英文段落翻译

2025-01-03

英文段落翻译(精选7篇)

英文段落翻译 篇1

Chapter 4

Translation: Standard and Process

4.1.1严复关于翻译标准的论断

译者三难,信、达、雅。求其信,已大难矣!顾信矣,不达,虽译,犹不译也,则达尚焉。

易曰:“修辞三诚”。子曰:“辞达而已!”又曰:“言之无文,行之不远。”三者乃文章正轨,亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外,求其尔雅。

Chapter 7

Translationese in English-Chinese Translation

语言是我们进行社会生活的主要手段。一个国家(地区)的语言通过特有的词汇、句法、俗语和思维模式与其他国家(地区)的语言区别开来。如果译者不能摆脱原语的影响或只是错误地认为与原语形式上最接近的译文便是忠实于原文的,那么有时就会直接把原来的语言形式移植到目的语中,因此这种杂合语言的特点是它在目的语中可接受程度差,这就是翻译腔。

7.1 翻译腔:一种风格或一种综合征

一些学者倾向于将翻译腔看作是一种文体,并且认为“翻译读起来应该像翻译”。奈达注意到了这种趋势并写道:在大量的翻译书和半文学资料的影响下,翻译腔出现在了世界上的许多地方。这一语言形式常常被接受,尤其被教育性报刊认为是在外语中首次被表达出来的交流材料唯一可能的媒介。由于学者不得不经常阅读大量的这种材料逐渐地将它当作一种文学的标准。而没有意识到这种平庸和虚假的语言形式没有恰当地处理接受语中丰富的资源。

尽管翻译腔尤其被全国性期刊所接受,但由于其晦涩难懂在大多数读者看来,它实际上是一种病症。带有轻微翻译腔的译文听起来蹩脚不流畅,有严重翻译腔的译文会使译文表意不明和出现累赘,以至于读者不能正确理解文意。

7.2 一般来说,在英汉翻译中有两个原因导致翻译腔:错误的理解原文和汉语句式结构的欧化。

7.2.1 词意和翻译腔

翻译旨在翻译原文信息。做不到这点本质上有违作为译者的义务。由于词意是原文信息的内容,所以翻译过程中要优先考虑词意。当译者没有理解原文的语境意义或者只是简单地照搬词典上的意思,则翻译腔就会频繁出现。

7.2.2 句子结构与翻译腔

在20世纪早期汉语发展和汉语方言的广泛传播中翻译发挥着重要的作用。现代翻译对汉语的影响主要来自于直译,给我国带来了新的表达方式的同时也带来了欧式语句结构。总所周知,英语和汉语在句法、修辞方面有很大的差异,欧式句子结构经常导致翻译腔和对汉

语产生不利的影响。

7.3可能的解决方法

不必说,翻译腔是影响英汉翻译好坏的主要因素,基于以上分析,我们总结了一些解决方法。

7.3.1 避免死板的通信形式

尽管任何从事翻译工作的人明显知道字面信件的误导性,但还是会出现错误,因为译者没有完全意识到逐字翻译的荒谬。严格按照死板的通信格式而出现的翻译腔无疑是翻译过程中出现最多的,尽管不是最严重的错误。任何逐字翻译成其他语言的人不得不记住大量的词汇和句法方面的离奇搭配。当然,有时这些搭配一点意义也没有,而有时他们给出的恰恰是错误的含义。

7.3.2 把握调整的技术

正如前面章节所讨论的,翻译是一个完整的体系,包括基本理论、特定的原则、具体的技术和技巧。这绝不是那些懂点外语和仅仅依靠字典的人所能胜任的工作。常用的翻译方法如:增删改,目的不是为了修改原语的信息,而是有助于用某种不同的,最为全面、准确的形式再现原语的信息,衡量是否忠于原文(准确性)的标准不应该主要是准确性,而应该是以没有误解翻译者意欲表达的内容为标准。事实上,有两种情况需要大幅修改:(a)当形式上接近等价但完全无意义

时;(b)当表达了错误的意思时。

7.3.3 彻底的理解原文

消除翻译腔的最后一种方法是透彻的理解原文。我们总认为译者至少要具备双语素养,但这远远不够,要想成为一名合格的译者还需具备双文化素养,以明字里行间之意。译者必须能够察觉到哪些是作者有意隐含的和哪些应该在译文中含蓄表达。透彻理解原文是为目标语中流畅表达铺平了道路,因此,这样减少了翻译腔的出现。

