft(飘浮) h

有人偷梨举shaft(长柄)

主人追赶拿haft(柄)

以agt结尾:

graft [^rB:ft] v.嫁接,移植 n.嫁接,移植,贪污

waft [wB:ft, wCft ] v.(在空中)飘浮,飘荡

shaft [ FB:ft ] n.箭杆,矛杆,长柄 v.苛待,欺骗

haft [hB:ft] n.(刀,斧等)柄

2.小淘气被关在家。

小淘气从小pamper(娇养)

岂能被门hamper(妨碍) 用小棒把锁tamper(乱弄)

出牢笼好高兴scamper(蹦蹦跳跳)

以amper结尾:

pamper [5pAmpE ] v.纵容,娇养

scamper [ 5skAmpE] v.奔跑,蹦蹦跳跳

hamper [5hAmpE] v.妨碍,束缚 n.(有盖的)大篮子

tamper [ 5tAmpE] v.乱弄,擅改

3.比尔盖茨庄园

把大量财产amass(聚集)

围墙把庄园encompass(包围)

行人低头走bypass(旁道)

个个都想trespass(非法侵入)

以ass结尾:

amass [E5mAs] v.积聚

encompass [in5kQmpEs] v.包围,包括

bypass [5baipB:s; (?@) 5baipAs] n.旁道,旁路 v.规避,绕过

trespass [5trespEs] n.v.(未经允许)闯入私人领地,非法侵入

4.美国小政客的第一次登台

初把政治dabble(涉足)

面对一群rabble(无秩序的群众)

口中只在gabble(急促而不清楚地说)

像小儿在babble(牙牙学语)

以abble结尾:

dabble [ 5dAbl ] v.涉足,浅尝

rabble [ 5rAbl ] n.无秩序群众,乌合之众,暴民,下等人,平民

gabble [ 5^Abl ] v.急促而不清楚地说

babble [ 5bAbl ] v.唠叨,牙牙学语,言语模糊

5.美国兵有那么坏吗?

打开舰艇hatch(舱门)

跳下大兵batch(一批)

百姓抱着thatch(茅草)

立即过去snatch(抢)

以atch结尾:

hatch [hAtF] n.(门、地板或天花板上的)开口,船舱口,舱门,舱盖

batch [ bAtF] n.一炉,一批,大量

snatch [snAtF] n.v.抢,夺,攫取

thatch [ WAtF ] n.芦苇,茅草屋顶,茅草

6.花和尚鲁智深

一颗脑袋是bald(秃的)

一身花绣是emerald(翠绿色的)

一张嘴说话ribald(粗鄙的)

一喝水舌头被scald(烫伤)

一出战胜利就herald(预示)

以ald结尾:

bald [ bC:ld ] adj.秃的

emerald [5emErEld ] n.祖母绿,翡翠色 adj.翠绿色的

ribald [ 5ribEld ] adj.下流的,粗鄙的

scald [skC:ld ] v.烫伤,用热水消毒 n.烫伤

herald [5herEld ] n.传令官,传达者,预示 vt.宣布

7.毁谤亷颇

此人已是superannuated(年老不适于工作的)

加之处事opinionated(固执已见的)

老头就该alienated(被疏远的)

以ated结尾:

superannuated [sju:pE5rAnjueitid] adj.陈旧无用的,年老不适于工作的

alienated [5eiljEneitid] adj.被疏远的,被隔开的

opinionated [ E5pinjEneitid ] adj.固执已见的

词汇复习指导:GRE背词新思路

毒贩

毒贩坐着coach (长途公共汽车)

携带一袋bleach (漂白剂) 还把毒品attach (附加)

不知警察approach (接近)

以ach结尾:

coach /kEutF/ n.长途公共汽车;教练v.教导,训练

bleach / bli:tF / v.漂白,使变白n.漂白剂

attach / E5tAtF / v.系住,连接,附加

approach / E5prEutF / v.接近,靠近;接洽,商谈n.进路,通道,入口

三国英雄谱

张飞的pugnacity(好斗性)

诸葛亮的sagacity(睿智) 吕布的salacity(好色)

关羽千里走单骑的tenacity(不屈不挠)

