如何写好英文论文摘要

如何写好英文论文摘要（精选6篇）

如何写好英文论文摘要 篇1

如何写好英文摘要

收录学报文章的国外检索数据库刊登的条目内容有题名、作者、英文摘要、参考文献等等。摘要的质量非常重要。一方面检索数据库要依据摘要的质量来决定该文章是否被收录；另一方面读者要根据摘要提供的信息考虑是否阅读、引用原文，如能被利用，才能体现文章的学术价值，提高原文的引用频次。因此希望广大作者按规范认真编写英文摘要。具体要求如下：

1.英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应；

2.语言简洁。避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词。不加评论语句，如“相当满意”、“令人可喜”等。不使用多余的词语，如“据报道……”、“大量的调查表明……”等。尽量减少背景信息，如历史或其它注释。不要写作者将来的打算。应尽量删去的主要字句有：in this paper、based on the analyses conducted、on the above basis、in detail、briefly、mainly、in addition、qualitatively、furthermore等等；

3.信息量要完整，能够全面包含论文的关键信息，主要内容有：目的（主题）、研究方法（途经）、研究结果和结论；

4.首句不得简单重复题名中已有的信息，要采用简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头，如：

A mathematical model for digital closed-loop fiber-optics gyroscopes was established to get the difference equation of the model.To study…，To describe…，To investigate…，To assess…，To determine…

5.描述目的、结论等用一般现在时，说明研究的方法、过程等用一般过去时。较少采用现在完成时态、过去完成时态、进行时态等；

6.长度一般不能超过150个英文单词，但也不能太短；

7.一般情况下不能用缩写，尤其是不常用的专业词语，应使用全称，且均用小写；

8.不要有数学公式、矩阵、数列、希腊字母，不要出现角标的角标等不规范字符。

以下列出两篇文章的摘要：

飞机穿越风切变时的地速/空速控制

为解决飞机穿越风切变过程中控制系统解耦和飞行轨迹的实时/在线控制问题，对飞机纵向三自由度非线性模型，运用非线性动态逆方法，在风轴系中设计了飞行轨迹的高度变化率/空速控制模式。对两种控制模式进行比较并将其结合起来，得到更加完善的地速/空速控制率。仿真计算表明动态逆方法在飞机穿越风切变的轨迹控制过程中实用有效。

Ground-speed/air-speed control of airplane during

penetration of wind shear

To design the control logic during the penetration of wind shear, nonlinear inverse dynamics method was employed to achieve the decoupling of the nonlinear flight control system and the implementation of the real-time/on-line control for the flight trajectory.Climb rate/air speed control mode in the wind-coordinate system and climb rate/ground-speed control mode in the ground-coordinate system were developed.These two modes were integrated to form ground speed/air speed control law.The simulative calculation results show that the nonlinear inverse dynamics method works effective in the trajectory control of airplane during the penetration of wind shear.感应加热中功率延伸电缆结构形式的优选设计

在某些特殊工艺的感应加热中，感应线圈需要通过延伸电缆与电源连接。为了解决延伸电缆带来的功率损耗高的问题，分析了并行实芯导体结构、同轴空心导体结构和多束细漆包线密布结构等3种结构形式的电缆的功率损耗和回路电感储能的情况，并进行了实验测定与分析，结果表明，多束细漆包线密布结构电缆上的功率损耗最小，同轴空心导体结构电缆回路的电感量最小。据此，提出了以同轴空心导体结构为基本结构，内、外导体为多束细漆包线密布而成的延伸电缆结构形式。

Optimization design of connecting power cable in induction heating In some induction heating process, induction coil is connected with power source through connecting power cable.In order to solve the problem of lower heating efficiency brought by connecting power cable, the power loss and the energy stored in inductance during induction heating were calculated.The parallel solid cables, the coaxial hollow cables and the cables made by lots of electrically insulated slim lines were tested and analyzed.It shows that the cables made by lots of electrically insulated slim lines have the lowest power loss and the coaxial hollow cables have the lowest inductance.So an advantageous cable structure is put forward, which is arrayed around same axis by lots of electrically insulated slim lines for both inside conductor, and outside conductor, and the middle of inside conductor is hollow.