Chapter 8

Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation

翻译过程中经常会出现两种趋势。一种是一味地追求顺畅和辞藻华丽而不顾原文的真正意思;另一种是严格的忠于原文的翻译,致使译文晦涩难懂。与翻译腔相对应的中式英语是指一种畸形的杂合语,既不像英语也不像汉语,而更可能称为中文特色的英语。早在20世纪中期,中式英语被贬称为中国沙家浜,中式英语是影响汉英翻译质量的主要问题。

8.1 中式英语的主要原因

8.1.1母语的干扰

显然,中式英语产生的原因之一是受个人母语的语言干扰,母语的干扰常常会给学习外语过程中的人造成干扰。当以汉语为母语的成年人学习时,他们往往忽视两种语言的显著差异,并且,用汉语的模式写英语,结果,中式英语造成了汉译英(过程中)的混乱,中式英语是用汉语的思维表达英语是不合文法和习惯的蹩脚混合语言。

8.1.2.2 不自然的语句

汉语和英语是截然不同的语言。为了消除中式英语,我们应该敏锐地觉察到英语和汉语在语法结构和词语搭配方面的不同。

8.2 问题可能的解决方法:

尽管一些学者宣称一定的中式英语是英语学习过程中不可避免的。但是我们也应该意识到对于在大学和学院的英语学习者被教授汉译英作为目标语时,这(中式英语)是不可容忍的。

8.2.4(P182)

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——胡 2013/7/21

英文段落翻译 篇2

There are two main methods of developing paragraphs by comparison and contrast.One is first examining one thing and then the other.In this case, the same aspects should be examined in the two things in the same order.This method is called block comparison or block contrast.The other method is examining the two things point by point simultaneously.This way is called alternating comparison or alternating contrast (Ding Wangdao, 2009) .

1 Developing by Block Comparison or Block Con-trast

In some sense, a good teacher is just like a good doctor.The teacher must well grasp the teaching materials and related professional knowledge, or the teaching activities will not have a satisfying effect.An excellent teacher should have a good understanding about all the students, knowing what their problems are and thereby employ different teaching methods.Besides, a teacher should be greatly responsible for the students and try to motivate the student to want to learn.A good doctor must well know all about the medical knowledge, and in order to treat the patients properly he or she should give a correct diagnosis.Each patient will have different condition, so different treatment should be applied.In addition, a doctor should try to give the patients confidence and encourage them to face their problems bravely.

In this paragraph the similarities between a teacher and a doctor are demonstrated in the way of block comparison.First, the teacher should well grasp the teaching materials just like the doctor should know all about the medical knowledge.Second, they both should have a good understanding about their students or patients.Finally, they should be responsible and encourage the students or patients to face their problems and give them confidence.This method can also be adopted in developing a paragraph of contrast to show the differences between two things or concepts.In the following paragraph, block contrast is used to point out the differences between Chinese and western advertising language.

Because of different culture background between Chinese and western countries, there are naturally differences between Chinese and western advertising language.People in western counties usually pay much attention to individuals.The advertiser often use individuality, personal, independence and privacy as appeals and topics.Western people treat the official position as the very common thing.But different from western culture, Chinese culture is group-oriented.Advertisers more emphasize the group behavior in their advertisements, so as to persuade consumer.Chinese people think that the authority has a great power to affect the purchase of the consumers.———adapted from network resources by Zhouzhou.

2 Developing by Alternating Comparison or Al-ternating Contrast

Sometimes the differences and similarities of two things are shown point by point simultaneously.This way is called alternating comparison or alternating contrast.The following paragraph is demonstrated as an example of alternating contrast.

The primary differences between a resume and a CV are the content and the length.A resume is a brief summary of one’s skills, experience, education, employment and so on, while a CV is a longer and more detailed list of one’s educational and academic backgrounds as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, affiliations and other details, usually in chronological order.You’re supposed to keep a resume to one page, two at the maximum, but there’s no limit on a CV, which may be considered a little thin if it is not over two pages.

In this paragraph, the primary differences between a resume and a CV, that is the content and the length, are presented in the method of alternating contrast.This method can also be applied in writing a paragraph of comparison to show the similarities between two different things or concepts.The following paragraph is an example of alternating comparison, in which teaching is compared with selling point by point.

I told a friend of mine that teaching and selling are related activities.First, the teacher must know well the ideas, and the salesperson must know all about the merchandise.Each one mus then consider what the“customer”needs and wants.What features will persuade the student to“buy”the idea or the customer to purchase the merchandise?Once both the teacher and salesperson evaluate the“customer, ”they must plan their sales approach.The teacher must motivate the student to want to learn by making the idea appealing to worthwhile.The salesperson mus convince the buyer that the merchandise is pleasing or useful.

