奥巴马就职演说词(精选8篇)
奥巴马就职演说词 篇1
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given.It must be earned.Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less.It has not been the path for the faint-heartedsome celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.再次肯定我们国家的伟大,我们了解伟大绝非赐予而来,必须努力达成。我们的旅程从来就不是抄捷径或很容易就满足。这条路一直都不是给 不勇敢的人走的,那些偏好逸乐胜过工作,或者只想追求名利就满足的人。恰恰相反,走这条路的始终是勇于冒险的人,做事的人,成事的人,其中有些人很出名,但更常见的是在各自岗位上的男男女女无名英雄,在这条漫长崎区的道路上支撑我们,迈向繁荣与自由。
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.为了我们,他们携带很少的家当,远渡重洋,追寻新生活。
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.为了我们,他们胼手胝足,在西部安顿下来;忍受风吹雨打,筚路蓝缕。
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg;Normandy and Khe Sanh.为了我们,他们奋斗不懈,在康科特和盖茨堡,诺曼地和溪山等地葬身。
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions;greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.前人不断的奋斗与牺牲,直到双手皮开肉绽,我们才能享有比较好的生活。他们将美国视为大于所有个人企图心总和的整体,超越出身、财富 或小圈圈的差异。
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our landthey will be met.今天我要告诉各位,我们面临的挑战是真的,挑战非常严重,且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易,或在短时间内解决。但是,美国要了解,这些 挑战会被解决。
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.在这一天,我们聚在一起,因为我们选择希望而非恐惧,有意义的团结而非纷争和不合。
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the
recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.在这一天,我们来此宣示,那些无用的抱怨和虚伪的承诺已终结,那些扭曲我们政治已久的相互指控和陈旧教条已终结。We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things.The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit;to choose our better history;to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.我们仍是个年轻的国家,但借用圣经的话,摆脱幼稚事物的时刻到来了,重申我们坚忍精神的时刻到来了,选择我们更好的历史,实践那种代 代传承的珍贵权利,那种高贵的理念:就是上帝的应许,我们每个人都是平等的,每个人都是自由的,每个人都应该有机会追求全然的幸福。
奥巴马就职演说词 篇2
一、语音
语音方面最大的特点就是巧妙运用重读音节和非重读音节的搭配,用节奏感增强语义效果,吸引听众。例如:“Recallthat earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances.”此句中的重读与非重读安排得均匀得当, 读起来抑扬顿挫富有美感。此外, 头韵和尾韵的使用在此篇演说中也起到了很好的表达效果, 例如“With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly.”通过这些相同词素的使用令听众将相关的词语联系起来, 加深印象达到思想意识上的操控。
二、词汇
奥巴马演说的词汇量为6256个,大多数词具有较明显的书面语特征,具有严肃性和谨慎性:首先,大量使用抽象名词和动词,如:unclench, dissolve, emanate,;tolerance, loyalty, duty等,还有grievance, recrimination, swill等较生僻的词语解释抽象主义和理想,增强正式度和信任度。其次,借助表主观判断和感情色彩的词语,如young, powerful, enduring, noble, inventive等达到很好的煽动效果。再次,第一人称及其复数的使用使听众感觉被包含其中,缩短与听众的距离。第一人称复数有2个作用:代词“we”将听众放置与讲话者的同一位置,易于被听众接受,达到对其意识的操控,唤起团体意识与共同利益,缩小内部差异,达到团结一致的效果。
三、句法
长句结构复杂,容量大,可以表达复杂的思想,使说理严密[1]。从句子的长度看,奥巴马就职演说的总字数为2401字,总句数为95句,平均句长为25.3字,超过了总统就职演说的平均句长17.8字。以第19段为例:“Nor is the question...Its power to generate...The success of our economy...”段中仅含3句,116个词,平均话长38.67,是英语每句平均含词量的两倍,最短的第一句也含16个词。这种复杂结构的使用使奥巴马的信心、决心、责任感等情感展现得更加突出有力。
演说中同时频繁运用短句, 达到句子结构的多样性与协调性。以第4段为例:“Our nation is at war...Our economy is weakened...Our health care is too costly.”奥巴马先用一系列的短句来描述美国当前的严峻形势, 然后宣布政策并激发国民采取行动, 听众深受这种短促有节奏的句子影响, 易于受其思想操控。
四、修辞
修辞手段极富煽动力, 有助政治家实现劝说与鼓动的目的。奥巴马就职演说中有反复、排比、比喻、引用等修辞。
反复是对某个词语成分进行重复,表达深刻思想,增强语言节奏感[2]。演说第11—13段以“For us”为开头的反复运用,奥巴马通过表达对前人的感激建立了自己的正面形象,达到劝说和操控的目的。此外,演说末段中频繁使用以“let”为开头的句式是一种对听众思想操纵的标志,“让我们”即“做我说的”,通过这些有力的手段,奥巴马实现了政治领袖的影响力。
排比,就是把结构相同、意义并重的词组或句子排列成串,可以加强语义,造成一种“突出”,使文章条理清楚,论点突出[3]。奥巴马的演说中运用排比多达18次,如“...promise that allare equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance...”使其演说极具煽动性和号召力, 成功吸引了听众并达到了思想操控的目的。
该演说中还运用了隐喻:“tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.”引用《圣经》中的语句“in the words of Scripture”等加强说服力。
五、语篇
演讲需要一个有逻辑性和层次性的结构,以此演说主体第三部分为例,结构为:(1)缅怀前人的贡献;(2)描绘当前的严峻形势,提出具体的方案并解释其可行性;(3)宣布对国外不同势力的措施;(4)呼吁行动。整个主体部分层次分明,逻辑连贯,突出了演说的主旨。
奥巴马就职演说与历届总统演说一样从形式到实质都具有浓厚的宗教色彩。他在就职仪式开始时将手放在《圣经》上进行宣誓;在演说中直接引用《圣经》解释自己的观点和政策,例如“...in the words of Scripture...”;在结束演说时,他同样以上帝的名义呼吁公众的行动,对听众进行思想操控:“...with eyesfixed on the horizon and God’s grace upon us...”