如何写好英文简历? 篇2

当然，如果您在中学时得过国际奥林匹克比赛大奖或全国性的大奖，不妨提上一笔。另外，写英文简历还需要特别注意以下几点 1.绝无拼写错误。现在文字处理软件都有拼写检查(Spelling Check)，您实在没有理由拼错，否则雇主会觉得您连最基本的东西都不去做。因此这是完全不能容许的错误。 2.小心相近字。这是拼写检查查不出的错误，要尤为小心。例如，有一位专业是经济学的同志，他本应写Major: Economics（专业：经济学），但却误写成了Mayor: Economy，摇身一变，成了主管经济的市长。 3.避免明显的语法错误。这并不是说一点儿语法错误都没有，因为英语毕竟不是咱们的母语，稍微有一点小错，别人也是能够谅解的。 4.请友人帮忙看一下，这是非常有效的一个方法。一是从拼写、语法、句式等方面来看，有无错误；二是从构思的角度上来看，有没有更合适、更恰当的表达。旁观者清，换一个角度，别人经常能提出一些特别好的建议来。 5. Objective写不写？有人写，有人不写。其实写和不写各有利弊。如果写上，当然显得目标明确，非这个行业、这个部门不可，但同时也就限制了您在别的行业发展的可能性。比如，毕业生在申请象时明确写上了所选部门，那么万一这个部门没有录用您，而您又好象非这个部门不可，您就很可能失去了在其他部门工作的机会。但如果您什么都不写，雇主参照您的背景和一些测试的结果也许认为您更适合别的部门，这样您就可能获得新的机会。通常美式简历的规范写法都是不写Objective的。 来源:www.lizhi123.net.cn

如何写好英文简历中的页眉部分 篇3

名字

名字有7种写法：

例如“李扬”：1) yang li 2) yang li 3) yang li 4) yang li 5) li,yang 6) li yang 7) li yang

我们认为这7种都有可接受，比如说第四种-yang li，很方便招聘人员，尤其是人事部经理为中国人;但标准的、外资公司流行的简历中的名字写法，则是第二种，yang li.

有人用粤语拼写自己的姓氏，比如，王写成wong，李写成lee.这只是香港人的拼法，并不是国际的拼法。另外，有一小部分人用外国人的姓，如mary smith，这是非常不可取的。因为如果你用外国人的姓，别人会认为你是外国人，或者你父亲是外国人，或者你嫁给了外国人。

双字名，也有四种写法，例：1)xiao-feng 2)xiao-feng 3)xiaofeng 4)xiao feng，列出四种来，我们建议用第三种，xiaofeng，最简单方便。大家一看就知是名而不是姓，要不然，大家有可能会误认为你是姓肖的，

地址

北京以后要写中国，但不必用prc等，因为用china简单清楚。邮编的标准写法是放在省市名与国名之间，起码放在china之前，因为是中国境内的邮编。

电话

∏懊嬉欢加地区号，如(86-10)。因为你是在向外国公司求职，你的简历很可能被传真到伦敦、纽约，大家不知道你的地区号，也没有时间去查。另外，国外很流行“user friendly”，即想尽办法给对方创造便利，尤其是在找工作时，更要加深这一意识。

8个号码之间加一个“-”，如6505-2266.这样，认读拨打起来比较容易，否则，第一次打可能会看错位。

G号后的括号和号码间加空格，如(86-10) 6505-2266.这是英文写作的规定格式。

ば词只或者向别人通报手机时，也有一定的规范，要用“4-3-4原则”，如“1380-135-1234”

ゴ真号千万不要留办公室的，免得办公室的同事都知道你想跳槽。如果家里有传真号，最好告诉对方，万一他找不到你，可以发几个字，比较快;将来对方发聘书或材料时，比较方便

中英文摘要 篇4

作者姓名：段小洁

论文题目：单壁碳纳米管的AFM操纵、形变及相关拉曼光谱研究

作者简介：段小洁，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月师从于北京大学刘忠范教授，于2007年7月获博士学位。

中文摘要

对形变碳纳米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在应力存在下的结构演化、应力对其各种光电性质及电子能带结构的影响等，不仅对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，还对相关理论的发展有巨大推动作用。本论文发展了对表面上单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）的原子力显微术（AFM）可控操纵方法，基于此AFM可控操纵，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为，以及SWNTs在扭转和拉伸两种形变下的共振Raman光谱特征。主要成果包括：

1.发展了对表面上SWNT的AFM可控操纵方法；

通过对操纵过程中针尖运动路径的合理设置、SWNT上操纵位置和针尖下压距离的选择，可以向SWNT中引入各种类型的应力。SWNT中产生的应力由其和基底间的相互作用力保持。发展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT纳米焊接术，以增加AFM操纵的可控性。当对表面有SWNT的基底Si进行AFM氧化时，新生成的SiOx会对SWNT进行包覆，从而可以将SWNT在氧化点有

