英语语法总结及习题

英语语法总结及习题（通用7篇）

英语语法总结及习题 篇1

小学英语语法总结及习题二——现在进行时

1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。

2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。

4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。

5．现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为：

疑问词不达意 + be + 主语 + 动词ing?

但疑问词当主语时其结构为：

疑问词不达意 + be + 动词ing?

动词加ing的变化规则

1．一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking

2．以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting

3．如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping

现在进行时专项练习：

一、写出下列动词的现在分词：

play________ run__________ swim _________make__________

go_________ like________write________ _ski___________

read________ have_________ sing________ dance_________

put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________

live_______ take_________ come ________get_________

stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop___________

二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：

1.The boy __________________(draw)a picture now.2.Listen.Some girls _______________(sing)in the classroom.3.My mother _________________(cook)some nice foodnow.4.What _____ you ______(do)now?

5.Look.They _______________(have)an English lesson.6.They ____________(not ,water)the flowers now.7.Look!the girls ________________(dance)in the classroom.8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen)to music.9.It’s5o’clock now.We _____________(have)supper now

10.______Helen____________(wash)clothes? Yes ,she is.三、句型转换：

1.They are doing housework.(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句)

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

2．The students are cleaning the classroom.(改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答)________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3．I’m playing the football in the playground.(对划线部分进行提问)

________________________________________________________________

4．Tom is reading books in his study.(对划线部分进行提问)

________________________________________________________________

英语语法总结及习题 篇2

语法填空对于全国卷来说是一个崭新的题型, 但是对于全国其他的许多省市来说语法填空已经在考卷中出现若干年的时间了。虽然考生们都在积极地应对语法填空。但是考生在这一项上还是很容易失分。因此, 熟悉其题型特点, 并合理运用解题策略, 解题技巧来提高测试题型分数是很有必要的。笔者根据分析归纳, 从题型特点, 解题方式和训练方法等角度总结了如下内容:

1 试题特点

语法填空这种新题型既具备了单项填空的考查学生基础知识的特点又具备了完型填空需读懂文意才能正确答题特点。可以说是单项填空和完型填空的结合与提升。此题的难度是要比单纯的选择答案高出很多的, 因此在对学生平时的思维培养练习上就有很高的要求。语法填空侧重考查语言知识在具体语篇中的意义, 不仅能够考查学生在词汇, 语法和句型方面的知识, 并且能够强调学生在语言学习方面的语言交际功能。其“突出语篇, 强调运用”的命题思路充分体现了语言测试的交际性原则, 也很好地体现了高中英语课程改革的教学理念。相较语法选择题, 语法填空没有可供排除的选项, 需要考生有更扎实的语法基础, 考生很容易出现失误, 因而难度加大。

2 解题方法

2.1 解题步骤

学生在做语法填空题目时, 首先要通篇阅读, 掌握文章的主旨大意和大概内容, 其次应该合理地运用已学的语法和语篇理解知识来得出正确的结构。这种题型是有规律可寻的。从设置填空的特点上看, 可将空白处分为两类:一类是自由式填空, 主要考查冠词, 代词, 介词, 连词, 情态动词, 逻辑关系及固定搭配等。另一类是提示性填空, 主要考查动词的时态, 语态, 非谓语动词形式, 词性转换及比较级等。填空的答案可能并不是唯一的, 只要符合语法, 意思准确就都是正确答案。针对此现象, 学生在答题时, 要努力做到如下几点:

(1) 通读全文, 理解大意。学生要能够迅速地浏览全文, 了解文章的主旨大意, 特别是文章的首尾句, 为填空做好充分准备, “语意”决定着空白处应该填什么意思的词语和填词所要采取的语法形式。在通读全文的过程中, 为了更好地把握文章大意, 就要弄清楚文章的体裁, 中心思想, 写作主线, 段落大意, 段落层次等。通常首句都是介绍文章主旨的句子, 尾句是表明自己观点的句子。其次, 要注意关键词, 特别是关于时间, 地点, 人物, 事件的起因, 经过, 结果的句子;除此之外, 学生还要从文章的逻辑结构, 上下文联系中挖掘作者的观点和态度。

(2) 尝试填空, 突破难点。在通读全文, 基本把握文章大意的基础上对空白处进行填空。填空时要结合短文所提供的特定的语境 (也就是上下文) , 运用语法知识仔细分析句子结构和语意, 从句子结构的方面, 从语法方面去分析思考空格所缺单词的词性, 然后再根据句子的意义, 以及句与句之间的逻辑关系来确定具体所填单词的正确形式。在解题过程中, 可先按照语意填写处较容易的词语, 稍有难度的题目可以在大部分空格填好后, 再仔细推敲, 确定要填词的正确形式。