六、结语
通过对奥巴马总统就职演说的分析,得出以下文体特点:首先,兼有较强书面语和口语特征。其次,大量第一人称单、复数的运用吸引听众注意力,使其感觉被包含其中。再次,巧妙的语言技巧、多变的句型和得体的修辞技巧使演讲感人煽情。最后,合理的篇章结构组织和宗教色彩的巧妙结合使演说极富说服力和感染力。奥巴马的就职演说对于读者增强对政治语篇的鉴赏力是一个很好的借鉴,同时可以提高读者对语言的批判性意识。
摘要:本文从语音、词汇、句法、修辞和语篇等层面, 通过揭示奥巴马的就职演说的文体特征, 帮助读者增强对政治语篇的鉴赏力, 以及对其中的意识形态的敏感度, 从而提高语言的批判性意识。
关键词:奥巴马就职演说,文体风格,鉴赏力,敏感度
参考文献
[1]秦秀白.英语语体和文体要略[Z].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.
[2]冯翠华.修辞大全[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995.
奥巴马总统就职演说词的语篇衔接 篇3
【关键词】奥巴马 就职演说 语篇衔接
【Abstract】This study bases on President Obama's inauguration speech in 2013,which studies cohesive devices in Obama’s inaugural addresses.The study analyzes that president Obama’s inaugural addresses apply lots of cohesive devices,including reference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunction,lexical cohesion and so on.The paper aims to deepen the general English learners' understanding of discourse cohesion theory,improve English learners' understanding of discourse and appreciation ability,and thus improve their English application ability.
【Key words】Obama; inaugural addresses; cohesive devices
一、引言
演說是在公众场合面对公众发表言论的一种形式。演说者公开的交流思想,阐明事理,以期让听众理解演说者表达的真实含义。美国总统就职演说是公开的非即兴政治演讲,其形式虽然是口头的,但演讲前却精心准备了演讲内容,因此其文本带有强烈的书面色彩,内容丰富深刻,逻辑性强,整篇演说词通过各种各样衔接手段的运用,形成了连贯的语篇。研究奥巴马总统就职演说词对丰富英语学习者的语言知识,提高英语学习者的语言理解能力和鉴赏能力具有重大意义。
二、语篇的衔接理论
在《英语的衔接》一文中Halliday 和Hasan提到,衔接是存在于句子内部成分之间或者两个相邻句子之间的一种语义关系。并指出,一个语篇中的一个部分需要另一个部分的辅助才能使读者完整的理解这个部分的含义,这两个部分存在衔接关系。Halliday和Hasan指出衔接手段由词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)、连接(conjunction)、照应(reference)、省略(ellipsis)和替代(substitution)构成。其中,照应、省略连接和省略都属于语法衔接手段。每一种衔接手段又可以分为不同的子类。语法衔接与词汇衔接交替出现,使语篇衔接连贯。
自从1976年Halliday 和Hasan 合著发表了《英语的衔接》一书,“衔接”一词被广泛应用于语篇分析之中。但是使用语篇衔接理论来分析美国总统就职演说的文章并不多见,并且分析最近一次奥巴马总统就职演说的文章更是少之又少,本研究基于2013年奥巴马总统就职演说词语料,以Halliday 和Hasan 的语篇衔接理论为依据,分析了美国总统奥巴马就职演说词中各种衔接手段的运用。
三、奥巴马就职演说中的衔接手段分析
1.照应(Reference)。Halliday和Hasan(2007)指出,对一个词语的解释必须从该词所指的对象找到解释,而不是从该词语本身寻求解释,这种现象就是照应。照应分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应,这是根据照应对象的性质的不同而划分的。
例1 Each time we gather to inaugurate a president,we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution…...
例1中使用了人称照应,据统计,奥巴马总统的就职演说词中“we”使用68次。语篇中we的使用,讲话人将自己放在与听话人同一立场,使听话者感到亲近,这样容易得到听话者的支持,将听话人拉到自己的一边。(王佐良,1987)在奥巴马总统的演说词中,“we”是指奥巴马总统自己和听众。例1连续使用4个“we”表明奥巴马总统对所有民众一视同仁,奥巴马总统把自己的命运与国家与人民紧密的联系在一起。
例2 We are true to our creed when a little girl born into the bleakest poverty knows that she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else.
指示代词(如this、that、these、those)、表示时间和地点的副词(如there、here、now)及定冠词the都可以用来表示照应。例2中的“the”指代长成于最贫穷环境下的小女孩拥有和其他任何人一样的成功机会,特指小女孩的成功机会,起到了巧妙的衔接作用。
例3 Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science,but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires,and crippling drought,and more powerful storms.
语篇衔接手段中另一中比较常见的方法就是比较照应。表示相似、异同、优劣、差别(如equal、so、such、otherwise、other等)及形容词和副词的比较级都可以用来表示照应。例3中使用“more”就属于比较照应的用法。表达了奥巴马对气候变化问题的高度关注,用比较级表明强有力的风暴带来的灾难性的打击将是我们无法抗衡的现实,由此来呼吁民众保护我们赖以生存的气候。通过比较照应的使用,将整个语篇更紧密的联系到一起。
从奥巴马总统的演说词中发现,其the 的使用次数是148次,是奥巴马总统整篇演说词中使用频率最高的一个词。“these”使用10次,“more”使用7次等等,由此不难看出整篇演说词使用了大量的照应。
2.替代(Substitution)。替代是指一个词在上下文可以找到,为了避免重复我们用一个替代词来替代这个词。根据这个词在原文中所做的成分的不同,替代由从句替代、动词替代和名词替代构成。
例4 My fellow Americans,the oath I have sworn before you today,like the one recited by others who serve in this Capitol.
名词性替代是演讲词中经常使用的一直替代方法。例4中奥巴马用“one”替代了上文出现过的”the oath”,不仅有效地避免了重复,而且使整片演讲词更加衔接连贯,同时隐含了深刻的含义,表现了奥巴马愿意承接历任总统的使命和责任,愿意与全国人民一起努力奋斗,表达了实习美好愿望的决心和毅力,使演讲词得到升华。
3.连接(Conjunction)。连接又称逻辑联系语(黄国文,1988),语篇中连接性词语的使用,不仅可以是读者了解前后文的逻辑关系,还可以使读者猜测到后文要表达的语义。Halliday和Hasan(1976)将连接分为4类:增补型(and,also,moreover,thus,etc.)、转折型(yet,but,or,however,instead,etc.)、原因型(so,hence,therefore,etc.)、时间型(then,next,afterwards,meanwhile,etc.)。
例5 With common effort and common purpose,with passion and dedication,let us answer the call of history,and carry into an uncertain future that precious light of freedom.
