法律英语的汉译

2024-06-15

法律英语的汉译(精选12篇)

法律英语的汉译 篇1

Translation it is that openeth the window,to let in the light;that breaketh the shell,that we may eat the kernel;that putteth aside the curtain,that we may look into the most holy place;that removeth the cover of the well,that we may come by the water,even as Jacob rolled away the stone from the mouth of the well,by which means the flocks of Laban were watered[Gen.29:10].

1 An Introduction to Legal English

It is well-known that English has now become a global language and is being widely used by people in different countries and from different walks of life on numerous occasions for different purposes.With the development of economic integration in different parts of the world and globalization in the world as a whole,English has transcended national,racial and ethnic borders and become a universal language.People throughout the world have become more and more counting on English to communicate with each other and use it as a medium to get information or knowledge.With the development of science and technology by leaps and bounds,many scientific and technical terms are snowballing English vocabulary and having an ever-increasing impact upon ordinary people’s daily lives and work.

It is widely acknowledged that legal English is the style of English customarily used by judges,lawyers,prosecutors and other legal professionals in common-law countries such as the U-nited States of America,the United Kingdom,Australia,Canada,India,Malaysia,New Zealand,Pakistan,Singapore and South Africa in the course of their work.Legal English has traditionally been the preserve of lawyers from English-speaking countries(especially the U.S.,the UK,Canada,Australia,and New Zealand)sharing common law traditions.Nevertheless,legal English has now evolved into a global language.

2 The Features of Legal English

Few professions are as concerned with language as is the law[1].What on earth is law?As for this question,different people have different answers.Someone says:“Law is a profession of words[2].Someone says:“Law is the very profession of rhetoric[3]”.Modern legal English bases itself on standard English.Nevertheless,it contains a number of unusual features.The most important of these features are as follows:

1)A very striking feature of legal English is that it often combines precision with vagueness.A famous scholar Ceil Lucas wrote well:“Law should be clear and precise,because it would be unfair to subject a person to repercussions for breaking a rule that is not clearly understood.It is desirable to have rules of law that are clearly understood,so that people can conform their conduct to them and anticipate the results of legal decision making[4].”Fred Rodell also wrote well:“Dealing in words is dangerous business…Dealing in long,vague,fuzzy-meaning words is even more dangerous business and most of the words the law deals in are long,vague and fuzzy[5].”As we have seen,the nature of legal language is to some degree a product of the purpose that it serves[6].On one hand,in order to avoid loopholes in laws and increase the predictability and applicability of laws,in most cases,lawmakers have no choice but to choose most precise or exact words to convey their true messages to people as clearly as possible,but on the other hand,considering the complexity of social life,for the purpose of expanding the scope of the applicability of laws and improving the flexibility and elasticity of laws,lawmakers sometimes have to use some vague words when the nature,scope,degree or quantity of the legal fact concerned can’t be made definite in the formulation of laws,for instance,words like about,adequate,apparently,appropriate,excessive,reasonable and serious.The following is a case in point:

Article 192 Whoever,for the purpose of illegal possession,unlawfully raises funds by means of fraud shall,if the amount involved is relatively large,be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than200,000 yuan;if the amount involved is huge,or if there are other serious circumstances,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan;if the amount involved is especially huge,or if there are other especially serious circumstances,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment and shall also be fined not less than 50,000yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan or be sentenced to confiscation of property.

第一百九十二条以非法占有为目的,使用诈骗方法非法集资,数额较大的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处二万元以上二十万元以下罚金;数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的,处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚金;数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚金或者没收财产。

