GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析（精选5篇）

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 篇1

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 规定时间内写出高分作文要做到这几点

GRE作文评分比标准

GRE作文满分为6分，以0.5分为最小计分单位，作文成绩单独计算，不计入语文数学部分的总分，对于大部分学校来说，4.5分左右的作文成绩就已经是比较好的分数，部分文科类专业也可能要求更高的分数。

GRE写作Issue满分评分标准解读

In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical paper in this category exhibits the following characteristics:

1.articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task

2.develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples

3.sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically

4.conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

5.demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English(i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors。

标准解读 要点 1： articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task

关键词：insightful ，position，in accordance with

1. insightful即Data Mining(数据挖掘)。

GRE写作强调思辨，挖掘题目的核心概念十分必要。 例如GRE作文题库中有一道题目：事物的差异性重要还是相似性重要? “insightful”的分析应当是通过similarity 和 difference的现象看到背后所体现的本质--矛盾(paradox)的思想。 具体来说就是要学会观察相似事物的差异性，以及差异事物的相似性，辩证地分析事物。 因此本题真正考查的是“看待事物的方法论”, 而非简单的选择“哪一个重要”。

2. position

在GRE issue写作里，position不等于attitude，即立场不等于态度。 这又是GRE作文中对于逻辑辩证点的考查。 很多高分GRE文章都是对一个事物的利弊进行具体问题的具体分析，而非进行倾向性的态度传递，这也符合事物的基本规律，即任何事物都具有两面性。 TOEFL独立写作非常强调态度的传达，但GRE作文更强调分析事物的方法论和论证过程。

3. in accordance with

指切题(on-topic)的论述：论点、论据，论证要和题目要求一致，这个评分点和上文中insightful的要求一脉相承。 许多GRE issue题目的含义很难依赖字面意思来理解， 题目的“隐藏逻辑”和“隐藏含义”要求考生首先要准确地“审题”、思考题面背后的含义， 然后选择相关的论点和论据进行支撑。

要点 2： develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples

关键词：reasons, persuasive

1. reasons=reasoning

GRE作文强调推理，并且推理的过程远重要于推理的结果。在GRE作文里，解释Why比给出What 更重要，因为考官是通过审视推理过程来判断考生的逻辑陈述能力。 因此建议考生在准备GRE作文时，应把重点放在分析推理上，而不是频频给出各类结论。

2. persuasive=relevant

在GRE作文里，考生给出的所有例证都要有说服力。要有说服力，首先要与文中的论证相关。无论例证是来自西方世界还是中国，相关的例子才是和论证匹配的内容。

要点 3： sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically

关键词：analysis, logically

1. analysis

GRE写作强调论述过程与分析过程，而非结论本身。

2. logically

“GRE写作的逻辑”包含形式逻辑和内容逻辑: 形式逻辑就是指文章起承转合的逻辑信号、逻辑连接词。它们连接不同的内容,使行文显得有层次。内容逻辑就是指文章含义推导过程的严密性，和我们后文即将解读的排序方式是高度相关的。

要点 4： conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

关键词：effective, variety

1. effective

有效的--所谓有效的词汇，是指根据语境所选择“恰当的用词”。 在GRE写作里考生不需要哗众取宠地用“大词、难词”来显示词汇量。 真正的高手能够用简单而精确的词语来阐述深刻的道理。

2. variety

用词用句的变化性能有效地体现行文语言的多样性。

要点 5： demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors

关键词：standard written English, may have minor errors

1. standard written English

即使用标准的书面英语。英语口语体不合适用于GRE这类准学术型的分析性写作中。 因此考生应注意标准的书面英语的语法，用词和文法。

2. may have minor errors

GRE作文允许有错误的存在。 考官认为，一篇满分的文章可以有错误，尤其是个别的拼写错误、语法错误和用词不当。这不影响一篇文章得高分。只要这篇文章准确地提炼了要点、做到了精确的对应匹配、逻辑性强、语言水平高即可。

GRE Issue写作范文详细解析

Issue

”People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.“

Sample Essay

Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of ”synergy“, where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.

Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic ”Type A“ personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.

Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.

Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole ”sum“ but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.

Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.

Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently.