通过”and”这个连接性词语的使用,听众可以了解到奥巴马演讲词上下文的逻辑关系,前面的句子暗示了后面句子所要表达的语义。此处用了三个”and”,不仅可以加强语势力,而且使整个语篇紧密的联系在一起,从而促进了两个短语和两句话之间的语义连贯。
整个演说稿“and”使用88次,是奥巴马总统整篇演说词中使用频率居于第二位的一个词,由此可见,奥巴馬总统的演说词使用了大量的连接手段。
4.词汇衔接(Lexical cohesion)。在语篇中,为了使语篇更加衔接连贯,作者通过一些重复性或搭配性词汇贯彻语篇。这种现象叫做词汇衔接。即通过选择有意义联系的词汇来取得语篇衔接的效果。词汇衔接是衔接中最突出最重要的形式(Hoey,1991)。重述(如上下义关系、同义词、近义词和重复等)和搭配是词汇衔接的两个重要组成部分。(刘辰诞,1999)。
例6 Together,we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce; schools and colleges to train our workers.
Together,we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.
Together,we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable,and protect its people from life’s worst hazards and misfortune.
重复的衔接方式在演说中出现频率高,因为这种衔接方式不仅在结构上呼应,而且节奏感强,增强了演说者话语的号召力和感染力,例6中,连续三段都以“together”开头,表达了奥巴马总统把自己的命运与国家与人民紧密的联系在一起,起到了鼓舞人心的作用,用三个重复的结构,使感情升华,表达了奥巴马总统对人民的期望,告诉世人要好好珍惜前人给我们创造的美好生活,继续努力拼搏。从而使主题的发展环环相扣,层层推进,促进了语篇整体意义的连贯。
四、结语
本研究基于2013年奥巴马总统就职演说词语料,分析了奥巴马总统就职演说词中的衔接手段的运用,研究发现,奥巴马总统就职演说词中灵活地使用了各种语篇衔接手段,比如词汇衔接、照应、省略和替代等。各种语篇衔接手段得到了巧妙的运用,有效地将语篇连贯到一起,增强了演讲的感染力和震撼力,奥巴马总统就职演说的分析能够帮助学生理解衔接理论的应用,提高英语学习者对语篇的理解和鉴赏能力,从而提高英语应用能力。由于篇幅及作者的能力有限,本研究还有许多不足之处,语篇衔接理论包括很多方面,此论文没有详尽阐述,以后还需要进一步深入的研究。
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[11]朱永生,郑立信,苗兴伟.英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.
作者简介:
论奥巴马就职演说修辞风格 篇4
论文导读:演讲是修辞的最早来源,修辞手法又是演讲中最常用的语言技巧。本文以奥巴马就职演说为例,分析其中所用的修辞手法,并举例说明。美国第 44 届总统奥巴马发表的举世瞩目的就职演说,使现场无数观众感动得热泪盈眶。关键词:奥巴马,就职演说,修辞
[摘要]演讲是修辞的最早来源,修辞手法又是演讲中最常用的语言技巧。本文以奥巴马就职演说为例,分析其中所用的修辞手法,并举例说明。
演讲人的目的在于激发听众的感情,说服和打动听众。因此,演讲者常常运用诸多修辞手段来增强演说词的文采和艺术感染力。美国第44 届总统奥巴马发表的举世瞩目的就职演说,使现场无数观众感动得热泪盈眶。在他的演说中使用了多种修辞手法,本文以此为例从音韵修辞格、美学修辞格、结构修辞格三方面对其进行分析。
一、音韵修辞格(PhoneticStylistic Devices)
国内英语修辞论著《英语修辞与写作》(黄任,1998:162)认为“头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。”例如:
With old friendsand former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat…(押头韵)
This is the meaningof our liberty and our creed, why men and women and childrenof every race and every faith…(押尾韵)
二、结构修辞格(SyntacticalStylistic Devices)
(一)排比(Parallelism)
陆稼祥等(1991:166)是这样对排比下定义:“由三个或三个以上结构相同或相似,语气一致的短语、句子或段落成串地排列在一起,表达相似或相关内容的一种修辞方式。”排比也是奥巴马在其演说中使用的最频繁的一种修辞手法。例如:
(1)短语的平行排列(a group of Phrases):即以短语形式组成的排比。
a.It’s been a longtime coming but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in thiselection, at this defining moment, change had become to America.三个介词短语构成排比,说明今天美国迎来了变革。
b.There is newenergy to haness and new jobs to be created, new schools tobuild and threats to meet and alliances to repair.五个不定式短语的排比,说出了美国面临的问题和要完成的任务。
(2)句子的平行排列(a series of sentences):即由几个句子组成的排比,组成后称为一个句群。
a.I’ll be a President who finallymakes health care affordable and available to every single American… I’ll be aPresident who ends the tax breaks for companies that ship our jobs overseas… I’ll be aPresident who hamesses the ingernity of famers and scientists… And I’llbe a President who ends this war in Iraq and finally brings our troops home…
四个句子的排比全面阐述了他上台后的施政大纲,四个排比句囊括了社会各个群体,表现了他对各个群体利益的关心,从而得到了公众的支持。
b.But I willalways be honest with you about the challenges we face.I will listen toyou, especially when we disagree.And above all, I will ask you join inthe work of remarking this nation only way it’s been done in America… 前面提出“我作为总统所做的每项决定或决策,会有许多人持有异议,我们也知道,政府不能解决所有问题”,面对这种情况,奥巴马用了三个“I will…”句式的排比,做出了很好的回答:“我会一直向你们坦言我们所面临的挑战,我会听取你们的意见,尤其是存在不同意见的时候。最重要的是,我会请求你们参与重建这个国家……”奥巴马这一亲民政策拉近了与听众的距离,赢得了听众的支持。
(3)段落的平行排列(a group of paragraphs):即两个或几个结构相似、内容相近段落组成的排比。
And tonight, …she’sseen…the beartache and the hope;the struggle and the progress…Yes we can.At a time…she livedto see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.Yes we can.When there was…shesaw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, new jobs and a new sense ofcommon purpose.Yes,we can.When the bombs…, shewas there to witness a generation rise to
greatness and a democracy was saved.Yes,wecan.… 这几段出现在演讲结尾,给演讲增加了排山倒海的气势,具有强大的煽动性,把整个演讲推向了又一个高潮。科技论文。
(二)反复(Repetition)
反复的表现形式是多种多样的,既包括词法、句法方面的重复,也包括音韵方面的重复,即音、形、义等不同层次的重复。例如:
Today I say to youthat the challenges we face are real.They are serious and thely are many.Theywill not be met easily or in a short span of time.But know this, America, theywill be met.文中“they”出现了四次,指首句中的“challenges”,表达了克服危机的坚定信念,博得了全场听众的热烈掌声。
(三)对比(Antithesis)
对比就是把两种相反或相对的事物,或同一事物相反或相对的两个方面放在一起相互比较,使事物的特征、性质、状态更加突出,使表达的意思更加条理分明,使逻辑辩证力量更加强大。科技论文。例如:
It’s the answerspoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white,Latine, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled.这段话将年轻人和老人,有钱人和没钱人,民主党和共和党,黑人,白人,西班牙裔人,美国本土人,同性恋,异性恋,残疾人和不残疾的进行对比,显示了奥巴马的仁慈和人人平等的理念。
三、词语修辞格(LexicalStylistic Devices)
(一)明喻(Simile)
明喻是就两个不同事物之间的相似点进行对比,用具体的,浅显的和熟知的事物去说明或描写抽象的、深奥的、生疏的事物,以获得生动形象,传神达意的修辞效果。例如:
For us, the foughtand died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg, Normandy and Khe Sarh.本句中“like”前面是本体,后面是喻体。
(二)隐喻(Metaphor)
隐喻是不露比喻的痕迹,没有明显的比喻词,比明喻更进一步的比喻。例如:
American who sent amessage to the world that we have never keen a collection of Red States andBlue States we are, and always will be, the United States of America.其中“Red State”暗喻共和党,“Blue States”暗喻民主党。
(三)拟人(Personification)
拟人法就是把物当做人来写,赋予它们以人的思想、感情与行为方式。科技论文。例如:
We remain a youngnation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childishthings.美国仍是一个年轻的国家,借用圣经的话说,放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。
(四)夸张(Hyperbole)
夸张就是为了表达的需要,故意言过其实,对客观的人、事、物做扩
大或缩小的描述。例如:
The snow was tainedwith blood.冬天的雪被鲜血染红了。
奥巴马就职演说全文(英文版) 篇5
2009年01月20日
奥巴马手按林肯当年用《圣经》宣誓就任美总统
奥巴马就职演说词 篇6
http:// 2013-01-22 09:36:46
當地時間1月21日中午,美國總統奧巴馬在國會山公開宣誓後發表第二任期就職演講,演講強調美國建國精神,並提及就業、醫療、移民、氣候、同性戀、兒童安全等多項議題。以下為奧巴馬就職演說全文:
謝謝,非常感謝大家。拜登副總統、首席大法官先生、國會議員們、尊敬的各位嘉賓、親愛的公民們:
(MR.OBAMA: Vice President Biden, Mr.Chief Justice, Members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens:)
每一次我們集會慶祝總統就職,我們都在見證美國憲法的持久力量。我們都在確認美國民主的承諾。我們重申,將這個國家緊密聯繫在一起的不是我們的膚色,也不是我們信仰的教條,更不是我們族名的來源。讓我們與眾不同,讓我們成為美國人的是,我們對於一種理念的恪守。200多年前,這一理念在一篇宣言中被清晰表明:
(Each time we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution.We affirm the promise of our democracy.We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names.What makes us exceptional – what makes us American – is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago:)
―我們認為下述真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等。造物主賦予他們若干不可剝奪的權利,包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。‖
(―We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.‖)
今天,我們繼續著這一未竟的征程,架起這些理念與我們時代現實之間的橋梁。因為歷史告訴我們,即便這些真理是不言而喻的,它們也從來不會自動生效。因為雖然自由是上帝賦予的禮物,但仍需要世間的子民去捍衛。1776年,美國的愛國先驅們不是只為了推翻國王的暴政而戰,也不是為贏得少數人的特權,建立暴民的統治。先驅們留給我們一個共和國,一個民有、民治、民享的政府。他們委托每一代美國人捍衛我們的建國信條。
(Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time.For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they have never been self-executing;that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth.The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob.They gave to us a Republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed.)
在過去的200多年裡,我們做到了。
(For more than two hundred years, we have.)
從奴役的血腥枷鎖和刀劍的血光厮殺中我們懂得了,建立在自由與平等原則之上的聯邦不能永遠維持半奴隸和半自由的狀態。我們贏得了新生,誓言共同前進。
(Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half-slave and half-free.We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together.)
我們共同努力,建立起現代的經濟體系。架設鐵路與高速公路,加速了旅行和商業交流。建立學校與大學,培訓我們的工人。
(Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce;schools and colleges to train our workers。)
我們一起發現,自由市場的繁榮只能建立在保障競爭與公平競爭的原則之上。
(Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.)
我們共同決定讓這個偉大的國家遠離危險,保護她的人民不受生命威脅和不幸的侵擾。一路走來,我們從未放棄對集權的質疑。
(Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life’s worst hazards and misfortune.)
我們同樣不屈服於這一謊言:一切的社會弊端都能夠只靠政府來解決。我們對積極向上與奮發進取的讚揚,我們對努力工作與個人責任的堅持,這些都是美國精神的基本要義。
(Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society’s ills can be cured through government alone.Our celebration of initiative and enterprise;our insistence on hard work and personal responsibility, these are constants in our character.)