(3) 重读全文, 排除误漏。空格全被填好之后, 要把整篇文章从头至尾再读一遍。在阅读的过程中去体会文章的流畅性, 与此同时检查和改正其中的错误。

2.2 应考技巧

(1) 明确考查要求。针对语法填空这个新题型, 首先要分析题型特点和命题思路, 了解题目的考点范围及设题角度, 有针对性的对考查重点和难点进行训练突破。

(2) 进行强化训练。以前没有接触过这个题型, 要想轻松应对夺取高分, 一定要进行强化训练, 在训练中体会解题的思路和提升解题的技能。

(3) 具体解题思路。 (1) 熟悉语境。填写前一定要弄清楚所给语境, 并结合上下文理解语境。 (2) 对于自由式填空常考查的连词, 介词, 关系代词, 关系副词不仅要牢记它们的意思, 更要熟记它们的语法功能, 确保在考试时能准确的填入空白处。 (3) 对于提示性填空的动词, 要注意其形式的可能变化, 分析好谓语和非谓语的关系和所填空的依据。 (4) 对于长难句子, 要充分的分析其结构, 使句意更加的简短明确。 (5) 对于所给名词, 形容词, 副词, 不仅要背诵其意义和准确拼写, 还要掌握其形式的变换。

摘要：2014年新课标高考全国卷英语考试的题型进行了重大的改革, 将考了数十年的单项填空选择这一客观题换成了语篇型语法填空这种主观题型, 其作为语言知识运用部分的题目要求如下:共10小题, 每小题1.5分。题型以对话和小短文为主, 文章或对话的字数大概200左右, 在语言材料中会有10处空白, 一部分空白会在括号中给出单词的基本形式, 一部分则要求考生根据上下文的语意和语法知识在空白处填写上正确的单词。这种改革对于英语学习本身来说更侧重了其语言的实际应用功能, 在语篇的环境中设立问题要比单纯的考查某个语法项目更加能测试出被试者的语言感知能力, 语言分析能力和语用能力。面对题型的变化, 明确题型的特点和解题策略显得格外重要。

关键词：语法填空,题型特点,解题策略

参考文献

[1]鹿坤.恩波教育——高考英语[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆青少年出版社, 2014, (2) .

英语语法复习中的习题编制策略 篇3

教师自编习题的必要性表现在以下几个方面。

第一，题海战术苦学生。许多教师追求面面俱到地复习语法，为了不放过任何一个知识点、考点而四处收集资料，把一切与复习内容相关的习题全发给学生做，使学生在庞杂的茫茫题海中苦苦挣扎、疲惫不堪。而且，教师不依学情对习题进行精心梳理，会导致学生在早已掌握的知识点上还要花很多时间重复做题，而对于自己薄弱的环节则可能没有时间巩固复习。

第二，劣质习题伤学生。商品质量有好坏之分，习题质量也有优劣，也就是教师们常说的题目出得好或不好。有些质量不高的复习资料试题陈旧，根本不能凸显新课程新课标的理念、适应素质教育的新要求；有些甚至出现知识性的错误，使学生误入歧途；还有的习题集为了凑足版面和页数，随意添加一些超纲的内容，不仅让学生越做越糊涂，也严重挫伤他们的学习信心。

第三，自编习题体现以生为本。没有一本复习资料是可以适合所有学生群体或个体的。有些习题集侧重基础知识而对好学生来说没有挑战和拔高；而有些习题集则题目偏难而使弱生的基础得不到巩固。只有教师在摸清学情的基础上自己编制的习题才能真正瞄准学生的薄弱点、易错点，有的放矢，使学生的复习活动具有更高效率和达到更好效果。

第四，编制习题锻炼教师基本功。新课程背景下对教师的角色要求不再是把手里的课本教好就可以了，而是应由传统的教书匠向集教学、科研于一身的综合业务能手转变。编制试题已经成为许多学校教师专业发展培训的必需和重要内容。照抄照搬资料上的现有习题只会使教学处于被动状态，教师只有学会研究考试命题、培养试题编制能力，才能使自身的基本专业素养得到充分锻炼和提高。

一、研究课标、考纲，提高习题编制的科学性

教师编制习题首先要明确以什么为依据出题，这个依据便是课程标准和考纲。因此教师必须认真阅读并研究《义务教育英语课程标准》和当地高中招生文化考试命题实施细则（即中考考纲），这样才能使编制的习题具有科学性。凡是两者中未涉及到的就不作为命题点。同时可作为指导性材料的还有历年中考试卷：出现频率高的知识点往往就是教材的重点和主干知识，它们也正是中考要考查的重点。教师准确把握中考命题的重点和规律才能使复习过程中的习题编制更具有效性。

二、突出语境，提高习题材料的运用性

交际法语言教学提倡语法测试要设定恰当语境，没有语境，语言结构的交际功能就不能体现。对语言知识的考查应注重学生的语言运用能力，毕竟人们都是在一定的语境中运用语言进行真实的理解与表达活动的。因此编制习题时应尽量避免纯粹、机械的语法题，而是要根据语言的实际使用情形，创设真实或接近真实语境的语言材料。例如：

_______of them has his own opinion.（C）

A. Both B. Some C.Each

这道题从谓语动词has的第三人称单数形式可以判断出答案选C，但是句子的语意不明：“他们”是谁？究竟有多少人，对于什么问题执自己的opinion？句子情境的细节不清，只是生硬地在考查语法形式，学生即使选对也不会学着运用。而下面这个例子就是语境设定比较好的：

