处理意见书格式

2024-07-26

处理意见书格式（精选8篇）

处理意见书格式篇1

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处理意见书格式

一、现将本文书的制作要点介绍如下：

1．首部：

（1）标题。居中写明“法律意见书”。

（2）咨询单位名称。

（3）有关事项。

2．正文：

（1）出具法律意见书在政策、法律上的根据。

（2）具体法律意见和需要明确的有关事宜以及可行性分析。

（3）针对当事人所咨询的有关事务进行分析和阐述。

3．尾部：律师及律师事务所名称及提出意见的时间。

二、格式：

法律意见书

咨询（或委托）单位名称：

咨询（或委托）事项：

出具法律意见书的依据：

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律师对该事项的情况分析：

律师对该事项的处理意见：

律师对相关事项的附带意见：

律师

法律意见书

范本：

致：中国建设银行××市分行××支行

作为中国建设银行××市分行××支行的委托指定的个人住房贷款业务法律事务承办机构，××市××律师事务所指派律师王××、稹痢炼源?钌昵肴薃先生提供的借款中请资料进行了审查，依据国家和××市的有关法律、法规，出具本法律意见书。

一、借款申请人A先生，购买××花园××号房屋，房屋面积××平方来，总价款为人民币××万元，购房合同编号为××，并选择了“开发商保证”担保方式向中国建设银行××市分行申请个人住房贷款，同时提供了相关的贷款资信文件（个人贷款资信证明是我行根据贷款人的申请，出具的载明申请人以个人担保方式在银行获得和贷款真实记录的书面证明文件。），具体内容详见附件。

二、出具本法律意见书的主要依据：

（一）《中华人民共和国合同法》

（二）《中华人民共和国担保法》

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（三）《借款合同争例》

（四）《中国人民银行个人住房贷款管理办法》

（五）《中国建设银行北京市分行住房担保细则》

（六）《北京市房地产抵押管理办法》

（七）《北京市商品房销售价格管理暂行办法》

（八）《律师事务所、公证处承办个人住房贷款业务中有关法律事务的规范意见》

（九）中国建设银行北京市分行与北京市公证处签订的《委托协议》

（十）中国建设银行北京市分行与房地发展商签订的《住房贷款合作协议》

（十一）国家和北京市其他有关法律、法规和规章

三、根据本法律意见书第一条所述资信文件（包括复印件）和第二条所述有关法律、法规、规章和协议的规定，并根据我们与A先生的谈话，确认如下事实：

（一）借款申请人A（19××年××月××日出生，身份证号为××××××××，××学历），现住××市××区××路×号，具有××市城镇正式常住户。

（二）借款中请人A先生具备必要的还款能力。借款申请人A先生自19××年××月起在××公司工作，任经理职务。其19××年税后月平均收入为××元人民币；××年××月至××月税后月平均收入为××人民币。借款申请人现持有××公司××的股份。该公司于19××年注册成立，注册资金××万元人民币。

（三）借款申请人意思表示真实。

1．借款申请人填写了《个人住房贷款申请表》；申请20年××万元个人住房贷

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款，约占购房价款的70％，其余30％的购房款××万元已支付给发展商××房地产开发有限公司。

2．借款中请人自愿选择“开发商保证”的担保方式申请贷款，并愿以其所购买的××花园××号房屋作为抵押物，于××年××月××日在我们面前分别签署了《承诺书》、预售房屋登记《授权委托书》、办理抵押登记《授权委托书》，借款中请人所填《个人住房借款申请表》中的担保人××房地产开发有限公司之印鉴属实。

3．抵押物的保险符合《中国建设银行北京分行个人住房担保细则》的规定。

基于以上事实，我们认为借款中请人A先生提供的资料真实、齐备，基本符合中国建设银行××市分行个人住房贷款条件，且初步申贷手续已履行完毕，具备签订个人住房贷款借款合同的资格。

本法律意见书仅用于借款中请人A先生向贵行申请个人住房抵押贷款并由贵行办理申请抵押贷款事宜。

本法律意见书正文共三页，其后之附件均为本法律意见书不可分割之组成部分。相关法律文件的复印件与原件无异。

王××律师

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处理意见书格式篇2

1 年鉴的定义

关于年鉴的定义, 据不完全统计有60多种, 在年鉴学领域, 关于年鉴的定义, 历来争论不休, 至今还没有一个准确的、较为公认的定义。目前, 有代表性的有以下几种: (1) 系统汇集年度时事文献和统计资料的连续出版物。 (2) 汇集截止出版年为止的各方面或某一方面的情况、统计资料的参考书。 (3) 年鉴是系统反映与记录国内外重大事件, 各个学科新发展新知识和新资料, 以供读者查阅的工具书。以上几种关于年鉴的定义, 笔者从书刊编目的角度对年鉴的定义进行分析, 比较赞同定义为“连续出版物”。在CN M A R C著录格式中, 是将年鉴按图书处理还是按连续出版物处理, 如何更好地对这类文献进行编目处理关系重大。

