国际渔业复习题

2024-10-20

国际渔业复习题(共6篇)

国际渔业复习题 篇1

《国际渔业》复习大纲

1.目前世界渔业产量和我国渔业产量,养殖业与捕捞业的比例?

2.世界渔业产量生产国排名?

3.渔业的特征与作用?

4.水产品国际贸易交易价格的种类?

5.国内渔业保险的种类?

6.出口贸易中交易磋商的一般过程?

7.国际渔业?

8.海洋渔业项目的投资效益率需达到何种水平,应采用何种经营方式?

9.联合国粮农组织的称谓

10.《联合国海洋法》对专属经济区的规定?

11.地方远洋渔业项目需由谁批准?

12.远洋渔业?

13.非法捕捞?

14.目前世界渔业的主要热点?

15.为什么说今后对外渔业合作的主要经营方式是合资企业?

16.世界海洋渔业资源的总体趋势?

17.中国远洋渔业实践的基本经验?

18.实施国际渔业项目运作必须经历哪些过程,可行性报告中应包括哪些内容?如何评估?

19.渔业统计区划?

20.出口合同履行的四个过程?

21.20世纪50年代渔业三大发明?

22.国际渔业?

23.信用证?

24.世界海洋渔业发展的历史阶段?

25.世界渔业的发展趋势?

26.负责任捕捞的概念?

27.国际渔业投资的主要风险是什么?

28.在渔船进入一个完全陌生的海域时,如何根据渔场成因,分析和探索好渔场?

29.课后复习思考题及作业(计算题)

国际渔业复习题 篇2

本刊讯 (记者申海鹏) 近日, 全球领先的综合性气体和工程公司林德集团亮相第二十届中国国际渔业博览会, 这已是林德集团连续第2年参展。今年, 林德展出了SOLVOX®水卫士水产养殖系统及CRYOLINE®科立冷液氮保鲜解决方案, 展示出林德集团在水产养殖和水产加工领域的综合性创新实力, 更体现出林德集团以产业链的角度出发, 将提高溶氧量及极速深冻作为助推中国水产行业发展的科技引擎, 为全行业带来更多提升价值的创新活力。

SOLVOX®水卫士水产养殖系统, 经过多年持续不断地开发完善, 在水产养殖增氧、溶氧及控制系统方面均有出色表现。通过精心组合使用, 不但能有效提高饲料的利用率、缩短生长周期、降低鱼类的死亡率, 还能减少接种疫苗和抗生素需求, 保证鱼类的成活率和养殖场的利益增长, 并最终为消费者奉上营养和充满活力的产品。

CRYOLINE®科立冷液氮保鲜解决方案, 利用了液氮低达-196℃的工作温度。当水产品进入林德的CRYOLINE®科立冷液氮冻结机后, 将在极短时间内降至-5℃, 之后更可进一步快速降到-50℃以下, 达到真正的速冻。

国际渔业复习题 篇3

改革开放以来,我国对渔业经济体制进行改革,随着畜牧业、种植业、林业等相继被纳入中央财政农业保险保费补贴资金范围,高风险的渔业也呼唤着政策性渔业保险制度的建立。本文将我国现阶段渔业保险情况及存在的问题与日、韩、法三国渔业保险发展经验进行对比分析,提出了若干对策建议。

一、 我国渔业及渔业保险发展历程及现状

(一)我国渔业现状概括

我国拥有18000多公里的广博海岸线,20多平方公里的淡水海域,辽阔的大陆架及滩涂,为畜牧业带来了精饲料,为种植业提供了优质肥料,为化工、医疗业供应着重要原料,为我国提供了丰富的海洋资源和发展条件。高蛋白含量的水产品也为世界提供了多样化食品。渔业一直以来就是我国国民经济的重要组成部分,自1990年以来,我国渔业产量也一直位居世界第一。我国还将持续主导水产养殖生产,预计2020年,我国水产养殖产量将达到世界产量的61%。经过近几十年的高速发展,渔业不仅促进了我国农业产业结构优化,对提高渔农收入和扩大出口都做出了巨大贡献。“十二五”规划针对渔业发展提出了更高要求:加快转变渔业发展方式,推进现代渔业建设,完善产业体系和支撑保障体系,增强渔业综合生产能力、抗风险能力、可持续发展能力和市场竞争力,确保水产品安全有效供给和渔民持续稳定增收。作为渔业支撑保障体系中的重要组成部分,完善渔业保险势必为渔业健康可持续发展提供强大动力。

(二)渔业保险发展沿革

自1982年中国人民保险公司(以下简称人保)开始办理涵盖渔业保险在内的农业保险以来,人保在渔业保险行业一直独挡一面,直到1985年平安保险公司、人寿保险公司以及外资保险公司代表处的相继成立才打破了人保的垄断局面。总的来说,我国渔业保险业经历了由计划经济到市场经济,由完全垄断到寡头垄断,由混业到分业等几个阶段而逐渐演化、发展,并在20世纪90年代得到了深入推进,并先后进行了商业性保险机构、渔业互保协会、专业性农业保险公司等多种形式的探索。

1. 商业性保险公司。作为我国渔业保险发展进程中的开拓者,商业保险公司最早开办了隶属于农业保险的水产养殖保险。但是由于经营管理不善,渔业保险风险巨大等原因,使得众多商业性保险公司接连宣告停办此类保险。目前,虽然它们的身影犹存,却只占市场份额的极小部分,业务范围狭小,通常仅限于渔船船东雇主责任险和大型渔船保险。

2.渔业互保协会。20世纪90年代,为解决小型渔船投保无门,增强渔船船东的抗灾风险,农业部主导设立了中国渔业互保协会。其宗旨是通过组织会员互助共济,为会员生命财产损失提供经济补偿,并向会员提供安全生产服务,维护会员的合法权益,促进渔业生产健康持续发展。此后,广东省渔业互保协会、宁波市渔业互保协会等机构逐渐发展壮大。自渔业互助保险开展18年来,已累计承保渔民557万人(次),承保渔船35万艘(次),提供风险保障3850亿元,共支付经济补偿金近11.5亿元,并已在24个省市区设立办事机构开展渔业互保工作,业务范围还涉及到香港、澳门。渔业互保协会已经成为我国渔业防灾减灾的重要保障体系,为渔业经济可持续发展做出了重要的贡献,2012年中央一号文件也明确提出“扶持发展渔业互助保险”。

3. 专业性农业保险公司。2004年3月2日,上海安信农业保险股份有限公司成立,这是我国第一家专业性的股份制农业保险公司,它是由11家参股企业依法共同认购,股东主要是上海市各区县的国有资产经营公司。此后,保监会先后批设了安华农业保险公司和阳光农业相互保险公司等不同经营模式的专业性农业保险公司,而专业性农业保险公司农业保险费收入在全国农业保险保费总收入中约占30%。相信在未来的发展历程中,它们必将扩大经营范围,实现农业保险全面化、多样化、专业化。