效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在会对Si基底的AFM氧化有明显的增强作用，相同条件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后产生的SiOx，比没有SWNT时更多，这种增强作用有利于对

SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的强度可以通过改变氧化偏压、针尖运动速率（氧化时间）等进行调节，提高氧化偏压、降低针尖移动速率有利于增强纳米焊接的强度。空气中热氧化实验和拉曼光谱的表征均证明，此焊接过程对SWNT的化学结构无明显影响。在某些点对SWNT进行焊接固定后，AFM操纵引入的形变的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，从而大大增加AFM操纵的可控性。

采用更强的AFM氧化条件，可以实现SWNT和Si的同时氧化，从而可以在任意位点对SWNT进行切割。结合AFM纳米切割、焊接和操纵等操作，可以构筑各种复杂形状的SWNTs，体现

了AFM作为纳米工具箱的作用。

2.研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为；

通过选择合适的操纵位点、被操纵的CNT片段长度、操纵路径并优化针尖下压距离，可以严格控制弯曲CNT的角度，这样通过AFM操纵对同一CNT的可控弯曲，获得了一系列弯曲角度逐渐增大的CNT。CNT被操纵以后，与基底相互作用力会有明显减小，这使得CNT的有效弯曲区域，位于与基底只有vdW相互作用的被操纵部分，在AFM表征下表现为固定部分和被操纵部分的交点。有效弯曲部分与基底间仅有vdW相互作用，其长度在整个弯曲过程中几乎保持不变。

通过记录弯曲“点”在弯曲角度逐渐增大过程中的高度变化，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的结构演化和屈曲行为。发现不同CNTs在弯曲过程中，表现出“突变”和“渐变”两种屈曲模式，分别对应于弯曲“点”高度的突跃、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的直接转化，和弯曲“点”高度的逐渐增大、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的逐渐转化。“渐变”屈曲导致一系列屈曲过渡态的出现。“突变”多发生于小直径管，而“渐变”更常见于大直径管。通过对CNTs的层数和厚度等的估算，发现一般情况下，“渐变”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突变”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直径比。对“突变”屈曲模式的CNTs，临界屈曲角度随CNTs直径的增大而减小。

分子动力学模拟发现，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均为“突变”屈曲模式，而双壁和三壁管均采取“渐变”屈曲模式；（2）“渐变”屈曲过程对应弯曲角度逐渐增大时，多壁管从最外层到最内层的逐渐屈曲，和各管层屈曲程度的逐渐增加，这是由其多层结构导致的各层壁屈曲行为的不同步，和管壁间vdW相互作用对屈曲的阻碍造成的，这说明MWNTs的多层结构是导致其“渐变”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用对CNTs的屈曲行为没有明显影响。从导致两种屈曲模式的机理考虑，除直径外，CNTs的层数对其屈曲行为也有重要影响，这预示了在CNTs的力学性质中，存在不同于传统尺寸效应的双尺寸效应，即直径和层数共同决定CNTs力学行为。

本工作利用AFM可控操纵，在实验上几乎全程观察了CNTs在弯曲过程中的结构演化和屈曲形成过程，其所揭示的两种屈曲模式的形成规律，不仅对大量存在的CNTs形变的理论工作提供了支持和参考，一定程度上填补了实验上的空白，还对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，3.研究了扭转和拉伸形变下单根SWNTs的共振Raman光谱行为；

AFM操纵可以向超长SWNT中同时引入扭转和拉伸应力，由于拉伸形变比扭转形变的传输距离更远，在操纵点附近扭转和拉伸两种形变同时存在，距离操纵点较远的区域，只有纯拉

伸形变存在。扭转形变的产生证明了SWNT在AFM操纵下滚动的发生。

扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs拉曼模振动频率的变化。研究发现：（1）扭转形变下，RBM变大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振动频率发生较大的红移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560

cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生轻微的蓝移，振动频率发生红移的G模的位移量，一般远远大于发生蓝移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形变下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振动频率不变，而在1590 cm-1～

1560 cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生明显的红移。（3）不同Raman活性模对形变的敏感度不同，扭转形变下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形变下，其他G模却具有更高的敏感度。这与形变导致的发生变化的C-C键是否与各模的原子位移模式相关联有关；（4）通过对SWNTs中形变量大小和Raman频率对形变变化率d/d地计算，发现RBM振动频率对扭转形变的变化率d(RBM)/dt，随SWNTs手性角的增大几乎线性增大。

