托福写作高分技能:准确性+多样化(共7篇)
托福写作高分技能:准确性+多样化 篇1
托福写作高分攻略丨作文高分离不开准确用词!
一.了解词汇使用背景和习惯
例如,英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”,然后才是“地主”;而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”,此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意;而First lady (夫人)绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人,因此在写作中应特别注意这类词,否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异,许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭,Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”,而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色,常表示希望、活力,但在英语中green又与“妒忌” (to be green with envy,green-eyed)和“没有经验的”(a green horn)联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累,养成经常查字典的良好习惯,单凭想当然地选词,势必会词不达意。即使同一事物,在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如:corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛指“谷物”;“地铁”在英国用tube或underground美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk, Chemists‘ shop/drug store等。
二.区分同义词才能更好地使用同义词
由于历史的原因,现代英语除本族语外,还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲,这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲,英语本族语大多是短词,小词,听起来朴素)亲切,大量用于口头表达:法语来源的词庄重文雅,多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关;拉丁来源的词,书卷味浓, 如ask,question,inter-rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外,它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender,slim,lean, thin,underweight,gaunt, lanky,skinny等来表达,而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的,skinny却是贬义的,underweight则是中性的词。即使同是褒义词,表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时,都意为“个子小”的,但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义,而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”,根据不同的上下文,它还有“toefl.533.com纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时,一定要分清主题,对象及情景。
另外,让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”,但large通常用来修饰诸如number,amount及quantity(a large number of students,a large amount of money,a large quantity of wine,etc)。但象“勇气”,“信心”,”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词,人们通常用呷碰而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见,在英语写作实践中,区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。
三.英汉无对应词汇妥善处理
不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达,一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达,这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”,但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员,与人有关,而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思,但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词;所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思,比如send一词,如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话,象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应是she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”,如果写成He will send his friend to the airpot。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airpot with his friend to see him off. 实际上send sth to a place 应该是请别人送去,自己不去。因此,要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当,单凭查词典还不行。
托福写作模板:学生参与决策
托福写作模板及范文参考:
At some universities, students take part in making decisions about the issues that affect daily life of everyone on campus, such as how many hours that the libraries should be open each day or what kinds of food should be served in the cafeteria. But at some universities, experts are hired to make this decisions, students almost never involved. Which approach do you prefer and why.
托福写作范文参考:
We can never over emphasize the importance of campus life during which people mature intellectually and psychologically. It is a university’s unshakable responsibility to provide qualified education and various facilities. For a university to function well, there must be effective and reasonable rules regulating behaviors of both students and staffs. In my mind, it is students, but not experts, who should be responsible for the making of rules.
Admittedly, inviting professional and experienced experts to make rules is an easy solution for universities to effectively manage students and staffs. Given years of work experience, experts not only understand students’ needs and preferences, but also know well how to help students regulate behaviors, such as cultivating good habits, managing time and having healthy diets. For example, to encourage students to have enough time to sleep, experts usually require libraries to close at 10 o’clock; also, to help students keep healthy, they demand dining halls to provide nutritious food, such as organic vegetables and fruits.
However, it is actually difficult for experts to truly think from students’ perspective, so some of their rules may be not appropriate. On the contrary, students, though inexperienced, deserve the right to make rules for themselves and the opportunity to improve their abilities to manage. To begin with, it is students who study and live on campus that can enact rules flexible and reasonable enough to help students improve efficiency in both study and social activities. However, experts, as observers of students, may be unavoidably theoretical. For instance, during exam weeks, it is inconvenient to close libraries at 10 o’clock, as many students need more time and a quiet place to finish their assignments and prepare for exams, which is usually ignored by experts.
Secondly, it is also universities’ duty to help students learn self-management and leadership by giving them the right to enact rules for all students on campus. Undoubtedly, student government ought to take the responsibility to collect students’ opinions from polls, negotiate with students having different requirements, and finally introduce rules that can be respected and observed by all. Since these are rules made by students themselves, there is no reason to complain and violate. Moreover, this is a rare opportunity for members of student government to enhance leadership and management capability. Though the process will be surely time consuming and even arouse various problems, it is worthy given the huge benefits to students.
To sum up, endowing students the right to make rules for themselves is a better option for universities to accommodate students’ needs and help them grow up.
托福独立写作“媒体科技类”的素材表达
1.科技的影响(工作、学习、生活)
2.政府 & 科技(太空探索,理论研究)
3.现代媒介 vs传统媒介
4.传媒的作用
必备表达
科技的利弊
Pros
Cutting edge technology 尖端技术
Technological innovations/inventions/advances/progressions 技术创新和进步
1.提高工作效率
Augment/enhance/boost efficiency/productivity
Liberate accountants from repetitive and complex calculations that are Time-consuming and exhausting
2.方便信息检索
Information regarding(concerning/pertaining to) any area can be immediately accessible
Easily obtain/attain/access information
3.促进交流
Facilitate communication /transcend geographical barrier
Communicate on a global scale/across the globe
4.方便生活
Facilitate people’s daily commuting
Multiple household appliances (air-conditioners---enjoy comfortable lives without worrying about whether it is hot,cold or rainy outside; refrigerators preserve food for longer ; vacuum cleaners--energy-saving & time-saving)
5.丰富生活
Spice up/enrich people’s life
Leisure time
Listening to music, surfing the internet or watching digital movies
6.医疗科技
CT-scans and B-type ultrasound scans aid doctors in diagnosing illness for patients
With the invention of certain targeted vaccines, people finally put an end to rampant epidemics/eliminate deadly diseases.