2)The style of legal English is very formal and objective,and doublets and triplets are frequently used.There is a curious historical tendency in legal English to string together two or three words to convey what is usually a single legal concept.Maybe by doing so legal concepts can be rendered accurate and easy to understand.“Many such phrases have become idioms or fixed expressions.An illustration is the common phrase in American wills stating that“I give,devise and bequeath the rest,residue and remainder of my estate”to so-and-so.…These redundant expressions are likely to have arisen because lawyers drafting wills(who in the United States were and are often generalists with limited knowledge of wills law)were unsure which word(i.e.,devise or bequeath)was the correct one.So they deemed it safer to use both,and later decided to throw in give for good measure.David Mellinkoff has suggested another reason for the development of these redundant idioms:that at the time when English lawyers were using law French as a professional language,they would combine a French word with its native English equivalent,so that the hearer or reader(who might be either a native French or English speaker)would always understand at least one of the two.Thus,devise is French and bequeath is English.Other examples include breaking and entering,goods and chattels,had and received,and will and testament(Mellinkoff 1963:121)[7].”

3)Legal English extensively borrows words from Latin and French,not only because of the fact that in history Britain had been invaded and occupied by Roman empire and France respectively,but also because of the spread of Christianity into Britain and the far-reaching influence of Renaissance which originated in now Italy.It is well-known that Latin was originally spoken in Latium,a region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire,as well as in Ancient Rome.According to the research of linguists,about 25percent of English words are from Latin and there are more than 10,000 Latin words in modern English.The following legal terms are from Latin:Biens meubles动产,bona vacantia无主物,caveat emptor买者自慎之,Corpus delicti犯罪事实,de facto marriage事实婚姻,ex post facto事后的,faith accompli既成事实,guardian ad litem监护人,habeas corpus人身保护令,incipitur诉讼开端,jus ad rem物权,lata culpa重大过失或疏忽,mala fides恶意,narratio起诉状,onus probandi举证责任,procuration代理,querens原告renvoi驱逐外国人出境,stare decisis遵循先例原则,torus侵权行为,ultimum supplicium极刑,viva voce口头and the following legal terms are from French:appeal上诉,arson纵火罪,claim要求,contract合同,covenant契约,felony重罪,infan婴儿,pledge宣誓,plaintiff原告,robbery抢劫,purchase购买and treason叛国罪.According to An Etymological Dictionary Of the English Language compiled by Walter W.Skeat,26.4percent of English words are from French.The following English words are from French:justice(正义),judgment(审判),crime(罪行),plea(抗辩),suit(诉讼),plaintiff(原告),defendant(被告),attorney(律师),complaint(控告),summons(传票),verdict(裁决),sentence(判决),punishment(刑罚),prison(监狱),bill(法案),inquest(审讯),evidence(证据),slander(诽谤),libel(诽谤罪)and innocence(无罪).

4)Legal English prefers to use archaisms,in particular compounds that are made up of here,there or where plus one or more prepositions,because the use of these words can make law seem or sound dignified,majestic,serious,solemn,formal,authoritative and concise.Archaisms,namely,archaic English words,refer to words that appeared and were widely used in the period between AD 450 and 1100 as well as in Medieval Period(AD 1100-1500).The following is some common archaisms:

hereafter:in this document and after this point此后,以后

hereby:in this way or by this means以此,以此方式,特此

herefrom:from this fact or statement由此

herein:in this document此中,于此,在此文件中

hereof:of this关于这个(在本文件中)

hereto:to this至此(对于这个,于此)

hereunder:under this heading or below this phrase在下面(在此标题或短语下面)