2 国际连续出版物标准间的矛盾

年鉴从其定义上来说, 应视为连续出版物。但在我国图书馆界, 尤其是手工编目阶段, 通常将报纸、期刊按需出版物来处理, 而将年鉴作为图书处理。即使计算机编目已经普及的今天, 还有许多图书馆仍然将年鉴作为图书处理, 分别为每一年的年鉴编制一条记录, 造成重复反映。在我国出版界, 也经常出现书刊界限不清的的问题。又是为了出版方便, 故意将期刊作为图书发行, 这些人为的因素进一步混淆了书刊的界限。目前, 年鉴出版的版权页上一般都有国际标准书号ISBN而不是国际标准连续出版物号ISSN, 造成编目人员容易将年鉴按图书处理。笔者通过走访得知, 年鉴的书号刊号与其发行渠道有关。年鉴因其体积大、装订困难等因素不易邮发订购, 这是图书编目部门一般把年鉴作为图书处理的一般看法。受传统观念的影响, 人们也就习惯从发行渠道区分书刊, 而不是从文献本身的实质来区分。年鉴首先应该确认其是连续出版物, 不管它是从哪个渠道订购的, 都应该统一按连续出版物归类。

3 题名的变化

题名的变化是连续出版物的产检的现象。有些题名变化的情况非常复杂, 总书名、分卷名、合集等变化多达几十次。改名是连续出版物多数是因为客观需要, 采用新题名, 但是卷、期仍然连续, 文献主体没有发生变化。这种单纯的改名比较常见, 也比较好处理。例:《中国教育统计年鉴》, 从1991年开始改名为《中国教育事业统计年鉴》。

当这些连续出版物改名、合并、分集使文献主体发生变化时, 如何在书目记录中反映, 是编目工作最为棘手的问题。传统的处理办法是: (1) 集中著录法, 可以用新题名见旧题名, 或旧题名见新题名, 在一个款目中集中所有信息。 (2) 分段著录法, 一个提名做一个款目, 著录时各自交待相互的关系。现在国际国内的编目原则都采用“客观著录” (或称“如实反映”) 的原则。我国的《连续出版物著录规则》 (G B3792.3-85) 、A A CR 2及ISBD (S) 都采用分段著录法。这样著录可以大大节省读者查找的时间, 一次查找的命中率较高, 同时也便于编目与管理。如果做一条记录, 很难反映如此复杂的情况。所以, 采用分段著录法, 为其编著不同的著录, 在每一×条记录中, 都交代本记录题名与其最邻近的上下记录中题名的关系, 分别选用4××相关字段, 并产生相关的附注。

4 出版周期的规范问题

年鉴, 顾名思义, 应该是逐年出版。但是, 我国目前出版的许多年鉴都没有做到这一点。有的年鉴几年出一卷, 有的是双周刊, 有的是三年刊, 有的只出了一卷就停刊了。有的名为年鉴, 实际上是一本书。例如:《中国建筑业年鉴》, 1993年以前是双周刊, 1994年以后是年刊。又例:《湖南社会科学年鉴》1987~1989年, 《中国建筑材料工业年鉴》1989~1991年, 《湖北教育年鉴》1988~1990年, 《鞍山年鉴》1989~1991年, 《中国海洋年鉴》1991~1993年, 1994~1996年等, 都曾出过三年一卷。再如:《中国兵工年鉴》1986~1990年, 《中国阀门行业协会统计年鉴》1986~1990年, 《舟山年鉴》1989~1994年等, 都曾出过几年一卷。《中国作文年鉴》与《中国比较文学年鉴》只出了一卷就由于种种原因停刊了。著名的《世界知识年鉴》, 出版规律也由于种种原因被打乱过, 1982、1983、1984、1987、1988年为年刊, 1985~1986、1989~1990、1992~1993、1995~1996年为双年刊, 1990~1991、1993~1994年为跨年度的年刊。正因为有如此众多的年鉴存在着出版周期不规范的问题, 所以, 在编目时应如实反映, 不要武断地认为年鉴的出版周期就是一年一卷。例如前边提到的《中国建筑业年鉴》, 1984年创刊, 根据其出版规律, 在CN M A R C记录中, 应在如下字段反映其特征:

2001$a中国建筑业年鉴2071$a1984-2002$a年刊$b1994-326$a双年刊

年鉴的一个重要属性, 就是它的现实性, 它的资料新颖, 反映及时, 年年更新。如果年鉴做不到逐年出版, 它的及时性与时效性就会大打折扣。所以, 应该树立时间就是质量的观念, 大大缩短出版周期。

摘要：年鉴是一种特殊的文献类型, 区别于其他出版物的最大特征就是年鉴具有期刊文献所特有的出版发行方式的连续性。本文从年鉴的定义、字段的取值等方面对C N M AR C格式的处理作了论述。

关键词：年鉴,连续出版物CNMARC格式

参考文献

[1]洪滟.统一著作的多卷书宜实行整套著录[J].图书馆论坛, 2010, (5) .

正确处理意见箱中的意见篇3

同学在城郊一所新创办的学校工作。暑假中，他向我倾诉了一件郁闷的事。事情的经过是这样的：同学所在学校的校长是名市级名师，从其自身素质和管理能力来看他确实是位极具思想和理想的教育中人。新官上任的校长举措之一就是在每层教学楼设置意见箱，以方便教师和学生对学校的发展及教育教学提出建议或意见。校长还在教师大会上承诺一定会认真对待每一条意见，并及时作出相应的处理。同学也是个充满教育激情的人，面对管理中存在的问题就提了两个意见，其中一条反映的是办公室有老师利用上班时间打游戏。结果校长很快对此事作出了反应，并且还把问题和处理意见在政治学习时进行了公布。当时校长虽然没有指名道姓，却指出哪一间办公室存在上述现象。结果在随后的工作中，同学处处感受到挨批同事那异样的眼光，并经常为此饱受冷嘲热讽。

听了同学的倾诉，我首先对校长设置意见箱这一举措完全赞成，因为有时一些教师即使有了想法或好的建议，也不愿直接到校长室反映，而意见箱就成了校长与教师之间交流的一个平台，使得校长能及时了解教师心声，掌握学校动态，纠正或提出办学措施。所以校长的这一举措对学校发展是有利的，但校长最后的处理方式却值得商榷。利用政治学习的时间把问题摆出来并公布处理意见未尝不可，但不能一概而论，而必须根据问题的不同区别对待。如果是关于大政方针类的，校长就可充分发挥工会、教代会等组织的作用，听取广大教师的意见，尔后逐渐完善或优化，最后利用学习等机会予以公布。但如果是关于教师敬业爱岗或教书育人等方面的问题，校长就不能采用类似做法。因为这样做就很可能引起或激化教师之间的矛盾。就拿同学那件事来说，校长当时虽未点名，但具体到哪一间办公室了，到底是说谁，当事人心知肚明，到底是谁检举的，大家都面面相觑，导致互相猜疑。最后，挨批的老师就极可能采取冷报复来消极抵抗甚至可能采用直接报复的方式对待同事。此时，提出意见的老师就会感受到压力，以至于以后心有余悸，不愿也不敢再提出意见了。同学也对我说，为了办公室的“安定团结”，以后再也不愿提出意见了。由此可见，本来有利于学校建设的一条意见，却由于处理不当导致这意见箱不是收集意见，而是产生意见了。其实，校长在得知这些问题的存在后，首先应通过明查暗访了解具体情况，最后采用“归过于密室”的方式进行处理。就以同学反映之事为例，校长在掌握第一手情况的基础上，可以采用单独的机会旁敲侧击，点醒梦中人。如果情况确实比较严重或有教师屡教不改的话，则也应个别谈话，或委婉或直截了当地指出问题所在。这样的处理方式比在公共场所进行公布更显人性化，也更容易让人接受。我想，这样一来，问题肯定会得以解决，而且也不至于让同事为此产生矛盾。所以，设置意见箱完全可行，关键是校长要注意解决问题的方式方法，操作的不好，则会使意见箱弄出意见，最终背离我们的初衷；操作好了，意见箱就会成为干群沟通、联系的桥梁和纽带，使学校迈上发展的康庄大道。

责任编辑：陈国庆

法律意见书格式篇4

1.标题

在文书顶端居中标明“法律意见书”字样。

2.致送单位(或人)的称谓

在标题的下一行顶格写明接受文书的单位名称或人的名称。如：“××有限责任公司”“尊敬的××国××××先生(女士)”“××董事长”等。

3.说明解答内容的缘起和依据

要求用简明扼要的`文字概括交待解答的是什么内容，即就提出的什么问题予以答复，这是法律意见书的开头部分。

(二)正文

这部分是法律意见书的主体部分。正文通过法律、法规来详细解答询问人所提出的问题。一般而言，这一部分需要进行严密的论证，科学的分析，从而给询问人一个圆满的答案。正文的内容既可单列一项，就问做答，也可以分为若干个问题，用分题标号形式一一作答，具体如何写，要根据询问人所提问题的多少来决定。