Cons
1.污染
Abuse of industrial chemicals has caused irreversible consequences
Increasing automobiles bring about air pollution
2.伦理问题
Ethnic problems caused by cloning human beings
3.侵犯隐私
Violate/intrude on/infringe on one’s privacy
Infected by viruses & attacked by hackers
4.阻碍交流
Overexposure to...
Socially isolated
Impede/hinder communication
利弊权衡
Double-edged sword 双刃剑
Advantage/merit/strength/benefit 优点
Disadvantage/demerit/weakness/defect/drawback/shortcoming 缺点
(Far) outweigh/overshadow/outshine 大于
投资科技的优点
Inspire/stimulate/nurture/attract scientific minds
Turn out to be fruitful much later
Exert far-reaching/profound effect/impact
社交传媒的利弊
Pros
Disseminate information
Keep in touch with/reconnect with old friends
Bridge previously insurmountable physical distances
Promote public participation and civic engagement
Objective, unbiased and truthful reporting
Inform people with updated news
Cons
The validity of this information cannot always be verified
Misleading, misrepresented, distorted news
托福写作高分 篇2
While knowledge is of course needed to get a job done, a person who can adapt well can find the information needed to succeed. A person does not need to know everything as long as he knows how to find answers. This point is made clear through a simple situation: a person needs to make a telephone call. The person can remember the telephone number and make the call. However, a person without that knowledge can still make the call if he is flexible enough to search for the phone number from a friend, a phone book, the internet, or other resource. It is clear that ability to learn is more effective than knowing the answer when an unfamiliar phone number is needed.
A person who can adapt can also bring new innovations to a workplace. Instead of just following the same pattern that everyone else uses, the adaptable personcan see better ways to complete tasks. For example, he could streamline processes or simplify procedures so that time and money is saved. The person is a much more valuable asset to the company than a person who sticks to routine. The adaptable person is therefore more likely to be promoted or given pay raisesbecause of his productivity.
Finally, an adaptable person can better handle crises or unexpected situations. Even if he does not have specific answers, he can react quickly and capably in an emergency. A dramatic example is when a fire breaks out in the building. A person who does not adapt well may panic or freeze. Alternately, he may stubbornly try to complete a task such as shutting down his computer before fleeing the building. By contrast, the adaptable person does not need to know procedures to use unfamiliar fire extinguishing equipment, seek safety, or help others find their way out of the building. This ability to deal with problems helps in ordinary situations such as organizational restructuring or transfers, too.
The ability to adapt helps a person succeed in many aspects of work and regular life. The person can solve problems, create more productive systems, and react effectively in new situations. Therefore, the ability to adapt is more important than having specific knowledge.
词句积累
knowledge is of course needed to get a job done 完成工作当然需要知识
the adaptable person 适应性强的人
streamline processes 精简流程
simplify procedures 简化程序
stick to routine 坚持常规
pay raises 涨薪
托福写作高分用法指点 篇3
托福写作范文价值从得分来判断
托福写作范文的重要性可以按照其分数来分辨,一般来说,范文中4分和5分的文章是最有价值的,因为能够达到这个分数水平的文章已经是达到了很高水平的文章。对于这些文章大家就不能只是简单的熟读和背诵了,而是需要逐字逐句分析体会作者的写作思路及修辞用法。另外小编还需要提醒大家一点,ETS对范文的评论也往往都是非常精彩的,一些意见看法都很有学习价值,建议大家参考,这会非常有利于理解托福写作的考试重点。
范文多看才能跟上写作思路
俗话说读书破万卷下笔如有神,等我们真正写作练习到一定的程度,那么写作的顺手也就是自然而然的事了。所以考生在阅读范文时也需要提升量。大家可以通过大量阅读范文来形成一些思维习惯,比如看到某个题就能想到要怎么展开,一些优质的句式用词能够信手拈来。之所以要这么做,是因为托福写作的考试时间很紧张,如果能提前养成一些写作方面的思维习惯就能有效减少构思的时间,更顺利的写出文章。
看范文也要结合练习自我批改
同一个题目,考生自己写出的文章在质量上大多是很难和范文媲美的。因此,考生也需要学会结合范文来修改自己的文章。特别是在同一题目自己练过一遍同时也有范文可以参考的时候,考生如果能通过对比来发现自身的不足并进行修改,就等于得到了一篇吸收了范文精华的好文章。而如果大家不勤修改自己的文章,就不知道自己原来的漏洞和不足在哪,只是闷头写自然也难有提升。
托福写作题型之三选一题
是三选一题目,也是很多同学表示很犯难的题目,有点像二选一题目的难度升级版。因为需要将自己选择的观点,跟另外两个没有选择的观点比较,体现出来自己所选择观点的优势。
来看一下这道题目
Which is the most important thing for acountry’s leader to assure the prosperity of the country:
1. Creating more jobs for unemployed worker;
2. Increasing agriculture and lowering thefood price;
3. Increasing access to affordable house.
一个国家领导人为了确保国家的繁荣昌盛,以下三种措施哪个最管用。
1. 制造更多就业岗位;
2. 改善农业、降低粮食价格
3. 让老百姓买得起房
破题思路:建议选择3
首先:降低房价使人们买得起房,才能做到生活稳定,只有生活上稳定了,才能安心在工作上创造最大的价值。相反,如果只是创作就业岗位,人们却居无定所,人们就无法安心专注于工作,不利于人们生活稳定和发挥最大价值。(这里将所选的观点3 跟没有选择的观点1来比较)
其次:降低房价刺激人们买房,消费过程中会创造很多税收。一套房子的金额平均下来往往要上百万,产生的各种税费能够为国家财政创利。相反,如果只是降低粮食的价格,哪怕能够刺激更多的粮食买卖,其产生的利润和税收跟房产交易相比要少很多(这里将所选的观点3 跟没有选择的观点2比较)
3选1题目破题要领:
在做三选一题目时,假如我们将三个选项分别叫做A B C,并且我们选择了观点A,那么主体段可以有两种展开方式:
写法1
主体段1: A的优势&相比而言B的劣势
主体段2: A的优势&C的劣势
但当你实在不知道怎么互相比较时,无奈之下,也可以采用下面这种写法,但是不太建议。
写法2
主体段1: A的优势1 & A的优势2
主体段2: B的劣势& C的劣势
【举一反三】
When you make major purchases, for example,when you want to buy a computer or a car, which one of the following will youmost likely to choose when making decisions?
1. Get advices from your friends
2. Look for information on newspapers or on TV
3. Listening to the introduction of the sellers
建议选择 1
观点1:朋友更了解我的个人需求;而媒体上的信息可能是针对大众群体的,不一定适合我;
观点2:朋友会为我的利益着想;而销售员的出发点可能是他自己的利益。
这个关于领导人品质类的绝对词题目破题思路就可以借鉴我们刚才汇总的几类品质了。因此,除了沟通能力,我们还能想到:组织协调能力(organizing and coordinating skill); 人际协调能力(interpersonal skill) ; 诚实 (honesty);团队合作能力teamwork spirit等。
托福写作题型之二选一题
2选1的题目,也是独立写作最常见的题型。这种题目最大要点就是,如果有两个观点A和B,在选择了一个观点如A以后,一定要跟没有选择的观点B进行对比,而不能只是说A的好处,而不提及B。
上图中这个题目:People who develop different skills are more successful than people who develop one skill only. 是有一个技能更容易成功,还是有多个技能更容易成功。个人觉得选择更多技能这个立场更好写一些:
首先,技能多的人有更多的晋升机会。例如一个在财务部门(accounting department)的会计(accountant)如果也有市场开发(marketing)的技能,那么在marketing department有职位空缺的时候,他就可以去申请,并有机会获得比之前职位更高的岗位(晋升promotion)。相反,如果一个人只会一个技能,比如accounting,那么就只能等到accounting部门有职位空缺时再申请,那么机会就会少很多。
其次,技能多的人不易被快速发展的科技所代替。例如,一个造手机的人,如果同时会修理汽车,那么当他修手机的工作某一天被自动生产线(automatic production line)所代替(replace)的时候,他能够轻松的在汽车维修厂找到一份工作,而不至于失业(become unemployed)。相反,如果同样那个人只会造手机,而没有别的技能,那么假如自己的工作被科技所替代,他就会失业。
【举一反三】
Would you prefer a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time. 选择薪水高工时长的工作;还是薪水低工时短的工作。
这个题目如果我们选择工时短的工作,就能套用刚才用的一个理由,那就是利用空闲的时间学习去掌握别的技能,这样不会轻易被现代科技所替代。
托福独立写作怎样拿高分 篇4
一、确定托福写作的立意
看到托福作文题目时,不要着急下笔。首先要进入破题与立意结合的阶段。充分的破题所积累的大量思维方向给我们更多选择,而选择的立意最好满足以下条件:
1. 要与论题相匹配
论题问的如果是提高生活质量与否,一些无关紧要的改变就应该弃之不用,比如烹调时间缩短这一项改变,是事实,且未对生活质量有直接明显影响,就应该避免用作主要论点。
2. 选择的无论是2个还是3个论点,一定要有内在联系
这其实是整个立意阶段的重头。之后要立意,就是要明白自己表达的对象是什么,明确立场。然后站在这个立场上,挑选支持自己的论点。
3. 要能言之有物
这是再功利不过的一条标准。比如食物准备时间缩短能让人性情改变,破题时觉得不无可能,真落笔时却不知道由何说起,如果选了这一条为一个主要论点,结果却是写了一句话就走人,那还不如选个能下笔,能展示语言功底,也能显示思维缜密的写作方向。
按照说服力强弱排列分论点
破题结束后,需要整理行文思路。破题过程其实是个发散思维的过程,而立意,则是要把思维收回来,组织化,理清它的脉络纹路,让他们按照自认为最有说服力的顺序排列好,准备落于纸上的过程。这个说服力的强弱,应该以什么标准判断呢?
