直接引语间接引语学案

直接引语间接引语学案（共8篇）

直接引语间接引语学案 篇1

一.1。 引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语;

2。 用自我的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数状况下是一个宾语从句。

二. 直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意人称、时态、时光状语、地点状语等的变化。

1、时态的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个，即一般此刻时变为一般过去时，一般将来时变为过去将来时，此刻进行时变为过去进行时，此刻完成时变为过去完成时，一般过去时也变为过去完成时，等等(若直接引语为过去完成时，变为间接引语能够不变)。另外，若直接引语中有情态动词can， may等，也应变成过去式could， might等(情态动词must能够变为had to，也可不变，should， ought to， had better 等能够不变)。如：

He said， “I’m waiting for her。” 他说：“我在等她。”

变为He said that he was waiting for her。 他说他在等她。

“I like to watch TV，” she said。 她说：“我喜欢看电视。”

变为She said that she liked to watch TV。 她说她喜欢看电视。

“It will rain soon，” he said。 他说：“很快就会下雨。”

变为He said that it would rain soon。 他说很快就会下雨。

“She can swim，” he said。 他说：“她会游泳。”

变为He said that she could swim。 他说她会游泳。

直接引语

一般此刻时

一般将来时

此刻进行时

此刻完成时

过去完成时

间接引语

一般过去时

过去将来时

过去进行时

过去完成时

过去完成时

2、人称的变化

下方有一句顺口溜 “一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：

She said。 “My brother wants to go with me。 ”变为She said her brother wanted to go with her。

“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也能够用第一人称，如：

He said to Kate。 “How is your sister now?”变为He asked Kate how her sister was then。

“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：

Mr Smith said。 “Jack is a good worker。”变为Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。

3、时光状语、地点状语等其他变化

指示代词

时光状语

地点状语

动词

this变为that

now 变为then

here变为there

e变为go

these变为those

today变为 that day

bring变为take

tonight变为that night

1)直接引语变间接引语时，有些时光状语根据状况也要相应的改动：如将now改为then，将today 改为that day，将tonight改为that night，将yesterday改为the day before，将this month改为that month，将last week改为the week before，将three years ago改为three years before，将tomorrow改为the next day，将next year改为the next year，等等。如： He said， “I’m very busy now。” 他说：“我此刻很忙。”

变为He said that he was very busy then。 他说他当时很忙。

He said， “I want to leave today。” 他说：“他想这天离开。”

变为He said that he wanted to leave that day。 他说他想那天就离开。

He said， “She left yesterday。” 他说：“她昨日离开了。”

变为He said that she had left the day before。 他说她前一天就离开了。

She said， “I’ll tell you tomorrow。” 她说：“我明天告诉你。”

变为She said that she would tell me the next day。 她说她第二天告诉我。

以上变化有时应视状况而定，若在当时转述，now不必改为then;若在当天转述，today， yesterday， tomorrow等不必改为that day， the day before， the next day等;若在当周转述，this week， last week 不必改为that week， the last week;若在当年转述，this year， last year 不必改为that year， the last year等

2)主要涉及的地点状语是here，它在间接引语中通常要变为there。如“I’ve live here for 10 years，” he said。 他说：“我在这儿已住了。”

变为He said that he had lived there for 10 years。 他说他在那儿住了10年。

注：若在当地转述，则here也可不必改为there

3)直接引语变为间接引语时，有个别动词也可能需要改变，如e改为go，bring改为take等。如：

“He will e today。” she said。 她说：“他这天会来。”

变为She said that he would go that day。 她说他那天会去。

注：若地点和场所未发生改变，e和bring等也可不变

三.由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下状况：

1。 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。例如：

She said， “I am very happy to be with you。” 变为She said (that) she was very happy to be with me。

He said，“I will choose a book for my students。” 变为He said(that)he would choose a book for his students。

2。 直接引语是一般疑问句时，变成间接引语，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：

He asked me， “Do you like watching TV?”变为He asked me if/whether I liked watching TV。

He asked， “Are you sure your mother will e?”变为He asked me whether / if I was sure my mother would e。

注意：大多数状况下， if和whether 在引导宾语从句时能够互换，但后紧跟or not时，一般只用whether。例如：

She asked me whether or not he could do the work。 / She asked me whether he could do the work or not。

3。 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的连接词who， whom， what， whose， how， when， why， where 等引导。例如：

He asked: “Where are you to get off， John?” 变为He asked John where he was to get off。