以acity结尾:

pugnacity [pQ^`nAsEti ] n.好斗性

sagacity [ sE5^Asiti ] n.聪慧,睿智 salacity [sE5lAsiti ] n.好色,淫荡

tenacity [ti5nAsiti ] n.不屈不挠,坚持,固执,记性好

消除孩子对剃头的恐惧

有一句古老的adage(谚语)

毛是皮的appendage(附加物)

快快喝一点beverage(饮料)

剃头的恐惧assuage(缓和)

以age结尾:

adage [ 5AdidV ] n.谚语,格言

appendage [E5pendidV ] n.附加物,附器,附肢

beverage [5bevE ridV ] n.饮料

assuage [ E5sweidV ] v.缓和,减轻,平息

西伯利亚某地

人类食物本plain (简单的)

不过一些grain (谷物) 且受气候constrain

拿破仑的百日事变

拿破仑把政权reclaim(收回)

站在台上declaim(高谈阔论)

士兵们一齐acclaim(欢呼)

很多人后来maim(残废)

拿破仑只好disclaim(放弃)

以aim结尾:

reclaim [ri5kleim] v.收回,纠正,教化,开垦(土地)

declaim [di5kleim] v.高谈阔论,雄辩,大声说话

acclaim [E5kleim ] v.欢呼,喝彩,称赞

maim [meim ] v.使残废

disclaim [dis5kleim] v.放弃(权利),否认

猪八戒的出生地

猪八戒当时callow(未成熟的)

营养不良脸sallow(病黄的)

天天在泥洼wallow(打滚)

那片地今被hallow(视为神圣)

可惜耕地成fallow(闲置的)

以allow结尾:

callow [5kAlEu ] adj.(鸟)羽毛未全的,(人)未成熟的

sallow [5sAlEu ] adj.病黄色的v.使发黄

wallow [ 5wClEu] n.泥沼,水洼,打滚 v.(猪等)在泥水中打滚,沉溺于

hallow [5hAlEu ] v.视为神圣,极尊敬

fallow [ 5fAlEu ] adj.休闲的,不生产的,闲置的

警告野蛮女友

错误念头必须disabuse (纠正)

男友脾气好但也不能abuse (虐待)

以abuse结尾: bbs.exue.com.cn

disabuse [7disE5bju:z] v.去掉(某人)的错误念头,纠正

abuse [E5bju:z] v.n.滥用,妄用,虐待,辱骂

和坤受宠暴发后

权力天天aggrandize(增大)

在家日日gormandize(狼吞虎咽)

以andize结尾:

aggrandize [E5^rAndaiz] v.增大,扩张,加强

gormandize [5^C:mEndaiz] v.大吃,狼吞虎咽

洪老英雄夜盗皇宫御膳房

先用一根cane (拐杖)

戳破御膳房pane (窗格玻璃)

以ane结尾:

cane / kein / n.拐杖

pane / pein / n.窗格玻璃,长方格

孔子的得意门生颜回

不仅天生apt (聪明的)

而且听课rapt(专心致志的)

以apt结尾:

apt / Apt / adj. 聪明的,敏捷的,易于……的,适当的

rapt / rApt / adj. 着迷的,专心致志的

武松住孙二娘黑店

且在黑店tarry (逗留)

静候强盗harry(袭扰)

以arry结尾:

harry / 5hAri / v.袭扰,掠夺

tarry / 5tB:ri / v.逗留, 旅居

双枪李向阳

曾是杰出的artisan (工匠)

又做出色的partisan(游击队员)

以artisan结尾:

partisan[pB:tI5zAn ] n.党人,某党派的强硬支持者;游击队员

artisan /B:tI5zAn; (?@) B:rtIzn/ n. 工匠,技工

词汇复习指导:GRE背词新思路

李敖评论

言多acerbity(刻薄)

不乏probity(正直)

以bity结尾:

acerbity [ E5sE:biti ] n.苦涩,刻薄,酸

probity [ 5prEubiti ] n.诚实,正直

贾政和贾宝玉谈话

贾政把仕途propagate(宣传)

宝玉却言语divagate(离题)

谈起了妹妹的agate(玛瑙)

以agate结尾:

propagate [ 5prCpE^eit ] v.繁殖,传播,宣传

divagate [5daivE^eit] v.漂泊,离题,入歧途

agate [ 5A^Et ] n.玛瑙

茶花女的最后时刻

表情craggy(冷峻的)