二、 现阶段我国渔业保险发展中存在的问题

(一)政府补贴优惠政策不能满足实际需求

近年来,虽然渔业保险中涉及省级财政补贴比例在不断提高,例如山东省就计划每年拨付600万元以支持政策性渔业保险,但是补贴总额仍不足以满足广大渔民、渔船保险需求。2010年,沿海省级财政补贴比例由去年的20%提高到30%,市县补贴比例为10%;沿海渔船全损险、一切险、渔工责任险补贴达到40%。渔船保额也在提高,保额由船舶价值的50%~70%提高到60%~80%。但是,对比我国拥有1300万渔业劳动力,2400万渔业人口,而海洋渔船每年每10万人就有140人死亡,死亡率比煤炭行业要高出24%的现状,保险范围及险种仍存在结构不对称的问题。另外,保险赔付率也十分低,其中很大原因在于渔业保险没有足够资金支持灾害发生后的赔偿。

(二)渔业保险相关法律法规不健全

现阶段,我国渔业保险形成了以渔业互助保险为主体、其它形式保险机构辅助协调发展的模式,虽然我国《保险法》第155条规定:国家支持发展为农业生产服务的保险事业,农业保险由法律行政规范另行规定,但是到目前为止,并未建立具体渔业保险法律,以确立渔业互助保险在我国渔业保险中的重要地位、职责义务、运行模式、监管机制等,对渔业保险相关参与主体也未进行明确法律规范。长期来看,一方面,保障性法律法规的缺失必将阻碍渔业互助保险发展,另一方面,渔业互助保险也将因为缺乏必要监管和指导而逐渐丧失领导能力。

(三)渔业保险附属服务机构缺失

实践证明,我国渔业保险中形成的“政府引导、渔民互助、协会运作、全国一盘棋”的互助保险体制符合我国渔业发展实际,显示出较强生命力。但现存渔业保险各相关机构分工仍不明确,实际技术部门不成熟、再保障机构的建立并未完善。技术方面,我国缺乏甄别渔业风险造成损失的专业人才,对于损失金额,大多数标的在理论上是可以确定损失金额的,而在实际操作中却存在一些技术性的难点,例如渔业风险损失原因的确定,相对于一般财产保险而言具有较大难度;再保险方面,逐步建立政府在渔业保险中承担主要责任的同时,分散责任风险事关紧要。

(四)保险范围狭小、种类单一

由于渔农对渔业保险不熟悉,对保险种类和保险细则不了解,使得尤其是海水养殖业的大部分渔农参保率低,渔业保险现有的险种单一、保险范围狭小。目前,我国渔业保险险种虽在增加、保险费率也在逐步降低、试点范围逐渐扩大,却仍旧不能满足潜在的保险需求。在渔民中大力宣传保险知识的同时,保险机构和研究中心应走在潮流之前,致力解决险种单一、保险范围狭小等问题。这些问题都事关继续推动建立政策性渔业互助保险制度,探索构建渔业保险巨灾风险防范体系,提升渔业全行业风险保障能力等。

三、 借鉴国外渔业保险发展经验给出的解决建议

(一)加大财政扶持力度

由于渔业在我国经济中占据重要地位,渔业保险建立初期的经历也使我们清楚看到,政府在保障渔业发展、促进渔业保险健全等方面起着主导作用。环顾世界其它渔业大国,如日本、韩国、法国,这些国家都已建立了完善的政策性渔业保险体系。

日本政府通过补贴促进完善渔业互保。日本以渔船保险中央会为核心实行渔业互保模式,政府在其中进行直接或间接引导以促进中小型渔船实现稳定经营。日本政府在100总t以下的渔船所有者义务加入渔船保险时,对渔民最高补贴保费可达30%。

韩国政府通过强制性保险保障渔农利益。韩国的渔业保险实行以水协中央会共济保险部主持,符合法律规定条件的机动渔船强制入保模式。韩国政府在20总t以下的渔船的所有者义务加入渔船保险时,由国库出资,对渔民最高补贴保费可达50%。

法国政府大力推进农业保险制度。继法国政府成立中央互助保险机构以及再保险机构后,法国政府于1986年又出资设立了国家保险公司---农业相互保险集团公司,法国政府对渔民所交保费补贴率较其它国家甚高,比例为50-80%。即渔民只需缴纳20-50%的保费就可享受低费率高补贴的保险政策优惠。

目前,我国沿海省市区的渔业保险补贴额仍不足以满足巨大的渔业保险需求,小型渔船仍未全部纳入渔业保险补贴范畴。2009年,中央财政政策性渔业保险保费补贴仍为1000万元。各试点地区累计承保渔船17247艘、渔民22253人,落实补贴资金1356.5万元。中央财政补贴政策拉动全国各级地方财政共落实配套补贴资金1.17亿元,较2008年地方落实的配套补贴资金量增加2973万元。因此,为减轻渔民经济负担、切实保障渔农利益,我国政府应继续加大对渔业行业的扶持力度,加大补贴额度发放。

(二)健全相关法律法规

任何政策能够得到有效实施的重要保障是与之配套的法律规范。为了涵盖全国渔船保险,法国国会制定了《农业保险法》,针对一些关系国计民生的农业和渔业实行强制性保险。日本政府则制定了《渔船损害补偿法》,其中规定,所有渔船都有义务加入渔船保险,并根据法号267的第 1 段第 86 条具体指定渔业部、农业部、林业部各司其职。韩国政府则颁布了《水协法》和《水产业协同组合共济规则》等,对负有义务加入保险的渔船范围、渔船保险业务等做了详细规定。在我国,直至目前为止,还未有专为渔业保险设立的详细法律法规,因此,政府应针对地位和影响逐渐增强的渔业互保协会等组织,出台相应法规,明确其地位,保障且监督其经营和发展。

(三)建立发展有关保险机构

保险作为风险管理的一种手段,自身就具有技术含量高、管理复杂化等特点,在健全相关法律法规、加大财政扶持力度的基础上,我们还应大力促进相关风险分散机构的建立和发展,尤其是要引进跨国再保险公司、风险投资基金等形式的机构组织。韩国水协中央会共济保险50%的保险责任由韩国政府建立的再保险公司承担,其余责任由水协中央会共济保险自行在国际保险市场寻求分保;日本政府对渔船保险中央会承保的保险项目负有再保险责任。例如当渔船装载保险、渔东责任保险、普通损害保险等赔付率超过一定比例时,政府就出面弥补这部分损失;法国政府主导成立、隶属于渔业保险集团的渔业再保险公司主要对国内的各种渔业保险实行国内外分保。从各国经验来看,渔业保险体系的紧密联合,对国内渔业保险进行跨区域、跨国界分保或再保险,一方面,对进一步保障渔农利益有着重要意义,另一方面,也减轻了国家财政压力。