直接引语变间接引语时，有些时光状语根据状况也要相应的改动：如将now改为then，将today 改为that day，将tonight改为that night，将yesterday改为the day before，将this month改为that month，将last week改为the week before，将three years ago改为three years before，将tomorrow改为the next day，将next year改为the next year，等等。如：

He said， “It is too late now。” 他说：“此刻太迟了。”

变为：He said that it was too late then。 他说当时已太迟了。

He said， “It is very cold today。” 他说：“这天很冷。”

变为：He said that it was very cold that day。 他说那天很冷。

She said， “I’ll be back tomorrow。” 她说：“我明天回来。”

变为：She said that she would be back the next day。 她说她第二天回来。

以上变化有时应视状况而定，若在当时转述，now不必改为then;若在当天转述，today， yesterday， tomorrow等不必改为that day， the day before， the next day等;若在当周转述，this week， last week 不必改为that week， the week before;若在当年转述，this year， last year 不必改为that year， the year before 等。

直接引语间接引语学案 篇2

一、找准引导词, 关键第一步

直接引语变为间接引语时, 引导词共有三种: (1) that; (2) if/whether; (3) 疑问词。

当直接引语为陈述句时, 变为间接引语时引导词用that。例如:

The doctor says: “The patient must take the medicine three times a day.”

→The doctor says (that) the patient must take the medicine three times a day.

当直接引语为一般疑问句时, 变为间接引语时用if或whether。例如:

Maria asked:“Do you still want to live here, Tom?”

→Maria asked Tom if/whether he still wanted to live there.

当直接引语为特殊疑问句时, 变为间接引语时用本身的疑问词。例如:

Li Ping asked me, “What are you doing?”

→Li Ping asked me what I was doing.

二、陈述句语序

在直接引语变为间接引语时, 直接引语无论是陈述句或疑问句, 一律都用陈述句语序。例如:

The teacher asks Jane, “Are you hungry?”

→The teacher asks Jane if/whether she is hungry.

当间接引语的疑问词作主语时, 语序不变。例如:

She asked us:“Who is knocking at the door?”

→She asked us who is knocking at the door.

三、人称的变化

直接引语为第三人称, 变为间接引语后, 人称不变;主语为其他人称 (第一, 第二人称) , 变为间接引语后, 人称要做相应调整。例如:

Tom thinks, “He isn’t good at English.”→Tom thinks that he isn’t good at English.由此可总结出人称变化的规律 :一随主 ; 二随宾;三不变。其中一, 二, 三分别指直接引语中的第一, 第二, 第三人称;主宾分别指主句中的主语和宾语。

四、时态的转化

主句是一般现在时或将来时, 间接引语的时态不变。主句是一般过去时, 间接引语一般改成过去的某种时态。具体情况可参照下面表格中的规律。

现举例说明:He says:“I’m tired.”

→He says (that) he is tired.

要特别注意的是:不管主句是什么时态, 直接引语表示自然科学和客观真理之类的, 改成间接引语时均用一般现在时。例如:The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.

→The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun. shall should now today then that day

五、关键词的转换

当直接引语转化为间接引语时, 直接引语中的指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及某些词都会发生相应的变化, 其规律一般是：

注意:如果在当天转述, today, yesterday, tomorrow, there, come等不要改变。

现举例说明:Jane said:“These exercises are easy.”

→Jane said (that) those exercises were easy.

六、特殊句型, 特别对待

1.当祈使句变为间接引语时, 要用不定式表示, 句型为ask (tell, order) sb. (not) to do sth.。 例如:He said to her:“Don’t openthe door.”

→He told her not to open the door.

2.带 有let的 祈使句 (表请求 、建议或命令 ) 变为间接引语 时, 主语后用其他动词表示相应的意思。 例如:He said:“Let’smake a plan.”

→He suggested making a plan.

→He advised them to make a plan.

七、引述动词

直接引语为陈述句, 改为间接引语时, 引述动词常用say, tell等。直接引语为疑问句, 变成间接引语时引述动词常用ask, wonder等。

直接引语与间接引语 篇3

1． 直接引语是陈述句时

间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say, tell, repeat, explain, think等。

He said, “You are younger than I.”→He said(that) I was younger than him.

2.直接引语是疑问句时

间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。

（1）一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。

She said, “Do you often come here to read newspapers?”

→She asked me if (或whether) I often went there to read newspapers.