人已scraggy(瘦得皮包骨的)

手中茶花flaggy(枯萎的)

以aggy结尾:

craggy [ 5krA^i ] adj.有峭壁的,峻峭的,冷峻的

scraggy [ 5skrA^i] adj.瘦得皮包骨的,崎岖的

flaggy [ 5flA^i ] adj.枯萎的,不振作的

逃兵与集束炸弹

杀敌立功zealous(热心的)

敌军炸弹anomalous(异常的)

转身逃跑scandalous(可耻的)

以alous结尾:

zealous [ 5zelEs ] adj.热心的,一心一意的

scandalous [ 5skAndElEs ] adj.可耻的,丢脸的,诽谤性的

anomalous [ E5nCmElEs] adj.异常的,例外的,不规则的

刘备议立太子阿斗

刘备为人magnanimous(宽宏大量的)

阿斗天生pusillanimous(懦弱的)

群臣为何unanimous(一致同意的)?

以animous结尾:

magnanimous [ mA^5nAnimEs] adj.宽宏大量的,慷慨的

pusillanimous [ pju:si5lAnimEs ] adj.胆小的,懦弱的

unanimous [ ju( 5nAnimEs ) adj.一致同意的,意见一致的

曹操头风复发

多年时间elapse(过去)

曹操头疼relapse(旧病复发)

暗想杀华陀是lapse(失误)

以apse结尾:

elapse [i5lAps ] v.(时间)消逝,过去

relapse [ri5lAps] n.v.旧病复发,退回原状态,恶化

lapse [ lAps] n.失误,小错,失足,(时间等)流逝

拳击与空手道

拳击不是karate(空手道)

二种方式disparate(本质不同的)

都使观众exhilarate(使兴奋)

以arate结尾:

karate [kE5rB:ti ] n.空手道

disparate [5dispErit] adj.本质不同的,不可并论的

xhilarate [ i^5zilEreit ] v.使高兴,使兴奋

GRE阅读猜生词技巧实例讲解 篇6

适应英语表达方式

因为英语并非我们的母语,很多考生不太习惯英语的表达方式。因为英语的表达与汉语的表达有很大的区分点,所以很多考生在接触到GRE阅读文章的时候都需要一个转换的过程。比如,看到一个单词,都想要先去明白这个单词的意思,再去理解整个句子,并且往往阅读中的很多句子都习惯使用倒装形式,这在一定的程度上又会给考生带来一定的压力。那么怎么解决这种情况呢?通常来说,最好的方法就是熟练,多读文章,不断地阅读与GRE考试相关的文章,经过阅读积累经验,做到不硬纠结一个单词的意思,而是试图通过速读充分了解文章的大致内容和基本逻辑。通过锻炼缩短语言切换的时间,最后达到一种一旦阅读GRE文章就迅速转换到英语环境的模式。

提升逻辑思维能力

很多时候考生可以根据自己的预测来提升自己在GRE阅读中的速度。假设你看到作者在文章中的第一句话设定为many people,prevail,past time等以这些词语做开头,那么你就要在脑海中迅速思考出一点,那就是此篇文章很有可能是关于新老观点交换类的,因为这些词后面往往会紧跟一个老观点,然后一定出新的however,but之类的转折,这就是文章中所提出的新观点。紧接着,你还要迅速分析文章中的方式论证,是老观点出现错误还是有不足之处,这些就是你在看到这种类型的文章时,你应该有的思维逻辑过程。你的思维逻辑过程将帮助你迅速的融入到文章中,因为此后的文章内容很可能与你事先判断出来的结构相符。

忽略非重点词汇

英语与我们的母语表达习惯的不同,你需要在GRE阅读中忽略一些介词,冠词之类的词汇。因为如同在中文阅读过程中,大家都会跳过“的”这种词一样,考生应该尽量避免这些词汇对你的影响,因为有时候这些介词在英语中构成的结构,使你很难直接去理解句子的意思,这样你会浪费很多时间在不认识的句子上,从而对你的答题时间造成一定的困扰。

总而言之,GRE阅读的提升是需要依靠你的多加练习才可以取得成功的,需要通过改变你的GRE阅读习惯,提升你对GRE文章结构的预判,还要和读中文文章一样,掌握GRE阅读技巧。那么经过长时间的训练,你会发现自己的阅读速度会有一个突飞猛进的进步。希望各位考生在今后的练习中都能得到提升!期待认真备考,以便在GRE考试中顺利答题,取得优异的成绩。