—Which of the caps will you take？

—I’ll take______，one for my father，the other for my brother.（B）

A. Neither B.both C.all

三、丰富题型，减小单一题型的局限性

许多语法习题都是以单项选择题的形式出现的，但是单项选择题存在一定弊端，即干扰项可能会形成不正确的语言输入，给以后的教学带来不利影响。例如：

Martin’s sister is______than he.（B）

A. younger five years B.five years younger C.five younger years

在这样的题目中学生需要利用他们非常有限的语言知识进行识别，从几个选项中确定适合题目要求的一项。有些学生会在干扰项与正确答案之间思考判断，有些则会感到困惑，这时干扰项就可能变成一种语言输入。然而初中学生对英语的认识尚处于积累的过程中，需要大量正面的语言输入，如果长时间重复做一个类型的题目对学生语言学习无益，也会使学生丧失学习兴趣。因此在复习阶段教师不应为迎合中考题型而单一给学生操练语法单项选择题，而应使用其他多种检测方法，如动词填空、句型转换、改错题等。

四、收集语料，提高题干语言的准确性

教师编写习题过程中的一个主要问题便是题干的编写。教师可以自己撰写题干语句，也可以多渠道地收集地道、原汁原味的语言材料，教材、英文报刊、原版英文图书等都是很好的语料来源。例如在复习介词through、across时，笔者便选用了教材（《新目标英语》）中的两个典型句子：I’d like to trek______the jungle because I like exciting vacations.和Some students love to go on exciting trips.One student said she’d love to sail ______the Pacific Ocean.（through；across）又如笔者曾利用在英文报纸上看到的一篇关于NBA球员拜纳姆获得西部最佳球员的新闻，将其中的动词挖出空格来给学生进行动词时态和语态的练习：Los Angeles Lakers’Andrew Bynum______（enjoy）his best season on the team right now.On March 20，the 24—year—old _______（name）Western Conference Player of the Week.He_______（play） in 41 of 45 Lakers games.（答案：is enjoying；was named；has played）这样的习题不仅语言真实、准确，而且与学生的实际生活、爱好相贴近，一定程度上也能提高学生答题的兴趣。

五、利用学生错题，提高习题编制的针对性

练其所需，释其所疑，解其所难。在复习阶段，为了使学生的时间利用得更有效，教师就要有针对性地在练习中解决学生的易错点和疑难点，而不要搞题海战术，任何知识点都大量、反复地练习。教师应做一个有心人，在平时的教学或作业批改过程中多收集学生的“错误素材”，在编制习题时便可以有的放矢，着力矫正学生们的常见错误。例如笔者在学生的写作中发现大多数人不会把动词作主语时变成ing形式，于是便针对这一语言点编制习题让学生操练。

动词填空：_____loudly in public is impolite.（在公共场合大声讲话是不礼貌的。）（Talking）

______English movies helps me practice my listening skills.（看英文影片帮我练习听力。）（Watching）

单项选择：______a boat to school must be a lot more fun than____a bus！（A）

A. Taking；taking B.Take；take C.Take；taking

句子转换：I eat a balanced diet and do sports every day. So I am in good health.（合成一句）

______a balanced diet and______sports every day keeps me in good health.（Eating；doing）

正所谓“教者有心，学者得益”。在倡导教育要“以生为本”的新课程改革中，教师要积极转变观念，深入地研究教学、了解学生，认真钻研有关语言测试的理论与实践知识，逐步提高习题编制技术，从而使习题作业更加科学、合理和有效，对教学产生积极的反拔作用，在提高教学效果的同时也促进教师自身专业水平的发展。

参考文献

[1] 欧阳芬.有效教学的基本功——新课程下中小学教师试卷编制、分析、讲评技能指导.北京：世界图书出版公司北京公司，2008.

[2] 人民教育出版社.义务教育课程标准实验教科书·英语（新目标）.北京：人民教育出版社，2007.

[3] 温爱英.从学生答题情况看语法和词汇教学.中小学外语教学（中学篇），2008（2）.

[4] 武尊民.英语测试的理论与实践.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.

[5] 周南南.结构——情景——交际模式下的初三英语自主复习.中小学外语教学（中学篇），2009（10）.

初中英语语法练习题 篇4

I. 填入适当的连词。

1. My brother is ill, ________ I have to stay at home.

2. The film must be very interesting, ________ many people are buying tickets in line.

3. My computer is new, ________ it is too expensive.

4. She felt hungry, ________ she didn’t have breakfast.

5. A customer came in, ________ I stopped my work.

6. He has a lot of money, ________ he spends little.

7. Come here early, ________ you can’t see him.

8. Take some medicine, ________ you will feel better.

9. There are a lot of stories about the UFOs, _______ no one knows whether they are true or not.

10. Put on your coat, ________ you will catch cold.

11. She got a ―C‖ in English test, ________ she had tried his best.

12. My little cousin can _________ read ________ write.

13. Please call me _______ you need my help.

14. _____you have a few more days’ rest, you’ll feel better.

15. _____ my father ______ my mother is a doctor. They are teachers.

16.

17.

18.

19. I really don’t know ______ it is going to rain or not this afternoon. You may ______do it yourself ________ leave it to me. Hurry up, ______ you’ll miss the next bus. Li Ming was a brave boy, ______ he had one shortcoming.

20. It’s a fine day, ____ we have a wonderful time.

21. I don’t know _______ she can speak Russian or not.

22. We haven’t decided _____ and ______ we shall meet next time.

23. That’s ______ they didn’t pass the exam.

24. _______ you are right, _____ he is.