我国也可以参照日、韩、法国的经验,以国家信用对经营渔业保险的团体进行分保,提高经营渔业保险的经营实体信用等级和可信程度。对渔业保险赔付率制定相应责任承担标准,通过保险公司、政府财政、政府再保险三级划分,对易遭受不确定风险、巨大自然灾害的渔业建立有组织、有层次的赔付机构。

(四)加强渔业保险产品创新

渔业涉猎面广,一般分为海洋渔业、淡水渔业,海洋渔业又包括海水养殖、海洋捕捞等。无论是海洋还是淡水渔业,都涉及丰富的水产品种类。为保障相关渔农及渔业从业人员的利益,应扩大保险种类,针对各种水产品指定专业保险,将有利于渔业保险体系的健全。同时,我国沿海地区分布广,包括15个省级行政单位,沿海城市几乎都具有环境条件好、经济发达、人口承载力高等特点。沿海线最北起于辽宁鸭绿江口,南达广西北仑河口,沿海自然灾害种类繁多,主要灾害包括洪涝、台风、风暴潮、旱灾、地震,其次还有低温冷害、干热风、地面沉降、海水入侵、赤潮等。由于地理差异,各地区面临自然灾害种类大有不同。因此,我国应结合自身环境条件,针对不同灾害引起的渔船损失和渔农人身伤害,制定符合不同规模渔业和不同装载量渔船的异质化保险产品。

随着全球经济一体化,各国间金融、贸易往来日渐紧密,保险作为金融市场的重要组成部分,对宏观经济发展具有重要的调控作用。我们要加强国际金融市场各主体间联系,创新覆盖保险业、银行业、证券业的综合性金融工具,顺应了当今金融行业混业发展趋势,促进我国渔业保险产品创新的全面化、综合化。

(五)致力符合我国渔业行情理论研究

改革开放初期,邓小平提出“科学技术是第一生产力”,时至今日,我们仍坚持以经济建设为中心,坚持深化改革开放。科学技术发展在日益更新的现代化社会中的作用不言而喻,只有强化理论研究,实务探索,在前行的基础上不断总结经验,我们全面建设小康社会的目标才能得以保证。

无论在日本、韩国还是法国,政府在加大渔业保险政策保障的基础上,始终不忘进行理论的深入探索。各国纷纷建立起专业渔业保险指导中心,日本在渔政局设有渔业保险课,韩国有从属于渔业政策局的技术人力课,法国则投入巨资鼓励大学和有关机构进行渔业风险科学研究。这些组织在进行实务与理论研究的基础上,也指导国内渔业保险机构和相关组织工作,使实体组织不盲从地依据科学研究进行自身发展探索。我国地大物博,虽有许多关切渔业保险的专家学者在进行深入探索,却没有一个特别的专业化机构从事这方面的理论研究,总而言之,个人的力量是薄弱的,渔业相关研究也必须要求巨大资金投入,因此,我国应尽快建立相关领域专业研究和指导机构,促进渔农、保险机构、政府管理部门的有机结合,逐步健全渔业保险体系。

综上所述,我国渔业保险尚存在巨大的潜在发展空间。目前,我们应加快推进将渔业保险纳入国家政策性农业保险范围,扩大渔业保险险种,尽快建立稳定的渔业风险保障机制。其它方面,为实现渔业安全生产,保障渔农人身安全,还应力促将渔业防灾减灾纳入国家自然灾害防治总体部署。我国渔业保险的建立完善不仅有利于我国渔业和国民经济的可持续发展,对促进全世界水产品出口市场繁荣和国际贸易的发展,也都有其重要意义。总结我国渔业保险发展历程,结合国外渔业保险发展经验,我们清楚知道,渔业保险要想得以充足发展,离不开国家政府财政支持,单纯依靠商业保险支持是行不通的。因此,建立政策性渔业保险必将成为我国渔业保险实践与理论研究的正确选择。

参考文献:

[1]OECD官方网站,http://www.oecd.org/《OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020》

[2]金麟根,杨云聪,我国政策性渔业保险浅析[J],广东农业科学,2010年第2期

[3]孙颖士,李冬霄,关于推进建立政策性渔业保险制度的政策建议[J],中国渔业互保协会

[4]金麟根,杨云聪,我国政策性渔业保险浅析[J],广东农业科学,2010年第2期

[5]日本农业水产局网站http://www.maff.go.jp/

[6]郑艳芳等,各国政策性渔业保险制度比较及对我国的启示[J],中国海洋大学

[7]龙文军,谁来拯救农业保险[M],北京:中国农业出版社,2004,5

国际金融复习题 篇4

1、外汇与外国货币不是同一个概念,外汇的范畴要大于外国货币。F

2、美元是国际货币体系的中心货币,因此美元对其他所有国家货币的报价都采用的是间接标价法。F

3、一国货币如果采用直接标价法,那么外汇汇率的上升就意味着本币的升值。F

4、客户从银行手中买入或者向银行卖出的外汇的价格是不一样的,前者为银行的买入价,后者为银行的卖出价,买入价和卖出价之间的价差是银行的经营费用和利润。F

5、一国货币升值会增加该国进口,减少该国出口,国际收支的恶化反过来又会导致该国货币贬值。因此即使在纸币制度下,汇率的波动也是有限的,并最终会返回到其均衡位置。F

二、多项选择

1、金本位制度下,下列哪种因素会引起一国货币汇率的上升(AB)A 同样货币单位的法定含金量增加 B 该国贸易顺差增加或贸易逆差减少

C 由于技术进步该国货币改铸为黄金所需费用减少 D 该国外债偿还高峰出现

2、无论金本位制度下还是纸币制度下,汇率都主要受到两个因素的影响,它们是(BD)A 一国金融体系的结构

B 货币购买力

C 外汇交易技术

D 货币的供求关系

3、下列因素中有可能引起一国货币贬值的因素有(ABD)A 国际收支逆差

B 通货膨胀率高于其他国家 C 国内利率上升

D 国内总需求增长快于总供给

4、利率上升引起本国货币升值,其传导机制是(AC)A 吸引资本流入

B 鼓励资本输出 C 抑制通货膨胀

D 刺激总需求

判断对错:

1、外汇市场最基本的功能是结清国际债权债务关系,实现货币购买力的国际转移。T

2、在银行间外汇市场上,若商业银行买入的外汇多于卖出的外汇,则为“空头”,反之为“多头”F

3、若某种外币兑换本币的汇率低于界限值,则中央银行为稳定汇率应在外汇市场卖出该种货币。F

4、利率较高的货币在远期市场上表现为升水,反之表现为贴水。F

5、间接标价法下,远期汇率=即期汇率-升水意味着外汇远期汇率贬值。T

6、中央银行是外汇市场上最重要的参与者。T

7、外汇(商业)银行是外汇市场实际操纵者F

8、掉期交易是在某一日期远期卖出A货币,买进B货币的同时,反方向地买进即期A货币,卖出即期B货币的交易F 不定项选择

1、外汇市场的参与者包括:abcde A 商业银行 B 投资银行 C 中央银行 D 外汇投机者 E 持有外汇的个人

2、外汇市场真正的起源在于:bcde A 央行货币监管的需要 B 主权货币的存在 C 非主权货币对境外资源的支配权和索取权的存在 D 投机获利动机的存在 E 金融风险的存在