GRE考试《阅读理解》练习题及答案

Our study revealed that nest-guarding long-tailed skinks (a species of lizard) homed (returned to their nests) more successfully when displaced shorter distances. There are two reasons why homing success rates decreased with increasing displacement distance. One possibility is that females were simply displaced too far to find their way home. However, this is unlikely given that some individuals managed to find their way home from each distance we used. The second possibility deals with trade-offs between the risks associated with making a long return trip and the benefits of returning. Animals should expend energy only when the associated costs are low. As reptiles increase the time spent moving, their daily energy expenditure increases dramatically. The energetic costs of returning home and the chances that the eggs will have been preyed upon during the return trip both increase substantially as displacement distance increases. For example, the 130 hours (5.5 days) that female skinks spent returning from a distance of 300 meters is sufficient for an egg-eating snake to locate and prey upon the entire clutch. However, females with larger clutches were more likely to home at distances over 50 meters. For these females, the relative fitness benefits associated with having more eggs successfully hatch may outweigh the energetic costs of returning to a nest site, even if the nest may have already been preyed upon.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. question the validity of research on nest-guarding behavior in long-tailed skinks

B. consider explanations for a finding regarding long-tailed skinks

C. discuss the importance of homing for long-tailed skinks

D. describe the relationship between clutch size and homing success in long-tailed skinks

E. identify the benefits of a behavior common among long-tailed skinks

2. The claim in the highlighted sentence assumes which of the following about the individuals that managed to find their way home from each distance?

A. They were less able to detect egg-eating predators than were the other long-tailed skinks studied.

B. They were more averse to risk than were the other long-tailed skinks studied

C. They expended less energy when homing than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

D. They did not possess better homing skills than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

E. They had significantly smaller clutches than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

3. The “second possibility” implies which of the following as a possible explanation for the female long-tailed skinks that failed to home from distances over 50 meters ?

A. They had relatively small clutches

B. They were unable to find their way home

C. They lacked sufficient energy to home successfully

D. They had male long-tailed skinks guarding their clutches

E. They detected evidence of egg-eating snakes In the vicinity of their nests.

P46

1

Our study revealed that nest-guarding long-tailed skinks (a species of lizard) homed (returned to their nests) more successfully when displaced shorter distances.

我们的研究显示,守窝长尾石龙子(一种蜥蜴)被移动的距离越短,返家(回窝)成功率越高。

2

There are two reasons why homing success rates decreased with increasing displacement distance.

随移动距离变长回窝成功率变低的原因有二。

3

One possibility is that females were simply displaced too far to find their way home.

一种可能,单纯是因为雌石龙子被移动得太远,找不到家了。

4

However, this is unlikely given that some individuals managed to find their way home from each distance we used.

然而,这不大可能,因为一些个体无论被移动多远,都成功回窝。

5

The second possibility deals with trade-offs between the risks associated with making a long return trip and the benefits of returning.

第二种可能,涉及 在 长途跋涉回家的风险 与 回到的好处 之间权衡利弊。

6

Animals should expend energy only when the associated costs are low.

动物理应在相关代价较低时消耗能量。

7

As reptiles increase the time spent moving, their daily energy expenditure increases dramatically.

因为爬行动物移动慢,它们一整天消耗的能量剧增。

8

The energetic costs of returning home and the chances that the eggs will have been preyed upon during the return trip both increase substantially as displacement distance increases.

随着被移动的距离增加,回窝要消耗的能量,以及在此期间蛋被吃掉的几率都增加了。

9

For example, the 130 hours (5.5 days) that female skinks spent returning from a distance of 300 meters is sufficient for an egg-eating snake to locate and prey upon the entire clutch.

比如说,雌石龙子花 130 小时(5.5 天)跋涉 300 米回窝,已经足够蛇定位以及吃掉所有的蛋。

(clutch 一次产或孵的蛋)

10

However, females with larger clutches were more likely to home at distances over 50 meters.

然而,守着大窝的雌性仍然更可能在被移动超过 50 米的情况下回窝。

11

For these females, the relative fitness benefits associated with having more eggs successfully hatch may outweigh the energetic costs of returning to a nest site, even if the nest may have already been preyed upon.