某些SWNTs中，扭转形变导致的对称性破缺还会导致Raman模的分裂或新模的出现。按照预测，这种分裂或新模的出现最可能发生在锯齿形和椅形SWNTs中。扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs共振拉曼振动模强度的变化，这体现了形变对SWNTs电子跃迁能Eii的影响。根据

共振拉曼理论和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以计算扭转和拉伸形变对Eii影响的方向和大小。

应力对SWNTs共振Raman光谱的影响一直是人们关注的重要问题，本工作首次在实验上研究了扭转形变下SWNTs共振Raman振动频率和强度的变化。利用AFM操纵在单根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直径和手性带来的平均效应，从而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性质。对拉伸和扭转形变在同根SWNT中的比较，也为理解不同应力对SWNTs拉曼影响的不同提供了有利条件。

4.AFM操纵引入的应力沿SWNT管轴分布的分析和调控，及SWNTs相关力学性质的比较；分析了超长SWNT中，AFM操纵引入的应力的传输和分布，由于SWNT与基底间摩擦力的存在和AFM操纵后应力的部分驰豫，扭转和拉伸应力沿SWNT管轴都呈“”形分布，应力分布的各特征量，如应力的最远传输距离、最大应力点的位置和最大应力值、应力线性分布的斜率等，决定于AFM针尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或弹性模量、以及SWNT与基底间摩擦力的大小；通过控制AFM操纵和采用图案化基底，对SWNT中应力的大小及分布进行了调控；通过比较不同SWNTs的应力分布特征量，在单根SWNT水平上，研究比较了它们的各力学参量，如剪切模量、杨氏模量，以及与基底间摩擦力的相对大小。各力学参量对SWNTs的直径无单调关系，说明了SWNTs手性对力学性质的影响。

关键词：单壁碳纳米管，AFM操纵与加工，形变，屈曲，共振拉曼光谱

AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Duan Xiaojie

ABSTRACT

The study on deformed carbon nanotubes(CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy(AFM)manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:

1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip pressing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition(much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied

By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip pressing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cross point between the fixed SWNT part and

manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct „abrupt‟ and „gradual‟ buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the „abrupt‟ buckling mode, the height of the bending „point‟ has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the „gradual‟ mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending „point‟, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The „gradual‟ buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.„Abrupt‟ buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the „gradual‟ mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickness of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with „abrupt‟ buckling mode has smaller thickness diameter ratio than the CNTs with „gradual‟ buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the „abrupt‟ buckling mode.The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.It was found:(1)for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes;(2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the process that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes;(3)The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickness determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending process.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial

strain has been investigated

The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:

(1)the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes assigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1(G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G

modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the(G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes;(2)Under uniaxial strain, RBM and G+(E2(g))do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3)Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g))is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes;(4)The

calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d/d found that, under torsional strain, d(RBM)/dt nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the

modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison

of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs

英文摘要论文 篇5

电脑和网络使用不当危害健康

一是对身体健康的直接影响。

电脑显示器利用电子枪发射电子束来产生图像，并伴有辐射和电磁波，长期使用会伤害人们的眼睛，诱发一些眼病，如青光眼等;键盘上键位密集，键面有一定的弹力和阻力，长期击键会对手指和上肢不利;操作电脑时，体型和全身难得有变化，操作向着高速、单一、重复等特点发展，强迫体位比重越来越大，容易导致肌肉骨骼系统的疾患，其中，计算机操作时所累及的主要部位有腰、颈、肩、肘、腕部等。

操作电脑过程中注意力高度集中，眼、手指快速频繁运动，使生理、心理过度重负，从而产生睡眠多梦、神经衰弱、头部酸胀、机体免疫力下降，甚至会诱发精神方面的疾患。

这种人易丧失自信，内心时常紧张、烦躁、焦虑不安，最终导致身心疲惫。

二是导致网络综合症。

长期无节制地花费大量时间和精力在互联网上持续聊天、浏览，会导致各种行为异常、心理障碍、人格障碍，交感神经功能部分失调，严重者会发展成网络综合症，该病症表现为：情绪低落、兴趣丧失、睡眠障碍、生物钟紊乱、食欲下降和体重下降、精力不足、精神运动迟缓和激动、自我评价降低、思维迟缓、不愿参加社会活动、很少关心他人、饮酒、滥用药物等。