3、以下哪些属于外汇市场的功能bcefg A 促使国际贸易平衡 B 实现购买力的国际转移 C 提供外汇资金融通 D 抑制外汇投机 E 防范汇率风险

F 形成外汇价格体系 G 反映和调节外汇供求

4、外汇市场的交易动机有:(ce)

A贸易结算 B对外投资

C外汇保值

D外汇借贷 E金融投机

F管理干预

5、远期外汇交易的目的AB A进出口商为避免商业交易遭受汇率变动的风险而进行期汇买卖。B外汇银行为平衡其远期外汇头寸而进行期汇买卖。C外汇投机者为谋取投机利润而进行的期汇买卖 D央行为外汇储备管理而进行的期汇买卖

判断对错

1、外汇衍生工具是为了防范和管理风险而产生的金融创新,因此有了外汇衍生工具,国际外汇市场的汇率风险大大减小F

2、若期权买方不能获利,则其期权费可收回。F

3、远期合约到期前一般不可转让。T

4、如果某货币利率较高,则该货币汇率远期升水。F

5、使用外汇衍生工具进行套期保值,一定会改进最终结果F

6、与远期相比,期货的违约风险更高F

7、欧式期权的持有者可以在期权到期日前的任何一个工作日执行该期权F

8、看涨期权购买者的收益一定为期权到期日市场价格和执行价格的差F

不定项选择

1、外汇衍生品的基本特征有:ABCD A 未来性 B 账外性 C杠杆性 D虚拟性

2、影响期权费用高低的因素主要有(ABCD)A 期权供求关系B期权执行汇率C期权时间价值D预期汇率波动性 3下面哪种金融产品属于外汇衍生品的基本类型?ABD A 期货 B 期权 C欧洲货币 D远期 E银行承兑票据

4、外汇远期和期货的区别有B A远期是场内合约,期货是场外合约 B期货实行保证金制度而远期没有

C远期是标准化合约

D期货合约更加灵活

5、已知美国一年期国债利率为10%,英国一年期国债率为5%,则BD A 美元远期升值

B 英磅远期升值 C 美元即期贬值 D英磅即期贬值

6、如果一家进出口公司在三个月后将收到一笔外汇为300万英磅,为了防范未来英磅贬值的危险,该公司可以采取的措施有:AC A 签订一份三个月远期英磅的卖出合约 B 在期货市场上做三个月英磅的多头 C购买一份三个月到期的英磅看跌期权 D以上答案都正确

7、上一题中进出口公司的做法体现了外汇衍生工具的什么功能?B A投机功能 B套期保值功能 C套利功能 D提供流动性 E以上答案全不正确

8、如果某个投资者想要在外汇汇率大起大跌的时候获利,他应持有的资产组合为:D A 买入现汇并同时买一份看跌期权

B 购买一份看涨期权并同时卖出一份相同执行价格的看跌期权 C 卖出一份看涨期权并同时卖出一份相同执行价格的看跌期权 D买入一份看涨期权并同时买入一份相同执行价格的看跌期权 E以上答案都不正确

7、上一题中进出口公司的做法体现了外汇衍生工具的什么功能?B A投机功能 B套期保值功能 C套利功能 D提供流动性 E以上答案全不正确

8、如果某个投资者想要在外汇汇率大起大跌的时候获利,他应持有的资产组合为:D A 买入现汇并同时买一份看跌期权

B 购买一份看涨期权并同时卖出一份相同执行价格的看跌期权 C 卖出一份看涨期权并同时卖出一份相同执行价格的看跌期权 D买入一份看涨期权并同时买入一份相同执行价格的看跌期权 E以上答案都不正确

判断对错

1、国际金融市场的核心部分,是从事境外金融业务的在岸市场F

2、通常,离岸业务与国内金融市场完全分开,可以自由筹措资金,进行外汇交易,实行自由利率,无需交纳存款准备金,但是仍然要受到所在国金融政策的约束F

3、欧洲美元是一种特殊的美元,它与美国国内流通的美元是不同质的,具有不同流动性和不同的购买力F

4、欧洲货币市场是指欧洲经营离岸金融业务的市场F

5、欧洲货币存贷业务,既游离于货币发行机构的管辖权限之外,也丝毫不受经营机构所在国金融市场的规则约束,带有极强烈的“自由主义”倾向T

6、欧洲资金市场是办理短期信贷业务的市场,主要进行1年以内的短期资金存放T

7、欧洲债券市场与欧洲中长期信贷一起构成国际资本市场的主要部分T

9、国际债券市场可以分为两大部分:外国债券和欧洲债券T

10、欧洲债券是指借款人(债券发行人)在欧洲发行的以非发行国货币标价的债券F

11、欧洲债券市场比一般债券市场容量大,可以筹集到大额资金,并且利率低,期限长,所以投资风险大,对于投资者来说不安全F

12、按照借贷期限的长短,可以把欧洲货币市场分为资金市场,中长期借贷市场和欧洲债券市场三部分。一般把资金市场也称为欧洲货币市场T

13、发行欧洲债券不需要向有关国家申请批准,不受各国金融法令的约束T

不定项选择

1、与在岸市场相比,离岸市场具有以下特点:ABC A 与国内金融市场完全分开,不受所在国金融政策限制 B 进行外汇交易,实行自由利率 C 无需交纳存款准备金 D 不需要通过中介机构