（2）选择疑问句变为whether…/or宾语从句。

I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”

→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。

He asked, “Where do you live?” →He asked me where I lived.

3.直接引语是祈使句时

间接引语为不定式，作ask, tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t变为not）。

The teacher said to the boy, “Open the window.”→The teacher told the boy to open the window.

His father said to him, “Don’t leave the door open.”→His father told him not to leave the door open.

[注意]

（1）有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest, insist等动词加以转述。例如：

He said, “Let’s go to the theatre.”

→He suggested(our) going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.

(2)“Would you mind opening the window?” he asked.

→He asked me to open the window.

“Why don’t you take a walk after supper?” he asked.

→He advised me to take a walk after supper.

4.直接引语是感叹句时

间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。

She said, “What a lovely day it is!”

→She said what a lovely day it was.或She said that it was a lovely day.

5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：

（1）一般现在时变为一般过去时

（2）现在进行时变为过去进行时

（3）一般将来时变为过去将来时

（4）现在完成时变为过去完成时

（5）一般过去时变为过去完成时

（6）过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时

[注意]

（1）如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：

The teacher said “The earth goes round the sun.”

→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

（2）如果直接引语中有明确表示过去时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：

He said to me, “I was born in 1973.”

→He told me that he was born in 1973.

(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：

He said, “I’m a boy, not a girl.”

→He said that he is a boy, not a girl.

(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：

The girl said, “I get up at six every morning.”

→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.

(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：

He said to me, “I have taught English since he came here.”

→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：

The teacher said to me. “You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.”→The teacher told me that I must (have to) pay more attention to my pronunciation.

6.代词等一般地应作相应的变化。

指示代词 this—that these—those

表示时间的词 now—then today—that day

this week(month, etc)—that week(month, etc)

yesterday—the day before

last week(month)—the week(month) before

three days(a year)ago—three days(a year) before

tomorrow—the next(following ) day

next week(month)—the next(following) week(month)

表地点的词 here—there

直接引语间接引语学案 篇4

直接引语 间接引语

I,you(你)→he,she(第一、二人称单数→第三人称单数)

me,you(你)→him,her(同上)

my,your(你的)→his,her(同上)

mine,yours(你的)→his,hers(同上)

we,you,they→they(第一、二、三人称单数→第三人称复数)

us,you,them→them(同上)

our,your,their→their(同上)

ours,yours,theirs→theirs(同上)

He said,“I am a soccer fan.”

他说，“我是一个足球迷。”

→He said he was a soccer fan.

他说他是一个足球迷。

She said,“You can trust me.”

她说，“你可以相信我。”

→She said he could trust her.

她说他可以想信她。

Tom said,“My father knows your father.”

汤姆说，“我父亲认识你父亲。”

→Tom said his own father knew his father.

汤姆说他(自己)的父亲认识他(另一个人)的父亲。

They said,“We are our own masters.”

→They said they were their own masters.

他们说他们是(他们)自己的主人。

但是，当转述自己的话时，I,we,me,our,us是不变的。例如：

I said,“I am my own boss.”

我说，“我是我自己的老板。”

→I said I was ownboss.

我说我是自己的老板。

We told them, “We have our choice.”

我们告诉他们：“我们有自己的选择。”

→We told them we had our choices.

我们告诉他们我们有自己的选择。

说明：

直接引语中是第三人称代词，就保持不变：

She said, “He is a nice man.”

她说：“他很好。”

直接引语间接引语学案 篇5

关键词：乔伊斯；《死者》；自由间接引语

On the Application of the Free Indirect Speech in The Dead

Abstract: Joyce used a lot of free indirect speeches in The Dead. Through reading and researching the text carefully,the thesis is focused on analysing and interpreting the free indirect speeches to demonstrate the special application of the free indirect speeches and its realistic meaning in The Dead.