hereinabove:above in this document,statement前文

hereinbefore:before in this document,statement在上文中

heretobefore:previously or earlier在此以前,到现在为止

herewith:together with this letter or written material随此

thereafter:after that此后

thereby:by that按此

therefor:for that因此

therefrom:from that从那里

therein:in that在其中

thereinafter:afterwards listed in that document在下文,以下

thereinbefore:before mentioned in that document在该文以上部分

thereinunder:mentioned under that heading在那标题以下

thereof:of that关于那,由此,由此

thereto:to that到那里

theretobefore:before that time在那之前

therewith:with that与之

whereby:by which凭那个

wherein:in which在何处

whereof:of which关于那个,关于什么

whereon:on which在那上面

whereto:to which对于那个

whereunder:under which在其下

wherewith:with which用什么,用那个

5)The vocabulary of legal English can be divided into two categories,namely,ordinary words with a specific and totally different meaning in law and words peculiar to legal English with a definite meaning in law.Some ordinary English words are quite confusing for people who are not familiar with legal English when they read legal documents or articles.Such English words include action(普通义:行动/法律义:诉讼),adopt(普通义:采纳/法律义:收养),confront(普通义:使面对/法律义:使对质),alienation(普通义:疏远/法律义:转让),will(普通义:意志/法律义:遗嘱),case(普通义:箱子或盒子/法律义:案件或案例),consideration(普通义:考虑/法律义:对价),bill(普通义:账单/法律义:法案或诉状),instrument(普通义:工具/法律义:法律文书),party(普通义:晚会/法律义:当事人),serve(普通义:服务/法律义:送达)and so on.Words peculiar to legal English include:affray(在公共场所斗殴罪),arson(纵火罪),bigamy(重婚罪),felony(重罪),misdemeanor(轻罪),kidnapping(绑架罪),perjury(伪证罪),plaintiff(原告),defendant(被告),prosecutor(检察官),robbery(抢劫罪),recidivism(累犯),theft(盗窃罪),agency(代理),agent(代理人),principal(本人),misfeasance(不当履行),force majeure(不可抗力),omission(不作为),tort(侵权行为)and so on.

6)The syntactical structures of legal English are usually very lengthy and complex,which makes it hard for common people without professional training in law to know exactly what these sentences mean.One source of the difficulty of legal language noted by Davies is that legal discourse may be addressing two audiences,both a lay audience and a legal audience(I have dubbed this the two-audience dilemma)[8].Now let’s have a look at the following two examples:

(A)Each of the Shareholders shall exercise all voting rights and other powers of control available to it in relation to the Company so as to procure(so far as it is able by the exercise of such rights and powers)that at all times during the term of this Agreement,the provisions concerning the structure and organization of the Company,and the regulation of its affairs set out in this A-greement,are duly observed and given full force and effect,and all actions required of the Shareholders under this Agreement are carried out in a timely manner,and in particular(but not in derogation of the generality of the foregoing),that any meeting of the Board and every general meeting of the Company has the necessary quorum throughout and is conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement,and shall execute and do and procure all other third parties,if necessary,to execute and do all such further acts,deeds,assurance and things an may be reasonably required so that full effect may be given to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

各股东应行使其具有的与公司相关的所有表决权和其他控制权,以保证(就通过行使该等权利和权力可以保证而言)在本协议期限内任何时候,关于公司结构和组织的规定和本协议规定的公司事务的管理规则得到遵守并具有完全的效力,本协议项下要求股东采取的一切行动均已及时采取,特别是(但不得损害前述一般性原则)公司的任何董事会会议和每一次股东大会自始至终达到必需的法定人数,且根据本协议的规定召开,而且应签署和执行,并在必要时保证所有其他第三方签署和进行可能合理要求的一切进一步行动、契约、保证和事宜,以使本协议的条款和条件可以具有完全的效力。

(B)If in any case Party A,after having become bound to transfer any Shares and Loans pursuant to the provisions of this Clause X to Party B or a third party,shall fail or refuse to do so the Company Secretary or any other person appointed by the Board shall be deemed to have been irrevocably authorized by Party A,with full power to execute,complete and deliver,in the name and on behalf of Party A,transfers of the Board may then register the purchaser or its nominee as holder of the Shares and issue to the purchaser or its nominee(as the case may be)a certificate of the same,and thereupon,Party A shall be bound to deliver up the certificates for the Shares,and upon such delivery shall be entitled to receive the purchase price therefore without interest.