我們也理解,時代在變化,我們同樣需要變革。對建國精神的忠誠,需要我們肩負起新的責任,迎接新的挑戰。保護我們的個人自由,最終需要所有人的共同努力。因為美國人不能再獨力迎接當今世界的挑戰,正如美國士兵們不能再像先輩一樣,用步槍和民兵同敵人(法西斯主義與共產主義)作戰。一個人無法培訓所有的數學與科學老師,我們需要他們為了未來去教育孩子們。一個人無法建設道路、鋪設網絡、建立實驗室來為國內帶來新的工作崗位和商業機會。現在,與以往任何時候相比,我們都更需要團結合作。作為一個國家,一個民族團結起來。
(But we have always understood that when times change, so must we;that fidelity to our founding principles requires new responses to new challenges;that preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action.For the American people can no more meet the demands of today’s world by acting alone than American soldiers could have met the forces of fascism or communism with muskets and militias.No single person can train all the math and science teachers we’ll need to equip our children for the future, or build the roads and networks and research labs that will bring new jobs and businesses to our shores.Now, more than ever, we must do these things together, as one nation, and one people.)
這一代美國人經歷了危機的考驗,經濟危機堅定了我們的決心,證明了我們的恢復力。長達十年的戰爭正在結束,經濟的復甦已經開始。美國的可能性是無限的,因為我們擁有當今沒有邊界的世界所需要的所有品質:年輕與活力、多樣性與開放、無窮的冒險精神以及創造的天賦才能。我親愛的同胞們,我們正是為此刻而生,我們更要在此刻團結一致,抓住當下的機會。
(This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience.A decade of war is now ending.An economic recovery has begun.America’s possibilities are limitless, for we possess all the qualities that this world without boundaries demands: youth and drive;diversity and openness;an endless capacity for risk and a gift for reinvention.My fellow Americans, we are made for this moment, and we will seize it – so long as we seize it together.)
因為我們,美國人民,清楚如果只有不斷萎縮的少數人群體獲得成功,而大多數人不能成功,我們的國家就無法成功。我們相信,美國的繁榮必須建立在不斷上升的中產階級的寬闊臂膀之上,我們知道美國的繁榮只有這樣才能實現。只有當每個人都能找到工作中的自立與自豪時才能實現。只有當誠實勞動獲得的薪水足夠讓家庭擺脫困苦的懸崖時才能實現。我們忠誠於我們的事業,保證讓一個 出生於最貧窮環境中的小女孩都能知道,她有同其他所有人一樣的成功機會。因為她是一個美國人,她是自由的、平等的。她的自由平等不僅由上帝來見證,更由我們親手保護。
(For we, the people, understand that our country cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it.We believe that America’s prosperity must rest upon the broad shoulders of a rising middle class.We know that America thrives when every person can find independence and pride in their work;when the wages of honest labor liberate families from the brink of hardship.We are true to our creed when a little girl born into the bleakest poverty knows that she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else, because she is an American, she is free, and she is equal, not just in the eyes of God but also in our own.)
我們知道,我們已然陳舊的程序不足以滿足時代的需要。我們必須應用新理念和新技術重塑我們的政府,改進我們的稅法,改革我們的學校,讓我們的公民擁有他們所需要的技能,更加努力地工作,學更多的知識,向更高處發展。這意味著變革,我們的目標是:國家可以獎勵每個美國人的努力和果斷。這是現在需要的。這將給我們的信條賦予真正的意義。
(We understand that outworn programs are inadequate to the needs of our time.We must harness new ideas and technology to remake our government, revamp our tax code, reform our schools, and empower our citizens with the skills they need to work harder, learn more, and reach higher.But while the means will change, our purpose endures: a nation that rewards the effort and determination of every single American.That is what this moment requires.That is what will give real meaning to our creed.)
我們,人民,仍然認為,每個公民都應當獲得基本的安全和尊嚴。我們必須做出艱難抉擇,降低醫療成本,縮減赤字規模。但我們拒絕在照顧建設國家的這一代和投資即將建設國家的下一代間做出選擇。因為我們記得過去的教訓:老年人的夕陽時光在貧困中度過,家有殘障兒童的父母無處求助。我們相信,在這個國家,自由不只是那些幸運兒的專屬,或者說幸福只屬於少數人。我們知道,不管我們怎樣負責任地生活,我們任何人在任何時候都可能面臨失業、突發疾病或住房被可怕的飓風摧毀的風險。我們通過醫療保險、聯邦醫療補助計劃、社會保障項目向每個人做出承諾,這些不會讓我們的創造力衰竭,而是會讓我們更強大。這些不會讓我們成為充滿不勞而獲者的國度,這些讓我們敢於承擔風險,讓 國家偉大。
(We, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity.We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit.But we reject the belief that America must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future.For we remember the lessons of our past, when twilight years were spent in poverty, and parents of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn.We do not believe that in this country, freedom is reserved for the lucky, or happiness for the few.We recognize that no matter how responsibly we live our lives, any one of us, at any time, may face a job loss, or a sudden illness, or a home swept away in a terrible storm.The commitments we make to each other – through Medicare, and Medicaid, and Social Security – these things do not sap our initiative;they strengthen us.They do not make us a nation of takers;they free us to take the risks that make this country great.)