Key words: Joyce; The Dead; Free indirect speech

“自由间接引语”是用第三人称过去式代替第一人称直接引语表达内心思想和行为的写作手法。“自由间接引语(free indirect speech)是叙事里叙述者再现人物的语言或思想时把人物的表达与自己的表达融合起来的一种说话方式。”[1]633在自由间接引语中，叙述者承担着人物的话语，或者说，人物通过叙述者之口讲话。这时，两个主体融为一体。这种技巧避免直接刻画，比使用第一人称能更好的展现人物的精神世界，留给我们想象和评价的空间。它能围绕人物的精神状态，进行间接内心独白，为作品加入复调的音乐性，丰富作品内涵。同时，小说中的说话者不断的在叙述者和主人公之间转换，由此，读者也能更好的理解隐藏在文本背后的作者的意图。《死者》中自由间接引语的运用，不仅有助于加布里埃尔作为主要人物的塑造，同时也促成了作品主题的展现。

故事的开头这样写道:“看楼人的女儿莉莉简直是双脚离地在飞跑了”[2]204我们知道，莉莉无论如何都不能脚离地飞起来，她双脚离地飞跑只是个比喻，但形体是莉莉自己的，所以这绝非是叙事者的话，而应是莉莉自己的话语，是她自己在说：“ 我简直是双脚离地在飞跑了”。接下来一句是:“她刚刚把一位先生带进底层营业所后面的餐具间，帮他脱掉大衣，断断续续的前门门铃声可又响起来了，她只得匆匆奔过空荡荡的过道，给另一位客人开门。幸亏不要她也伺候女客人。”[2]204  “这几句把参加聚会的各种人通通称为 “女士们和绅士们”，这同样是莉莉的词语。[3]15如此看来，《死者》的开篇用的是莉莉的视角，尽管表面上看起来是客观第三人称叙述，但却被莉莉所用的习语点染了她个人的色彩。”[3]16人物自身的特性在行文中凸显，引用的痕迹被抹去，这就是自由间接引语。

如小说中“一个女人站在靠近第一段楼梯拐弯的地方，也在阴影里。……加布里埃尔见她那一动不动的样子，感到惊奇……她的姿态中有着优雅和神秘，好像她就是一个什么东西的象征似的。”[2] 246从这段自由间接引语我们可以看出这是以加布里埃尔自己的眼光对妻子的想法，绝不是叙述者的话语。

在故事开始叙述者就用自己的视角描述了三位莫坎小姐举办一年一度的圣诞舞会开始前的情景和到场的客人。当女佣莉莉帮聚焦人物脱掉大衣时,小说中有这样一段描写:

“她领他走进餐具间,去帮他脱大衣。加布里埃尔听她称呼自己姓时发出的那三个音节,微微一笑,瞧了她一眼。她是个细长身材,正在抽条儿的姑娘,面色发白,头发是干草色。小房间里的煤气灯把她照得更苍白了。”[2]206

这里,加布里埃尔注意到了“她称呼他的姓氏时说出口的那三个音节,微微一笑”。而感官动词“扫视”这一动作更表明了叙述者是以加布里埃尔的眼光来观察的。显然叙述者的视角已经转到了聚焦人物加布里埃尔的眼光,因为只有他这个有学问见识的大学教授才会对语言的正确用法关注,而随后的“微微一笑”既有嘲讽又有理解之意。显然,他年轻自负,自命不凡,洋洋得意,在莉莉面前,这突显出了他的优越地位。

自由间接引语从句法角度来看，尽管语言和思想仍然出自人物，然而从语义角度看，却是两种声音的混合：一个声音出自人物的意识，另一个声音出自作者对人物观点的附和。

“他还拿不定主意要不要用罗伯特.勃朗宁的几行诗，因为他怕这超出了听他讲话的人们的知识水平。引几段他们能知道是莎士比亚或是歌曲集上的字句会更好些。这些人的鞋跟的粗俗的磕碰声和鞋底在地板上的拖曳声使他想起，他们的文化等级跟他的不同。他们会想，他在炫耀自己高人一等的教育。他跟他们打交道就会失败，就像他在楼下餐具间里跟那个姑娘打交道失败一样。他把调子定错了。”[2]208

这一段清晰地表现了加布里埃尔对晚会上其他人和自己有差距的想法。这正是作者的观点。只是作者借人物之口表达了作者的看法。因此这段自由间接引语包含了双重的声音——人物的声音和作者的声音。“自由间接引语在人称和时态上跟叙述描写一致，因无引导句，它容易跟叙述描写混合在一起，在客观可靠的叙述描写反衬下，自由间接引语中的荒.唐成分容易显得格外不协调，从而增强讥讽的效果（在“染了色的”间接引语中，如果“染色”成分恰恰好似人物话语中的荒.唐成分的话，也会因与客观叙述的明显对比讽刺的效果得到加强）。”[1]15在我看来，这里就表现了讽刺效果:尽管加布里埃尔担心那些人认为他在炫耀他较高的文化水平，但正表现出来他的想法，才使得他的优越感被读者们洞悉。而这与他后来连续三次受挫,导致他的虚荣心和自尊心一扫而光,最终认识到自己的自高自大形成了鲜明的对照,这些都是他的精神瘫痪所致,突出了小说主题。