如果甲方有义务根据本条规定向乙方或第三方转让任何股份或贷款,而甲方却未进行或拒绝进行转让,公司秘书或董事会委派的任何其他人应被视为经甲方不可撤销地授权,有全权在购买人向公司支付购买价款后,以甲方的名义并代表甲方签署、完成并向购买人交付股份和贷款转让证,而后董事会将购买人或其指定的人登记为股份持有人,并向购买人或其指定的人(视情况而定)签发股权证,据此,甲方有义务交付股权证,交付后则有权获得不计利息的购买价款。

7)Passive voice,nominal constructions as well as subjunctive mood are frequently used in legal English.“We have already seen that lawyers tend to prefer passive and nominal constructions,both of which can promote an impersonal style.Similarly judges and legislators tend to speak in the third person…[9]”.The underlying reasons for employing passive and nominal constructions to promote the stylistic impersonality of legal English are that the main function and chief purpose of law are to serve as a key guide for people’s conducts rather than specific individuals and that the use of nominal constructions is capable of improve the precision or exactness of legal language.Subjunctive mood is often used to specify the conditions or circumstances to which law is to be applied.Please take a look at Article I of American constitution:

Section 9

(1)The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit,shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808,but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importations,not exceeding 10dollars for each person.

(2)The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

(3)No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

(4)No capitation,or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

(5)No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.

(6)No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another nor shall vessels bound to,or from one state,be obliged to enter clear,or pay duties in another.

(7)No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law;and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

(8)No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States And no person holding any office or profit or trust under them,shall,without the consent of the Congress,accept of any present,emolument,office,or title,of any kind whatever,from any king,prince,or foreign state.

第九款

(1)对于现有任何一州所认为的应准其移民或入境的人,在一八零八年以前,国会不得加以禁止,但可以对入境者课税,惟以每人不超过十美元为限。

(2)不得中止人身保护令所保障的特权,惟在叛乱或受到侵犯的情况下,出于公共安全的必要时不在此限。

(3)不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案或者追溯既往的法律。

(4)除非按本宪法所规定的人口调查或统计之比例,不得徵收任何人口税或其它直接税。

(5)对各州输出之货物,不得课税。

(6)任何有关商务或纳税的条例,均不得赋予某一州的港口以优惠待遇;亦不得强迫任何开往或来自某一州的船舶,驶入或驶出另一州,或向另一州纳税。

(7)除了依照法律的规定拨款之外,不得自国库中提出任何款项;一切公款收支的报告和帐目,应经常公布。

(8)合众国不得颁发任何贵族爵位:凡是在合众国政府担任有俸给或有责任之职务者,未经国会许可,不得接受任何国王、王子或外国的任何礼物、薪酬、职务或爵位。

3 The Prerequisites,Steps and General Translation Principles for English-Chinese Translation

From the above-mentioned features we can clearly see that as English for special purposes legal English is not easy to understand,let alone to translate it into Chinese.What are the prerequisites for translating legal English into Chinese?Fundamentally speaking,the prerequisites for translating legal English into Chinese are to be knowledgeable in Anglo-American law and Chinese law,as well as proficient in English and Chinese language in that without a good knowledge in both Anglo-American law and Chinese law it is impossible for a translator to have an in-depth understanding of the true meaning of and nuance between various legal concepts in Anglo-American law and Chinese law,let alone to precisely or accurately translate these legal concepts from English into Chinese.It is well-known that AngloAmerican law and Chinese law belong to two fundamentally different legal families,namely Anglo-American legal family and continental legal family.Anglo-American law is called case law or common law while continental law is called written law or statutory law.Judges have played a vital role in the establishment and development of Anglo-American law,therefore Anglo-American law is nicknamed law of judges.There have been huge differences between Anglo-American law and Chinese law,making it very difficult for a translator to know the exact meaning of numerous legal English concepts and then properly translate them into Chinese.As a matter of fact,translating legal English into Chinese involves three steps,namely,understanding,expression and examination.Understanding is the basis and premise of expression and expression is the deepening of understanding and key to translation.The more profound the understanding of the source text is,the more likely the translator is able to translate the source text into target language.Examination is the final but essential step to ensure the quality of the translation of legal English into Chinese.In addition,to translate legal English into proper Chinese,the translator has to acquaint himself with various translation theories and skills and be very good at flexible use of translation skills.Peter Newmark thinks that“Translation is first a science,which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them-here,what is wrong,mistakes of truth,can be identified;secondly,it is a skill which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage;thirdly,an art,which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative,the intuitive,sometimes the inspired,level of the translation;lastly,a matter of taste,where argument ceases preferences are expressed,and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences.”[10]Eugene A.Nida,a renowned translation theorist,thinks that“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”[11]

