摘要的英文(精选9篇)
摘要的英文 篇1
[Abstract] The exam-oriented education in this high speed, high-efficiency society has both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand it helps students to improve the proportion of entering higher grade schools, on the other hand, such one-sided quality educational pattern and environment also influence the students physique development. As the organic component, dancing education had played an important role in remedying such a defect. It can not merely enrich students emotion, develop students’ imagination, strengthen students’ self-confidence, sense of pride, but also make teenagers get calisthenics tall and straight limbs, noble sentiment, graceful makings, dignified instrument when they accept the education. So, the author set out from the connotation of the dancing education discussed its benefit factor and proposed some more tentative plan.
[Key words] exam-oriented education dance education
[摘要]目前处于高速度、高效率社会的应试教育有利有弊。1方面它很大程度上帮助学生提高了升学率,而另1方面这种片面的素质教育模式和环境也影响了学生身体素质的片面发展。作为应试教育有机组成部分的舞蹈教育在弥补这样的缺陷方面起着重要的作用,它不仅可以丰富人的情感,发展人的想象力,增强人的自信心,自豪感,而且也使青少年在接受教育中得到健美挺拔的肢体,高尚的情操,高雅的气质,端庄的仪表。因此,作者从舞蹈教育的本质内涵出发,讨论了舞蹈教育在素质教育中对学生的全面发展有利的1面, 并对舞蹈教育的正确实施提出了一些设想。
[关键词]应试教育,舞蹈教育
摘要的英文 篇2
(1) 英文摘要须在中文摘要修改的基础上进行撰写, 内容应与中文摘要一致。
(2) 英文摘要应与中文摘要中的格式一致, 必须包括目的、方法、结果及结论四部分。
(3) 英文摘要的文字应注意语法严密、准确, 符合英文科技语言的语法习惯。字母拼写正确无误, 大小写、正斜体、上下角标明确, 同时附3~5个关键词 (Key words) 。
(4) 英文摘要中应尽量少用缩略语, 需要时, 必须在该缩略语第一次出现时注明全称。
英文摘要的写作方法与技巧 篇3
关键词:论文标题;英文摘要;关键词;写作方法与技巧
论文摘要是全文的精华,是对一项科学研究工作的总结,对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括。笔者根据自己摘要写作的经验并结合专业英语教学和对学生英文摘要的批改,谈谈写好英文摘要的方法和技巧。英文摘要的写作包括论文的英文标题、作者及其相关信息、摘要和关键词四个部分,下面分别介绍每个部分的写作方法与技巧。
1 论文标题
论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图,从而决定是否阅读全文。我国期刊要求论文题目一般不超过20个汉字,外文题名一般不超过10个实词[1]。学术文章的标题主要有三种结构:名词性词组(包括动名词)、介词词组、名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句做标题,但一般不用陈述句或动词词组做标题。
(1)名词性词组 名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语,又是也可以是另一个名词。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。例如:Global Change and Green House Effect(名词词组+名词词组);Adaptation and Mitigation to the Global Change(名词+名词)。
(2)介词词组 介词词组由介词+名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话,一般这个介词是“on”,意思是“对……的研究”。例如:On the Ecological Obligation。
(3)名词/名词词组+介词词组 这是标题中用得最多的结构。例如:Global Environment Change and Its Impact on Plants(名词词组+名词词组);Discussion on System Method of Studying Global Environmental Change(名词+介词词组)。
(4)其他形式 对于值得争议的问题,偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题,以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。例如:Can Global Change Bring Dramatic Disasters to Humans?