艾弗丝小姐在加布里埃尔眼里并不是个文化水平比他低的人。因此，当艾弗丝小姐指责说他是“西布立吞人”时，他顿时慌了神。“加布里埃尔脸上露出一种迷惑的表情。的确，他每星期三为《每日快报》文学评论栏写一篇文章，人家为此付给他十五个先令。但是这绝不会使他变成一个西布立吞人。……他不知道怎么样对付他的指责。”他想说，文学是超政治的。然而他不能冒险对她说一句大话。”[2] 135-136。在这里，读者读到这里，立刻对加布里埃尔充满了同情心，但很快读者就发现一些讽刺的事情。为了回应艾弗斯小姐的指责，他“笨笨地喃喃说，他认为写书评与政治不相干”[2]136。这种自由间接引语表达出加布里埃尔的优越感被减弱了。

在艾弗斯小姐那里受到挫折后，加布里埃尔与妻子又产生不和，他既气恼、窘迫又失落，一边思考着自己的演讲，一边向窗外望去。

“外面该有多冷啊! 假如一个人出去，先沿着河岸，再穿过公园散散步，该多舒服!树枝上一定覆盖着雪花，威灵顿纪念碑上面一定堆成了一顶明亮的雪帽子。要是在那儿，要比在晚餐桌旁舒服多少啊!”[2]224

通过自由间接引语，读者了解到，不仅是屋子，加布里埃尔的整个大脑都在这不愉快的氛围中感到窒息。他被艾弗斯小姐嘲笑和批评为西不列颠人。他与艾弗斯小姐的冲突实际上是两种文化之间的冲突——本土爱尔兰文化和占主导的安格鲁萨克森文化的冲突。然而他的妻子并不理解他，反而站在激进的民族主义者和保守主义者一边。加布里埃尔与周围的人们不管是在对社会还是对政治上的态度都截然不同。这种窘迫的处境让他想到外面呼吸新鲜的空气。屋外明亮轻快的色彩让他感觉舒服多了。

当加布里埃尔意识到妻子从未爱过他，而是思念着另一个人的时候，他感到寒冷而愤怒。这与之前他的满怀激情形成明显的突降，产生很强的张力：

“屋里的空气使他两肩感到寒冷。他小心地钻进被子，躺在他妻子身边。一个接一个，他们全都将变成幽灵。顶好是正当某种热情的全盛时刻勇敢地走到那个世界去，而不要随着年华凋残，凄凉地枯萎消亡。”[2]262

这一段自由间接引语的使用使读者得以从加布里埃尔的视角对他的经历身同感受，产生共鸣，更好地了解人物的内心世界。加布里埃尔感到自己的爱情以及他、他的妻子以及他周围的人们都死了——他们都面临一场可怕的精神死亡。

自由间接引语叙事策略，不仅被乔伊斯用来叙述与作为叙事者的人物相遇的生活世界，而且，乔伊斯还把它推衍到叙事者对自身内心意识的塑造。《死者》的结尾就是后者的体现:

“玻璃上轻轻的敲打声使他向窗户转过身来。又开始下雪了。 他心境寥落地望着窗外的雪花，它们衬着灯光，银银暗暗，倾斜而下。 是到他起身去西部旅行的时候了。是的，报纸上讲的是对的:爱尔兰都在下雪。雪落在每一片阴沉沉中部平原的土地上，落在光秃秃的荒山上，轻轻地落进艾伦沼泽中，再往西，又轻轻地落进香农河澎湃着黑蒙蒙的浪涛中。雪飘落着，也落在山上孤零零的每一片教堂墓地的土地上，麦克尔•富里就埋葬在那里。雪厚厚地积落在倾斜的十字架和墓碑上，落在一扇扇小墓门的尖顶上，落在荒芜的荆棘丛中。像大限的降临一样，雪轻轻地在宇宙间坠落，落在所有生者和死者的身上，此刻，他的灵魂缓缓地昏睡了。”[2] 262-263

这一段内容模糊了内心与外在世界、文字与形象间的区隔，主观和客观叙事揉为一体。在这段自由间接引语中，“该是他动身去西方旅行的时候了”这句话的语调暗示了加布里埃尔的一种让步和妥协。在小说的最后，随着他对自己身份和人真正价值的顿悟，就像雪公平地飘落在生者和死者身上一样，加布里埃尔通过对其优越地位的妥协成功地获得了重生。