4 Translation Principles for English-Chinese Translation

The principles of translating legal English into Chinese are as follows:the principle of using formal words and expressions the principle of preciseness,the principle of conciseness,the principle of term consistency and the principle of using legal terms.In summary,translation principles can be divided into four categories,namely,(A)the source-language-oriented or the target-language-oriented translation principle;(B)the author-andreader-oriented translation principle which was first put forward by Alexander Fraser Tytler,a famous British scholar in the late eighteenth century in his Essay on the Principles of Translation In this essay Alexander Fraser Tytler wrote:“I.That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.II.That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.III.That the Translation should have all the ease of the original composition.”[12]

Yan Fu,a great Chinese translator,once put forward a very famous three-character translation principle called faithfulness expressiveness and elegance in 1898.He wrote:“There are three difficulties in translation:faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance.To be faithful has already being very difficult!Therefore if only faithfulness is allowed for and as a resultexpressiveness is lost,the translation is just like no translation at all.”By faithfulness,he meant the translated version did not run counter to the original text,that is to say the translated version should be precise or accurate with no distortion,omission,addition or subtraction of the meaning of the original text;by expressiveness,he meant the translated version was not confined to the form of the original text,but facile and clear;by elegance,he meant the use of vocabulary and syntax before Han Dynasty.Since the birth of Yan Fu’s translation principle,it has been deemed by a very large number of people as the golden rule in translation.As a matter of fact,Yan Fu’s translation principle also belongs to this category of translation principle.

(C)the aesthetic-oriented translation principle mainly advocated by literary translators like Ezra Pound in America and Fu Lei and Qian Zhongshu in China.In 1951 in the preface to the translated Balzac’s novel Le père Goriot Fu Lei wrote:“Translating should be like drawing and what is sought is not resemblance in shape,but resemblance in spirit.”[13]In 1964 in the article entitled Lin Shu’s Translation,Qian Zhongshu put forward his“transmigration theory”:The highest literary standard is“transmigration”.To transform works from the characters of one country into the characters of another country without betraying any trace of stiffness and far-fetchedness due to the differences in language habits and with the original flavor completely retained can be called to have reached the state of“transmigration”.(文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于“化境”。)[14]

Although the above-mentioned translation theories are extremely useful in the translation work,they are not fully applicable to the translation of legal English because of the seven features listed above.In my humble opinion,faithfulness,preciseness,professionality,unity as well as conciseness should serve as the guiding principle in the translation of legal English into Chinese.I’d like to dwell on these principles one by one.