(三)结尾

英文法律意见书格式篇5

WRITING AN OFFICE MEMORANDUM

If you work as a paralegal or law clerk after your first or second year of law school, you will most likely spend some of your time researching and writing objective memoranda, or interoffice memos. Typically, an attorney asks you to provide a realistic analysis of the law as it applies to the facts of a client’s case. The purpose is to inform not persuade. Although you should remember which conclusion favors your client, also keep in mind that you will represent the client most effectively by being objective and realistic.

The memo might be read many times possibly, over a period of months or years by several different attorneys, including the writer, who may use it as a resource long after it is drafted. The attorney will use the information contained in the memo to advise the client and may use it to prepare a document that will ultimately be filed in court. For example, a partner may be asking you whether a particular client has a valid legal claim. If you conclude that the answer is “yes,” then this will probably turn into a lawsuit. At that point, some parts of the memo may be incorporated when the complaint is drafted. The memo might me consulted a third time when the attorney responds to a motion to dismiss; a fourth time while drafting interrogatories; a fifth time before making a motion for summary judgment; a sixth time before trial; and a seventh during an appeal; and so on.

PARTS OF MEMO[1]

1. A memorandum heading

2. The Issue (sometimes called Question Presented) states the question(s) that the memorandum resolves. The Issue also itemizes the few facts that you predict to be crucial to the answer. (Such as travel expenses to out-of-state, keeping child out of danger, and commission of crime). The reader should understand the question without having to refer to the facts.

3. Brief Answer (sometimes called Conclusion) states the writer’s prediction and summarizes concisely why it is likely to happen. Some writers begin with a direct response such as “yes” or “probably not.” Our book says that they do not prefer this. Sometimes this is client or partner driven. Also, some questions lend themselves to answers such as “yes” or “no.” Allusion to determinative facts and rules. Do not omit key facts. Begin by just re-stating your issue as a declarative sentence. Do not omit the reasoning. Do not include citation to authority or application of relevant law. Many attorneys only read this part.

4. Facts set out the facts on which the prediction is based.

5. Discussion is the largest and most complex part of memo. It proves the conclusion set out in brief answer. If the discussion is highly detailed or analyzes several issues, it should be broken down into subheadings.

Here is what the memo will look like and more information on each section.

MEMORANDUM

TO: Senior Partner [Please block-indent so that the information lines up, as demonstrated]

FROM: Your Name

DATE: (date assignment is submitted)

RE: (A concise label for the issue considered: mention the parties; your firm will file your Memo by names and cause of action--and, perhaps, by jurisdiction)

The proper format is always double-spaced. Do not double-double space between sections. Plain old, regular double-space is sufficient.

FACTS

Here, recite all material facts, usually in chronological order. A “material” fact is a “dispositive” fact, or one upon which the outcome will depend. It is a fact that will affect the outcome in one way or another. Please include all material procedural facts as well as all material substantive facts. This means that it is essential to include all relevant times, dates, and places. You should begin with an “overview” sentence that sets the full context and begins to describe the problem presented. Please review your reading and as many samples as possible to understand both the range and scope of what is acceptable as professional practice.

Remember your role

Watch for the tendency to try to “prove” something by the way you tell the story. NO LEGAL ANALYSIS!

1) USE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE AND OBJECTIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS. Rather than writing “the D was speeding through the school zone,” write “the D was traveling 50 MPH through the school zone.” Rather than writing “The D brutally beat the victim,” write “The D struck the P on the head, resulting in a cut over his left eye.”

2) Include unfavorable and favorable facts.

QUESTION PRESENTED

Phrased as a question and ending with a question mark, state the specific issue or issues you will address. One method is to use the technique: under? (describe the law); does? (state the issue); what? (give the legally relevant or “dispositive” facts).

Some memoranda use the commonly seen style of: “Whether . . . .”

As always, discuss with your professor to see which he or she prefers.

But whatever the method, the following advice applies:

Should be concise single sentences that include relevant facts and general propositions of law.

Don’t say, “Whether a niece can recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress,” when you can say, “Whether, under Iowa law, a niece who witnesses the aftermath of an automobile accident involving her uncle from a block away can recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress when she observes his severe injuries upon arrival at the scene.”