自由间接引语不仅能加强讽刺的效果，也能增强对人物的同情感。在自由间接引语中，读者听到的是叙述者转述人物话语的声音。一位富有同情心的叙述者在此种情况下，声音就会充满对人物的同情，叙述者的观点态度也就容易被读者领悟和接受。

“泪水在他眼睛里积得更满了，在半明半暗的微光里，他在想象中看见一个年轻人在一棵滴着水珠的树下的身形。其他一些身形也渐渐走近。他的灵魂已接近那个住着大批死者的领域。他意识到，但却不能理解他们变幻无常、时隐时现的存在。他自己本身正在消逝到一个灰色的无法捉摸的世界里去：这牢固的世界，这些死者一度在这儿养育、生活过的世界，正在溶解和化为乌有。”[2]262

在这一段中，叙述者用自由间接引语来展现加布里埃尔的想法，读者对加布里埃尔的同情心也油然而生。加布里埃尔此时优越感全无，取而代之的是痛苦，心灰意冷，以及自己正走向死亡，与这个死亡的世界融为一体，由此造成的叙述距离恰好使叙述者的立场变得模糊，使读者能更清醒地作出自己的判断。

自由间接引语与叙述者的声音融合在一起，让人物的声音更加真实可信。并且自由间接引语有更大的自由性，而其对于第三人称与过去时的运用，又可避免直接引语可能产生的由于引语与叙述语的人称与时态之间的切换而导致的突兀感。“乔伊斯通过自由间接引语为人物的生活世界赋予了形式，又通过对文中叙事者的模糊引用与世界发生形式关联，这些都是乔伊斯与其文本内容间的审美关系。”[4]83 在《死者》中，自由间接引语的使用使得叙述距离与同期和讽刺效果联系在一起，丰富了小说的叙述效果和主题表现——这正是加布里埃尔通过对自身优越地位的妥协而达到精神顿悟的一个心灵旅程。这种自由间接引语表达的思想为现代作家们所青睐，是现代主义小说的重要特点。”

参考文献：

[1]申丹.对自由间接引语功能的重新评价[J].外语教学与研究,1991,(2).

[2]Joyce James.The Dead.Dubliners.Wordsworth Classics,1993

[3]Kenner,Joyce’s Voice

直接引语间接引语学案 篇6

人称变更怎么办?一主、二宾、三不变。

如是自引自的话, 听者不变称不变。

(1) “一主”指在直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时, 要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。如:

(2) “二宾”指直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时, 要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称一致。如:

(3) “三不变”指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时, 人称不变。

注意:直接引语为复数, 引述者主语为单数, 间接引语主语相应变复数。

如

2.“变”在这:

一变·二换·三转化·四连词

一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为间接引语时要注意:

(1) 改为陈述句语序。

(2) 人称代词、时态等也要变化。

(3) 主句谓语动词为said时, 换为asked。

“一变”即改变语序;

“二换”即换said为asked;

“三变化”, 即人称、时态要变化;

“四连词”, 即原来为一般问句时, 间接引语中用whether或if, 原来为特殊问句时, 间接引语中仍用原来的疑问词。

当然, 用口诀记似乎更简便, 易记易学些。

(1) 直接引语为一般疑问句, 变为间接引语的口诀是:去掉引号加if (或whether) , 时态、人称和状语,

(2) 直接引语是特殊疑问句, 变为间接引语的口诀是:直接去引号, 助动do (does) 、did

3、“改”在这:

一改二变三加四去

祈使句变成间接引语时, 根据说话人的语气分别用tell、ask、order、beg等作谓语, 将原来的祈使句改为动词不定式。

(1) said (to) 改为asked (或told, ordered) ;

(2) saidto的宾语或呼语变为asked等的宾语;

(3) 在动词原形前加to, 使之成为动词不定式;

(4) 去掉please。

如:

用歌诀记忆直接引语为祈使句变间接引语:

去掉引号要加to, asked、ordered加“告诉” (told) ,

直引若为否定句, not加在to前部。

4、“对”在这:

直接引语变间接引语时态对应转换表:

聚焦直接引语与间接引语 篇7

1． 时态的变化：

直接引语间接引语

一般现在时一般过去时

现在进行时过去进行时

现在完成时过去完成时

一般过去时过去完成时或不变

一般将来时过去将来时

【考点拓展】 如果直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。

The teacher said in class, “The moon moves around the earth.” → The teacher said in class that the moon moves around the earth.