25. He ______ _____ read the book ______ _______ remembered what he read.

答案：

1.so

2.for

3.besides

4.as

5.so

6.but

7.or

8.and

9.but

10.or

11.though

12.neither, nor

13.if/when

14.if

15.neither, nor

16.whether

17.either, or

18.or

19.though

20.

21.whether

22.

23.why

24.Either,or

英语专业四级经典语法练习题 篇5

B.a more experienced teacher C.more an experienced teacher

D.more experienced teacher an experienced teacher, 比较级加在形容词前，因此B。_______ the two, Bob is ________ student.A.Of, more diligent

B.In, more diligent C.Of, the more diligent

D.In, the more diligent the ＋比较级＋ of the two，因此C。

Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _______ Eastern Nebraska.A.in B.it receives in C.does D.it does in

(1992)

(1995)

(1996)完整形式应该是：than Eastern Nebraska receives snow，省去了部分谓语，保留了主语和助动词，可以倒装，因此C。

The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great more luxurious than _______.(1998)A.is necessary B.being necessary C.to be necessary D.it is necessary 这个句子是一个由than引导的比较状语从句，既然是从句那么可以排除BC；than引导的从句中省略了的主语应该是the indoor swimming pool，为避免重复，一般省略，不需要用it来指代。A。

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than ______ in the public mind today.(1999)A.exists B.exist C.existing

D.to exist 省略了的主语是anxiety，因此谓语动词用第三人称单数：A The experiment requires more money than _______.(2002)A.have been put in

B.being put in

C.has been put in

D.to be put in than引导的从句中省略了的主语应该是money，因此谓语动词要用第三人称单数，C。The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, _______ to the truck.(2003)A.the greater stress is

B.greater is the stress C.the stress is greater

D.the greater the stress “地表和载满货物卡车的接触面越小，卡车对地面的压强就越大。”A。as Some dieters find that after their dieting is over, they ate twice _______ they did before their diet.(1993)A.more than B.as many as C.much than D.as much as D,“饭量是以前的两倍”。A是指“三倍”，不合常理。

Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner ___ to the professor.(1998)A.as far as B.the same as C.as much as D.as long as C，as much as“达到与„„一样的程度”，完整的后半个句子应是：language belongs to the cleaner as much as it belong to the professor “语言属于社会的每个成员，既属于清洁工，也属于教授”；as far as“一直到某个程度”；the same as“与„„一样”；表示“清洁工和教授是一样的”，意思不妥；as long as“只要”。

She did her work ______ her manager had instructed.(2002)A.as

B.until

C.when

D.though as可表示方式，意思是“按照，如同”；“她依照经理的指示办事。”A。

The trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent.(2004)A.so much as B.rather than C.as

D.than A考点是not „ so much as句型，表示“与其说是，倒不如说是”、“更多的是，而不是”。“毫无疑问，那个喇叭手的号声吵死了，但与其说我烦他的声音大，倒不如说烦他没吹号的天分。”

His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.(2005)A.so as to

B.such as to

C.such to

D.as much as to such as为固定搭配，意为“到如此程度以致”，又如：His illness is not such as to cause anxiety.他的病还没有严重到令人担心的地步。Twelve is to three _______ four is to one.(1998)A.what

B.as

C.that

D.like 水对鱼的关系就像空气对人的关系一样：Water is to fish what air is to man.A is to B what C is to D Intellect is to the mind ______ sight is to the body.(2001)A.what

B.as

C.that

D.like 智力对于思想，犹如视力对于身体一样。not + 比较级 + than, no + 比较级 + than John is _______ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.(1998)A.no less B.no more

C.not less

D.no so A，“约翰的用功绝不亚于他姐姐，可是这次考试他却没及格。”not less than只是比较约翰和他姐姐，没有强调约翰非常用功。

Fat cannot change into muscle _______ muscle changes into fat.(1999)A.any more than B.no more than C.no less than D.much more than A，“脂肪不能转变为肌肉，就像肌肉不能转变为脂肪一样。”not „ any more than意思是“和„同样都不„”。as / though / much as David Singer, my friend’s father, ______ raised and educated in New York, lived and lectured in Africa most of his life.(1993)A.who

B.if

C.while

D.though D，表示转折。答案C while只是表示同时并列的转折。如：While I understand your views, I can’t agree with you.______ he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank.(1998)A.Much as

B.Much though C.As much D.Though much A, much as可看作是固定词组，作连词，引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”。如Much as I should like to see you, I am afraid you could not come.Fool _____ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.(2002)A.who

B.as

C.that

D.like B，有倒装，a./n.+ as + 主语 + 助动词be，如：Patient as he is, he can’t bear it any longer.______ I like economics, I like sociology much better.(2003)A.As much as

B.So much C.How much D.Much as D, 同18题。______, Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.(2005)A.Although he is a socialist

B.Even if he is a socialist C.Being a socialist

D.Since he is a socialist 虽然韦尔斯先生是一个社会主义者，但他对工人阶级却没有什么同情心。表转折含义的只有A项。

定 语 从 句

Above the trees are the hills, ________ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.(2003)A.where

B.of whose

C.whose D.which C，关系代词在从句中做定语。“树的上面是山，它的倒影忠实地映照在河面上。” Only take such clothes _______ really necessary.(1994)A.as were