BRIEF ANSWER

You phrased (or asked) a question in the section above. Answer it here: “Yes.” “No.” “Probably not.” Use a period. Your Brief Answer follows the same formula and sequence as your Question Presented. It answers the questions “under? does? what?” except, the Brief Answer should include a brief statement of your reasons beginning with the word “because.”

DISCUSSION

The heart of a Memorandum, this section asks you to explain the law and explain the facts. Getting it “right” will take time. Be patient. Your goal is to “synthesize” the cases and extract a common rule of law. To do this, you will need to identify the common elements that allow you to analyze and discuss several cases at once. A common mistake, legal writers frequently engage in “listing behavior.” They treat each case independently and sequentially, beginning each paragraph with “In”--for example, “In Callow v. Thomas” or “In Brown v. Brown.” Looking down a written page, the lawyer will see a ladder-like effect, the “in-ladder,” where each succeeding paragraph begins with the word “in” followed by a case title. Often “listing behavior” culminates in “dump-trucking” when the lawyer saves up and “dumps” all the legal analysis into the last paragraph. In addition, lawyers will frequently “front-load,” squeezing all the legal rules of law into the very first paragraph.

To avoid these pitfalls, begin your discussion with a general overview in a thesis or “roadmap” paragraph. Your thesis paragraph is the first paragraph in the Memorandum and the first paragraph in a Discussion section. Always begin your thesis paragraph with a sentence to anticipate--and announce--your ultimate conclusion. Tell the reader where you are headed and be a tour-guide to your argument or analysis.

Then, taking one point at a time, write a thesis sentence that answers the questions of “what-is-your-point?” of this particular paragraph. Next, set forth the legal Rule that applies. Include the proper citation. Next, Analyze (explain) what the law or legal rule means. Next, Analyze (explain) how the relevant facts fit (or do not fit) the legal or factual standard. Finally, Conclude each paragraph with a summarizing statement and each sub-issue with a specific sub-issue summary.

Sometimes, this method is referred to as a variation of the acronym: IRAC. Other legal writing professors have some other acronym such as REAAC or FIRAC. Still, others simply refer to it as the 5-step process. Keep in mind that these are all “formulas” that legal writing professionals are using to introduce you to presenting a legal argument. Ultimately, you will use a style or formula that works best for your particular argument. But virtually every aspect of every legal argument must contain a 1) Statement of Rule or Applicable Law; 2) Analysis of the law and how it Applies to your relevant facts; and 3) a Conclusion on each of these sub-issues. Similarly, when a discussion requires several paragraphs, the writer may not reproduce the exact IRAC structure within each and every paragraph, but may require several paragraphs to develop fully the full set.

As always, know your audience and talk about the method of legal analysis that your professor, or in the future, your employer, prefers. And remember that learning how to synthesize statutes, cases, and secondary sources and then presenting them in a clear, concise, and logical manner takes time and practice.

A FEW IDEAS ABOUT WRITING MEMORANDA[2]

Many students, approaching memo writing for the first time, are often unsure of how to proceed. We have put together a few tips for first (and second and third) time memo writers that we hope will be helpful.

Note: No single set of guidelines could possibly address all the matters related to memo writing. If you have questions about a particular assignment, be sure to check with your professor.

1. Find the test(s). In assigning a memorandum, professors are generally evaluating you on parsing a particular statute or test. In other words, they want you to use other cases to explain how your case either does or does not satisfy a test laid out in a case or a statute.

For example, let’s say your case involves a niece (Mary) who witnessed her uncle (Jack) being injured in an automobile accident. Mary wants to bring suit for negligent infliction of emotional distress as a result of witnessing that accident. In Burger v. McDonald, the Supreme Court of Iowa laid out a three part test to determine whether a bystander’s injury was reasonably foreseeable and, thus, legally actionable:

1. Whether the bystander was located near the accident.

2. Whether the injury resulted from sensory and contemporaneous observance of the accident, as opposed to hearing about it from others after its occurrence.

3. Whether the bystander and the victim were closely related.

NOTE: If the memo involves more than one issue, your memorandum may involve more than one test.

2. Use the test as your outline. Tests come in two parts, or three (as above), often with subsections. Ideal for an outline. Use the major parts of the test as your major points, the subparts as sub-sections.

Paragraph Structure

3. Begin paragraphs with affirmative propositions that parallel the test. In the above example, your first sentence should say something like: “Mary was located near the scene of her uncle’s accident, satisfying the first part of the Burger test.”

4. Support your affirmative propositions. All propositions of a legal nature must have legal support. Where is your authority for your proposition? Cite it. For example: “See Burger, 606 N.W.2d at 321 (bystander must be located near accident to recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress).”