2、离岸市场在哪些方面与国内金融市场有所差别ABCD A 业务规定 B 制度结构 C 利率决定 D 资金的借贷方式

3、欧洲货币,这里的欧洲是指:ABCD A非国内的 B境外的 C 离岸的 D 并非地理上的意义

4、欧洲货币市场形成的外在原因包括:ABCD A美国国际收支逆差

B美国政府金融政策的影响 C其他国家的政策影响

D美元币值的降低

5、欧洲资金市场的主要特点包括:ABCDE A它是批发市场,因为大部分借款人和存款人都是大客户,每笔交易金额很大。B它是银行间市场,银行同业交易占很大比重。

C它是高度竞争性的市场,市场很少限制,因而竞争激烈

D这个市场没有一个中央管理机构,几乎不存在任何管制,经营比较自由

E它有独特的利率结构,由于不受管制又不需要保存存款准备金,所以利差可以保持很小的水平

7、国际债券可以分为哪些类别?AC A外国债券 B美国债券 C欧洲债券 D武士债券

8、下列债券中,不属于外国债券的是:C A扬基债券 B武士债券 C金边债券 D猛犬债券

10、欧洲债券市场的特点包括:ABCDE A融资的成本低 B不受各国金融法令的约束 C可以自由选择货币面值

D可以用一种货币发行,也可以用两三种货币发行,到期由贷款人选择使用对自己最有利的货币还本付息 E投资比较安全

判断对错

1、证券化趋势是指:在国际资本市场中,国际债券市场和国际股票市场的相对重要性超过了中长期国际信贷市场。T

2、与回购市场相比,同业拆借市场一个重要特征就是不需要抵押品。T

4、如果各国间证券投资收益的相关性非常高,那么通过国际组合投资来规避风险的作用就不明显了。T

5、国际组合投资与国内投资相比,绝对风险水平降低了。F

6、要实现分散风险的目的,投资者应当在投资组合中加入与本国经济周期恰好相反的国家的证券。T

7、某投资者手中有10万英磅,当前一年期英磅债券利率为5%,美元一年期债券利率为8%,故他必须投资于美元债券才能获得更高的收益。F

不定项选择:

1、同业拆借市场的特征包括:ABD A不需要抵押品和担保人 B参与者范围狭窄,仅仅包括金融机构 C利率较高 D期限较短

2、国际资本市场最重要的子市场是:C A中长期国际信贷市场 B银团贷款市场 C国际债券市场 D国际股票市场

4、作为金融工具,国库券的特征包括:ABCD A期限短 B不具备抵押品 C政府信誉支持 D流动性高

5、国际金融市场一体化的三个层次包括:ACD A各国银行和金融机构跨国经营而形成的各国金融市场的关联链 B金融壁垒和金融障碍的逐步消除 C各国金融市场之间交易量的扩大

D相同金融工具在不同金融市场上价格趋同

7、有关均值-方差模型,正确的是ABCD A标志现代投资组合理论的开端

B利用确定最小方差资产组合集合的思想和方法,来描述理性投资者的行为 C计算量很大,在实际应用中存在困难 D是现代组合投资理论的核心

8、根据现代组合投资理论,理性投资者:AD A受到效用最大化动机的驱使 B对风险的承受力很强

C受到收益最大化动机的驱使

D所选择证券组合的特征是:在同等风险水平上收益最高和在同等收益水平上风险最小

10、对于系统性风险的表述,正确的是:BCD A国内组合投资只可降低,不可消除系统性风险 B国际组合投资只可降低,不可消除系统性风险 C又被称为不可分散风险

国际贸易实务复习题 篇5

EXW in Incoterms 2010 is the trade term under which the risks of the seller are in minimum.2.(F)

“USD200 per M/T CIFC2 London” means that the Seller will receive 200 US dollars for per metric ton.3.(F)

Counter sample can help avoid disputes over the quantity of goods in the future transaction.4.(T)

For terms marked with “W/M”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of either weight ton or measurement ton, subject to the higher rate.5.(F)

In most cases, while port of shipment and port of destination are stipulated in the contract, two or more of each are stated to provide more options for either buyers or sellers.6.(F)

Under FOB term, the seller should notify the buyer of the cargo readiness at least 30 days before the time of shipment so that the buyer can have enough time to charter ships and send them to the shipment port in time.7.(T)

Cargo transport insurance is usually taken out on “warehouse to warehouse” basis.8.(F)

The insurance coverage of ICC(A), ICC(B), and ICC(C)is roughly the same as that of FPA, WPA, All Risks under CIC, respectively.9.(F)

So far, documentary credits are the most ideal method of payment to provide security for both buyers and sellers.Therefore, in whatever conditions, L/C should be the first consideration in the method of payment for transactions.10.(F)

Under the terms of D/A, it is the bank in exporter’s country who makes acceptance to the draft and delivers the documents to the importer.11.(T)

Import commodity subject to legal inspection can not be marketed or used before being inspected.12.(T)

Under the terms FOB, CIF and CFR, the risks of loss of or damages to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer..13.(T)

If one party violates stipulations packing terms, the other party shall have the right to reject the goods and claim for the losses.14.(F)

Neutral packing is adopted to break tariff and non-tariff barriers of some importing countries, and tend to be widely adopted by many countries.15.(T)

When the chatterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship-owner.16.(F)

CFR is the term when the consignment is delivered with all the charges up to arrival at the port of destination paid by the Seller.17.(F)

CPT is the most appropriate term when the seller must pay the cost and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination by a roll-on/roll-off vessel.18.(F)

When the seller pays for the goods to be placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment, the term is FOB.19.(T)

“Gross for net” is often stipulated in the contract to indicate that the weight of the less valued products is calculated by gross weight.20.(T)

The more or less clause is a clause that stipulates that the quantity delivered can be more or less within certain extent.21.(T)

If the articles had great changes in price at the time when delivery is made, the seller may stipulate that settlement for this part is based on the market price at the time when the goods are shipped on board the vessel.22(F)

Consignment note is used not only for road or rail transport, but also for multimode transport.23.(F)

Merchant vessels can be divided into liners and tramps, and tramps prove to be a more economical means of international cargo distribution.24.(T)

The freight of liners is relatively fixed, while the freight of tramps is mainly determined by the market.25.(T)

According to the usual practices, the insured amount, if not specified in the sales contract, will be 110% of CIF or CIP price.26.(T)

Two types of risks are covered by oceans marine insurance under CIC: perils of the sea and extraneous risks.27.(T)

WPA is a wider cover than FPA in ocean marine cargo clause.28.(F)

If the payment is to be made “30 day’s sight”, it means that the payment will have to be made 30 days after the issuing of this draft.29.(F)

Exporters always insist on payment by cash in advance when they are trading with old customers.30.(T)

Unlike the bill of exchange, the promissory note has two parties: the maker and the payee.31.The draft is issued in duplicate, the drawer makes payment against one draft, and then the other is cancelled accordingly.t 32.In case that the validity time is specified definitely in an offer, the offeror must make an acceptance within the stipulated time limit.The offer still can binding on the offeror when the validity expires.f 33.In Negotiable Instrument Law of the People’s Republic of China, a check is a sight B/E with the bank as the payer, that is to say, it is an unconditional order drawn on a banker by the drawer, requiring the banker to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to the bearer.f Ⅱ.Please choose the best answer from the following choices of each question and write them on your answer sheet.1.The trade terms define the responsibilities and expenses of __A__.A.both the seller and the buyer

B.both the consignee and the consignor C.both the shipper and the carrier D.both the exporter and the operator

2.__D__ can only be use for waterway transport.A.CIF+CIP+DAT

B.CFR+CPT+CIP

C.FOB+CPT+CIF

D.CIF+FOB+CFR

3.According to UCP 600, the confirming bank must negotiate and/or honor __C__.A.if the issuing bank agrees to negotiate and/or honor B.if the applicant agrees to negotiate and/or honor C.if it has received a complying presentation from the presenter D.if the beneficiary has shipped the stipulated goods on time