B.as they are

C.as they were D.as are D，as引导定语从句，先行词是clothes，as在从句中作主语，所以BC不对，因为they是多余的；A的时态与主句不搭配。

______ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.(1994)A.That

B.It

C.This

D.As D，as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，表达整个主句的意思。“正如一种新的观念产生时一样，人们总是做许多准备活动和积极的讨论，却拿不出具体的建议。”

This company has now introduced a policy _____ pay rises are related to performance at work.(1996)A.which

B.where

C.whether D.what B，“公司现在提出了一项新政策，依照新政策，工资增长与工作业绩挂钩。”

The Physicist has made a discovery, _______ of great importance to the progress of science and technology.(1997)A.I think which is B.that I think is C.which I think is D.which I think it is C，I think是插入语，which在从句中就是主语，D中it是多余的。I have never been to London, but that is the city ______.(1997)A.where I like to visit most

B.I’d most like to visit C.which I like to visit mostly

D.where I’d like most to visit B, 首先排除A，因为the city在从句中作宾语，不能用where引导；C中mostly表示“通常，大部分”，意思不通顺；表示“最想”，用most like,不是like most, most是much的最高级，much一般不修饰不定式，多用于修饰分词。He was much pleased.She remembered several occasions in the past ___ she had experienced a similar feeling.(98)A.which

B.before

C.that

D.when D，从句有自己的主语和宾语，因此不选AC，when引导定语从句在句中作时间状语。B项不合语法，因为主句的时态是一般过去时，从句却是过去完成时。I’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city ______.(1999)A.I’d most like to visit

B.which I like to visit mostly C.where I like to visit

D.I’d like much to visit A，同27。

Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ______ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced.(2000)A.whose

B.as

C.what

D.that D，that在从句中作主语。使用电脑操作的工厂已经发现可以大大减少质检员工的数量。We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ______ should make great differences in our life next summer.(2002)A.which

B.what

C.that

D.they A，指代前面的整个句子。

They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ______ is something we had not expected.(2003)A.which

B.it

C.that

D.what A，同上。“他们克服一切困难，提前两个月完成了工程，这是我们没有料到的事。” 名 词 性 从 句

We can assign the task to ______ is capable and trustworthy.(1994)A.whomever

B.who

C.whom

D.whoever D，介词to后面是个宾语从句，从句缺主语；whom和whomever虽然可以接宾语从句，但它们不能在从句中作主语，AC不对；whoever语义比who强烈，更贴切。The team can handle whatever _____.(1997)A.that needs handling

B.which needs handling C.it needs handling

D.needs to be handled D，whatever引导的分句作handle的宾语，又在从句中作主语，因此不需要再加任何其他主语，ABC都有多余的主语成分。

After __ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel manager’s office.(99)A.that

B.there

C.what

D.it C，after在句中时介词还是连词？如果是连词，从句中的时态通常为完成体，所以排除连词的可能性。既然after是介词，那么后面必定是宾语从句，后面的从句缺主语，只有what既引导宾语从句，又在宾语从句中作主语；BD都不能引导宾语从句。A虽然可以引导宾语从句，但不在从句中充当任何语法成分。

Have you ever been in a situation _____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?

(2002)A.by which

B.that

C.in where D.where B，situation后的从句是对situation作出具体的解释，因此是同位语从句。非 限 定 动 词（不定式、动名词、分词）____ is not a serious disadvantage in life.(2001)A.To be not tall B.Not to be tall C.Being not tall D.Not being tall D．AC不对是因为动词不定式和动名词的否定结构形式应为not to do, not doing；B动词不定式短语作主语通常表示特定的具体的行为，特别是表示将来的或一次性的行为，To skate on real ice is his dream.D动名词作主语表示抽象一般的概念。Skating on real ice is great fun.This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _____ in Africa.(1996)A.hunted

B.hunting

C.that hunted D.are hunted A，完整结构应为：the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals(from being)hunted in Africa;“此举也许既能保护非洲的其他动物不被猎杀，又能使大象免受灭族之灾” The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel ______.(1998)A.to stay

B.is to stay C.to stay at D.is for staying C，stay是不及物动词，必须接介词才能跟宾语。

In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid _____.(1996)A.from being beaten B.being beaten C.beating D.to be beaten B，avoid后接动名词做宾语。被动，因此B。“避免被对手打败” He resented _____ to wait.He expected the minister _____ him at once.(1995)A.to be asked, to see B.being asked, to see C.to be asked, seeing D.being asked, seeing B，resent后接动名词，expect后接不定式。

I never regretted _____ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay.A.not to accept

B.not having accepted C.having not accepted

D.not accepting

(1993)D, regret doing sth.表示“后悔做过某事”，事情已经发生了，常用动名词的一般形式表示动作已经发生了。

He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field.Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _____ out and three men climbing down it.(1995)A.throwing

B.being thrown C.having thrown D.having been thrown B，see可与现在分词或不定式连用，平行结构，后面用了现在分词，这里也用分词；绳梯是被扔出飞机，因此要用被动结构，排除AC；see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe,等词一般不跟分词的完成形式连用。

Professor Johnson is said ____ some significant advance in his research in the past year.(99)A.having made

B.making C.to have made D.to make C，主语补足语的动作在谓语动词之前发生，用完成时。

AIDS is said _____ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.(2002)A.being