5. Discuss the facts of your support. What happened in the case you just cited? Explain in a concise and relevant way. For example: “In Burger, the court held that a mother who witnessed an accident on the street from the front door of her house was located near the scene of an accident.”

6. Discuss the relevant facts of your case. Point to the facts that are similar to the facts of the authority you’ve just discussed. For example, you could continue from above as follows: “Mary was standing a block from the accident, heard the crash, and saw her uncle being pulled, bleeding, from the car.”

7. Analogize/Conclude. What conclusions do you think the court will draw from the similarity between your facts and the facts of your authority? For example: “Although Mary did not see the accident, she was close enough to hear it and witness her uncle being pulled from the car. Thus, a court will likely conclude that she was located near the accident.”

Alternative Paragraph Structure

8. Discuss other relevant authority. Once you’ve opened the previous paragraph with your affirmative proposition, your subsequent paragraphs can discuss the facts of other relevant cases without repeating the proposition as your opening sentence. For example, you could begin the next paragraph: “In Cameron v. Jones, the Court of Appeals held that a mother who was twenty-five feet away from her child when she heard a metal sculpture fall on him was located near the scene of the accident.

9. Discuss contrary authority. Are there cases that go against your position (or the position the partner/judge/etc. would like you to hold)? Another subsequent paragraph could open with: “But, in Alfred v. Stern, the court held that a father did not have a valid cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress.” Then follow steps 5, 6, and 7, above, except this time, when concluding, tell the reader why the court won’t follow or give much weight to this contrary authority (e.g., the facts are different).

10. Move on to the next part of the test. Follow steps 3-9 above for the next section of your test.

Remember, a memorandum also includes issues presented, a brief answer (which usually follows the issues presented), and a statement of facts. These are often best written after you’ve written the body of the memorandum, since you’ll have a better idea of the issues once you’ve tackled the problem (though a tentative draft might help to get you started).

Here is a checklist for those introductory sections of an office memorandum:

Heading

1. Have you included the name of the requesting attorney (or professor), your name, the date, the client’s name, and a phrase identifying the particular legal matter or issue?

Facts

Have you included all legally significant facts?

Have you included sufficient factual context?

Have you included any major emotional facts?

Have you avoided including discussion of legal authority?

Have you avoided “arguing” the facts or drawing legal conclusions?

Have you identified the client and the client’s situation at the beginning of the Fact Statement?

Have you selected an appropriate organization (chronological, topical) for the facts?

Have you maintained neutral language and objective characterizations?

Have you included both favorable and unfavorable facts?

Question Presented

11. Have you stated the legal question and the significant facts?

Have you edited to achieve one readable sentence?

Have you maintained an objective perspective?

Brief Answer

Have you stated the answer in the first several words?

Have you included a statement of the rule?

Have you stated a summary of the reasoning leading to the answer?

Have you kept the BA to a maximum of one-third to one-half a double-spaced page?

Have you taken a position, even if you are not sure?

注释:

[1] Be sure to keep in mind that an office memo is an internal document for law firms; therefore, each particular firm is likely to have a preferred format. For example, the firm may use different words for different sections title, may order sections differently than described here, or it may include other sections not described in this manual. If your reader (whether it be your professor or your employer) has a preferred format, obviously use it. If you are not sure if your reader has a particular preference, then ask!

联系人意见书写格式篇6

一、谈话内容及考察纪实

联系人的第一次谈话从积极分子中党毕业后开始，四次谈话内容可以分别从入党动机、学习、工作、同学关系及对时事政治的学习等几个方面去书写。

二、联系人综合考察意见

书写格式：XX同学自X年X月递交入党申请书以来，思想、学习、工作、生活等几个方面的表现情况……综上所述，我认为XX同学已经基本符合一名预备党员的条件，特提请支委会讨论。

例如： XX同学自X年X月递交入党申请书以来，思想上积极要求进步，主动参加政治理论学习，定期向党组织回报思想，在政治立场上上始终与党中央保持一致，坚决拥护党的路线、方针政策。学习上勤奋刻苦，成绩优异，曾荣获…，工作上认真负责，一丝不苟，组织和带领同学们完成。。各项活动。生活中为人热情、生活俭朴，具有良好的群众基础。在考察期内，XX同学的知识水平和工作能力都有很大的提高，同时他自觉改造自己的世界观、人生观和价值观，进一步端正了入党动机。