Sometimes, the method of comparison and contrast will be applied in the same paragraph together.In a word, comparison and contrast is an effective and commonly used way of developing an English paragraph.The above mentioned methods are jus some references for students in the beginning level of College English writing, which could afford a basic but not a fixed pattern in writing.Having this general knowledge in mind, students should try their own way of writing and thereby to develop their own special style in the future writing activities.

参考文献

[1] 丁往道.英语写作手册[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2009.

经典英文小说段落赏析 篇3

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.

“My dear Mr. Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is rented at last?”

Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.

“But it is,” returned she; “for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”

Mr. Bennet made no answer.

“Do not you want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife impatiently.

“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.”

This was invitation enough.

“Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a carriage and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he immediately agreed with Mr. Morris, the landlord of the Park; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas (米迦勒节), and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.”

“What is his name?”

“Bingley.”

“Is he married or single?”

“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”

“How so? How can it affect them?”

“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”

“Is that his design in settling here?”

“Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”

“I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.”

“My dear, you flatter (奉承) me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.”

“In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of.”

“But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighborhood.”

“It is more than I engage for, I assure you.”

“But consider your daughters. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not.”

...

“My dear, depend upon it that if twenty such young men of four thousand a year come into the neighborhood, I will visit them all,” said Mr. Bennet.

Mr. Bennet was so strange that the experience of threeandtwenty years had not been enough to make his wife understand his character. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information and uncertain temper. The business of her life was to get her daughters married, and its comfort was visiting and news.

《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯丁的代表作。这部作品以日常生活为素材,一反当时社会上流行的感伤小说的内容和矫揉造作的写作方法,生动地反映了18世纪末到19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人情。这部社会风情画式的小说不仅在当时吸引着广大的读者,时至今日,仍给读者以独特的艺术享受。本文节选自小说《傲慢与偏见》的一开始部分。

译文

凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。这样的单身汉,每逢新搬到一个地方,四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何,见解如何,可是,既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心目中根深蒂固,因此人们总是把他看作自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。

有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说:“我的好老爷,尼日斐花园终于租出去了,你听说过没有?”

班纳特先生回答道,他没有听说过。

“的确租出去了,”她说,“朗格太太刚刚上这儿来过,她把这件事的底细一五一十地告诉了我。”

班纳特先生没有理睬她。

“你难道不想知道是谁租去的吗?”太太不耐烦地嚷起来了。

“既是你要说给我听,我听听也无妨。”

这句话足够鼓励她讲下去了。

“哦!亲爱的,你得知道,郎格太太说,租尼日斐花园的是个阔少爷,他是英格兰北部的人;听说他星期一那天,乘着一辆驷马大轿车来看房子,看得非常中意,当场就和莫理斯先生谈妥了;他要在‘米迦勒节以前搬进来,打算下个周未先叫几个佣人来住。”

“这个人叫什么名字?”

“彬格莱。”

“有太太的呢,还是单身汉?”

“噢!是个单身汉,亲爱的,确确实实是个单身汉!一个有钱的单身汉;每年有四五千磅的收入。真是女儿们的福气!”

“这怎么说?关女儿们什么事?”

“我的好老爷,”太太回答道,“你怎么这样叫人讨厌!告诉你吧,我正在盘算,他要是挑中我们一个女儿做老婆,可多好!”

“他住到这儿来,就是为了这个打算吗?”

“打算!胡扯,这是哪儿的话!不过,他倒作兴看中我们的某一个女儿呢。他一搬来,你就得去拜访拜访他。”

“我不用去。你带着女儿们去就得啦,要不你干脆打发她们自己去,那或许倒更好些,因为你跟女儿们比起来,她们哪一个都不能胜过你的美貌,你去了,彬格莱先生倒可能挑中你呢?”

“我的好老爷,你太捧我啦。从前也的确有人赞赏过我的美貌,现在我可有敢说有什么出众的地方了。一个女人家有了五个成年的女儿,就不该对自己的美貌再转什么念头。”

“这样看来,一个女人家对自己的美貌也转不了多少念头喽。”

“不过,我的好老爷,彬格莱一搬到我们的邻近来,你的确应该去看看他。”

“老实跟你说吧,这不是我份内的事。”

“看女儿的份上吧。只请你想一想,她们不论哪一个,要是攀上了这样一个人家,多好。威廉爵士夫妇已经决定去拜望他,他们也无非是这个用意。你知道,他们通常是不会拜望新搬来的邻居的。你的确应该去一次,要是你不去,叫我们怎么去。”