B.to be

C.to have been D.having been C, 同上。

The Minister of Finance is believed _____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.(04)A.that he is thinking B.to be thinking C.that he is to think D.to think B，“人们认为财政部长正在考虑通过征收新税来增加政府的额外税入。”B“正在考虑” The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _____ by the police each time.(1999)A.had been captured

B.being always captured C.only to be captured

D.unfortunately captured C，“这三人多次企图偷偷越过边界进入邻国，不料每次都被警察抓住。”only to表示出乎意料，通常是不愉快的结果。

This missile is designed so that once ______ nothing can be done to retrieve it,(1995)A.fired

B.being fired C.they fire

D.having fired A，once连词，一旦，被动，所以A。This missile is designed so that once it is fired „ ______ , he can now only watch it on TV at home.(1998)A.Obtaining not a ticket for the match

B.Not obtaining a ticket for the match C.Not having obtained a ticket for the match D.Not obtained a ticket for the match C，分词短语的动作在主句动作之前发生，用分词的完成形式。Arriving at the bus stop, ______ waiting there.(1994)A.a lot of people were

B.he found a lot of people C.a lot of people

D.people were found B，空处的逻辑主语与arrive保持一致。_____ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first.(1994)A.Not received B.Since receiving

C.Having received D.Not having received D，receive的主语是she，因此应是主动，A不对；receive的动作在主句谓语动词之前发生，所以要用分词的完成形式，否定应是not having done.__B__ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem so gloomy.(2000)A.Looking

B.Looked

C.Having looked D.To look There __ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.(2000)A.to be

B.to have been C.being

D.be C．前面分句构成独立主格结构。

_____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his room.(1996)A.There was B.Since

C.Being

D.There being D．C中的现在分词短语的逻辑主语不是主句的主语。

The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars _____ the most important of these.(1994)A.have been B.are

C.being

D.are being C．ABD都会使后半部分构成完整的句子，但句中用的是逗号，不能是完整句子。

Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat _____ by far the biggest cereal crop.(2003)A.is

B.been

C.be

D.being D，同上。“农业是这个国家的主要财源，目前小麦是谷物中产量最大的。”

If not _____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.(2004)A.being treated B.treated C.be treated D.having been treated B，If(Jack is)not treated„“如果没有受到他觉得应得的尊敬，杰克的脾气就会变得很坏，并且不停地抱怨。”

Time _____, the celebration will be held as scheduled.(2003)A.permit

B.permitting

C.permitted

D.permits B，“时间允许的话，庆祝活动将按计划进行”。time和permit是主动关系。虚 拟 语 气

_____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.(2002)A.Had it not been B.Hadn’t it been C.Was it not

D.Were it not A，前半句是与过去事实相反的推测。If it had not been „倒装

If you have really been studying English for so long, it’s about time you _____ able to write letters in English.(1999)A.should be

B.were

C.must be

D.are B，it’s about time that sb.did sth._____, I’ll marry him all the same.(2004)A.Was he rich or poor

B.Whether rich or poor C.were he rich or poor

D.Be he rich or poor D＝whether he is rich or poor If your car _____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(98)A.shall need

B.should need

C.would need D.will need B，与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，“如果你的车在一年内有任何问题，可送到获得授权的经销商那儿去” It is imperative that students _____ their term papers on time.(2004)A.hand in

B.would hand in C.have to hand in D.handed in A，学生必须按时上交他们的学期论文。

If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.(2005)A.would be

B.will have been

C.was

D.were A，if从句是对现在情况的假设。情 态 动 词

You ______ Jim anything about it.It was none of his business.(2004)A.needn’t have told B.needn’t tell C.mustn’t have told D.mustn’t tell A，needn’t have done表示本不必做而做了。没有mustn’t have done的形式，但可以说can’t have done，表示不大可能。

He ______ the 8:20 bus because he didn’t leave home till 8:25.(1994)A.couldn’t have caught

B.ought to have caught C.shouldn’t have caught

D.must not have caught A，couldn’t have done表示不可能做了某事。

He _____ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful.(1999)A.may have acted B.must have acted C.should act D.would act A，may have done表示过去可能做过某事，B表示一定做过，推测的可能性很大。时 态

How can I ever concentrate if you _____ continually ____ me with silly questions?

(97)A.have … interrupted

B.had … interrupted

C.are … interrupting

D.were … interrupting

C，现在进行时与always, continually, constantly连用表示某种带有感情色彩，经常发生的动作。本句暗含责备之义。

Come and see me whenever ______.(97)A.you are convenient

B.you will be convenient C.it is convenient to you

D.it will be convenient to you C，whenvever引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来；convenient一词只能说it is convenient to sb.For some time now, world leaders __ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.(02)A.had been pointing B.have been pointing C.were pointing D.pointed B，现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始延续到现在，并可能继续。

Jack _____from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety.(03)A.has been missing B.has been missed C.had been missing D.was missed A，同上。“杰克离家两天（到现在还没回），我开始担心他的安全。” _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.(05)A.I was and always will be

B.I have to be and always will be C.I had been and always will be

D.I have been and always will be D，ABC三项前后两个时态不一致，只有D项中现在完成时与将来时搭配一致。倒 装

So badly _____ in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months.(94)A.did he injure B.injured him C.was he injured D.he was injured C，倒装，将助动词提到主语前，被动。He is not under arrest, ______ any restriction on him.(95)A.or the police have placed

B.or have the police placed C.nor the police have placed D.nor have the police placed D，AB中的or表示“否则”，与题意不符；nor放在句首要倒装。

___ both sides accept the agreement ___ a lasting peace be established in this region.(04)A.Only if, will B.If only, would C.Should, will D.Unless, would A，only if表示“只有。。才”，放在句首，句子要倒装；“只有双方都接受和约，永久的和平才有可能建立起来”。if only表示“要是。。多好” 反 意 疑 问 句

A hibernating animal needs hardly any food all through the winter, _____?