4.Quality standard of FAQ means that __D__.A.the goods is suitable for sales

B.the goods is merchantable C.the goods has bad quality

D.the goods has fair average quality

5.__A__ are marks of simple designs, some letters, numbers and simple words on packages, often stenciled, that serve as an identification of the consignment to which they belong.A.Shipping marks

B.Supplementary marks

C.Indicative marks

D.Warning marks

6.The losses done to the goods in marine transportation can be classified into two types, namely __D__.A.actual total loss and constructive total loss

B.general average and particular average C.basic loss and additional loss D.total loss and partial loss

7.Under CFR contract, the goods are damaged during marine transport and the buyer suffers losses estimated at USD 1000 due to natural calamity, USD 800 due to fortuitous accidents, and USD 2000 due to extraneous risks.If the buyer has insured the goods for USD 1000000 against WPA before shipment, then the insurer should pay __B__ compensation to the buyer.A.USD 3800

B.USD 1800

C.USD 3000

D.USD 2800 8.The operator who signs the multimode transport document is __B__.A.only responsible for the first stage of transportation B.must be responsible for the whole transportation C.is not responsible for transportation D.is only responsible for the last stage of the transportation

9.Which of the following L/C means double guarantee for the beneficiary? __C__ A.Revocable L/C

B.Documentary L/C

C.Confirmed L/C

D.Transferable L/C

10.An exporter delivered the goods on CIF basis according to the stipulations of the contract, and submitted clean B/L to the importer.After receiving the goods, the importer found that the goods are damaged because of the damages to the outside packing.There is also a sea protest showing that the damage is due to heavy weather.Whom should the importer claim to? __B__.A.shipping company

B.insurance company

C.seller

D.buyer

11.Under _D__ , the seller minimizes his obligations while the buyer obtain s the goods at the lowest possible prices.A.FOB

B.DDP

C.DAT

D.EXW

12.When the seller pays for the goods to be placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment, the term is _B__.A.DAT

B.FAS

C.FOB

D.EXW

13.While choosing the money for the payment in international trade, one should _C__.A.choose hard money

B.choose soft money

C.choose soft money for export and hard money for import

D.choose hard money for export and soft money for import

14.In international trade, the commission is usually collected by _D__.A.the seller

B.the buyer

C.the insurance company

D.the intermediary

15.In sale by sample, if there is no other stipulations on the goods in the contract, then the goods __B__.A.may be roughly the same as the sample

B.must be the same as the sample C.may have reasonable tolerance

D.may have reasonable differences on specification

16.If there is a quality tolerance clause in a contract, within the range of the tolerance, the buyer _A__.A.can’t refuse to accept the goods

B.can refuse to accept the goods C.can demand the price to be adjusted

D.can refuse to accept the goods or demand the price

17.The characteristics of liner transport are that _A__.A.the liner, the port, the time and the freight rate are fixed B.its freight is determined by the market C.the variety and quantity of goods shipped are more flexible D.the obligations and rights of both seller and buyer are stipulated in the B/L

18._C__ merely confirms that the goods have been handed over to and are in custody of the ship-owner.A.Shipped B/L

B.Clean B/L

C.Received for shipment B/L

D.Liner B/L

19.Exporting clothes are soaked heavily because of the ship hitting the submerged reef in the sea, if the cost dealt with and sent to the destination is more than the value insured, then the loss can be regarded as _C__.A.general average

B.actual total loss

C.constructive total loss

D.particular average

20.The goods was exported under CIF, but the whole goods disappeared because of the accident, them the buyer _B__.A.would not pay because of the goods not arriving at the destination B.should pay with all sets of shipping documents supplied C.may lodge a claim to the carrier D.may pay if the bank demanded he should

Ⅲ.Please give the short-answer for each question.1.What are the differences between FOB and FCA.(5%)(Hint: place of delivery, risks transfer, freight, insurance premium etc.2.“USD200 per MT CIFC2 ShangHai”(5%)Please explain this price of term in English as far as possible.3.What are the differences between EXW and DDP.(5%)(Hint: place of delivery, risks transfer, freight, insurance premium etc.)

4.“USD200 per MT CFRC5 London”(5%)Please explain this price of term in English as far as possible.Ⅳ.Calculation(The main calculation process should be given)

1.A trading company exports a number of commodities abroad, the original price: 2,000USD per metric ton CIFC3% London, the buyer require CFRC5% London.Insurance coverage for the original premiums against all risks including war risks, the rates was 0.8% and 0.6%, in accordance with 110% CIF price, Please calculate CFRC5% London.Question: Please calculate CFRC5% London.(10%)(1)CIF=2000*(1-3%)=1940USD

(2%)(2)Insurance premiums=1940*(1+10%)*(0.8%+0.6%)=29.88USD

(2%)(3)CFR=CIF-Insurance premiums=1910.12USD

(3%)(4)CFRC5%=CFR/(1-5%)=2010.65USD

(3%)2.A trading company exports 10,000 units of arts and crafts which cost 300,000 Yuan(30 Yuan per unit), other domestic cost: 8000 RMB, expected profit: 10%, freight: 10 units/CTN, 1000 cartons, carton size: 25*56*32cm, GW: 32KG NW: 30KG, the freight to Europe is calculated by W/M as 120 Dollars per ton.The price of 40’ containers to Europe: 3500 Dollars, insurance by 110% of the invoice value against all risks at the premium rate of 0.8%, foreign sales price: USD4.85/PC CIF London.(Tips: the USD exchange rate of BOC is 6.2 /6.3: bid price/offer price.)Question: 1)Please calculate the export exchange cost by container.(5%)2)Calculate the profit and loss ratio of export commodities.(5%)

3)If these arts and crafts of raw materials have been imported by another trading company at an amount of 20000 Dollars in CIF term, please calculate the exchange rate appreciation.(5%)See text 3.A UK client ordered 1000 traveling bags, requiring CIF3% Liverpool, other conditions: domestic purchase cost of traveling bags is 50 Yuan per piece, other dominate cost is 5,000 Yuan;the expected profit rate is 10%.The bags are packaged in cartons, 20 per carton.Freight is 20 Dollars per carton from start port to Liverpool.Overseas shipping premium is defined as 0.8% by CIF, which adds 10% insurance against all risks and war risks.(P.S: Exchange rate of RMB against USD is 7:1.)Question: Please calculate CIFC3% Liverpool.(10%)See text Ⅴ.Case Study

1.A Chinese foreign trade exporter contracted with a Canadian importer to export 1000 pairs of sneakers in CIF terms, time of shipment is between July to August in the contract and letters of credit, 5000 pairs of sneakers each month, and transshipment is allowed.Our exporter loaded 5000 pairs of sneakers on board the ship “Wuyi” on 31st, July and got bill of lading for July, and loaded the rest of sneakers on board the ship “Triumph” on 10th, August and got bill of lading for August.Both ships transshipped in Hong Kong and both lots of goods are transported to the final destination by “Noble” of Maersk INC.Questions:

(10%)1)Was it partial shipment? Why?