“亲爱的,放心吧,如果有20位年收入达4000镑的年轻男士成为我们的邻居,我会一一拜访的,”班纳特先生说。

——班纳特先生真是个古怪人,他一方面喜欢插科打浑,爱挖苦人,同时又不拘言笑,变幻莫测,真使他那位太太积二十三年之经验,还摸不透他的性格。太太的脑子是很容易加以分析的。她是个智力贫乏、不学无术、喜怒无常的女人,只要碰到不称心的事,她就以为神经衰弱。她生平的大事就是嫁女儿;她生平的安慰就是访友拜客和打听新闻。

中英文清明节的精彩段落 篇4

1、its chinese name “qing ming” literally means “clear brightness,” hinting at its importance as a celebration of spring. similar to the spring festivals of other cultures, tomb sweeping day celebrates the rebirth of nature, while marking the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities.

它的中文名字“清明”字面意思是“清明”,暗示它作为一个春天庆祝活动的重要性。与其他文化的春节相似,清明节庆祝大自然的重生,同时标志着种植季节和其他户外活动的开始。

2、in ancient times, people celebrated qing ming jie with dancing, singing, picnics, and kite flying. colored boiled eggs would be broken to symbolize the opening of life.

在古代,人们用跳舞、唱歌、野餐和放风筝来庆祝清明节。彩色煮蛋将被打破,象征着生命的开放。

3、one theory is that since any number of ghosts rome around a grave area, the less appealing food will be consumed by the ancestors, and not be plundered by strangers.

一种理论认为,由于任何数量的鬼魂在墓地周围游荡,不那么吸引人的食物都会被祖先吃掉,而不会被陌生人掠夺。

4、The particularity of Qingming Festival lies in its diet. The typical one is qingtuan. It makes juicefromthe green wormwood that has just grown, and then put it together with glutinous rice flour, which can be put into the stuffing for dumplings or other stuffing. Because it is green and round in appearance, it is called qingtuan. And because of the wormwood, even though it is the same as the stuffing for dumplings, it tastes good Its a special flavor.

清明节的特殊在于它的饮食,典型的就是青团子,将刚刚长出不久的青青的艾草弄成汁,然后和糯米粉放在一起,里面可以放入包饺子的馅或者其他的`馅料,因为它是外表是青青的、圆圆的,所以叫做青团子,而且由于艾草的原因,即使同饺子的馅一样,但吃起来的味道就别具特色了。

5、The meaning of Tomb-sweeping Day is to honor the ancestors and it has more than 2500 years history. Chinese people pay special attention to remember their ancestors, so no matter how far they are, they always know where they arefrom.

大英3段落翻译范围 篇5

Smoking does great harm to human and its gravity should not be underestimated.Smoking pollutes air, damages health, and increases the incidence of lung cancer.To arouse the awareness about the prevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induced diseases and deaths, the WHO(World Health Organization)has defined May 31st in every year as World No-Tobacco Day.The tobacco addicts say that smoking is impossible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feel tortured without tobacco in two hours.However, when one realizes that smoking is harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse to others as well as to he himself, he will be determined to resist the temptation of tobacco.To quit smoking requires persistence and so long as one persists, he’ll be rewarded.2、假日经济的现象表明:中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据,中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时,中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整,来适应社会的发展。另一方面,服务质量要改善,以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development.Meanwhile, Chinese consumption concepts are getting mature along with the thriving holiday economy.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.3、越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母,已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时,也要通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起,让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会,也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时,他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在,他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化,而且还不时走访中国,欣赏壮观的自然风光,认识丰富的文化遗产。

An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese.China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West.They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese.At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only.Now, they have begun to

give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.4、在中国,笔、墨、纸、砚(ink slab),就是人们所说的“文房四宝”,在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值,它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品,并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多,丰富多彩,选材制作不断趋于完善、精美,历代都有名品、名匠产生,成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代,使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了,但是,在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中,它们仍起着不可替代的作用。

In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one’s mind.5、和谐源自人的内心。健康的人格,良好的心态,既关乎个人的身心和谐,也关乎社会的和谐稳定。一个内心失调、失衡的人,一个心中充溢着焦躁、郁闷甚至仇恨的人,往往会同自己过不去,还会同周围环境过不去,人生是无法和谐得起来的。心平才能气和,内和才能外顺。我们要以平和之心思考问题,多一点理性、少一点感性,多一点睿智、少一点混沌,多一点冷静、少一点浮躁,多一点淡然、少一点痴迷,多一点大度、少一点偏执。