2 作者
学术论文既可以个人名义署名,也可以集体名义署名。如以个人署名,则应在论文题目后写明作者全名,并且另起一行写上作者的工作单位、国籍、所在城市和邮政编码。自然科学研究往往由一个集体来完成,作者姓名很多,但必须标出一个通讯联系人(Corresponding Author) [2]。
3 英文摘要
3.1 摘要及其功能
摘要是以提供论文内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明确切地记述论文主要内容的短文[3]。摘要说明研究的目的、方法、研究成果或最终结论。摘要应放在论文正文之前。
一篇好的英文摘要应满足以下几点要求:(1)要具有独立性、完整性。(2)应精炼,不不包含讨论和推理。(3)摘要中一般不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。(4)宜以第三人称书写。(5)应与中文摘要内容一致。(6)要正确使用动词时态,最常用的时态是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。(7)文摘要的长度一般为100~300词,。(8)应注意包含3~5个关键词(Keywords)。
3.2 摘要的写作
摘要是要用较少的文字传达重要的信息,因此第一句话要高度概括文章的目的、性质、方法乃至重要的成果,然后再写所得到的重要数据、结果或结论。摘要中句子之间没有必然的联系,可以相对独立,一句话说明一件事。
3.2.1 常见的主题句
摘要中的第一句话——主题句的常见句式有:A new approach is proposed to,A new method was developed for,This paper describes,This paper analyses,This paper discusses,This paper gives a new approach of,This paper investigates,… was studied/prepared by/discussed/presented 等。常见的谓语动词有:report,study,investigate,present,develop,discuss,show,describe,introduce 等。
3.2.2 时态问题
英语论文摘要中的动词时态的使用原则一般为:1)实验结果、方法描述等都用现在时态表述;2)一般用过去时态叙述作者所做的工作;3)叙述从某一时间开始,与现在有直接关系,并对目前有影响的事情,用现在完成时;4)叙述今后的研究、打算、预期的结果、倾向等均用一般将来时。
3.2.3 结尾句
在英文摘要的結尾有时写上作者的结论或建议,下面是一些常见的句式:关于结论可用如下表达方式:We may conclude that… /We come to the conclusion that…We think(consider,believe,feel)that…The following conclusions can be drawn from… .The results indicated/ show that …It turns out that …It has been found that …It can be concluded/ noted that… .It is generally accepted(believed,held,and acknowledged)that….
4 关键词
关键词是为了便于作文献索引和检索而选取的能反映文章主题内容的词或词组[5]。一般每篇文章选择 3~8个关键词,应尽量从《汉语主题词表》中选用规范词,未被词表收录的新学科、新技术的重要术语,也可作为关键词。
总之,在写作论文标题、作者和英文摘要时要做到准确、简洁、清楚,即准确反映论文的内容,用简洁、明了的文字概括尽可能多的内容,表达直接、清楚,以便引起读者注意。此外,还需熟悉本行业术语的英文表达,扩大英语词汇量,掌握基本的英语语法规则,多看英文文献,提高英文写作及表达能力。
参考文献:
[1] 周鸿.工科“专业英语”教学方法刍议[J].长沙铁道学院学报(社会科学版),2005,(2):163164.
[2] 曾佐勋,索书田,刘立林,等.“构造地质学”双语教学的实践与体会[J].高等理科教育,2006,(1):7475.
[3] GB644786文摘编写规则.
[4] 任胜利.英语科技论文撰写与摘要[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
科技论文英文摘要的书写规范 篇4
说明:以下材料参照美国《工程索引(EI)》对来源期刊英文摘要撰写要求的编写,供撰写英文摘要时参考。
文摘是原始文献的代表;它提供了原始文献的信息内容,但不能代替原始文献(即一次文献),因为其内容已大大简化。文摘本身给读者一个信息,即该篇文摘所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问题,帮助科技人员了解所阅读的文献对自己的工作是否有用。文摘的种类(Type of Abstracts)
按美国工程信息公司Ei编辑部的分类,文摘分为信息性文摘和指示性文摘,或者两者结合的文摘。
信息性文摘(Information Abstracts)一般包括了原始文献某些重要内容梗概,主要有以下三部分组成。
----目的 主要说明作者写此文章的目的,或说明本文主要要解决的问题。----过程及方法 主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。
----结果 作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论;如有可能,尽量提一句作者所得到结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
信息性文摘多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章,也用于会议录中的会议论文及各种专题技术报告。
指示性文摘(Indicated Abstracts)仅指出文献的综合内容,适用于综述性文献、图书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。综述性文献最常见的如某技术在某时期的综合发展情况;或某技术在目前的发展水平,以及未来展望等。总之这种文献是综述情况而不是某个技术工艺、某产品或某设备的研究过程。一般情况下信息性文摘占有绝大部分比例。文摘长度(Length of the Abstracts)
文摘长一般不超过150 words,不少于100 words;少数情况下可以例外,视原文文献而定,但主题概念不得遗漏。据统计如根据前述三部分写文摘一般都不会少于100 words。另外,写、译或校文摘可不受原文文摘的约束。一般缩短文摘方法如下:
(1)取消不必要的字句:如“It is reported…”,“Extensive investigations show that …”, “The author disusses…”, “This paper concerned with…”
(2)对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;
(3)取消或减少背景情况(Background Information);
(4)限制文摘只表示新情况、新内容,过去的研究细节可以取消;
(5)不说废话,如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”切不可进入文摘;
(6)作者在文摘中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘;