哪些论点更有说服力?
能说服读者的议论,在论点选择上应该遵循一个原则:三个(或者两个)论点不能在层面上有交叉,但要符合一条明线:支持全文观点。而最打动读者的论点选择,不仅遵循上面的原则,三个看似不交叉的论点间还有一条暗线贯穿一致。令全文浑然天成,回味无穷。
立意的第一步,按照上面的原则看,当然要先确定观点。以题目为例,笔者愿意选择否,食物易于准备降低了人们的生活质量。确定观点后,破题时得到的思维方向,明显不利于后续展开的就应该排除。
托福写作满分作文要怎么写?
那么,怎样写才能写出一篇好作文呢?
写出一篇高分作文,首先思路要正确,要站在出题人的角度思考问题。
我们用一个写作话题举例:“为了晋升,到底要承担更多(个体)工作,还是更多参与团队任务?”。有同学一上来看到 “团队” 二字就乐开花,大书特书团队合作如何效率高,只字不提对“个体晋升” 这件事。ETS花半天出了题,我们是不是应该多思考一些再落笔?比如这道题,我们既要写出团队协作的效率高,又要写出个体晋升的便携性,有对比才能显出文章的深度。即便准备了模板,也要想想怎么把模板里面有价值的信息逻辑正确地嵌入到文章里。
说完思路,我们来说说语言方面,ETS要求正确和逻辑流畅的句子。至于那种5句话里面就有5个逗号,1个连词都没有,像 “there have many people say” 这种,男阅卷人看了要沉默,女阅卷人看了要流泪,我们是不是还要在基本语法上多下些功夫?
如果一篇文章如果审题思路有偏差,例子不清晰,语言也凌乱,又怎么值得24+的分数呢?
托福写作模板思路分享之保持身体健康
托福独立写作题目:Agree or disagree: it is easier for people to maintain good health today than it was in the past.
是否同意:相比过去,人们更容易保持身体健康。
思路讲解:
一道老生常谈的今昔对比型考题。今昔对比题是每年必考题型,这道题更是在过往的几年于中国大陆和北美至少考过三次,重要性和经典程度不言而喻。
如果选择同意,即人们现在维持好的健康状况比过去更容易,可以这样展开构思:
1.医疗技术的进步可以预防及治愈在过去或许会致命的(fatal)疾病。可以拿手术、HPV疫苗等举例。
2. 现代人饮食更全面均衡,这对健康有利。过去人能够吃到的食物种类较少,甚至在灾害发生的年份,只能吃到草根树皮等;而现代人能够接触到各种食材,包括蔬菜、瓜果,鸡蛋和谷物等,营养摄入更充分。
如果选择不同意,也就是人们在过去比现在更易维持健康,可以考虑现代社会存在哪些不利健康的因素,如空气污染,繁重的生活工作压力等。
托福的写作技巧
很多考生都在询问到底如何才能提高自己的托福写作水平。出国托福频道小编特意为大家整理了写作提高办法,希望对大家有所帮助!