英文段落翻译 篇6

2013年8月教育部大学英语四、六级考试委员会公布四、六级新题型, 将原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英, 内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140~160个汉字;六级长度为180~200个汉字 (http://www.cet.edu.cn/slj.htm) 。翻译在四、六级总分中的比例也从5%提高到15%, 与写作一样。一般来说, 大学英语考试大纲就是大学英语教学的风向标。翻译替代以前的完形填空, 并且由原来的句子片段翻译改为完整的段落翻译。由此表明翻译地位的提高, 大学英语教学阶段, 翻译与听、说、读、写一样应该得到应有的重视, 真正实现《大学英语教学大纲》中提出的有关翻译的一般教学要求:能借助词典对题材熟悉的文章进行英汉互译, 英汉译速为每小时约300个英语单词, 汉英译速为每小时约250个汉字。译文基本准确, 无重大的理解和语言表达错误 (教育部高等教育司, 2007) 。段落翻译是对考生英语综合能力的考查, 要在短时间内取得长足的进步不太容易。除了要具备扎实的英汉两种语言功底外, 了解一些翻译的标准和策略, 并进行适当的练习也是非常必要的。

二、翻译的标准和策略

(一) 翻译的标准

1.中外翻译理论有关翻译的标准。古今中外的翻译理论家和实践家都曾从不同角度对翻译制定过一定的标准。在我国近现代, 最有影响也一直备受争议的应数严复的“信、达、雅”标准。直白点说, 就是“忠实于原文;语句通顺;译文要优美”。后有傅雷先生提出的“神似”和钱钟书先生提出的“化境”。国外翻译理论中最有代表性的美国的尤金·萘达 (Eugene A.Nida) 的“功能对等理论”和英国翻译家彼得·纽马克 (Peter Newmark) 的“语义/交际理论”。前者主张意译, 后者主张直译和意译的灵活选择。直译强调忠实于原文, 而意译更多考虑的是原文意义的传达 (叶子南, 2013;宋天锡, 2007) 。

2.大学英语四、六级考试的段落翻译标准。大学英语四、六级考试的段落翻译尽管属于比较基础简单的翻译, 但了解其评分标准也十分必要。以下是从网上搜到的四、六级考试翻译评分标准:本题满分为15分, 成绩分为六个档次:13~15分、10~12分、7~9分、4~6分、1~3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表:

(http://news.koolearn.com/20131218/1001251.html?a_id=ff8080813f26f758013f26f758080000&kid=ff80808148a943210148aa3ed53806a2) 从以上的翻译评分标准看, 四、六级翻译和四、六级作文一样, 阅卷员从整体把握, 凭总体印象给分, 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。但语言的质量确实是得分高低的决定因素。从“信、达、雅”的标准来看, 能做到前两点, 即忠实于原文, 行文流畅, 就可以得到不错的分数。

(二) 翻译的策略

翻译, 看似简单, 包括理解和表达两个步骤, 即首先理解原文, 然后把原文想要传达的意思用目的语表达出来。而实际上, 翻译过程却很复杂, 是对语言表层背后, 深层思维差异的处理。尤金.萘达把翻译过程分成:分析, 转换, 和重建三个阶段 (叶子南, 2013:46-55) 。因此, 翻译不仅是理解和表达的过程, 也是一个再创造的过程。正确理解原文是翻译的基础, 很多同学在翻译时容易犯逐字翻译的错误, 其实翻译是原文意思的传递, 所以保证原文的意思不变是最重要的。要想译出地道的英语, 最根本的出路还是打牢英语的语言基础, 阅读大量的英语原著和文章, 并且要善于观察, 对比, 积累和模仿 (宋天锡, 2007) 。

1.注意英汉两种语言的差异。翻译是两种语言之间的转换, 因此必须关注英汉两种语言之间的差异。英语和汉语之间的差异表现在从词汇、句子到篇章的各个层面。

首先, 词汇是语言表达的基础。由于四、六级段落翻译的选材特点是有关“中国文化”, 内容涉及中国的历史, 经济和社会发展等方面, 因此相关词汇的积累非常重要, 尤其是具有中国特色的词汇。比如:中国的节假日:春节 (Spring Festival) , 元宵节 (Lantern Festival) , 清明节 (Tomb Sweeping Day) , 端午节 (Dragon Boat Festival) , 中秋节 (Mid-Autumn Festival) 等。

中国古代经典书籍、教义以及流派。比如:

四书五经the Four Books&the Five Classics

四书the Four Books, including“The Great learning《大学》, The Doctrine of the Mean《中庸》, The Analects of Confucius《论语》and Mencius《孟子》”

五经the Five Classics, including“the Book of Poetry《诗》, the Book of History《书》, the Book of the Changes《易》, the Book of Social Forms and Ceremonies《礼》and the Annals《春秋》”