(7)尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元,如:
不用at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ 而用at 250-300 ℃
at a high pressure of 200 MPa at 200 MPa
at a high temperature of 1500 ℃ at 1500 ℃
Specially designed or formulated nothing
此外请注意:文摘第一句话切不可与题名(Title)重复;在Ei中每篇文摘记录都是与题名连排的,只是题名用黑体排印,因此可以认为题名便是文摘的第一句话。遇到此种重复情况请改写。
例如:不用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE B CENTER IN LiF.A wave
function for the B center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits.The…”
而用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE B CENTER IN LiF.A linear combination of appropriate molecular orbitals is assumed.The…”文体风格(Styles)
(1)文摘叙述要简明,逻辑性要强。
(2)句子结构严谨完整,尽量用短句子。
(3)技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准。
(4)用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论。如:“The structure of dislocaton core in Gap was investigated by weak-beam electro microscope.The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partial with separations of(80+10)and(40+10)A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.(5)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式。如:用”Thickness of plastic sheets was measured“
不用”Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made“.(6)注意冠词用法,分清a是泛指,the是专指。如:”Pressure is a function of temperature“ 不应是”Pressure is a function of the temperature“.”The refinery operates…“ 不应是”Refinery operates…
(7)避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词,可用预置短语分开或用连字符(hyphen)断开名词词组,作为单位形容词(一个形容词)。
如:应用“The cholorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index”代替“The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer”.(8)不使用俚语、外来语表达概念,应用标准英语。
(9)尽量用主动语态代替被动语态。如:“A exceed B” 优于“B is exceeded by A”.(10)语言要简练,但不得使用电报语言。如“Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chronite investigation”应为“Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chronite was investigated”.(11)文词要淳朴无华,不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法。如“Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.”
(12)组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语。如:不用“The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 h of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.”, 而用“When the pigment was dissoved in
dioxane,decolorization was irreversible after 10 h of UV irradiation”.(13)用重要的事实开头,尽量避免用辅助从句开头。如:用“Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally”, 而不用“From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined”.(14)删繁从简。如:用“increase”代替“has been found to increase”.(15)文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时,尽量列出他们的名字。
(16)文摘词语拼写,用英美拼法都可;但每篇中应保持一致。
(17)英文题名开头第一词不得用The, And, An和A.(18)题名中尽量少用缩略词,必要时亦需在括号中注明全称(包括中文文献题名中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音缩略字);特殊字符及希腊字母在题名中尽量不用或少用。文摘中的特殊字符(Special Characters)
英文摘要 篇5
随着科学技术的发展,为满足对外交流的需要,国家统一规定,公开发表的学术论文应附有英文摘要。
英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样,包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。但是,英文有其自身特点,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于上述“四部分”的内容不必写入摘要。第二,对属于“四部分”的内容,也应适当取舍,做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。比如“目的”,在多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如“方法”,有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步骤。
中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题;二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。