新托福独立写作一共有3个评分标准:如何展开论点,如何组织结构以及如何运用语言表达观点。
语言的表达是项相对较耗时的任务,不是一朝一夕即可掌握的,因此急需考生的长期酝酿;而如何展开论点,相对应其实与如何运用语言是相辅相成的,同样是需要时间。中国考生写作分数不高并不是因为不知道说什么理由,而是不知道如何用英语恰当的表达自己的中文思路。因此这3个评分标准中最有技巧最易提升的便是第二个:如何组织结构。
第一,连接词过渡句
任何形式的英语文章中都应该具备一定量的连接词(路标词),因为它们是有助于读者顺利阅读的导航坐标;大多数考生在备考时也的确会准备一系列此类连接词,用于文章每个段落的段首;包括有表示第一,第二,第三等的连接词。但是单纯有段首连接词还不足以支撑全文的结构,因此考生应该同时准备段中连接词,包括比如说,因为,但是,相对比而言等,粗略估计,全文完成下来可以达到15个以上的路标词,不仅承接了全文,结构清晰明了,而且也为时间紧张下的写作减轻了不少字数压力。以下为常用连接词:
1, 第一:in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
2, 第二:in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
3, 第三:in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
4, 一方面、另一方面:on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
5 表原因:because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
6, 表结果:so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
7, 表举例:for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
8, 表承接:besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
9, 表转折:but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
10,表比较对比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
…
当然,仅仅依靠连接词是不足以表明全文的连贯性的,适当的添加过渡句也是很好的承接手段,如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇关于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出现多处明显的段落过渡句,如第三段首After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…用来承接上下两段,以引出自己的观点看法;第五段首Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…等都明显具备良好的过渡功能,让全文更加流畅舒服,朗朗上口。
第二,内在论证统一
Official Guide To The New TOEFL这一官方指南中也明确在写作部分提到但要知道,仅仅使用第一,第二这样的连接词并不能保证作文结构的严谨,还要注意让所有的观点与文章的主题相关,紧扣中心思想。换句话说,作文要有统一性,评分原则中提到的统一性,渐进性和连贯性这些都是评估作文结构是否严谨,读者能否比较容易地跟上作者思路的标准。通过上段叙述,我们不难发现作文论证统一性的重要性。
而事实上这也正是被许多考生所忽略的问题。在拿到试题后,考生们不是先腾出时间构思结构框架,而是急着抓住哪怕是一分钟的时间动笔写作,其实如此的选择是要不得的,朗阁海外考试研究中心强烈建议各位考生在考试时不要舍不得这准备的时间,正所谓磨刀不误砍柴功;因为只有当你事先构思好而不是边想边写,你才能真正做到论证内容的一致性,观点与论据的统一性,也才能真正取得高分。另外,用最直白的作答应对题目的提问,用单边的手段安排整篇文章成5段的总分总思路是十分适用的。
托福独立写作高分结尾怎么写 篇5
Grades encourage students to learn
结尾段写法
Concerning all the details mentioned above, there is every reason to believe that grades contribute much to stimulating a student’s passion for learning
如果大家的写作剩余时间实在很紧张,可以将文章开头的陈述观点的句子写到到段尾重申,作为呼应。不要出现I think...这种句式。
话题2
Choose a job: one with more vacation time , or one with high paying but less vacation time ?
结尾段写法
All in all, the reasons listed above come together to support my viewpoint. From a certain angle, it is rational to believe that a job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but long working hours.
如果考生需要多写一些单词,可以写此句型,All in all总之,概括的说。rational 理性的,有理的
话题3
Teachers should be paid according to their students’ performance
结尾段写法
As a result, a number of factors ought to be taken into consideration before such an innovative proposal is finally passed and implemented. Bearing in mind the merits as well as the negative possibilities elaborated above, I would render my support to the notion that teachers can be paid on the basis of their students’ performance.
托福写作开头段高分写法思路解读 篇6
托福写作开头段定义法写作思路简介
托福写作开头段的定义法,即通过对话题词的定义的介绍,这种方法在新托福开头写作中有一定难度,考生需要有渊博的知识,才能做到对名词的解释,但对特别明显的词语,考生可借鉴这种方法。
托福写作开头段定义法实例讲解
实例:
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
思路分析:
本题中的话题词为图书馆,可以解释的词也是图书馆比较方便容易。那么到底如何解释呢,比如说图书馆在传统意义上来看,是收藏书的地方,而现在因为科技发展,使得图书馆的意义发生改变,从而引出话题。这里同样可以用形式主语:
It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books; however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information.
细节决定成败,你注意了吗?
ETS给出的对于独立写作高分文章的评分标准中,有这样一句话:
“Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”
也就是说,一篇出色的文章应该得到很好的组织和发展,并运用清晰恰当的说理、举例以及细节(details)来加以论证;这也就是我们常说的摆道理、讲事实。因而,对于托福独立写作,举例论证是不可或缺的论证方式,独立写作的分论点,理应有事例来支撑。
经常有同学会问,一个好例子的标准是什么呢?依笔者看来,一个好的事例要包含细节,陈述翔实。细节既包括事件的前因后果,也包含对于身份、时间等静态信息的描述。接下来,笔者将重点探讨能发挥大作用的两种小细节:名字和数字。
I. 名字
名字不仅指事例中的人名(身份)和地名,也包括行业名、公司名以及品牌名等等。名字的使用,一方面可以使得文章的信息表述更明确、准确,另一方面也可以使语言更加生动。
参照下面的简单对比,名字这类细节的作用显露无疑:
My best friend works in an e-commerce company. (general description)
My best friend, Johnson, works in Alibaba. (description with name)
My best friend, Johnson, works in Alibaba, China’s leading e-commerce corporation. (description with name and place)
因此,若同学们在举例论证时能把人名、地名、品牌等具体信息表述清楚,将会极大地提升语言的可读性和可信性。以下面一段为例:
[Sub-point]Mobile games, which you may be highly familiar with, have prevailed for years and now they serve as the main approach for young people to relax and reduce pressure. [Exemplification] Pokemon, the most popular game recently, is overwhelming the globe at a speed beyond imagination. In many public places of big cities like New York, London and Tokyo, young people gather and look for small creatures with their cellphones. [Analysis] Mixing the virtual and real worlds together, Pokemon provides the players something they can enjoy anywhere and it is a pit-stop in daily routines.