Well,let’s first take a good look at the first guiding principle in the translation of legal English into Chinese.Because the main purpose of any form of translation is to help a person who does not understand certain language to accurately get the very message conveyed in that language,faithfulness should be the first and most important principle in the translation of legal English into Chinese.To strive for faithfulness,the translated text should reproduce all the message in the original text without any distortion,adding or omission and the style of the translated text should correspond to that of the original text.To strive for preciseness,the translated text should bear all the characteristics or features of legal language,accord with the expressive habit of the target language,namely,Chinese and be equal in connotation and denotation.In addition,in the process of the translation of legal English into Chinese,a translator should make his uttermost effort to avoid interpreting the meaning of a legal term superficially or taking a word or words too literally.Otherwise,the translated text may lead to misunderstanding or make serious mistakes.For instance“material evidence”should not be translated into Chinese as“物证”.Last but not the least,the translator of legal English should be good at coining or creating new legal terms in Chinese in that China is now still and will remain for a very long historical period a developing country,and the law in our country is not as sound and perfect as Anglo-American law which has evolved for many centuries.It is quite natural that when a translator tries to translate legal English into Chinese,he is bound to meet many Anglo-American legal terms that have no counterparts in Chinese.On such occasions,the translator has no choice but to coin or create a proper Chinese legal term.Of course in doing so he should be cautious and the standards concerning the coining or creation of new legal terms in Chinese had better be formulated by competent agencies so as to avoid confusion and enhance the unity of law.To strive for professionality,a translator of legal English should be familiar with both AngloAmerican and Chinese law,especially the common points and differences between the two laws.What’s more important,a translator of legal English should have an extensive,correct,accurate and in-depth understanding of various legal terms.Lastly a translator of legal English should use Chinese legal vocabulary and terms to translate corresponding Anglo-American ones in as many places as possible.To strive for unity,a translator of legal English should try his best to see to it that every Anglo-American legal term have a sole corresponding Chinese legal term in any case and every Anglo-American and Chinese legal term have a definite and fixed connotation and denotation on any occasion.To strive for conciseness,a translator of legal English should do his best to convey the message contained in every legal English word,term or sentence in the most economical manner in Chinese and avoid redundancy.In other words,simplest and fewest words should be used to convey the richest and maximum message.Being concise can make maximum message reach and be understood by as many people as possible.

5 Conclusion

Although legal English has a tendency to be plain,it is a variety of English featuring much specialization and professionalism,making it obscure and difficult to understand.The reasons for the obscurity of legal English and difficulties in understanding and translating legal English into Chinese may be manifold.Nevertheless,as a matter of fact,in the final analysis,the daunting difficulties in the process of the translation of legal English into Chinese lie in the huge and numerous differences between Anglo-American and Chinese legal backgrounds and legal cultures To be well qualified in the translation of legal English into Chinese,the translator should be knowledgeable in Anglo-American law and Chinese law as well as proficient in legal English and Chinese.In addition,a legal English translator should also bear in mind the features of legal English,and adhere to the abovediscussed principles for the translation of legal English into Chinese.As a saying goes,practice makes perfect.So long as a person persists in relentless legal English translation practice and be good at summing up experience and drawing lessons from various failures and mistakes,he is bound to become a competent skilled legal English translator.

摘要:法律英语具有七大特征:1)准确性与模糊性相结合,2)语言风格正式客观,3)大量借用拉丁语和法语词汇,4)喜用古英语词汇,5)运用具有特定法律含义的普通词汇和意义明确的专门法律英语词汇,6)句法结构冗长复杂,7)经常使用被动语态、名词性结构及虚拟语气。法律英语汉译应遵循三步骤:理解、表达和检验。法律英语汉译应遵循五原则:使用正式词汇,准确性,简洁性,用语一致性及使用法律术语。结论是:法律英语翻译者须熟悉英美法和中国法,精通英中两种语言,牢记法律英语的七大特征,遵循三个步骤,坚持五大原则。

关键词:法律英语,特征,翻译,法律英语汉译,翻译原则

法律英语的汉译 篇2

论英语PERMUTATION现象的汉译

英语移位分两类:一类是语法移位;另一类是语用移位.语法移位是强制性移位,不移位不符合约定俗成的语法规范.语用移位是选择移位,其转换规则受语用修辞原则支配,语用移位是在言语交际活动中强调所表达的语言信息的.极其重要的手段.对英语语用移位的翻译,应广泛采用改变词序(inversion)技巧及汉语的语用移位手段来处理.

作 者:皮方於  作者单位:西南民族大学,外国语学院,四川,成都,610041 刊 名:西南民族大学学报(人文社科版)  PKU CSSCI英文刊名:JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES(HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES) 年,卷(期): 26(7) 分类号:H315.9 关键词:语法移位   语用移位   改变词序   等值  

英语定语从句的汉译法 篇3

英语定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。现就它们的翻译方法分述如下:

1、限制性定语从句

1.1前置法

采用“的”的结构,把从句部分译成汉语的定语,置于被修饰词之前。

Theroom which served for studio was bare and dusty.