对于这些雌性来说,让更多蛋成功孵化的相对适应性利益,超过了回窝会消耗的能量,即便蛋可能已经被吃了。

(fitness 最早讲这个概念在 15 / 36 P1,有兴趣的同学去翻

基因适应度,指特定条件下,某个体让自己的基因进入后代基因库的能力,也就是让自己携带的基因尽量延续下去的能力。

)

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. question the validity of research on nest-guarding behavior in long-tailed skinks

B. consider explanations for a finding regarding long-tailed skinks

C. discuss the importance of homing for long-tailed skinks

D. describe the relationship between clutch size and homing success in long-tailed skinks

E. identify the benefits of a behavior common among long-tailed skinks

选 B

评估 对 一项关于长尾石龙子的观察发现 的多种解释。

finding 就是有的回窝,有的不回。

2. The claim in the highlighted sentence assumes which of the following about the individuals that managed to find their way home from each distance?

A. They were less able to detect egg-eating predators than were the other long-tailed skinks studied.

B. They were more averse to risk than were the other long-tailed skinks studied

C. They expended less energy when homing than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

D. They did not possess better homing skills than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

E. They had significantly smaller clutches than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

选 D

难题。

首先在于问法,即对于那些被移动多远都回窝了的石龙子,这句话隐含了什么假设。

One possibility is that females were simply displaced too far to find their way home. However, this is unlikely given that some individuals managed to find their way home from each distance we used.

不妨把句 3 - 4 连起来看。

句 3 说,一些雌石龙子不回家,单纯是因为找不到路了,to far to find their way home 。句 4 则否认了这种可能 this is unlikely,因为有一些始终要回家,也成功地回了家。

看到这里,如果你足够敏锐,就该意识到这样一种情况:可能有一只,它想回家,但因为找不到路,只能在外面瞎打转干着急。

文中有提到这样的,想回家又回不了的石龙子吗?

没有。

后文提到了两种情况,一种是想了想不回了因为不值(言外之意,想回还是能回的),一种是想过了无论如何要回也确实回去了。

你注意到了吗,两种情况的区别只在于 trade-offs 对收益与风险的权衡,不在于认路的能力,即文章的作者认为所有石龙子都一样认路,想回家就一定能找到路。

这就是这句话隐含的假设:回家的并不比其他更认路。

现在做完这道题,你认为作者在文中的论证是否存在问题?其结论是否成立?

其实,这道题非常犀利地指出了文章逻辑的不足。作为一项意在考察蜥蜴是否回家的研究,竟然因为有的蜥蜴成功回家,就假设所有蜥蜴都像上帝一样认路。回头再看看,这道题中竟然一个科学家的名字都没出现过,我怀疑这篇 “ 文章 ” 是 ETS 编的,而不是改写的,故意卖个逻辑上的破绽好出题。

3. The “second possibility” implies which of the following as a possible explanation for the female long-tailed skinks that failed to home from distances over 50 meters ?

A. They had relatively small clutches

B. They were unable to find their way home

C. They lacked sufficient energy to home successfully

D. They had male long-tailed skinks guarding their clutches

E. They detected evidence of egg-eating snakes In the vicinity of their nests.

选 A

注意问法,从 “ second possibility ” 出发推断可能的解释。根据句 10 - 11 可选出 A 。其实 B / C / E 都是比较有可能的推测,只是因为文章的逻辑缺陷,三者都得不到表达。

GRE阅读题目解析:河生雌鳚鱼选择巢穴

When selecting a nest, the female of the river blenny (a small fish) appears to be sensitive to both size and orientation. Blennies deposit their eggs preferably in nests under large stones and in nests facing southeast. Southeast-facing nests contain larger egg clutches, a fact that cannot be completely explained by differences in nest stone sizes. Moreover, in a recent study, current speeds upstream of the nest and at the nest entrance were similar for nests facing southeast and those facing in other directions. A southeast-facing entrance per se thus seems to be the specific nest feature preferred by females, rather than the effect of selective positioning on current at nest entrance. The reasons for this preference are unclear, however.