观点陈述型作文/[题目]

”当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效。团队的协同工作需要相互合作，它比个人竞争更能激励人们。“

[范文正文]

总体而言，团队的协同工作自然能通过”增效作用“(Synergy)这一理念而带来更高程度的整体生产效率，因为在这里，整体大于个体相加之总和。然则，”当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效“这一观念注定会产生巨大差异，取决于所组织起来的团队的类别，团队与个人所能获得的终极回报或激励，以及个人本身。

关于个人，有些人天生就具有获取成功的欲望，无论他们所面临的情形或任务是什么。这些人会演变为工作狂这一经典的”A类“人格，因为受到一股内心的热火所驱使，这股热火时刻告诉他们必须不停地”有所事事"，无论是作为个人抑或是作为团队的一分子。另一些人则可能希望不必那么多地介入社会，或者他们倾向于与其他人激烈竞争。对这些人而言，作为个人，他们工作起来会最富有成效，因为由于他们根本就不想成为任何团队的一部分，与他人合作便会限制他们的效率。这一思想倾向是否与生俱有，还是随着时间的推移而形成，这都无关紧要。这仅仅只是他们的一种生存状态，无论是动机还是回报，都无法在其内心深处激发起作为一个团队集体工作的欲望。

有些人，由于社会互动以及与他人协作去实现某种集体努力的欲望，而具有极强的动机。显然，这些个人在作为团队的一部分进行工作时，他们便会处在其最富有成效的状态。组织行为学研究表明，亚洲文化更有可能形成此类集体性行为，与那种常和西方文化联系在一起的较为个人主义的行为构成对比。这样，人们自然会认为，某些文化价值观可以决定人们是否作为个人还是作为团队的一部分工作起来最富有成效。

GRE满分作文分析

题目：

Too much time, money, and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing technology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.

I must say that I reject this statement. While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle all the problems we have brought to it. Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so. To do so would be tantamount to adopting a fatalistic approach; I think most people would reject that.

Technology has helped, and it has hurt. Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?

What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.

Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hosptal, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.

分析：

字数：651

语言：平实的语句完全没有网络流行模板的痕迹，也是许多过了6级的考生通过练习可以达到的水平。

I must say that I reject this statement.

Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so.

Technology has helped, and it has hurt.

Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

……

当然，这并不意味，在GRE作文考试中，平实的语言比润色后的语言有更多的优势。从这篇作文中，我们可以得到以下两条重要信息：

1、通过记忆大量模板使语言“全副武装”、“气势汹汹”并非高分作文的必要条件，这种方式的弊端在课堂上我们已阐述过。

2、在陈述idea的过程中，体现出critical thinking才是成功的关键。我们在课堂上对critical thinking这一概念做过多次详细的解释，现在请大家一起来体会这一概念在文中的运用。

第一段：

(表明立场)I must say that I reject this statement. (让步)While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, (折回自己立场)that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle all the problems we have brought to it.

第二段：

(概述科技的两面性)Technology has helped, and it has hurt. (具体讨论科技的贡献)Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. (具体讨论科技的危害)But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. (表明已考虑到科技的危害，但是依然坚持自己立场)And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

第三段：

(提出反方的立场)Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. (通过具体论据反驳反方的观点)But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?

第四段：

(在第三段驳论的基础上进一步立论)What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.

第五段：

Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. (指出支持观点存在的一点不足)But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. (解决方案)We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hospital, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 篇2

官方评分标准解析

在《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集9》的引言部分，考生可以看到关于雅思小作文（Task 1）的介绍：“Task 1 requirescandidates to look at a diagram or some data（graph，table orchart）and to present the information in their own words，Theyare assessed on their ability to organize，present and possiblycompare data，describe the stages of a process，describe anobject or event，or explain how something works.”由此可见，小作文部分要求考生观察示意图或一些数据（曲线图、表格、图表），并用自己的语言来描述信息。这个部分考查的是考生组织、呈现和比较数据的能力，描述步骤的能力，描述一个物体或事件的能力，或是解释某事是如何运作的能力。

需要说明的一点是，很多考生甚至是一些培训机构的授课老师都对剑桥真题系列书中的考官范文有一些误解。他们认为只要是考官范文就是最正确的写法，于是一味地进行模仿和背诵，而没有灵活利用其中的核心内容，最后导致的结果是考生写出的文章带有明显的模板痕迹，并因此失分。事实上，这些由考官撰写的范文只是众多可能答案中的一种，并不是唯一标准的答案。考生可以将其作为参考，而真正要取得高分，还是要以雅思小作文的评分标准为参照。