2． 人称的变化

直接引语变为间接引语的过程中，人称代词要从转述者的角度作相应的变动。

He said to me , “ I met your brother.” → He told me that he had met my brother .

【考点拓展】 如果说话者转述自己的话，人称不变。

I said to her , “ I have done my best .” →I told her that I had done my best .

3． 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和少数动词等的变化

二、 各种句式的直接引语变间接引语：

(1) 直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语，要把陈述句改为由that引导的宾语从句,并且that可以省略。

The manager said to me, “You must go there next week.” →The manager told me (that)I had to go there the next week.

(2) 直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语，要把一般疑问句改为由if 或whether引导的宾语从句,并且时态等要作相应变化。

The teacher asked, “Has she read enough this week?” → The teacher asked whether/if she had read enough that week.

(3) 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语，要把特殊疑问句改为由疑问词(who,what, how, why , when , where引导的宾语从句, 要把疑问句的语序改为用陈述句语序，并且时态等要作相应变化。

The villager said, “Who had they taken away when it got dark?” →The villager asked who they had taken away when it got dark.

(4) 直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语，要把祈使句改为不定式短语形式，同时根据语气选用适当的谓语动词，动词常是ask / tell / order / advise / beg等。

The teacher said to the boys, “Pay attention to this.” →The teacher told the boys to pay attention to that.

The mother said, “Doctor, please save my son.” →The mother asked the doctor to save her son.

(5) 以Let’s 开头的祈使句变间接引语，要选用“suggest +动名词或+that从句”或advise sb + to do sth 或 + that从句。

I said to him, “Let’s start at once.” → I suggested to him that we (should) start at once.

(6) 将感叹句变为间接引语可用what 或how引导也可用that引导。

He said: “How fast he runs!” →He said how fast he ran.

Or: He said that he ran fast.

【巩固练习】

请选出最佳答案。

1． I shall tell him, “I have written to you and her twice.”

I shall tell him that_______have written to and_______twice.

A. I; him; herB. you; him; her

C. I; you; meD. you; me; her

2． Tom said to me,“ You look worried today.”

Tom told me that_______worried_______.

A. he looks; today

B. you look; today

C. we looked; that day

D. I looked; that day

3． The man thought,“ I shall take it back tomorrow.”

The man thought that_______take it back _______.

A. I shall; tomorrow

B. I shall; the next day

C. he should; tomorrow

D. he would ; the next day

4． —I’m going away for the weekend.

—But you_______you_______out to dinner with me.

A. say; will come

B. say; come

C. said; would come

D. had said; will come

5． Catherine said, “ What did he hear about a week ago ?”

Catherine asked_______about_______.

A. that he heard; a week ago

B. if he heard; the week ago

C. what he had heard; a week ago

D. what he had heard; the week before

6． She asked,“ Whose house will he break into next time?”

She asked whose house_______break into_______.

A. will he; next time

B. would he; the next time

C. he will; next time

D. he would; the next time

7． The teacher asked her, “Does the sun set in the west ?”

The teacher asked her_______the sun_______in the west.

A. if; setB. if; setted

C. whether; setsD. whether did; set

8． He said, “Catherine, introduce yourself to them, please.”

He_______Catherine_______to them.

A. asked; to introduce yourself

B. asked; to introduce herself

C. told; introduce yourself

D. ordered; introduce herself

9． He said to the soldiers, “Put down your guns at once.”

He_______the soldiers_______down_______guns at once.

A. ordered; to put; their

B. told; to put; their

C. ordered; put; your

D. told; put; your

10． She told me that her mother_______for several days.

A. has been illB. had been ill

C. is illD. was ill

11． “My brother joined the army in 1996.”Said Lucy.

Lucy said that her brother_______the Party in 1996.

A. joinedB. had joined

C. would joinD. joins

12． She said to us, “_______”

A. Not to make fun of me

B. Don’t to make fun of me

C. Never make fun of me

D. Not make fun of me

13． “Would you like coffee or tea?” asked Mother.

Mother asked me_______.

A. if I would like coffee and tea

B. if would I like coffee or tea

C. whether I would like coffee or tea

D. whether would I like coffer or tea

14． He didn’t tell me_______or go home.