三纲五常the three cardinal guides and five constant virtues

三纲the three cardinal guides:ruler guides subject, father guides son and husband guides wife

君为臣纲, 父为子纲, 夫为妻纲

五常five constant virtues:benevolence (humanity) , righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity

仁、义、礼、智、信

三教Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism (儒、道、佛教)

具有中国特色的政治宣传语, 如:

三个代表the Three Represents: (The Communist Party of China) represents the development trend of China's advanced productive forces;represents the orientation of China's advanced culture, represents the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people

五讲四美三热爱

五讲the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals

四美the Four Virtues:golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment.

三热爱the Three Loves:Love (for) the motherland, Love (for) socialism, Love (for) the Chinese Communist Party

安居工程Economy Housing Project

希望工程Project Hope

菜篮子工程Vegetable Basket Project

精神文明等 (以上翻译都摘自金惠康的《跨文化交际翻译》, 2002)

平时多阅读有关中国文化的英语资料, 多看英语新闻和报纸, 比如CCTV英语节目和China Daily的大学校园版。

其次, 段落翻译应该以句子为最小单位, 总体来说, 英汉两种语言在句子层面的差异主要表现在:

(1) 形合语言与意合语言。英语属于“形合”语, 主要指从句子结构来看, 英语句子严密紧凑, 句子各部分之间的形式和联系必须符合语法规则。英语句子以“主谓结构”为主要框架, 主语和谓语要求在人称, 数, 时态上保持一致。而汉语则相反, 属于“意合”语, 句子各部分之间没有严格的语法结构限制, 体现在“形散而意合”。因此, 汉英翻译时必须在正确理解汉语的基础上, 用符合英语语法和习惯法的句子来表达。比如:汉语无主句较多, 但翻译成英语时必须把主语加上去。例如:

知己知彼, 百战不殆;不知彼而知己, 一胜一负;不知彼不知己, 每战必殆。 (《孙子.谋攻》)

You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but are in the dark about the enemy.You will lose every battle if you are in the dark about both the enemy and yourself. (徐行言, 2004)

汉英对比, 英语注重形式连接的特点, 和汉语注重词组和句子之间的关系都是非常明显的。

(2) 静态语言与动态语言。与汉语相比, 英语表示动作的手段不仅可用动词, 还可借用其他形式, 比如, 名词, 介词, 同位语, 非谓语动词, 形容词和独立结构等。而汉语一般只能用动词表示动作。因此我们说汉语属于静态语言, 而英语是动态语言。例如:

…that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln)

汉语翻译是:一个民有、民治、民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。

英语由于语法要求严谨, 与汉语相比, 一般长句比较多。因此, 汉译英时, 就要充分利用英语长句的特点, 采用“短句合译”的方法, 可以使用从句 (状从、定从) , 非谓语动词, 或者同位语。例如:

·“京剧已有200多年的历史, 是中国的国剧。”

·Peking Opera, as/known as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years. (同位语)

第三, 段落翻译应从语篇的角度着手。段落翻译处理的不是一个个孤立的词句, 而是由互相关联的几个句子, 按一定的格式, 有机地组织在一起的语篇。因此, 段落翻译必须以语篇为单位, 对语篇进行分析理解并综合运用各种翻译手段, 才能使译文达到“忠实, 通顺”的目的。换句话说, 就是翻译要跳出原文语言层面的束缚, 传递出原文的意义和精神 (孟庆升, 2003) 。由于英汉两种语言结构上的差异, 汉译英时就需要打乱汉语原文的结构顺序, 而用符合英语语篇结构的方式来表达原文的意思。

2.关注中西文化差异。语言和文化相互影响, 相互作用, 二者不可分离。社会学认为, 没有语言就没有文化。语言学家说, 学习一种语言就是了解一种文化。“语言反映一个民族的特点, 它不仅包含该民族的历史和文化背景, 而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式” (邓炎昌, 刘润清, 1989) 。语言和文化的密切联系使得翻译不可避免地要涉及文化因素。一般来说, 译者的文化背景知识越丰富, 他的译文才会越准确和地道。译者必须具有文化意识, 即意识到翻译是信息的语际交流活动, 文化差异和语言差异一样可能成为翻译的障碍。译者不仅要精通两种语言, 还要了解语言背后的诸多文化现象。正如美国翻译理论家尤金.萘达曾指出的“对于真正成功的翻译而言, 熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要” (孟庆升, 2003) 。

三、结语

总之, 大学英语四、六级考试的段落翻译是对考生英语综合能力的考查, 要想在短时间之内有明显提高可能性不大。但是考虑到其选材特点以及评分标准, 考生可以在平时的学习中有针对性地积累相关词汇, 多读地道英文, 在扎实语言基本功的基础上, 掌握一些翻译理论, 包括翻译标准、方法等, 并且注意英汉语言和文化的差异, 再加上多加训练, 一定可以取得满意的分数。

参考文献

[1]关于大学英语四、六级考试题型调整的说明[EB].http://www.cet.edu.cn/slj.htm.