选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律:
1、时态:大体可概括为以下几点。
1)叙述研究过程,多采用一般过去时。
2)在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事,宜采用过去完成时。
3)说明某课题现已取得的成果,宜采用现在完成时。
4)摘要开头表示本文所“报告”或“描述”的内容,以及摘要结尾表示作者所“认为”的观点和“建议”的做法时,可采用一般现在时。
2、语态:在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。
掌握一定的遣词造句技巧的目的是便于简单、准确的表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。
1、用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词,do,run,get,take等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词,诸如perform,achieve等,以便于读者理解。
2、造句
1)熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为
a)表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes…, …The purpose of this study is……
b)表示研究的对象与方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]
c)表示研究的结果:[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that……
d)表示结论、观点或建议:The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…
2)尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的“时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定)。采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。
中英文摘要 篇6
俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析
肖世涛
(榆林学院中文系陕西榆林719000)
摘要:
19世纪俄国“自然派”作家正式提出了写“小人物”的口号。他们在作品中描述小人物的悲惨命运和内心痛苦,从而使文艺成为“社会的一面忠实的镜子”。“小人物”在社会中官阶、地位极其低下,生活困苦,但又逆来顺受、安分守己、性格懦弱、胆小怕事,因此成为“大人物”统治下被侮辱的牺牲者。但通过对作家普希金、果戈理、契诃夫、陀斯托耶夫斯基等关于小人物的作品及其主人公的分析,我们不难发现“小人物”的悲剧命运并非仅限于官僚统治欺凌等外在的社会原因,同时还有“小人物”自身固有的内在原因,其中,因循守旧不思转变观念的思维模式是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的思想原因,软弱怯懦、不思反抗的逃避行为是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的性格原因。作者再现“小人物”保守思想和懦弱性格的目的,在于通过对“小人物”灵魂的拷问,完成人格形态的批判,把他们从沉睡中唤醒。对“小人物”寄寓有限的同情,但更多地倾注了对其劣根性哀其不幸,怒其不争的抨击。揭示现实中小人物存在的具体现象,生活在现代社会的人们,应该静下心来反思一下,是不是自己身上也能找到小人物的影子,指出文章对现实的警示意义。
关键词:俄国文学小人物悲剧命运外在原因内在原因
I
俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析
An analyze on the cause of tragic destiny of "no man"
in Russian literature
XiaoShitao
(Chinese Department,Yulin College,Yulin,Shaanxi719000)
Abstract:In 19th century the writer of "the natural faction"in Russia proposed a slogan to write the life of "the no man".They described the tragic destiny and inner world pain of "the no man",and it made the literary arts to become "a faithful mirror of the society".These "no man"had a low position in the society and lead a miserable life,but at the same time,they all content with things as they are and had cowardly charcuter,therefore,they became the prey who were insulted under the domination of"the great man".However,according to the author's analyze on the work which were wrote by Pushkin,Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol,Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky,we can easily find the reason of tragic destiny of the"no man"is not only some external causes but also some internal causes.Among all this reasons,the thought pattern of stick to old ways is their tragic destiny's thought reason.The author reproduce their conservative thinking and cowardly character in order to crieicize the personality from of the"no man"and awake them from deep sleep.In this thesis,the author gives the no man limited sympathy,but pay more attention to attack their sadness and not the behaviors of struggle for their angry.According to reveal the phenomanon of existence of"no man"in real life,the author hopes the people live in real life can introspect thenselves and shows the significance to the reality.