(92)A.need it

B.needn’t it

C.does it

D.doesn’t it C，need是实义动词不是情态动词，hardly是否定副词，因此前面的分句是否定句。You and I could hardly understand, ______?

(95)A.could I

B.couldn’t you

C.couldn’t we

D.could we D，hardly的解释同上。

When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, ___?(97)A.do you

B.will you C.don’t you

D.won’t you B，前面句子是第二人称祈使句时，后面要用will(would)you或won’t you;本题中，前面的句子是否定句，因此后面用肯定的。Do help yourself to some fruit, _____ you?

(00)A.can’t

B.don’t

C.wouldn’t

D.won’t D，同上。

She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, _____?

(03)A.hadn’t she

B.hasn’t she

C.wouldn’t she

考研英语语法练习题（含答案） 篇6

A. to develop B. to be developed C. developingD. will develop

2. Space exploration promises to open up many new territories for human settlement, as well as _________the harvest of mineral resources.

A. leads to B. to lead to C. leading to D. lead to

3. Someday, solar power collected by satellites ________ the earth or fission power (裂变能)manufactured by mankind may give us all the energy we need for an expanding civilization.

A. circled B. to circle C. circling D.circles

4. In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to report what they ________ .

A.had just been dreaming B. are just dreaming

C.have just been dreaming D. had just dreamt

5. Her terror was so great ________ somewhere to escape, she would have run for her life.

A. only if B. that there had only been

C. that had there only been D. if there were only

1. AFor these children to develop to their full adult potential在句中做目的状语，these children 是to develop 的逻辑主语，这种主谓关系在目的状语中一般是不能用分词表示的。B中不定式被动式与句意相悖;for不是连词，故不能选D，否则语句不通。

2. Cas well as 在语法功能上相当于介词，所以在句中要接动名词leading to。

3. C句子的主语为solar power or fission power，谓语是may give, collected by satellite circling the earth是后置定语修饰solar power，其中circling the earth 又是现在分词短语修饰satellite，“环绕地球的卫星”，相当于the satellite which circles the earth。其他选择项均不符合句子语法结构要求。

4. C句中已给出频次状语several times，说明要用完成时态，同时句子的时态定位是现在时they are wakened，显然不能用过去完成时，所以选C。

浅谈科技英语的语法及文体特征 篇7

随着我国改革开放的不断深入, 对外科技交流日益频繁。在强调发展高科技之际, 我们有必要了解科技英语的特征, 以便在对外科技交流中收到事半功倍之效。从教学角度讲, “专用英语” (E S P-English for Specific Purpose) 指任何形式的、具有明确实用目的的英语教学。作为ESP的一个分支, 科技英语 (EST-English for Science and Technology) 是以科学技术为内容和目的, 为非英语国家科技人员所设计的一种英语教学。它是随着科学技术的飞速发展和国际间科技交流的日益频繁, 为满足科技人员对国外先进科学知识的急需而产生的, 是一门在20世纪70年代新确立的语言学分科。

作为英语语言的一部分、一种语体, 科技英语以其行文庄重, 结构严谨, 力求客观, 感情色彩少而著称。对科技英语语言特点进行分析, 我们可以看出其在语法结构、语篇方面有着不同于普通英语的特征。

2. 科技英语的语言特征

2.1 科技英语的语法特点

2.1.1 广泛使用被动语态

科技英语语法的显著特点之一就是被动语态的广泛应用, 而被动语态的大量运用是与科技篇章的文体特征密切相关的。科技英语叙述的主体多为客观事物、现象或过程等, 不带任何主观色彩, 因而被动语态就成了追求叙述客观性和规范性的一种重要语言手段。科技英语中所使用的被动语态通常省略施动者或行为者。

有时候, 科技英语被动语句不省略以by连接的短语, 即保留了施动者。在日常英语中, by短语多表达行为的执行者, 在科技英语文体中, 则常表达方式、方法、手段或原因等。例如:

Useful facts may be collected either by making careful observation or by setting up experiment./通过仔细的观察或做实验可以收集到有用的数据。

不过, Porush (1995:P216) 却认为科技文体中过度使用被动语态, 是“科技文体写作中一项普遍、持久、有害的习惯” (“one of the most universal, persistent and damaging habits of scientific writing”) 。他接着又说, “这种习惯一旦形成, 就难以改变” (“once you mount the passive voice bicycle, it is hard to get off”) 。在他看来, 使用第一人称代词并不等同于主观。确实, 在科技文体中, 我们能见到越来越多“w e”的使用。不过, 总的来说, 被动语态的使用尽管略有下降, 但跟其它英语文体相比较而言, 被动语态在科技英语文体所占比重依然是最高的。