[2]教育部高等教育司.大学英语课程教学要求[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2007.

[3]叶子南.高级英语翻译理论与实践 (第3版) [M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2013.

[4]宋天锡.翻译新概念:英汉互译实用教程 (第4版) [M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007:4-11;46-55;349-520.

[5]http://news.koolearn.com/20131218/1001251.html?a_id=ff8080813f26f758013f26f758080000&kid=ff80808148a943210148aa3ed53806a2.

[6]金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002.

[7]徐行言.中西文化比较[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2004.

[8]孟庆升.新编英汉翻译教程[M].沈阳:辽宁大学出版社, 2003.

英文段落翻译 篇7

【摘要】本文以汉英翻译为研究对象,基于错误分析理论对本科学生在汉英段落翻译中的语篇衔接错误进行分析,并根据分析结果提出纠正错误、提高学生汉英段落翻译质量的策略。

【关键词】翻译 错误分析 语篇衔接 意合理解 形合表达

一、引言

大学英语教学的一个重要目标是培养学生参与国际事务和国际竞争时所需的英语沟通能力。而作为英语综合应用能力之一的翻译就是交际,并且是跨文化交际,是不同语言间沟通的桥梁。翻译应成为大学英语教学的一个重要环节,也应成为衡量学生英语应用能力的一个重要指标。时代和社会的发展对新的复合型人才的需求越来越大,对既具有专业知识又有一定翻译能力的人才培养越发显得迫切。本文通过错误分析理论语篇衔接错误分析对学生翻译竞赛英译段落的研究,找出其在翻译中存在的问题并提出相应的解决策略,探寻本科生翻译能力形成和发展的培养。

二、研究方法和内容

方法上,本文的研究是通过错误分析理论进行的。错误分析理论是二语研究者的研究工具,也是当代应用语言学研究的前沿科学。错误分析理论产生于20世纪60年代末70年代初,以Pit Corder为代表。Corder最早从认知心理学原理上阐述了错误的性质、意义及分类方法,通过研究学习者的语言错误揭示学习过程中的普遍规律;美国学者Carl James(2001)认为错误分析是“研究不成功的语言的出现、性质、原因和后果的过程”(James,2001)。Pit Corder和Carl James有关错误分析的理论极大地丰富了外语教学理论研究的成果,对于外语教学实践具有重要的意义。二语习得研究围绕错误分析理论指导翻译实践,开展了一系列的工作,取得了一定的成效。

内容上,本文的研究是对学生翻译竞赛汉译英段落进行的。2012年12月至2013年6月陕西省翻译协会和西安地区军队院校协作中心联合举办了“西安协作区军校第一届军事英语翻译竞赛”。本文语料由此次竞赛汉译英获奖学生译文组成。该语料选择的原因有三:1.竞赛试题题目为一般军事题材文章,非专业英语或专门用途英语文章,符合本科学生的认知范畴。基于该语料的研究不仅适用于对军校学生军事英语翻译技能的教学,也适用于对非军校学生应用英语翻译能力的培养。2.在此次竞赛中,学生有足够时间推敲译文(由竞赛通知到截稿日期时间为7个月),其译文质量能准确反映其翻译能力和翻译教学的效果。3.我们具有此次翻译竞赛获奖学生译文一手资料。

三、翻译错误分析

1.收集语料。采用翻译竞赛汉译英获奖学生译文组建一个翻译语料库。一等奖2篇、二等奖5篇、三等奖9篇、优秀奖11篇,共27篇。竞赛试题汉译英原文为四段,限于篇幅,本研究仅分析其中一段。

试题原文:

21世纪的中国陆军,在进一步加强机械化的同时,信息化建设迈开了大步。电子信息装备的数字化、综合化、一体化、保密和抗干扰能力有所提高,利用、控制电磁频谱和及时、准确地遂行各种电子信息支援保障任务的能力得到加强。