三是电脑散发的气体危害呼吸系统。

英国过敏症基金会的研究人员最近发表的一份研究报告指出，办公设备会释放有害人体健康的臭氧气体，而主要元凶是电脑、激光打印机等。

这些臭氧气体不仅有毒，而且可能造成某些人呼吸困难，对于那些哮喘和过敏症患者来说，情况就更为严重了。

另外，较长时间待在臭氧气体浓度较高的地方，还会导致肺部发生病变。

怎样减少电脑网络的危害

客观地讲，电脑对人体生理和心理方面的负面影响已日益受到人们的重现。

在电脑普及程度比较高的国家里，“电脑综合症”已成为很普遍的现代病。

为此科学使用电脑，减少电脑和网络的危害十分必要。

一是要增强自我保健意识。

如工作期间要注意适当休息，一般来说，电脑操作人员在连续工作1小时候应该休息10分钟左右。

并且最好到操作室之外活动活动身体。

平时要加强体育锻炼，增强体能，要定期进行身体检查和自我心理测定，一旦发现生理、心理上的有关症状，可在一定时间内适当调整上机时间，缓解症状。

二是注意工作环境。

电脑室内要光线要适宜，不可过亮和过暗，避免光线直接照射在荧光屏上而产生干扰光线，工作室要保持通风干燥，使那些有害气体尽快排出，尽量用非击打式打印机减少噪音等。

三是注意补充营养。

电脑操作作者在荧光屏前工作时间过长，视网膜上的视紫红质会被消耗掉，而视紫红质主要是有维生素A合成。

因此，电脑操作者应多吃胡萝卜、白菜、豆芽、豆腐、红枣、橘子以及牛奶、鸡蛋、动物肝脏、瘦肉等食物，以补充人体内维生素A和蛋白质。

多饮些红茶，茶叶中的茶多酚等活性物质会有利于吸收与抵抗放射性物质。

As a necessary tool in life and work, computer brings great convenience, but at the same time might be harmful to peoples health.

Firstly, improper use of the computer may affect peoples health directly.

Computer radiation may induce eye diseases.

Long time use of computers will bring about much discomfort in the wrist, neck and waist.

Overconcentration on the computer as well as frequent quick movements of hands and eyes may also exert heavy burdens on the body and the mind, leading to dreaminess, neurasthenia, and even mental diseases.

Secondly, unrestrained use of computers or the internet may lead to Net Syndrome, which is characterized by sleep disorder, depression or loss of appetite.

Thirdly, ozone released by computers may contribute to respiratory problems, even lung diseases.

Then how should we reduce the health risks related to computers and the internet? The key lies in proper use.

To begin with, computer users should enhance their self-awareness of health care.

They are suggested to take a 10-minute break every one hour, exercise regularly and have routine physical and mental checkups.

What’s more, a good working environment should be created by using proper lighting and keeping the room ventilated.

Finally, computer users are supposed to replenish nutrition through carrot, cabbage, orange, milk, eggs and meats, which are rich in vitamin A and protein.

论文中英文摘要 篇6

作者姓名：毛建猛

论文题目：Pushover分析方法的改进研究

作者简介：毛建猛，男，1983年10月出生，2005年8月师从于中国地震局工程力学研究所谢礼立教授，于2008年8月获博士学位。

中文摘要

如何选择合适的工程结构抗震分析和设计方法一直是地震工程领域引人关注的重要问题。随着基于性态抗震设计思想的提出和发展，作为一种简化的实现性态设计分析的方法，Pushover方法引起了广大学者和工程人员的兴趣，并得到了广泛的研究。本文针对以往Pushover方法的研究中存在的缺点和不足，对Pushover方法进行了改进，主要包括对模态Pushover方法的改进、对钢筋混凝土框架结构Pushover位移反应的修正、Pushover荷载模式与结构性态指标相关性的探讨、基于模态Pushover分析方法确定结构滞回耗能计算四个方面的问题。本论文主要研究内容和成果包括以下几个方面：

1.模态Pushover分析方法的一个重要假定是，结构在强震作用下进入非线性状态时，作用于结构的Pushover荷载模式保持不变；可是众所周知，结构发生屈服后，结构的动力特性会发生改变，结构遭受的地震荷载也会发生变化，因此各阶振型采用固定不变荷载模式的模态Pushover方法存在不足。本文提出将结构的第一振型荷载模式改进为两阶段加载模式，高阶振型荷载模式保持固定不变，对结构进行改进的模态Pushover分析。