Key words:Russian literature;No man; Tragic destiny; External causes;Internal
causes
关于中英文摘要的书写要求 篇7
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论的解释, 简明确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有自明性和独立性, 并拥有与一次文献同等量的主要信息。即不阅读全文就能获得必要的信息。通常中文摘要以不超过400字为宜。应以第三人称的语气书写。不要使用“本文”、“作者”、“我们”等作为陈述的主语。
摘要一律采用四要素式, 即: (1) 目的 (objective) :简要说明研究的目的, 说明提出问题的缘由, 表明研究的范围和重要性。 (2) 方法 (methods) :简要说明研究课题的基本设计, 使用了什么材料和方法, 如何分组对照, 研究范围及精确程度, 数据是如何取得的, 经何种统计学方法处理。 (3) 结果 (results) :简要列出研究主要结果和数据, 有什么新发现, 说明其价值及局限。叙述要具体、准确。并需给出结果的置信值、统计学显著性检验的确切值。 (4) 结论 (conclusion) :简要说明经验证、论证取得的正确观点其理论价值或应用价值, 是否可推荐或推广等。英文摘要的内容与中文摘要的内容大体相一致, 英文摘要四要素的小标题应根据实际情况确定单复数。
在英文摘要内容前仍需附英文文题、作者单位 (包括邮政编码) 及作者姓名。中、英文摘要具体书写格式同前。敬请广大读者、作者周知, 并遵照此要求投稿, 力求杂志更加规范化、标准化。
文章英文摘要 篇8
An 80-Year-Old Artist Who Has Been Working Ceaselessly: Some Reflections on the Concert of Music by Lu Yuan
Lu Yuan and I were contemporaries in youth. A little older than me, and an old friend of mine, he had already been a renowned composer when I was still an unknown young man. Recently, for over a month, I have read news on major newspapers about his forthcoming concert to be held at the Great Hall of the People. I certainly feel glad from the very bottom of my heart at such great achievements that my old friend, the 80-year-old accomplished composer Lu Yuan has made so far.
The concert, entitled ″Our Life Is Full of Sunshine: The Concert of Works by the 80-Year-Old Lu Yuan″, features Lu Yuan's works over a period of 55 years from 1954 to 2008, many of which are so famous songs that they have been enjoying great popularity in China over these years. Being a diligent composer, he has created, apart from the works performed at the concert, many great works in forms of operas, musical and dance dramas, sound track music for films and TV dramas, and symphonies.
Lu Yuan's music is characterized by its distinctive style of vivid, ethnic melody, which forms a perfect combination of ethnic nature and modern life of social reality. ″The Bright Moon on August 15 in Lunar Calendar″ is just one of such examples.
He has shown in his works his love for his motherland. He was born in the old China, and experienced the Liberation War and witnessed the founding of the new republic. Out of his own experiences in the great changes in the country, he composed such passionate songs as ″ Song of Constructers″, ″Where Does the Street Vendor Come From″, and ″Song of Kelamayi″, all of which pay a tribute to the construction of a new nation. With his profound understandings of the new society and all the difficult historical times, he cherishes more the new life after the beginning of reforms and opening up to the outside world, and hence he uttered his eulogies in his songs such as ″Our Life Is Full of Sunshine″, ″Our Tomorrow Will Be Sweeter Than Honey″, ″Song of Peony″ and ″The Spring Water Is Tinkling″.
Lu Yuan's works were deeply based on real life. In his music career while working in the Art Troupe of the Ministry of Construction and later on in the Navy Political Department Art Troupe, he had been keen on going deep into social reality. Many of his outstanding works actually originated from his personal experience in real life. He has been doing so even after the beginning of the reform and opening drive, regardless of his old age. When I was working with the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), China's top advisory body, I often paid inspection visits to some cities and large-scale enterprises, and I frequently heard that Lu Yuan had been there and had composed suites of songs for such important construction projects as the Three Gorges Dam and Dayawan Nuclear Power Plant. This is the very reason why his works are so lively, vivid and full of vitality.
Lu Yuan is a versatile artist. In the second half of the concert I heard two Japanese songs which he translated from Japanese into Chinese, making them popular in China. This reminds me of my previous visit to Japan in 2002 with a Chinese musicians' delegation. Although we had an official interpreter, it was Lu Yuan who made the oral interpretation at the seminar on Dan Ikuma's operas and during my speech as head of the delegation. His translation was excellent, with such vivid language that won appraisal from our Japanese friends. He has excellent knowledge of Japanese language, and he is also versed in Chinese language. He had published his collections of poems and essays in his early years with considerably high artistic level. Of all the songs in this concert, 12 have lyrics written by himself. He is also a good violinist. He had once played my violin solo piece ″Yanko Dance″ that I composed in 1950. And I had no idea of that at all until he told me this during a conference of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles some years ago.