雅思写作小作文的评分标准包括以下四条，下面来了解每一条标准的具体内容。

1 Task Achievement（任务完成）

根据雅思考试写作的评分标准，小作文9分（满分）对于任务完成的要求是“fully satisfies au the requirememsof the task；clearly presents a fully developed response”，即“完全满足题目的所有要求；对于题目的回应清晰而完整”。此外，由于7分是现在许多考生申请出国时要求达到的写作成绩，因此有必要再了解一下小作文7分的要求：“covers the requirements of the task；presents aclear overview of main trends，differences or stages；clearlypresents and highlights key features/bullet points but could bemore fully extended”，即“涵盖题目要求；清晰概括主要趋势、差别或阶段；清晰呈现并突出重点信息，但还可以进行更充分的扩展”。要达到这一要求，考生需要在文章开头或结尾提炼出图表中的重要信息，比如对明显特征的概括性描述或比较大小关系后得出的结论等。

2 Coherence and Cohesion（连贯与衔接）

根据雅思考试写作的评分标准，小作文9分对于连贯与衔接的要求是“uses cohesion in such a way that itattracts no attention；skilfully manages paragraphing”，即“不露痕迹地使用衔接手段；分段巧妙”。小作文7分的要求是“logically organizes information and ideas；thereis clear progression throughout；uses a range of cohesivedevices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use”，即“信息和观点组织有逻辑性；文章从头至尾有明显的推进；衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有些使用不到位或过度”。要达到这个要求，建议考生在文章中注意使用清晰、明确、自然的衔接词（如on the other hand、while、by contrast等）和指示代词（如these、those、that、it、thefigure、thistrend、theformer、thelatter等）。其中，指示代词的使用可以减少描述时可能出现的词汇重复，也使文章的衔接更加自然，考生要学会灵活使用。

3 Lixical Resources（词汇资源）

根据雅思考试写作的评分标准，小作文9分对于词汇资源的要求是“uses a wide range of vocabulary with verynatural and sophisticated control of lexical features；rareminor errors occur only as‘slips’”，即“词汇使用广泛、自然而老到，极少出现的小错误仅仅是‘笔误’”。小作文7分的要求是“uses a sufficient range of vocabularyto allow some flexibility and precision；uses less commonlexical items with some awareness of style and collocation；may produce occasional errors in word choice，spelling and/or word formation”。也就是说，在词汇使用方面，考生要能使用丰富的词汇，还要使用得较为灵活、准确，能使用不太常见的词汇，允许在选词等方面偶尔出错。即便有些考生在拼写、词性改变和不太常用的词汇的使用方面存在些许问题，但是只要文章能够保持基本的正确率，没有影响读者的理解，对于考生的分数也影响不大；但如果由于词汇使用不恰当而导致读者对文章意思产生误解，可能就要被多扣分了。

4 Grammatical Range and Accuracy（语法多样与准确）

雅思小作文9分对于语法的要求是“uses a widerange of structures with tull Ilexibility and accuracy；rare minor errors occur only as‘slips’”，即“语法结构的使用广泛、灵活且准确，极少出现的小错误仅仅是‘笔误’”。小作文7分的官方要求是“uses a varietyof complex structures：produces frequent error-freesentences；has good control of grammar and punctuationbut may make a few errors”。在语法方面，很多考生因为使用了较为常见的复杂句和简单句，所以即使出现错误也不会影响考官的理解。而考生要想得到7分，最需要改进的地方是增加句子结构的多样性。建议考生在平时做考前练习时就尽量使用多种句子结构，这样才能在考场上灵活使用从句、分词结构、存在句、形式主语及被动语态，从而使文章在语法上更具有多样性。当然，考生使用这些结构的前提是尽量保证多数语句无误，不要产生歧义。