(5%)It is partial shipment.(2%)According to UCP600:” partial shipment means unloading form one means of conveyance and reloading to another means of conveyance(whether or not in different modes of transport)during the carriage from the place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment to the place of final destination stated in the credit.” While in this case, the goods were shipped by “Wuyi” on 31st, July and shipped by “Triumph” on 15th, August.Both ships were totally different, so it was partial shipment.(3%)2)Could the seller safely get financed? Why?

(5%)The seller could safely get payment for goods as a result of conformity with the letter of credit clauses.(5%)2.Our exporter exported a load of cargo to a Middle-East country under CIF terms and covered WPA in addition to TPND, but the vessel was detained as a result of the Iran-Iraq war.The importer lodged a claim to the insurance company.Questions:

(10%)1)Can the importer be compensated?

(5%)TPND refers to the cargo being stolen and leads to non-delivery by the consignee at destination.In this case, insurance company shall not compensate.(5%)2)Which type of insurance should be covered so that the insurance shall make indemnity?

(5%)Failure to deliver risk or war risks shall be covered.Failure to deliver risk refers to the risk, once loaded on board the seagoing vessel;fail to be delivered at the destination within six months of scheduled date for arrival due to whatever cause it might be.However, the insurant shall handle equity-transferring procedures so as to get compensation.(5%)3.A vessel collapsed with flowing icebergs on the sea and a crack was founded on one side of the vessel.Sea water flooded in and part of the cargo was wet.The captain had to call at the nearest port to drain off water and afterwards threw off some bulky goods into the sea to make the vessel floating.Questions:

(10%)1)Which part belongs to general average

(5%)Analysis: Particular Average: crack of the vessel and part of the cargo undergone soaking.(5%)2)Which belongs to particular average?

(5%)General Average: the vessel shipped to the nearest port and the losses thereafter.(5%)4.An Italian business man visited Shanghai Happy Trading Company on the morning of Feb.1st, 2012, and negotiated the purchase of some electronic parts.The Chinese seller made an oral offer but received no response from the Buyer.In the afternoon, the Italian buyer came and agreed to accept the offer made in the morning.In the meantime, the seller had learned that the price of the electronic parts might be going up.Questions:

(10%)1)In this case, is there a contract relationship between Shanghai Happy Trading Company and Italian buyer?(5%)There is no contract relationship between Shanghai Happy Trading Company and Italian buyer.(3%)The reason is that the buyer did not give a direct response immediately after the seller made an oral offer.(5%)It means that the oral offer is invalid.(2%)2)What lesson can be learned by the seller in dealing with foreign traders?(5%)For the seller, when the seller provides an offer to the buyer, it is better to provide a specific valid date, such as “within the stipulated period” or “before the latest date”.(5%)

It is better to provide a written formal offer with specific essential terms and validity date of the offer than an oral offer.(5%)It is also correct if one gives other reasonable answers.5.In September 2013, a British trading company and a Shanghai Export Corporation entered into a contract to purchase 5000 sets glassware under CFR London.Both parties agreed to stipulate the following in the contract:

“…… 30% payment by T/T in advance and 70% payment by D/P 90 days after sight.The buyer should remit the 30% of total value on or before September 30th, 2013.Shipment from Shanghai port to London is not later than Oct.21st, 2013.Partial shipment and transshipment are prohibited.……”

After received buyer’s remittance money September 28th, the exporter shipped 3000 sets in Shanghai Port on Oct.4th, 2013, then sent shipping advice on time to the importer and got one set of clean on board B/Ls.Then the exporter shipped the other 2000 sets on board the same vessel in Guangzhou Port on Oct.8th, 2013, sent shipping advice on time to the importer and got other one set of clean on board B/Ls.And then the vessel began to sail to London.1).If during the transportation from Guangzhou to London by sea, the ship struck on a rock and got stranded.Therefore, the ship arrived at Los Angeles after a delay(latter about 20 days than usual time)and part of goods have been damaged during transportation.According to INCOTERMS 2010, whether the importer has the right to make a claim against the seller because of transportation delay? Why?(5%)According to INCOTERMS 2000, the importer hasn’t the right to make a claim against the seller because of transportation delay.2).If the payment term in the contract was changed to “40% payment by T/T in advance and 60% payment by L/C 90 days after sight” and the importer became bankrupt Nov.2009, whether the exporter could receive payments on time provided that it had made complying presentation to issuing bank on time? Why?(5%)The exporter could receive payments on time provided that it had made complying(2%)According to UCP600, under L/C, it is the issuing bank but not the importer promise to pay to the beneficiary(the exporter).And even if the importer became bankrupt, the issuing bank must pay to the beneficiary(the exporter)against(3%)3).Please draw the procedures of L/C payment with figure and explain the main steps.(10%)See text 4).If use Telegraphic Transfer T/T to pay.Please draws the procedures of T/T payment with figure and explain the main steps.(10%)See text 6.A Chinese importer has signed a contract with Iran Company on 2nd November, 1990 in term of FOB.Due to the Gulf War breaking out, the ship of Chinese side cannot reach Iran port until the end of the Gulf War on April of 1991,the Chinese importer notified the Iran company immediately after the war broke out within the agreed time and in the agreed notification way.On 3th July, 1991, the seller claimed for the compensation against us for the storage expense, but the importer

complying

presentation

to

issuing

bank

on

time.presentation.rejected it in the reason of force majeure.Questions:

(10%)1)What`s the basic principles of force majeure? Was it a force majeure event?(5%)2)Should the importer compensate for the storage? Why?(5%)Answer:1)there are three basic principles: the occurrence of a force majeure event is after the conclusion of contact;the event is not resulting from the fault and neglect of the parties involved;the event is beyond the control of the parties involved.It was a force majeure event because it fulfil all principles.2)The importer should not compensate for the storage, there two reasons: first, the event is result from force majeure, secondly, the

国际贸易考试复习题 篇6

一.选择题

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.国际贸易最早产生于(奴隶社会)。

统一的世界市场形成于(19世纪末20世纪初)。

当前国际分工居于主导地位的是(发达国家之间的水平型分工)。在今天,部门间贸易在(欧盟)国家间占主导地位。

(偏好相似性理论)认为国家间的收入相似性越大,贸易可能性越高。(俄林)分析表明国家资源结构越不同,贸易可能性越大。幼稚产业保护理论提出保护幼稚产业的措施是(关税)。