不难看出,这一段中,因为使用了游戏的名字Pokemon以及纽约伦敦等大都市,例子变得极其真实具体,引发读者共鸣的同时,又能很好地服务于文章论证。
II. 数字
同样的,文章中数字的运用,可以使论证变得更加准确,更具说服力。数字的使用既含列考生常用的列数据,也包括对时间、年龄和数量的描述。以下面一段为例:
[Sub-point] Big cities present young people with plenty of career opportunities. [Explanation] Thanks to the developed public transit, geographical advantage and compelling economic policies, big cities become where companies, big or small, tend to gather. [Exemplification] Take Shanghai as an example. Over 300 multinational companies (out of the Fortune 500) from all industries, ranging from finance to auto manufacturing, have their branches or subsidiaries in this metropolis, creating millions of job opportunities for people, especially the young. Every year more than 1 million college graduates flood into this place of dream, hoping to find a suitable job and that one day they will have their own career and gain a foothold here.
在上段中,作者并没有单调地分析大城市具有何种优势从而吸引到寻求工作机会的年轻人,而是列举了几个事实的数字:超过300家500强企业,数以百万计的工作机会,每年超过100万的来沪求职者。这些数据的使用,使得文章的说服力上了一个等级,与只有单调说理而没有数字的论证相比,高下立判。
以上,是笔者对于名字和数字两种小细节的简单探讨。好的举例论证,既让说理显得充实、强势,又让语言变得生动、灵活,很好的增强文章的可读性。各位考生在平时的练习中,应该注意对于各种素材的掌握和积累,这样在考场上才能厚积薄发、熟练运用。
20分钟如何写出托福高分作文
现在很多网上流传的满分托福作文,大多是语言能力极好的英语老师,在充裕时间下(也许1个小时以上),慢功细活,逐步构建出的完美文章。其特征,经常是,每个分论点都清晰简洁的列在分论段段首第一句。分论点后接一句句法和单词都非常高大上的长难句。后面跟更多的高大上解释。但其实,想在考场上仅有的30分钟内做到这一点,即便是这些老师自己,也是非常困难的。
所以笔者的写作课程一直强调大家练习的,反而是写好简单句,和使用简单,但是准确词汇的能力。其实练好简单句,才是托福写作提分最速成的方法。所以近期会推出一个系列,就是笔者自己在限时情况下(20分钟左右),尝试解一些以前从未写过的题目。
Agree or Disagree:
A job with more vacation time but a low salary is better than a job with a high salary but less vacation time.
高薪少假 vs. 低薪长假
Disagree.
Ideally, everybody’s dream job would be one that pays well and at the same time, has a lot of vacation time. However, in the cold, hard reality, we often have to choose between high salary and vacation time when we just enter the work force. I, personally, would choose the former.
To begin with, less vacation time would only be a temporary phase, but still a necessary one. I say that our final goal is to earn a lot of money, but simultaneously, have a lot of free time to travel, or to do other things that we want. But, how can we get there? The answer is that we still have to strive for it. We have to learn constantly, even after graduation. Many of my senior classmates, parents, relatives, and teachers tell me the importance of life-long learning. They would say that graduation is the starting point of life. So naturally, if you want to learn and grow fast, you should practice more, strive harder, and constantly reflect on what you are doing. To get more practice opportunities, of course, you should get a job that provides you with a stage.
Of the two kinds mentioned in the above statement, it is obvious that a job with high pay and less vacation offers you more opportunities to gain experience. Allow me to point out some simple facts. With a normal job, which starts from 9 and ends at 6, an employee works 8 hours a day, 40 hours per week, 2000 hours per year. With a high pay job, however, overtime is always expected. People with higher salaries often works from 9 to 10, or worse. Accordingly, these people might work 14 hours per day, 80 hours per week, 4000 hours per year, which is just equivalent to two people’s workload in a low paid job. In theory, the latter would grow and gain experience twice as fast as the former. What’s more, growing faster brings even more opportunities. Management always love young people with great potential and ambition, and thus would give them more opportunities and responsibilities. The rewards of choosing a high pay job is not linear in regards to the amount of time you invest. The rewards increase exponentially.
Based on the reasons above, I choose jobs with higher pay but less vacation time.