Some Thoughts on the National Competition for Composition of Excellent Popular Songs
The widely known National Competition for Composition of Excellent Popular Songs concluded with great success recently. The competition, which lasted a year and a half, has attracted numerous lyric writers and music composers from both home and abroad, with a record high participation rate and submission of over 25,000 original works. The unexpected high quantity and quality of entries have made the competition the largest one of the same kind in the history of New China. Here I would like to present from the perspective of the competition organizer my view on the significance of the event and some of my thoughts on the current situation of popular song composition.
First, in spite of the inevitably unbalanced quality level in this nation-wide competition, there do exist in some of the participating works a kind of ″consciousness stream″ style apparently with unconstrained and often obscure creation. Song writing is production of spiritual products, oriented towards the public and intended to serve the public. This is the standpoint for any song writing. And likewise, it applies to popular song writing, which should observe the artistic rules of lyric writing. In this competition, some works have shown such an unhealthy tendency that we should deal with seriously. In the present time of advanced internet technology and media, works of such kind may easily be spread by means of internet, and therefore this must be solved in effective and active ways.
Second, technical imperfection in popular song writing has been exposed in this competition. As a result of low production cost and easy access for entry works, the good and bad works are intermingled in the seemingly ″overall prosperous″ situation. In general, one may discover the following problems: too many works with similar elements or with lack of innovation in music language; insufficient delicacy in music composition, including instrumentation, post-synchronization, recording, harmony polyphony and texture application; and out-of-fashion music language and orchestration. Also, in some works one finds marginized subject matters that indulge simply in the author's own ″ego″.
Third, due to stagnant research on music theory, there has been no predictive direction in popular song writing both technically and ideologically. In recent years, no sufficient attention has been paid to the overall environment and development tendency of popular song writing while more attention has been focused on research and analysis of specific works. It is obvious that many problems that were discovered in the competition should have been dealt with and resolved theoretically.
如何写英文摘要 篇9
英语论文摘要是研究论文的重要组成部分,本文首先通过英语论文摘要的重要功能作用来阐明其重要性;并且分析在进行英语论文摘要撰写工作中,应把握摘要的两个主要特点-完整的语篇结构和精炼的语言,进而通过实际例子的对比分析,探讨如何把握摘要的主要特点之一-其完整的语篇结构。
【一】1.Background(背景):介绍论文研究的背景,描述前者研究存在哪些问题,为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。
2.Method(方法):介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法,需要注意的是:因为摘要字数有限,所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可,不要花太多篇幅介绍。
3.Results(结果):这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果,如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。
4.Conclusion(结论):论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。
Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。
其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文,也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。
所以,摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。
【二】1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,以提供论文内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。
2、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。
为此,英文摘要应重点包括4个要素,即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。
在这4个要素中,后2个是最重要的。
在执行上述原则时,有些情况下,英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围,以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
3、英文摘要句型力求简单,通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。
4、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论,不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;
不用非公知公用的符号和术语,不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文,缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明;
科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位,正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。
【三】一、绪论
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
二、要的类型与基本内容
英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。
原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的.注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题,多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;
②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;
③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
三、英文题名
1)题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(nounphrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
例如:thefrequentbryophytesinthemountainhelanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);thermodynamiccharacteristicsofwaterabsorptionofheattreatedwood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
例如:canagriculturalmechanizationberealizedwithoutpetroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。
2)题名的字数。
题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志jnat cancerinst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
这些规定可供我们参考。
总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
3)中英文题名的一致性。
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
例如:工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算,thedirectmeasurementofheattransmittedwetsteam。
英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”,与中文题名相比较,二者用词虽有差别,但内容上是一致的。
4)题名中的冠词。
在早年,科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多,近些年有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
例如:theeffectofgroundwaterqualityonthewheatyieldandquality.其中两处的冠词the均可不用。
5)题名中的大小写。
题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。
全部字母大写。
例如:optimaldispositionofrollerchaindrive
每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。
例如:thedeformationandstrengthofconcretedamswithdefects
题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。
例如:topographicinversionofintervalVelocities.
目前b.格式用得最多,而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。
6)题名中的缩略词语。
已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
4
四、作者与作者单位的英译
1)作者。
中国人名按汉语拼音拼写;其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。
2)单位。
单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。
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