我們,人民,仍然相信,我們作為美國人的義務不只是對我們自己而言,還包括對子孫後代。我們將應對氣候變化的威脅,認識到不採取措施應對氣候變化就是對我們的孩子和後代的背叛。一些人可能仍在否定科學界的壓倒性判斷,但沒有人能夠避免熊熊火災、嚴重旱災、更強力風暴帶來的災難性打擊。通向可再生能源利用的道路是漫長的,有時是困難的。但美國不能抵制這種趨勢,我們必 須引領這種趨勢。我們不能把製造新就業機會和新行業的技術讓給其他國家,我們必須明確這一承諾。這是我們保持經濟活力和國家財富(我們的森林和航道,我們的農田與雪峰)的方法。這將是我們保護我們星球的辦法,上帝把這個星球托付給我們。這將給我們的建國之父們曾宣布的信條賦予意義。
(We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but to all posterity.We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations.Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires, and crippling drought, and more powerful storms.The path towards sustainable energy sources will be long and sometimes difficult.But America cannot resist this transition;we must lead it.We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries – we must claim its promise.That is how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure – our forests and waterways;our croplands and snowcapped peaks.That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God.That’s what will lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared.)奧巴馬第二次就職演說關鍵字統計,提及最多的分別是―人民people‖和―時間time‖。
我們,人民,仍然相信持久的安全與和平,不需要持續的戰爭。我們勇敢的士兵經受了戰火的考驗,他們的技能和勇氣是無可匹敵的。我們的公民依然銘記著那些陣亡者,他們非常清楚我們為自由付出的代價。明白他們的犧牲將讓我們永遠對那些試圖傷害我們的勢力保持警惕。但我們也是那些贏得和平而不只是戰爭的人們的後代,他們將仇敵轉變成最可靠的朋友,我們也必須把這些經驗帶到這個時代。
(We, the people, still believe that enduring security and lasting peace do not require perpetual war.Our brave men and women in uniform, tempered by the flames of battle, are unmatched in skill and courage.Our citizens, seared by the memory of those we have lost, know too well the price that is paid for liberty.The knowledge of their sacrifice will keep us forever vigilant against those who would do us harm.But we are also heirs to those who won the peace and not just the war, who turned sworn enemies into the surest of friends, and we must carry those lessons into this time as well.)
我們將通過強大的軍力和法制保護我們的人民,捍衛我們的價值觀。我們將展現試圖和平解決與其它國家分歧的勇氣,但這不是因為我們對面臨的危險持幼稚的態度,而是因為接觸能夠更持久地化解疑慮和恐懼。美國將在全球保持強大的聯盟,我們將更新這些能擴展我們應對海外危機能力的機制。因為作為世界上最強大的國家,我們在世界和平方面擁有最大的利益。我們將支持從亞洲到非洲、從美洲至中東的民主國家,因為我們的利益和良心驅使我們代表那些想獲得自由的人們採取行動。我們必須成為貧困者、病患者、被邊緣化的人士、異見受害者的希望來源,不僅僅是出於慈善,也是因為這個時代的和平需要不斷推進我們共同信念中的原則:寬容和機遇,人類尊嚴與正義。
(We will defend our people and uphold our values through strength of arms and rule of law.We will show the courage to try and resolve our differences with other nations peacefully – not because we are naïve about the dangers we face, but because engagement can more durably lift suspicion and fear.America will remain the anchor of strong alliances in every corner of the globe;and we will renew those institutions that extend our capacity to manage crisis abroad, for no one has a greater stake in a peaceful world than its most powerful nation.We will support democracy from Asia to Africa;from the Americas to the Middle East, because our interests and our conscience compel us to act on behalf of those who long for freedom.And we must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, the victims of prejudice – not out of mere charity, but because peace in our time requires the constant advance of those principles that our common creed describes: tolerance and opportunity;human dignity and justice.)
我們,人民,今天昭示的最明白的事實是——我們所有人都是生而平等的,這是依然引領我們的恒星。它引領我們的先輩穿越紐約塞尼卡瀑布城(女權抗議事件)、塞爾馬(黑人權力事件)和石墻騷亂(同性戀與警察發生的暴力事件),引領著所有的男性和女性,留下姓名和沒留姓名的人。在偉大的征程中,一路上留下足跡的人。曾經聽一位牧師說,我們不能獨自前行。馬丁-路德-金說,我們個人的自由與地球上每個靈魂的自由不可分割。
(We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths – that all of us are created equal – is the star that guides us still;just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall;just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone;to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth.)
就職演講現場(中評社記者 余東暉攝)
繼續先輩開創的事業是我們這代人的任務。直到我們的妻子、母親和女兒的 付出能夠與她們的努力相稱,我們的征途才會結束。我們的征途不會終結,我們要讓同性戀的兄弟姐妹在法律之下得到與其他人同樣的待遇。如果我們真正是生而平等的,那麼我們對彼此的愛也應該是平等的。我們的征途沒有結束,直到沒有公民需要等待數個小時去行使投票權。我們的征途不會結束,直到我們找到更好的方法迎接努力、有憧憬的移民,他們依舊視美國是一塊充滿機會的土地。直到聰穎年輕的學生和工程師為我們所用,而不是被逐出美國。我們的征途不會結束,直到我們所有的兒童,從底特律的街道到阿巴拉契亞的山嶺,再到康涅狄格州紐鎮安靜的小巷,直到他們得到關心和珍視,永遠避免受到傷害。
(It is now our generation’s task to carry on what those pioneers began.For our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers, and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts.Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well.Our journey is not complete until no citizen is forced to wait for hours to exercise the right to vote.Our journey is not complete until we find a better way to welcome the striving, hopeful immigrants who still see America as a land of opportunity;until bright young students and engineers are enlisted in our workforce rather than expelled from our country.Our journey is not complete until all our children, from the streets of Detroit to the hills of Appalachia to the quiet lanes of Newtown, know that they are cared for, and cherished, and always safe from harm.)
那是我們這一代的任務——讓生存、自由和追求幸福的言語、權力和價值切實體現在每個美國人的身上。我們的立國文本沒有要求我們將每個人的生活一致化。這並不意味著,我們會以完全一樣的方式去定義自由,沿著同樣的道路通向幸福。進步不會終止幾個世紀以來一直糾結的關於政府角色的爭論,但這要求我們現在就採取行動。
(That is our generation’s task – to make these words, these rights, these values – of Life, and Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness – real for every American.Being true to our founding documents does not require us to agree on every contour of life;it does not mean we will all define liberty in exactly the same way, or follow the same precise path to happiness.Progress does not compel us to settle centuries-long debates about the role of government for all time – but it does require us to act in our time.)就職演講現場(中評社記者 余東暉攝)
目前是由我們決策,我們不能拖延。我們不能將絕對主義當作原則,或者以表象代替政治,或將中傷視作理性的辯論。我們必須行動,要意識到我們的工作並不完美。我們必須行動,意識到今天的勝利是並不完全的。這些將有賴於未來4年、40年或是400年致力於這項事業的人,去推進當年在費城制憲會議大廳傳承給我們的永恒精神。
(For now decisions are upon us, and we cannot afford delay.We cannot mistake absolutism for principle, or substitute spectacle for politics, or treat name-calling as reasoned debate.We must act, knowing that our work will be imperfect.We must act, knowing that today’s victories will be only partial, and that it will be up to those who stand here in four years, and forty years, and four hundred years hence to advance the timeless spirit once conferred to us in a spare Philadelphia hall.)