简单说一下自己这篇文章的写作思路。开篇中规中矩的开头段。上过强化班的同学都知道开头段的三要素:背景引入、改写题中观点、提出自己观点。笔者首先拿所有人的梦想中工作,所谓活少钱多型工作,做了个简单引入。第二句,使用简单副词However转折,随后立即引出并改写题中观点。最后第三句,简练陈述自己观点 – 高薪少假的工作更好。
通常在考场上时,由于笔者自身的展开能力较强,基本一个分论点可以轻松展开到180字以上。所以,在这样的情况下,可以不用仔细构思文章结构。因为知道即便不仔细构思,也不会出现一会写一半就没的写了的尴尬局面。所以这篇文章开头段写完以后没多想,直接在主体段陈述了自己的核心理由,也是笔者最想展开的理由:年轻人必须经历高薪少假的阶段。随后又提到开头段说到过的话题,我们所有人的最终目标是高薪长假。但我们并不能一步登天,而是要一步一步奋斗。
到这里,大家可以大致看清文章的论证思路了。我们在精讲精练班说过,主体段的展开,其实是一个因果逻辑链展开和证明的过程。基本上,任何的段落展开,其实都是某个逻辑链AàB的证明过程。仔细思考的话,不难发现,其实笔者的论证思路到这,逻辑链条已经清晰出现,即高薪少假的工作,可以带来高薪长假的工作。同时,由于这道独立写作题是个比较对比题,笔者还要证明的一个逻辑链为,低薪长假的工作,不能带来高薪长假的工作。
基本上,大家看第一个主体段会发现,笔者在论证的是,想得到高薪长假的工作,一定要奋斗。而第二个主体段在论证的是,高薪少假的工作给我们更多奋斗和锻炼的机会。多到什么程度呢?比低薪长假的工作多一倍。(2000小时vs. 4000小时部分)所以我们成长的也更快。
写到这里时,笔者又想到自己以前在会计师事务所加班的经历。通常加班猛的员工会得到老板的欣赏,因此也会被给予更多的机会和责任。所以便有了第二个主体段的第二个细节点What’s more的部分。这部分后来一共只写了50个字。这是因为笔者发现自己已经写够了近400字,所以觉得没有必要再进一步展开了。如果想进一步展开的话,这里最后完全可以再加一个个人经历的example来支持自己前面的观点。(高薪少假工作有更多的机会)如果真的是在考场上,时间已经所剩无几的话,那么此时就是开启结尾段之时。因此,后来直接all in all, 简单一句陈述结论:我选择高薪少假的工作。
不过最后同学们可能会有疑问说,老师,我如果展开能力没那么强,字数写了半天没凑够,那咋整?或者有同学会问说,老师,有没有一个操作性更强的方法?或者说是步骤化的方法?告诉我第一步该干什么,第二步,第三步分别干什么?第一个问题答案:练习展开能力。第二个问题答案依然是肯定的。
三步po解托福综合写作难题
托福写作考察的关键是什么?新托福综合写作考题不仅是对考生的写作能力的考察,更是对考生综合能力的考察。写作过程中的阅读与听力内容是学生必须要扎实掌握的部分;相比而言,阅读的完成难度并不算大。即使可能会遇到一些生词难词,但是一般基础过关的同学都可以轻松应对;而且关键是考试时有两次机会接触到阅读材料。相反,听力内容只出现一次。不仅如此,之前在阅读里出现的相关生词难词在听力中可能会再一次出现,而且因为不理解具体意思,加上不熟悉读音的关系会令听力难度增加,不易于理解。
如此一来,综合写作的难度就无疑加深了,托福写作解析变得非常必要。托福写作解析能够帮助更多的同学掌握写作技巧,突破写作难关。在托福写作的过程中,考生除了应该掌握尽可能多的听力技巧和熟悉对应的生词之外,关键是要摸清楚托福写作的听力套路与破绽,然后利用这些内容来快速地攻破托福综合写作。因为只要写作中听力不成问题,利用事先准备好的写作模板和格式来套用的话,200字左右的综合写作文章其实是难度不大的。
托福写作解析第一步:综合写作阅读部分
托福文章都是按照一般的英文作文先后排列顺序安排组织全文的,如快速浏览首段的第一句话就可大致知道全文的主题,而读懂首段最后一个句子或是后半部分一般就可以知晓作者的全文态度和观点了。
阅读部分最主要要抓住中心思想和三个分论点。但是细节和论证也需要稍加注意。
中心思想一般在开头段的最后一句话,如果中间出现了专有名词和代词,则需要往前看找相应的解释。
三个分论点一般都在全文的三个主体段落的首句或者是末句,如何判断是哪一句,则需要把握两点:第一,是否与中心思想直接有关;第二,是否是简明扼要表明观点的句子。剩余的内容则是每条理由的证明过程了。
托福写作解析第二步:综合写作听力部分
听力一般是对阅读进行反驳,因此,在听力的过程中,一定要注意讲话者的态度和观点,要抓准讲话者的反驳语气和反驳的内容,从而找到听力与阅读的反驳关系。而且听力的内容要尽可能地详尽,一般的话每个分论点的细节不会多于两个,但要注意的是听力提出的细节是阅读之前已经提到的并加以反驳的,还是讲话者提出的新论据。
具备一定听力技巧的同学都知道,听的过程中学会定位是至关重要的。而在我们综合写作中这一技能也是十分必须的。不论是停顿时间还是表示顺序的连接词,或是代表语义转换的语气词等都是一个不错的判断分段的标志。可是毕竟因为只有一遍的听力机会,所以有些停顿甚至是连词都未必能完全听到,因为事先毫无征兆。而这些必然会出现的关键词却不同,因为我们事先知道阅读对应段落的内容并且可以事先预测到了,所以其实最牢靠的定位方法还是利用每段中心句中的关键词来判断。
托福写作解析第三步:综合写作的写作部分