2.错误分析。Carl James提出的错误分类框架中第三大错误类型为语篇错误,其中第一小类具体错误为衔接错误。(James,2001)而段落翻译与单句翻译相较,一个重要之处在于译文必须构成篇章。篇章与非篇章(non-text)的根本区别在于是否具有篇章性(texture),……而篇章性是由衔接关系(cohesive relation)形成的。(Halliday & Hasan,1976)因此,我们进行段落翻译语篇错误中衔接错误的分析。

首先,分析原文衔接关系:原文体现了汉语重意合的特点。一段两句中的语义重心如下粗体所示。

21世纪的中国陆军,在进一步加强机械化的同时,信息化建设迈开了大步。电子信息装备的数字化、综合化、一体化、保密和抗干扰能力有所提高,利用、控制电磁频谱和及时、准确地遂行各种电子信息支援保障任务的能力得到加强。

段落语篇衔接由三者间存在的意合关系实现,即:陆军的能力1和能力2。

其次,分析译文衔接关系:译文应体现英语重形合的特点。段落语篇衔接主要由形合关系实现,手段有:reference(照应)、substitution(替代)、ellipsis(省略)、conjunction(连接)、reiteration(复现)、collocation (同现) (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)。译文应通过以上5种手段实现原文中“陆军、能力、能力”三者间存在的关系“陆军的能力1和能力2”。换言之,译文须忠实于原文汉语意合衔接的理解并须是英语形合衔接的通顺表达。

27篇译文衔接分析如下表:

陆军 能力1 能力2

1army.未译. Besides,

连接abilitiesalso

连接

2Army.capability.Capabilities

3Army.ability;

连接capacitiesalso

连接

4Army. It

照应capability of its

照应. It…also

照应 连接capableits…its

照应 照应

5ground force.abilities, and

连接abilitiesalso

连接

6Army:

连接capacity;

连接ability

7Army, resulting in

连接capability. Furthermore,

连接capabilitiesalso

连接

8Land Forces.capability, and

连接capacity

9army.capability and

连接ability

10Army.capacities.abilityalso

连接

11Army.capability,

连接abilityhaving been

连接

12army.capability, and

连接capability

13army.未译, and so have

连接 替代capability

14Land Force.capability,ability

15army.capability.ability

16army.capability.abilities

17Land force.ability.ability

18army.capabilities. Meanwhile,

连接other capabilities

照应

19army.capability,

连接abilityto be

连接

20Army.abilities.abilities

21Army.ability.abilityas well

连接

22Ground Force.capability.未译

23Army.competence.ability

24PLAA.未译. Furthermore, the army

连接 照应未译

25Army.capacities.competence

26Army.capability. Meanwhile,

连接its capability

照应

27Army.capability.capability

由表中可以看出,27篇英译段落中,译文实现原文“陆军、能力、能力”三者间关系“陆军的能力1和能力2”的情况是:能力1——能力2衔接17篇(62.96%),即第1、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、18、19、21、24、26篇;陆军——能力1衔接3篇(11.11%),即第4、6、7篇;陆军——能力2衔接3篇(11.11%),即第4、6、24篇。因此,实现了原文衔接关系的译文只有2篇(7.41%):第4篇和第6篇。

分析结果表明,绝大多数学生未能在译文中实现语篇衔接。

四、汉译英语篇衔接能力培养

对于培养汉译英语篇衔接能力,在教学中应注重以下两个方面:

1.意合理解培养。理解汉语原文,应理解到汉语意合的语篇衔接特点。一是汉语的“话题——说明”结构,在理解时,用“话题——说明”结构分析汉语语篇,相较“主语——谓语”结构能更清楚地显示汉语语篇的衔接;二是逻辑关系,汉语主要是以逻辑为纽带进行语篇衔接,但没有明显的逻辑标记;三是信息顺序,理解汉语语篇衔接需要把握局部信息与整体信息及局部信息与局部信息之间的顺序关系。

2.形和表达培养。表达英语译文,应表达出英语形合的语篇衔接特点。英语的语篇衔接主要是通过语法手段和词汇手段实现的。前者有照应、替代、省略、关联,后者有复现和同现。这些手段使语篇各部分衔接起来,形成一个统一体。

当然,汉语重意合,英语重形合,并非意味着理解汉语只理解意合,表达英语只表达形合;在汉译英实践中,也会出现汉语原文涉及形合或英语译文可以意合的情况。

五、结语

在汉译英教学中,教师应有意引导学生掌握汉语原文意合理解和英语译文形合表达的理论知识和实践技巧,加强学生汉英双语基本功,提高学生汉译英能力,为其进行翻译实践打好基础,为其参与国际交流做好准备。

参考文献:

[1]Halliday,M.A.K.&Hasan;,R.Cohesion in English.Longman,1976.

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