A. whether to wait

B. if to wait

C. to wait

D. if that she shout to wait

15． He suggested_______the umbrella at the door.

A. to leaveB. to let leave

C. leavingD. to let

直接引语转换为间接引语的技巧 篇8

一、人称的转换

1. 直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称

如：He said，“I am very sorry.”→He said that he was very sorry.

2. 直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，应转换为第一人称

如：“You should be more careful next time.”my father told me.→ My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3. 直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，要转换成第三人称

如：She said to her son， “I’ll check your homework tonight.”→ She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4. 人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等

如：He asked me，“Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon？”→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

5. 口诀巧记人称变化

口诀：“一主、二宾、三不变”。

（1）“一主”指当直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。

如：He said，“I am forty.”→ He said that he was forty.

（2）“二宾”指当直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称上的一致。

如：He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I was coming the next day.

（3）“三不变”指当直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。

如：He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→ He asked if she was an English teacher.

另外请同学们注意，直接引语为复数，引述者主语为单数时，间接引语的主语要相应变为复数。

如：He said，“Are you interested in English？”→ He asked us if we were interested in English.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况具体对待，要符合逻辑。

二、时态的转换

直接引语转换为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）中的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际这也是宾语从句对时态的要求），变化如下：

如：“I am very glad to visit your school”，she said. →She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said，“We are listening to the pop music.”→ Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

Mother asked，“Have you finished your homework

before you watch TV？” → Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the conductor，“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus？”→ He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there？” the teacher asked. →The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

三、 句子结构的变化

1. 直接引语为陈述句时，用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可用said，也可用told来代替。请注意，可以说said that， said to sb. that或者told sb. that，不可直接说told that。

如：He said，“I have been to the Great Wall.”→He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said，“I’ll give you an examination next Monday.”→He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.

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如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。

如：The doctor said，“You are not seriously ill， you will be better soon.”→The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中的谓语动词said要改为asked，语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。

如：He said，“Do you have any difficulty with

pronunciation？”→He asked（me） whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said，“You are interested in English， aren’t you？”→He asked whether I was interested in English.

3. 直接引语为选择疑问句时，间接引语用whether...or...表达，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...，语序是陈述句语序。

如：He asked，“Do you speak English or French？”→ He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

I asked，“Will you take bus or take train？”→ I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。

如：He asked，“What’s your name？”→He asked（me）what my name was.

He asked us，“How many car factories have been built in your country？”→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5. 直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask， advise， tell， warn， order，request等。如ask sb. to do（用于肯定祈使句），ask sb. not to do（用于否定祈使句）。不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都做相应的变化。

如：He said，“Be seated， please.”→ He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwritting.”he said →He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Don’t touch anything in the lab without permission”，the teacher said. → The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

6. 有些直接引语含有“建议”“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等动词转述。

如：He said，“Let’s have a rest.”→He suggested us having a rest.

He said，“Let me help you.”→ He offered to help me.

7. 当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示“请求”“建议”的意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth.，advise sb. to do sth.等形式转述。

如：“Would you mind opening the door？”he asked. →He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk？”he asked us. →He advised us to go out for a walk.

8. 直接引语是感叹句时，可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。

如：She said，“What a lovely day it is！” → She said what a lovely day it was. /She said that it was a lovely day.

四、从句时态无须改变的情况

1. 当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时

如：He always says，“I am tired out.”→ He always says that he is tired out.

2. 当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时时

如：He will say，“I’ll try my best to help you.”→ He will say that he will try his best to help me.

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3. 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时

如：He said，“I went to college in 1994.”→ He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4. 当直接引语中有以when， while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时

如：He said，“When I was a child， I usually played football after school.” →He said that when he was a child， he usually played football after school.

5. 当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时

如：Our teacher said to us，“Light travels faster than sound.” →Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6. 当直接引语是谚语、格言时

如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.” → He said that practice makes perfect.

7.当直接引语中有情态动词should，would，could，had better，would rather，might，must，ought to，used to，need时

如：The doctor said，“You’d better drink plenty of water.” → The doctor said I’d better drink plenty of water.

He said， “She must be a teacher.” → He said that she must be a teacher.

He said，“She ought to have arrived her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

She asked，“Must I take the medicine？” → She asked if she had to take the medicine.

8. 除以上情况外，直接引语与间接引语的转换要因实际情况而定，不能机械地照搬。如果当地转述，here不必改为there，动词come不必改为go。如果当天转述yesterday，tomorrow，this afternoon等均不必改变。