一般来讲,综合写作的结构分为四段式就足够了,开头一段,中间三段是三个分论点的论证;结尾段则不是必需的,考生在考试的时候完全可以略过。
开头段一定要讲明听力的主要观点,即中心思想,而且还要论证清楚听力与阅读的反驳对立的逻辑关系。
中间段的每段就是听力和阅读就每个分论点的反驳。考生可以先列清楚阅读的主要观点,然后再加上表示对比的连接词,如while,however,on the contrary之类,后面紧跟听力的主要观点,再之后就是对此观点详细论证的细节。
一般想得到一个好的分数,听力的细节应该尽可能地详尽和精确,但同时应该注意到不要整句地抄袭阅读和听力的原文,要进行相应程度地改写原文。
2招助你冲刺托福写作更高分 篇7
第1招:建立清晰的框架
写作不仅考查语言的表达,还考查思路的表达,新托福评分标准中就有这样一项:well organized and well developed。所以要想拿到一个理想的托福成绩,在写作中,给考官展现自己清楚的文章思路是很重要的,不管内容表达如何,我们首先要做到的就是框架清晰。
区分段落是最简单直接的方法。看到这里,可能有人会觉得好笑,但是真的是有学生考试一着急,加上时间紧,就忘记了分段,所以我们这里还要再强调一下。一般综合写作建议分为4个自然段:第一段总述听力和阅读中的观点,后面三个自然段分点具体阐述(一个论点一个自然段,一般综合写作都会给出三方面的具体内容)。不建议只分两个自然段:一段总述,一段分析。因为分析部分还是需要清楚地告诉阅卷人,文章和听力总共表述了几层意思。如果都写在一些,容易给阅卷人造成漏点的假象。独立写作建议分为五个自然段:第一段引出论题,阐述自己的观点,中间三个自然段分三个方面阐述自己的理由,最后一个自然段进行总结。(如果只想到了两点原因,也可以写四个自然段,但是需要达到字数要求)
每一自然段的内容阐述建议按照以下顺序表达:主要观点 —— 具体阐述 —— 举例说明。我们在表达英文时,一定要记住,写每一个自然段的时候,都要首先提出主要观点。因为中英文表达逻辑不一样,中文习惯铺垫,我们写中文文章时,很喜欢在前面铺垫抒情,写了半天还不见主要观点,这是一种意境。但是在外国人的思想中,他们更喜欢直截了当的表达,所以每段第一句话,先把观点给他们,接下去再进行具体的阐述,这样阅卷人就会比较清楚地 get 到你想要表达的意思了。
第2招:写完文章要自查
在考试的过程中,文章写完之后还需要留出2-3分钟的时间进行自查,这一步也很重要的。因为是机考,我们需要把内容敲在屏幕上,所以在写作过程中,就避免不了会出现一些比较低级的错误,比如拼写,如果错误较多,就算文章写得不错,也会影响到阅卷人的心情,自然,分数也就达不到预期的效果。总的来看,大家经常会出现以下几种错误,我们总结一下,以便大家自查。
自查1:拼写错误
在考试中,考生会遇到两种情况:一种是打字的误打,另一种是对单词本身 记忆的错误,因此不仅需要考生在平时的备考过程中多多进行上机练习,熟悉用键盘打字,还要求考生在平时注意背单词的精确性。
自查2:时态错误
托福写作除了拿过去事件作为例子用过去时态之外,一般使用现在时态,所以大家在检查的时候需要注意时态的运用,千万不能各种时态混用。
自查3:词性错误
英文中,每种词性都有具体的用法,最常见的词性错误是形容词和副词的混用,检查时需要重点关注一下。
自查4:句子表达是否完整
受中文影响,很多同学在英语写作中经常会出现一些表达不完整或者特别中式的句子。在写英语句子时,我们一定要遵循五大句型的句子结构,然后再将修饰成分填充进去,切记简单粗暴的词词对应。另外这里还需要强调一点,考生不能为了追求句子表达所谓的“高大上”去乱用句子,正所谓用错还不如不用。
综上,我们主要从结构安排和自查两个方面跟大家强调了一下托福写作考试中需要注意的小细节,保证这些细节不犯错误,就能够保证我们不会失掉一些不必要的失分。
托福写作15个优质亮点句型汇总
在托福备考的过程中,大家要学会搜集精彩句型,直到运用自如。只有不断地练习,才可以熟能生巧,融会贯通。下面为大家整理15个托福写作优质句子,如果大家能够熟练运用,就可以为自己的托福作文增加亮点。
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.
2. Of the millions who saw Haley‘s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
5. Insgroupsto remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one‘s meaning.
8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
10. The knee is the jointswheresthe thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
12. Billie Holiday‘s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
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