2.1.2 名词化倾向

科技英语的另一个显著的特征就是大量使用名词或名词词组, 即所谓的名词化倾向。名词化 (nominalization) 的词主要指表示动作或状态的抽象名词, 一般由动词派生, 也包括具有动作意义的名词 (如use) 和由形容词加后缀-ability, -ity, -ness等构成的名词。在一般文体中使用动词、形容词的地方在科技英语中常代之以抽象化的名词。名词化名词抽象度高, 是表达科学技术逻辑思维或抽象思维不可或缺的语言手段, 因而成为科技文体的重要特征。例如, 在日常英语中, 我们可能说, “You can rectify the fault if you insert a wedge”, 但在科技英语中则往往使用名词化短语来表示相同的意思, “Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge”/插进一个楔片, 故障就可排除。第二句用rectification和insertion代替rectify和insert, 而谓语动词使用中性词achieve。这样就使含有较多信息的复合句转化成为含有等量信息的简单句, 并将要传递的信息置于句首, 以示突出。抽象程度较高的名词或名词化短语的使用, 不仅使叙述客观、内容确切, 而且使句子的表达更为精炼, 文体更为正式。

2.1.3 使用长句的倾向

科技英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概念以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系, 而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达的, 所以语法结构复杂的长句较多地应用于科技英语, 这类长句常含有许多修饰性短语 (包括介词短语、形容词短语、非限定动词短语等) 、带主语的独立结构及各种从句。这种严谨周密、逻辑性强、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了科技英语文体的又一重要特征。长句通常分为两类, 即由于并列成分多引起的长句和由于从句多引起的长句。

2.1.4 广泛使用现在时态

科技英语常用现在时态来论述理论部分, 表述不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理, 也用此时态来说明试验的全过程。例如:

Basically, the theory proposed amongother things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;that mass appears to increase with speed, that…/基本上, 这个理论, 除了别的以外还提出:宇宙间能达到的最大速度是光速;质量随速度而增加……

该例是表示规律的宾语从句, 在科技英语中表示规律、公式等的宾语从句不受主句时态的限制, 仍用一般现在时。

2.2 科技英语的语篇特点

2.2.1 语气正式 (Formal in Mode ofSpeech)

科技英语语气正式主要表现在用词方面。它不仅使用了很多专用性很强的专门术语, 而且科技作品中的普通词汇也偏向书面语, 大词汇和长词汇的出现频率远远高于普通英语和文学英语。

2.2.2 陈述客观、准确 (Objective andAccurate in Statement)

科技文章是反映客观事物的, 文章中不能掺杂作者个人的主观意思, 对客观事物的陈述必须客观、准确。这既是科技文章的特征, 也是对科技文章作者的基本要求。

2.2.3 语言规范 (Standard in Language)

科技文章的语言一般比较规范, 主要表现为语法的规范性。这与文学作品有很大的不同。科技文章的语法之所以规范, 是因为其描述客观事物必须准确无误这一要求所决定的。

2.2.4 文体质朴 (Undecorated inStylistics)

在修辞手段上, 科技文章则以交际修辞为主 (dominated in communicative rhetoric) , 文风质朴, 文理清晰, 描述准确, 不像文学文体那样富于美学修辞 (aesthetic rhetoric) 手段和艺术色彩, 主要表现在语言的统一性 (unity) 和连贯性 (coherence) 强, 语句平衡匀密, 简洁而不单调, 语句长而不累赘、迂回。

2.2.5 逻辑性强 (Strict in Logic)

虽然逻辑属于非语言因素 (extralinguistic factor) 的范畴, 但与语言的关系密不可分。逻辑性强是科技文章的又一突出的特征。科技文章的逻辑性强主要表现在概念明确, 判断合理、恰当, 推理严密等。

2.2.6 专业术语性强 (Concentrated inTechnical Terms)

众所周知, 科技文章 (科普文章除外) 均有一个专业范围。一般说来, 其读者均是“本专业”的科技人员, 至少说文章是为“本专业”的读者而写的。因此, 科技文章还有一个特征, 就是高度的专业术语性。专业术语是构成科技理论的语言基础, 其语义具有严谨性和单一性, 采用术语写作能使文章更加准确而简洁。

3. 结语

科技英语是为了满足科学技术发展与交流而逐渐形成的一种英语变体。科技英语是由普通英语演变而来的, 遵循普通英语的词法和句法规则, 因而与普通英语具有共性, 但由于科技英语有其特定的交际目的和交际对象, 所以科技英语在语法和篇章特点方面与普通英语存在着差异, 形成了独特的文体风格, 总的说来, 科技英语具有概念准确、判断恰当、推理周密, 较多地使用意义单一、抽象化程度高的词语和术语以及名词化结构、被动语态、一般现在时、各种类型的复合句等语言特点。

参考文献

[1]Hutchinson, T.and A.Waters, English for Specific Purposes A Learner-centered Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1987

[2]Porush, D.A short Guide to Writing about Science.H arperC ollinsP ublisher.1995

[3]方梦之.英语科技文体:范式与应用[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.1998

[4]冯志杰.汉英科技翻译指要[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.1998