我的美國同胞,我今天在你們面前宣讀的誓詞,如同在國會山服務的其他人曾宣讀過的誓詞一樣,是對上帝和國家的誓詞,不是對黨派或是派別的,我們必須在任期內忠實地履行這些承諾。但我今天宣讀的誓詞與士兵報名參軍或者是移民實現夢想時所宣讀的誓詞沒有多少差別。我的誓詞與我們所有的人向我們頭頂飄揚的、讓我們心懷自豪的國旗所表達的誓言沒有多大差別。
(My fellow Americans, the oath I have sworn before you today, like the one recited by others who serve in this Capitol, was an oath to God and country, not party or faction – and we must faithfully execute that pledge during the duration of our service.But the words I spoke today are not so different from the oath that is taken each time a soldier signs up for duty, or an immigrant realizes her dream.My oath is not so different from the pledge we all make to the flag that waves above and that fills our hearts with pride.)就職演講現場(中評社記者 余東暉攝)
這些是公民的誓詞,代表著我們最偉大的希望。
你和我,作為公民,都有為這個國家設定道路的權力。
你和我,作為公民,有義務塑造我們時代的辯題,不僅是通過我們的選票,而且要為捍衛悠久的價值觀和持久的理想發聲。
現在讓我們相互擁抱,懷著莊嚴的職責和無比的快樂,這是我們永恒的與生俱來的權利。有共同的努力和共同的目標,用熱情與奉獻,讓我們回應歷史的召喚,將珍貴的自由之光帶入並不確定的未來。
感謝你們,上帝保佑你們,願上帝永遠保佑美利堅合眾國。
奥巴马就职演说词 篇7
1 理论依据
语法隐喻最早是由系统功能语言学派创始人韩礼德 (Halliday) 于1985在其《功能语法入门》一书中提出的。韩礼德认为隐喻不仅发生在词汇层面, 还发生在词汇语法层, 即主张以意义为出发点研究其在语言表达上的变化。他提出词汇语法和语义之间存在一致关系 (congruent) 和非一致关系 (incongruent) 。
韩礼德将语法隐喻分为概念隐喻和人际隐喻。概念隐喻, 主要涉及各及物过程的选择。理论上来说, 任何一个过程都可隐喻成另一个过程。韩礼德将小句的概念功能划分为:六个选择过程类型, 即物质、心理、关系、言语、行为和存在;及物性功能的配置:动作者、目标、感知者、方式等;词组—短语类的序列:动词词组、名词词组、副词词组、介词短语以及各种次类。 (彭宜维等, 2011, 394) 这三个步骤间存在着不可分割, 互相体现的关系。
人际隐喻由情态隐喻和语气隐喻组成。韩礼德指出, 决定每一种情态意义是如何体现的是情态的取向系统, 分为:明显主观、明显客观、非明显客观和非明显主观。 (韩礼德, 2005, 357) 在一致性表达里, 情态主要通过情态动词和情态副词来表示, 而在非一致性表达中主要通过小句体现。明确的主观取向和明确的客观取向都属于隐喻性表达。人际隐喻还与语气有关。语气由主语和限定成分组成, 表达言语功能。在一致性的表达里, 陈述、疑问、命令和提供四种基本言语功能中的前三种分别由陈述语气、疑问语气和祈使语气实现。但是, 有时语气系统与言语功能并不是简单对应。比如, 疑问语气也可表达陈述言语功能;祈使语气可表达疑问功能等。
2 具体分析
2.1 概念隐喻
下面主要从及物性和名物化的角度来分析此语篇中的概念隐喻。
2.1.1 及物性
在此语篇中, 各过程间相互转换产生了以下一些概念隐喻现象:
由心理过程转换而成的物质过程, 如:
1a.“We bear witness to the enduring strength of our
Constitution.”
2a.“We have never relinquished our skepticism of centralauthority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society’sills can be cured through government alone.”
以上两句隐喻性表达可以改成以下的一致性表达:
1b.We witness the enduring strength of our Constitution.2b.We have doubted the central authority for a long tim
2b.We have doubted the central authority for a long timeand we don’t believe that all society’s ills can be cured throughgovernment alone.