1. The passage is concerned with which of the following

A. Determining the different ways in which current speeds can influence the nesting preferences of female river blennies

B. Establishing nest orientation as a determining factor in egg laying among female river blennies

C. Questioning the importance of nest size as an influence on egg laying among female river blennies

D. Comparing the features of female river blennies that face southeast with those of nests facing in other directions

E. Examining how female river blennies determine the relative importance of nest size versus nest orientation

2. The author of the passage considers “current speeds” in order to

A. identify a factor that undermines the significance of nest stone size for female river blennies

B. indicate one possible advantage of river blenny nests that do not face southeast

C. eliminate a possible explanation for a nest orientation tendency among female river blennies

D. indicate why female river blennies are sensitive to both size and orientation of possible nests

E. suggest a reason why many female blennies prefer southeast-facing nests

1

When selecting a nest, the female of the river blenny (a small fish) appears to be sensitive to both size and orientation.

选择巢穴时,河生雌鳚鱼(一种小鱼)似乎对大小和朝向都有挑剔。

(

鳚 [blenny]

鲈形目鳚亚目许多种鱼类的统称。大多体型小,海产,广布于热带到寒带海域。体细长如鳗。生活于各种生境,包括岩潭、沙滩、礁盘和藻床。多数生活于浅水,但有些可深至水下450米处。有些主要为草食性,有些则部分或完全为肉食性。一般为底栖,没有多少经济价值。

(大英袖珍百科)

Australian blenny (Ecsenius axelrodi) in East Timor.

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blennioidei)

)

2

Blennies deposit their eggs preferably in nests under large stones and in nests facing southeast.

鳚鱼更喜欢把卵产在大石下以及朝向东南的巢中。

3

Southeast-facing nests contain larger egg clutches, a fact that cannot be completely explained by differences in nest stone sizes.

产在朝向东南的巢中的卵更大,这无法用巢的大小完全地解释。

4

Moreover, in a recent study, current speeds upstream of the nest and at the nest entrance were similar for nests facing southeast and those facing in other directions.

此外,最近一项研究显示东南朝向与其他朝向,巢受水流冲刷的速度与巢口的水流速度都相近。

(这里翻译不是很确定,坦白一下我的想法。

upstream 逆流的,向上游的

upstream of the nest 我理解为,巢是不动的,upstream of the nest 指水流冲刷巢,也就是那块石头的速度

有不同理解请留言指导我)

5

A southeast-facing entrance per se thus seems to be the specific nest feature preferred by females, rather than the effect of selective positioning on current at nest entrance.

所以,入口西南朝向本身,似乎是雌鱼择巢的特征,而不是因为巢口水流速度而选择巢口的朝向。

6

The reasons for this preference are unclear, however.

然而,这种偏好的原因仍未探明。

1. The passage is concerned with which of the following

A. Determining the different ways in which current speeds can influence the nesting preferences of female river blennies

B. Establishing nest orientation as a determining factor in egg laying among female river blennies

C. Questioning the importance of nest size as an influence on egg laying among female river blennies

D. Comparing the features of female river blennies that face southeast with those of nests facing in other directions

E. Examining how female river blennies determine the relative importance of nest size versus nest orientation

选 B

确定巢的朝向是河生雌性鳚鱼产卵的决定因素。

establish 此处解释为 确定、证实。

A 错。句 5 告诉我们,水流速度没啥区别 similar 。

C 错。文章没有质疑大石偏好,只在句 2 提了一下:Blennies deposit their eggs preferably in nests under large stones and in nests facing southeast.

D 错在 features of female river blennies,没有讨论鱼,只讨论了巢,水流什么的。

E 错。没有比较两种因素哪个更重要。

2. The author of the passage considers “current speeds” in order to

A. identify a factor that undermines the significance of nest stone size for female river blennies

B. indicate one possible advantage of river blenny nests that do not face southeast

C. eliminate a possible explanation for a nest orientation tendency among female river blennies

D. indicate why female river blennies are sensitive to both size and orientation of possible nests

E. suggest a reason why many female blennies prefer southeast-facing nests

选 C

去掉一种可能的解释。

需要读懂整段才能做对:

鱼产卵有两种偏好,大石头,开口朝东南。文段着重讨论了开口朝向的问题,但也只能通过实验推出,鱼这么选跟水流速度无关,至于真正的原因,目前还不知道。

综上,选 C 。

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