中国考生存在的普遍问题

在笔者教学过程中，通过观察课堂上考生做的练习以及修改他们的课后作文，笔者发现大部分考生在写雅思小作文时容易出现以下两个问题。

1 信息选择太过细化

很多考生在写小作文时往往会把他们看到的所有信息都描述出来。假设题目给出的图表中有三根曲线，有些考生会把每一根曲线上自己认为重要的点都列举出来，如起点、转折点、最高点、最低点、终点、交叉点等等。这样写不仅在考官看来是过度陈述，还会导致小作文字数过多（150词是底线，180词较合适，但很多考生会写到200～300词）。小作文的写作时间为20分钟，如果考生花了过多时间在小作文上，在写后面的大作文时可能会感觉时间和精力不足。过度陈述带来的更严重的问题是言多必失，内容过多就更容易出现句子使用不恰当或词汇拼写错误的问题，导致不必要的失分。

2 单纯描述信息而没有对比

这个问题出现的主要原因是考生在平时训练时没有培养好在短时间内快速提取信息的能力，所以只会一味地描述显而易见的信息，如上升、下降、波动等。如果单纯描述这些信息，考生不仅不容易达到字数要求（150词），也会使文章因为没有明显的对比和比较而不够全面，使用的衔接词也会较少。

备考建议

根据雅思小作文的官方评分标准，并针对考生经常出现的问题，笔者建议考生在备考雅思小作文时注意以下两点。

1 看清任务，化繁为简

在雅思小作文的四项评分标准中，最亟须准备的是“任务完成”，因为单词和句型都可以提前储备，而如果“任务完成”不合格，用再丰富的词汇和句型也是徒劳的，分数必定会受到明显的影响。所以考生如果想做到简洁概括、清晰总结，就需要在看懂图表上下功夫。其实每一道小作文的题目下面都会有同样的一句话：“Summarise the information by selecting and reporting themain features，and make comparisons where relevant.”（通过选择和报告要点来总结信息，并在适当的时候进行比较。）这句话提醒考生，在“任务完成”中有三项必要的内容：总括大趋势、描述关键点和作对比。下面以《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集7》第2套练习中的小作文为例来说明考生应如何完成题目任务。

例：The graph below shows the consumption of fishand some different kinds of meat in a European countrybetween 1979 and 2004

分析：图中有四条变化趋势不同的曲线，分别代表了不同种类的肉在1979～2004年间的食用量情况。在首段，考生可以先总括图表的内容，这张图最显而易见的总括方式是各种肉的食用量有着多样的变化。但考生如果想得到7分，还应该再进一步，明确说明鸡肉越来越受欢迎。文章描述的关键点可以是每种肉分别有何变化，如描述牛肉、羊肉、鱼肉呈下降趋势而鸡肉呈上升趋势。作为对比，考生还应该将图表的横轴和纵轴都考虑在内：从横轴来看，三种肉虽然都在下降，但是下降的幅度不同；从纵轴来看，考生可以看出鱼肉的消耗量在四种肉中始终最少。如果这些内容考生都能写出来，那么“任务完成”的工作就做得非常漂亮。

2 保证时间和字数，及时修改完善

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 篇3

例如：Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.

首先，我们可以看出，题目中的两个对象customs(风俗)和ethics(伦理)实际上是有很大差异的。因此，科技对他们的影响力也绝对不会是一样的。

1.肯定customs

customs是可以被科技改变的，比如很多典礼和文化还有迷信都因为科学的进步而废除了，还是有很多传统被赋予了新的含义。

2.否定 ethics

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 篇4

正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放思维和精神。

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版 篇5

观点：中立偏否定

1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：a、电子计算器帮助人们完成复杂计算，推动数学及相关领域发展;b、电脑由于其强大的功能可以被应用在几乎所有领域，成为人们思考和解决问题的重要工具;c、科技使得人们的研究领域大为扩展，同时拓展了人类的思维(intellection)和认知(perception)

2、不得不说，很多情况下科技确实造成人类独立思维能力的下降：a、依赖计算器完成简单计算，运算能力下降;b、便利的科技造成人们懒于思考，而习惯于通过技术手段求助;c、通讯技术发展造成交流形式快速化，交流能力减退

3、尽管如此，采用科技仍然利大于弊(outweigh)：a、科技确实减退了人类某些方面的思维能力，但主要集中在重复性(accurate)和精确性(precise)的领域，而独立思维寻求解决方法的能力并不受影响，反而被提升;b、部分能力下降相对于获得的实际利益和扩展人类的思维空间是值得的;c、科技本身没有错，很多时候是由于我们过度或不当的运用