强调贸易保护有助于增强高新技术产业国际竞争力的是(战略性贸易保护理论)。目前我国海关税则目录采用的是(商品分类协调编码制度)。

如果高新标准偏向于或者有利于国内产品,则其(通过率高于国外产品的通过率)。在货币实际购买力的研究中常用汇率是(实际汇率)。

英镑的年利率是9%,美元的年利率是9%,假如一家美国公司投资英镑1年,为等合利率平价,英镑相对于美元贬值(14%)。

当一国货币贬值时,会引起该国的外汇设备(数量减少)。

(内部化理论)在跨国公司理论中具有相当于“通论”的理论地位。(非歧视原则)是世贸组织全部规则体系的基础。

关税保护原则要求各成员方在(互惠)基础上通过多边谈判判减关税。

当今国际服务贸易发展最重要的特征和趋势是(服务贸易)发展速度高,在国际贸易中比重不断加大。技术贸易过程中,正确的是(只转移使用权,不转移所有权)。下列商品适合在商品交易所交易的是(大豆)。影响国际分工的首要因素是(生产力发展水平)。

关于转口贸易与过境贸易,下列说法正确的是(只有在转口贸易中,贸易的所有权向

国际经济与贸易期末复习

9.任何贸易政策均是对完全和充分自己贸易状态的一种扭曲。(√)10.关税有效保护率反映的是产品总价值得到的保护程度。(×)11.生产力水平是影响国际分工的决定因素。(√)

12.一般来说,规模较小的国家对外贸易依存度较高。(√)

13.据专用要素理论,贸易会使专用于出口部门的要素利益受损。(×)14.赫克歇斯-俄林理论,稀缺要素所有者会因贸易收益获益。(×)15.当边际成本大于平均成本时,规模经济一定存在。(×)16.外部经济是战略性贸易政策的一个理论基础。(√)

17.实行从价征收关税,当国际市场价格上涨,其保护程度越高。(×)18.普惠制原则与最惠国待遇原则一样,都具有互惠性。(×)三.名词解释

1、要素禀赋:是指一个国家或经济体所拥有的可利用的经济资源的总量,它既包括自然存在的资源,如土地、矿产,而且也包括社会积累的资源,如技术资本。依据要是禀赋的多禀(如劳动与土地资源的总供给量),我们可以将国家区分为资源丰富的国家和资源贫乏的国家。

2.里昂惕夫之谜:里昂惕夫悖论(Leontief Paradox)--1947年,美国经济学家里昂惕夫借助投入产出表计算了美国出口行业和进口竞争行业的资本存量与工人人数的比值发现的一个理论悖论,即作为世界上资本最充裕的国家,美国出口的是劳动密集型产品,进口的是资本密集型产品,该悖论说明要素充裕度差异不能有效地决定贸易方式。这种由里昂惕夫发现的赫克歇尔-俄林理论与贸易实践的巨大背离现象,被人们称为里昂惕夫之谜或里昂惕夫悖论

3.需求相似理论:由瑞典经济学家林德尔创立的旨在解释传统贸易理论同现代贸易实践之间矛盾的理论,林德尔在1961年发表的《An Essay On Trade and Transformation》一书中提出,国家间或地区间收入水平的相似性决定它们的需求相似性,因此也决定这些经济体间相互的部门间贸易与部门内部贸易的高度集中性,由于发达国家单位资本收入率相似,因此,它们的需求偏好与需求结构越接近,进行制成品贸易的可能性越高,又由于同种制成品存在着广泛的品质差异性,故它们之间的贸易又多表现为部门内贸易—同种商品的互相出口与进口。

4.贸易乘数理论:贸易乘数理论的思想基础是凯恩斯的乘数理论。该理论将贸易看成是解决经济萧条、维持经济稳定增长的途径。凯恩斯认为,有效需求不足是造成经济萧条的重要原因,从贸易角度来看,政府可以利用保护贸易政策来增加净出口,提高有效需求。正如投资或消费的增加将会带来产出更多增加一样,进口的增加将导致产出减少,其减少的规模要成倍于增加的进口;同时,出口的增加将导致产出增加,其增加的规模将成倍于增加的出口。因此,在贸易乘数理论看来,增加出口、限制进口是克服经济萧条,降低失业率的手段。

5.乌拉圭回合:指关贸总协定

国际经济与贸易期末复习

地资源的总供给量),我们可以将国家区分为资源丰富的国家和资源贫乏的国家。

8.贫困化增长:这是由巴格瓦蒂(JBhagwati,1958)于年提出的著名观点。该理论指出,对于一个出口导向的国家而言,在其出口产品国际需求的价格弹性不高(),并且进口需求并没有出现显著增加的条件下,其充裕要素的大幅增加所导致的出口供给大幅增加,将会带来本国贸易条件的恶化,并最终导致国民福利水平的下降。

9.融资性租赁:又称金融租赁或资本性租赁,是在租赁业务中使用较多的一种形式,它是党企业需要某项外国投资时,采用较长期租赁设备机器的融资方式来代替一次性大笔融资购买设备,从而达到融通资金和改善财务状况的目的,是一种采用融物形式的不可撤销的完全付清的中长期融资方式,具有浓厚的金融业务色彩。

10.重商主义:重商主义是对16-18世纪出现在欧洲的一种经济思想的统称。其中,该思想揭示了贸易保护的必要性,是最早的贸易保护理论。一个国家的财富由其拥有的贵金属代表,拥有的贵金属越多,这个国家就越富有。重商主义将贸易盈余作为获取贵金属、增加国家财富的手段。

四、简答题

1.简述重商主义的基本思想

重商主义认为,一个国家的财富由其拥有的贵金属代表,拥有的贵金属越多,这个国家就越富有。由于世界资源是有限的,因此,国与国之间的经济交往是一种零和博弈,即一方所得为另一方所失。对于国际贸易,贸易盈余是贸易所得,而贸易赤字为贸易所失,因此重商主义主张贸易要实现盈余。在当时的金属本位币制度下,贸易盈余意味着贵金属的流入,这将有助于缓解货币缺口。

通常将重商主义分为两个阶段:早期重商主义和晚期重商主义。早期重商主义指从15世纪末至16世纪中叶的重商主义思想,又称重金主义,它着眼于利用流通领域的措施来从国际贸易中积累货币,体现为少买多卖来保证贸易顺差和严禁货币输出。晚期重商主义历时16世纪下半叶到17世纪下半叶,又称重工主义,它将重心从流通领域转移到生产领域,主张发展工场手工业来扩大出口,实现贸易顺差。具体体现为通过政府对出口企业的扶植来促进出口和在贸易顺差的前提下才允许货币输出。2.中国利用外商直接投资有哪些结构特征?

答:

国际经济与贸易期末复习

贸易政策来增加净出口,提高有效需求。凯恩斯在《就业、利息和货币通论》的

国际经济与贸易期末复习

完成,而要经过多次才能完成。

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