2.建议了一种计算钢筋混凝土框架结构动力弹塑性位移反应的简便方法。通过对5个不同高度的钢筋混凝土框架结构在四类场地上80条地震动作用下的动力和静力弹塑性位移反应进行统计分析，给出了结构由静力弹塑性方法得到的目标位移估计动力时程方法得到的目标位移的修正公式。结果表明：场地条件对钢筋混凝土框架结构静力弹塑性位移反应和动力时程位移反应之间的关系影响显著；对于II类和III类场地，可以直接采用结构的静力弹塑性方法计算结果替代动力时程计算结果；对于I类场地和IV类场地，须采用修正公式对结构的静力弹塑性结果进行修正。

3.通过对4个不同高度的钢筋混凝土结构，分别进行了中等硬度场地上15条地震动作用下的非线性动力时程分析和不同荷载模式下的静力弹塑性分析，求解了结构的几个重要反应指标，包括能力曲线、顶端位移角及层间位移角、以及塑性铰分布，探讨了不同荷载模式对钢筋混凝土低层和高层结构反应指标的影响程度，建议了适用于钢筋混凝土低层和高层结构的Pushover荷载模式。

4.提出基于模态Pushover分析的结构滞回耗能计算方法。首先采用模态

Pushover分析计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系的特征参数，然后计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系对应的滞回耗能，并将其进行线性组合进而确定结构的滞回耗能，并与结构通过动力时程分析计算得到的滞回耗能进行比较，从而给出一种物理概念简单、计算操作方便的确定结构滞回耗能的方法。另外，为了便于计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系的滞回耗能，本文选取了国内外四类场地土上总计320条强震记录作为地震记录数据库，在统计分析的基础上，给出了对应于不同场地土和不同烈度区的单自由度体系等强度滞回耗能设计谱。

关键词：Pushover方法；能力谱方法；模态Pushover分析；水

平荷载模式；滞回耗能

Improvements on Pushover Analysis Procedure

Mao Jianmeng

ABSTRACT

How to select the adequate procedure for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering field.With the development of Performance-based Seismic Design, Pushover Analysis procedure has attracted many scientists’ and engineers’ attentions and been widely used for its conceptual simplicity and computational attractiveness.To overcome the limitation of Pushover Analysis procedure, some improvements on this procedure were performed in this paper, including the improvement on Modal Pushover Analysis, the revision of target displacement from the pushover analysis for reinforced concrete frame, the correlation of structural response parameters with different lateral load patterns, and the computation of the structural hysteretic energy based on Modal Pushover Analysis etc.The main contents of this dissertation are as follows.1.There is an important assumption that the pushover load patterns keep unchanged even after the structure yields in Modal Pushover Analysis procedure.Recognized the adoption of invariable lateral force distributions in the Modal Pushover Analysis procedure, an improved modal pushover analysis procedure is presented in this paper to estimate the seismic demands of structures, considering the redistribution of inertia forces.It is suggested that after establishing the idealized bilinear curve, a pushover analysis is once again conducted for the first mode in two phases: before and after the structure yields.For the two phases, the structural elastic natural mode and the floor displacement vector at the initial yielding point are used as the displacement shape vector, respectively.2.The approximately estimating method of displacement of reinforced concrete(RC)frame from static pushover analysis(POA)is developed with that from non-linear response history analysis(RHA).Based on the statistic analyses of the RHA and POA results for five RC frames with different height under 80 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the revised formula of displacements from POA is presented from RHA.The results show that the site soil condition has an important effect on the relation between RHA and POA response results.And the POA results for I and IV site condition should be revised with the formula given in this study while the POA results for II and III site condition can be approximately considered as same to the RHA results.3.The RHA under 15 ground motions recorded on the medium site condition and POA with different lateral load patterns are performed for four RC structures with different height.Several important response quantities are obtained from the RHA and POA, including capacity curves, top displacement ratios and story drift ratios, and location of plastic hinges.The influence of different load patterns on the structural performance demands is discussed for the low-and the high-wise structures.And the rational load patterns for the low-and the high-wise structures are also suggested.4.A simple procedure is presented in this paper for estimating hysteretic energy demands of MDOF systems based on the modal pushover analysis(MPA).Firstly, the characteristic parameters of the modal SDOF systems of structures are computed, and the hysteretic energy is calculated for the modal SDOF systems, then the hysteretic energy demand of structures is obtained by combining these modal demands.In addition, with statistic results of nonlinear analysis of SDOF for 320 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the equal-strength hysteretic energy design spectra are presented for different site condition and intensity regions.Key words: pushover analysis procedure, capacity spectrum method, the

modal pushover analysis, lateral load patterns, hysteretic