综上所述，我认为XX同学已经基本符合一名预备党员的条件，特提请支委会讨论。

《预备党员审查表》中联系人意见书写格式

半年小结后的联系人意见：

XX同学在这半年的考察期内表现如何，具体写几句......一年小结后的联系人意见：

XX同学在这一年的考察期内表现如何，有何成绩……综上所述，我支持他（她）如期转正。

处理意见书格式篇7

1 混沌加密系统的含义

图文混沌加密是一种改变以往只能对单一的图文格式进行加密、解密,更具有实用性、能够更好地保障信息安全的一种信息加密系统。它是一种利用混沌映射而运作的非线性动态系统。混沌现象是一种高度复杂、看似随机实则十分具有规律性的过程。在这一过程中,首先要将两个具有相似性的初始数值通过同一个混沌函数进行迭代运算,在经过一系列的函数运算后,将会得到一系列毫不相关的数值序列。一方面,混沌现象是一种确定性系统,具有高度复杂性,表面看起来十分混乱;另一方面,混沌现象又是一种难以预测性的系统,不可分解,实质看起来具有一定的规律性。

就混沌信号而言,一方面,它具有非周期性、与噪音相类似、具有连续的宽带频谱这3大特性,这3大特性使混沌信号具有天然的、十分好的隐蔽性;另一方面,由于混沌信号对于初始数值以及混沌参数具有相当高的敏感性,从而使混沌信号又长期地具有不可预测性。混沌信号的天然的隐蔽性、长期不可预测性以及高度复杂性易于形成非周期性、看似随机实则十分有规律的混沌序列,因此混沌信号十分适用于通信中信息的保密,能够很好地保障通信安全,很好地保障信息权利人的权益不受损害。

在国际上利用混沌加密系统来确保通信安全的热潮一直不曾退去。1990年国际上首次提出了混沌同步方法以确保通信安全,之后关于混沌加密的研究一直持续不断,并且随着相关研究的发展,这些研究不断以新内容丰富、完善混沌理论,混沌理论不断地发展,其实用性不断地增强。但是混沌理论中应用于无线的混沌加密系统,由于受到各种因素的影响,其仍不具有实用性,不能应用到实践中去。近几年基于保障互联网传输过程中信息安全的混沌加密系统才开始有所发展,由于其收发不会受到同步的影响并且具有传统密码学的优点,因此其十分适合应用于互联网传输过程中以此来保障通信的安全性。

在互联网传输过程中要保障通信安全通常会采取信息加密法。一方在传输信息时通过一定的加密方法将明文与密钥转换为密文,计算机另一方在收到密文后,通过一定的解密方法,将密文转化为相应的明文,以此来保证在互联网中传输信息的安全性。就简单的应用而言,一般来说只是针对某一种文件类型进行加密处理,传输给对方后,对方通过计算机进行解密,在这一过程中已经丧失了与之前应用程序的关联性,因此很难保持多种文件格式类型不变。在互联网传输过程中进行加密,如何保证各种文件的格式类型不变,以及如何对各种各样的文件格式进行正确的识别与分析,这在互联网通信安全保障中占据着极为重要的位置,需要我们去解决。

2 对图文进行混沌加密的多格式的包容性

在Windows系统的注册表当中,文件扩展名与文件格式类型是同一级的主键,扩展名主键的默认值恰好是文件格式类型的主键名称。一般而言,就文件格式类型来说,同一文件格式类型可能会有多个文件扩展名,与多个文件扩展名相对应。例如,文本文档这一文件格式类型,它就可能对应TXT、DIC等文件扩展名。图像文档这一文件格式类型,它可以对应JPG、JPE、JPEG等多种文件扩展名。而文件扩展名则与其相反,它只会对应一个文件格式类型。

在识别文件格式类型的过程中,一方面可以采取识别文件扩展名的方法来判断文件的格式类型,另一方面则可以通过读取文件内部的文件头来识别该文件的格式类型。例如,在识别位图文件的过程中,就可以通过读取其内部文件的文件头(BITMAPFILEHEADER)来识别文件的格式类型。但是不同格式类型的文件具有不同的文件头结构,如果要采取识别文件头结构的方法来识别文件的格式类型,这就要求程序能够负担庞大的工作量,这在实际操作中很难做到。同时存在一些文件,其内部文件是经过加密处理的,因此不能读取该文件的文件头,从而导致无法识别该文件的格式类型。因此,在加密与解密的过程中,必须要采取通过读取文件扩展名的方法来识别该文件的格式类型。读取扩展名在识别文件格式类型中具有越来越重要的地位。