经过转换, 1a句中的名词“witness”从参与者变成了由动词充当的过程。可见, 随着过程的转换, 小句中的各个功能成分 (如参与者、环境成分等) 也相应发生着改变。与2b句相比, 2a句“relinquished”, “succumbed”显得正式而庄重, 更能很好的体现出总统话语的权威性。
同时, 物质过程也可转换成言语过程:
6a.“What makes us exceptional..., articulated in a declara-tion made more than two centuries ago...”这句话可以改写为6b.What makes us exceptional is contained in a declarationmade more than two centuries ago.6a中言语过程的言说者“dec-laration”本是没有生命的, 但被看作了有表达能力的生命物。演说者在这里借宣言的内容来给予自己对听众的希望。
下面这个例子是由物质转化成的关系过程:
7a.“And we must be a source of hope to the poor...–notout of mere charity”如果改写成一致性, 可以表示为“We mustbring hope to the poor...—not because we do it for charity”, 7a中的介词短语out of作为环境成分替代了连词“because”表示原因, 介词短语连接了“带来希望”和“做慈善”这两个事件, 隐喻性地实现了因果关系。
2.1.2 名物化
韩礼德认为“名物化是生成语法隐喻的唯一强有力的资源。” (韩礼德, 2005, 352) 在一致性关系里, 过程由动词来实现, 参与者由名词来表示, 环境由介词短语和副词短语来表达;但在语言的实际应用中, 名词和形容词也可表示过程;动词和形容词也可充当参与者;名词和动词词组也可实现环境功能, 这些变化都可被称为语法隐喻。
下面笔者将从语篇中选出一些例句加以分析:
8a.“For history tells us that..., they have never been self-executing.”在这个关系过程中, 形容词“self-executing”表示属性。它的一致性表达可以是8b.They have never been executedon their own.在8a中, “self-executing”同时实现了两个语义功能:一方面表示特征, 另一方面还暗含“执行”这个过程。而8b中, 这两个功能是分开的:动词“executed”表示过程, 介词短语“on their own”环境作参与者。因此8a可被看成是8b的隐喻性表达。9a.Our celebration of initiative and enterprise;our insis-
9a.“Our celebration of initiative and enterprise;our insis-tence on hard work and personal responsibility...”这句话中名词“celebration”和“insistence”表示了过程。把过程名物化了后, 并不轻松的执行过程成了不容置疑的事实, 表达出奥巴马对美国民族精神坚定不移的信仰和对未来美好发展的信心, 使听众大受鼓舞。
10a.“...knowing that the failure to do so would betray ourchildren and future generations.”的一致性表达可以改为:If wefail to do so, we would betray our children and future genera-tions.10a中的名物化过程“failure”省去了动作的发出者, 表达更显客观。
2.2 人际隐喻
在就职演说中, 总统需要阐明他的政治观点, 力图说服听众接受其政治主张, 因此免不了会在演说中用到一些人际隐喻来拉近与听众的距离。
2.2.1 情态隐喻
笔者分析, 此语篇中有如下一些情态隐喻。例如:
11a.“We know that America thrives when every person canfind independence and pride in their work.”该句子可以被看作隐喻性变体, 其原因是这句的命题并不是we know。如果我们给这个句子添加附加问句, 可以得到:We know that Americathrives..., does it?而不是We know that America thrives..., dowe?也就是说, 这个小句是“America will definitely thrive whenevery person can find independence and pride in their work.”的变体。在一致性的表达里, 我们利用情态副词“definitely”表达出了情态意义。这里奥巴马以“we know”这样的断言形式出现, 乔装了情态的来源, 使听众在不知不自觉中接受了他的观点。不同于一般的即兴演说, 就职演说是典型的政治演讲, 语言形式要求规范正式而又不失说服力。
2.2.2 语气隐喻
语气隐喻可看由一种语气功能实现另一种语气。例如:
12a.“We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost ofhealth care and the size of our deficit.”这是一个陈述句, 但是它表达了一种命令的语气。在隐喻性的表达中, 总统用“must”表达他对政府的要求, 显示出了总统的权威性, 同时展示了他对自我的严格要求和对未来发展的信心。
13a.“Let each of us now embrace, with solemn duty andawesome joy.”和14a.“let us answer the call of history.”这两个祈使句并不含有命令的语气, 而是寄托了奥巴马的一种强烈愿望, 他希望美国民众在他的领导下为国家的繁荣昌盛做出贡献。总统利用祈使句简洁有力的特点使演讲充满了号召力, 拉近了与民众的距离, 振奋人心。
3 结束语
通过上面的分析, 我们可以看出语法隐喻的提出为隐喻本质的研究提供了全新的视角。语法隐喻作为文本分析的一种重要理论之一, 它为总统在演讲中实现其政治意图发挥了重要的作用。
摘要:美国总统的就职演说是重要而独特的政治语篇。在演说时, 总统们会巧妙运用一些语言策略来实现他们的政治意图。文章以韩礼德提出的语法隐喻为理论基础, 以奥巴马总统的就职演说为文本, 试着分析语法隐喻在此语篇中的应用以及其起到的预期语言效果, 以期更好的解读此语篇的深层内涵。
关键词:奥巴马,就职演说,语法隐喻
参考文献
[1]Thompson Geoff.Introducing Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Arnold, 2008.
[2]Halliday M A K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Arnold, 2005.
[3]范文芳.语法隐喻理论研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2001.
奥巴马就职演说词 篇8
Each time we gather to inaugurate a President we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what 1)binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the 2)tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional—what makes us American—is our 3)allegiance to an idea 4)articulated in a declaration made more than two
centuries ago:
“We hold these truths to be 5)self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are 6)endowed by their Creator with certain 7)unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Today we continue a never-ending journey to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they’ve never been 8)self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth. (applause) The 9)patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the 10)tyranny of a king with the 11)privileges of a few or the rule of a 12)mob. They gave to us a republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, 13)entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed.
We understand that outworn programs are 14)inadequate to the needs of our time. So we must 15)harness new ideas and technology to remake our government, 16)revamp our tax code, reform our schools, and empower our citizens with the skills they need to work harder, learn more, reach higher. But while the means will change, our purpose endures: a nation that rewards the effort and determination of every sin gle American. That is what this moment requires. That is what will give real meaning to our creed.
We, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity. We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our 17)deficit. But we reject the belief that America must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future.(applause) For we remember the lessons of our past, when 18)twilight years were spent in poverty and parents of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn.
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W e d o n o t believe that in this country f r e e d o m i s reserved for the lucky, or happiness for the few. We recognize that no matter how r e s p o n s i b l y w e l i v e o u r lives, any one of us at any time may face a job loss, or a sudden illness, or a home swept away in a terrible storm. The commitments we make to each other through Medicare and Medicaid and Social Security, these things do not sap our initiative, they strengthen us. (applause) They do not make us a nation of takers; they free us to take the risks that make this country great. (applause)
We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but to all 19)posterity. We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations.(applause) Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of 20)raging fires and 21)crippling drought and more powerful storms.
The path towards 22)sustainable energy sources will be long and sometimes difficult. But America cannot resist this transition, we must lead it. We cannot 23)cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries, we must claim its promise. That’s how we will maintain our economic 24)vitality and our national treasure—our forests and 25)waterways, our crop lands and snow-capped peaks. That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. That’s what will lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared.
We, the people, still believe that enduring security and lasting peace do not require 26)perpetual war. (applause) Our brave men and women in uniform, 27)tempered by the flames of battle, are 28)unmatched in skill and courage. (applause) Our citizens, 29)seared by the memory of those we have lost, know too well the price that is paid for liberty. The knowledge of their sacrifice will keep us forever 30)vigilant against those who would do us harm. But we are also 31)heirs to those who won the peace and not just the war; who turned 32)sworn enemies into the surest of friends—and we must carry those lessons into this time as well.
We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our 33)forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher s a y t h a t w e cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is 34)inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth. (applause)
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