实践中,最常用的就是Windows操作系统,在这一操作系统中,主要存在两种文件系统:FAT、NTFS。这两种文件系统对文件名的要求是不一样的。就FAT文件系统而言,它对文件名主要有以下要求:文件名可以含有多个空格;文件名必须以字母或数字开头,可含有所有字符(:?/[];=^*|除外);文件名最多可以含有255个字符,其中包含路径;文件名可以包含用点来分隔开的多个扩展名,并且不区分大小写。就NTFS文件系统而言,它对文件名主要有以下要求:文件名与目录名最多可以含有255个字符,其中包含扩展名;文件名可包含所有字符(?/[|:这些字符除外);不区分大小写。

3 图文混沌加密过程中对多格式图文传送前的预处理

不同的文件具有不同的内部结构,但是这些不同的文件都有一个共同点,即它们都是以二进制的形式被存入计算机的,可以利用这一个共同点来处理不同类型的文件。根据文件名的命名规则,在一个文件名中并不是所有的字符都是扩展名,只有在点符号之后的字符才是文件的扩展名,因此在识别文件类型的过程中,可以将点符号之后的所有字符单独提取出来并加以保存,从而使其在文件加密、文件通过互联网传输、文件解密这一系列的过程中保持其扩展名不变。由此,当文件最终经过文件解密这一阶段后,由于其扩展名经过保存在传输过程中一直保持不变,从而其与文件的关联性也一直保持不变,因此最后在文件解密之后依然能够正确地识别文件的格式类型。

(1)要进行对所要加密的文件的预处理。在这一过程中,主要需要完成以下几方面的内容:通过二进制的方式打开所要加密的文件;打开所要加密的文件后,要记住其路径名与文件名;将所要加密的文件记入内存。

(2)将所调入内存的文件进行加密。文件一旦被调入内存,就必须马上对其进行加密。建议使用Henon与Logistic这两种混沌映射来产生一组混沌序列从而对文件进行加密。在通过以上两个混沌映射产生流密码之后,需要将坐标置换技术与混沌掩盖通信技术这两种技术进行组合,然后对文件中的数据进行相关处理。文件中的数据不仅包括文件头还包括文件体。通过这种方法可以避免仅仅通过文件内部的文件头来进行识别文件格式类型这一复杂的过程。在文中,将两种混沌映射复合使用,充分发挥二者的互补作用,不仅对文件数据进行了加密,还对数据在文件中的位置进行了加密。这种做法能够增强文件加密的效果,从而更好地保障互联网传输过程中的通信安全。

(3)要对文件扩展名进行相关处理,以保证其在文件加密、文件传输、文件解密过程中与原文件的关联性。不同的文件具有不同的内部结构,但是这些不同的文件都有一个共同点即它们都是以二进制的形式被存入计算机的,我们可以利用这一个共同点来处理不同类型的文件。根据文件名的命名规则,在一个文件名中并不是所有的字符都是扩展名,只有在点符号之后的字符才是文件的扩展名,因此在识别文件类型的过程中,可以将点符号之后的所有字符单独提取出来并加以保存。具体来说,文件处理完之后,要在文件名之后加上_Enc,并与所处理的文件存入同一文件夹中。例如,如果所处理的文件的文件名为abc.qwer,那么在文件处理完之后要在文件名之后加上_Enc(即abc_Enc.qwer),然后将此文件名与被处理的文件存入同一路径的相同文件夹之中。通过这种方法,可以保证文件扩展名与原来文件的关联性,从而能够保证准确地识别文件的格式类型。

4 计算机对混沌加密的多格式图文的识别

在将经过混沌加密的文件传输给网络另一端的接收人之后,对方需要在接收之后将经过混沌加密的多格式图文进行解密。(1)对方需要以二进制的方式打开文件,读取内存;(2)与加密的过程相比,解密的过程与其正好相反,必须按照与加密过程相反的过程对加密文件进行解密,在解密过程中对于利用位置置换技术的文件要注意在进行解密的过程中从最后一个字符开始解密;(3)解密完成后,以与加密过程中的方式相同的方式去识别文件的扩展名,并将文件名字改为abc_Enc_Dis.qwer,然后将其与解密后的文件存入同一路径的文件夹。

5 结语

图文混沌加密系统改变了以往只能对单一图文格式进行加密的状况,它是一种全新的、更具实用性的加密系统,能够更好地保障通信安全。相对于传统密码学,图文混沌加密具有更好地适应性、更显著的优势,但是图文混沌加密系统到目前为止还不够完善,没有形成成熟的评测准则,有待进一步完善。

参考文献

[1]杨红,林士胜.图文混沌加密在互联网传输的多格式处理与识别[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2010,(1).

[2]王军.数字图像的混沌加密方案[J].微型机与应用,2009,(5).

[3]车晶.关于数字图像混沌加密技术的分析[J].数字技术与应用,2012,(2).