这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的,布满灰尘。

Nothing can take the place of complete rest such as you can get from sleep.

什么也代替不了从睡眠中得到的充分休息。

I like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

我想要一间窗户面临大海的房间。

On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm.

在我们出发的前一天,下了一场暴雪。

1.2后置法

如果从句部分的译文较长,前置显得不合乎汉语习惯,可译成后置的并列分句,有时要重复先行词。

Inertia is that property of matter because of which a force must be exerted on a body in order to accelerate.

惯性是物质的一种特性,由于这个特性,必须对一物体施加一种力才能使它加速运动。

Phamacology is the science which deals especially with chemical changes in medicine as a result of which it is possible to develop new drugs.

药理学是一门科学,它专门研究医药中的化学变化,从而有可能开发新药。

These children have caring and loving parents who have not harmed them in any way whatsoever.

这些孩子的父母关心爱护他们,而且从来没有以任何方式伤害过他们。

1.3溶合法

在There be 句型中,常把主语和定语从句溶合成单句

There no places on the earth that the foot of man has not trodden.

地球上没有一个地方人类没有到过。

There are doctors who have grown up without having been called to treat a case of rabies.

有些很有经验的医生从未接诊过狂犬病人。

There are very few but admire his talents.

很少有人不欣赏他的才干。

There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader.

有些东西会使英国读者不愉快。

2、非限制性定语从句

2.1前置法

限制性定语从句一般是描述性的或署名性,如果从句比较短,仍可译成前置定语。

He liked his sister ,who was warmkind,but did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.

他喜欢他那活泼和蔼的姐姐,不喜欢他那冷漠高傲的哥哥。

But his laugh, which was very infectious ,broke the silence.

他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。

2.2后置法

译成并列分句(重复或不重复先行词)

It is possible to find in an enectric field a large number of points,all of which have the same potentials.

可以在一个电场中找到许许多多的点,所有点都具有相同的电位。

Food is taken in through the mouth ,where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

食物經口摄入,在口腔内咀嚼并与唾液拌合。

There are 103 elements found in nature,most of which are metals.

已经发现自然界有103种元素,其中大多数元素是金属。

3、状语性定语从句

有些定语从句,包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,在语义上具有状语的功能,可表达时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的等。可译成相应的词或句。

I saw Mr.Li ,who was walking on tha street.

我看见李先生,(当时)他正在街上走着。(时间)

The sick child,who had been given the medicine ,soon fell asleep.

患儿服药后很快就入睡了。(时间)

We don’t like the room, which is cold.

我们不喜欢那个房间,(因为)它很冷。(原因)

He would know nothing who wants to know everything.

(假如)什么都想学,就什么也学不到。(条件)

The vampire bat attacked the cattle,which sickened and died.

吸血蝙蝠袭击家畜,造成家畜生病死亡。(结果)

There was something orginal,independent and heroric about the plan that oleased all of them.

这个方案富于创造性、独出心裁、很有魄力,使他们都很满意。(结果)

Some of the patients,who had taken the medicine,showed no better because they had neglected the doctor’s advice.

有些患者虽然服了药,仍不见好转,因为他们未遵医嘱。(让步)

The disease ,which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.

虽然该病可发生在任何年龄的人,但在青年人中最为常见(让步)

Envoys were sent out who should promote friendly relations with other countries.

对外派出使节,目的是促进与其它国家的友好关系。(目的)

Singapore has a welfare called the central provident,which ensures that the retired have a nest egg.

新加坡有一项被称为“中央节俭基金“的福利计划,以保证退休者有一份养老金。(目的)

以上介绍的定语从句翻译尚不完善,现抄录两句英文及其翻译,供读者和同仁体味其翻译之妙。

President Reagan is only the latest in a long line of intergovernmentalists who want to make sense of the functions of national,stateand local governments.

主张各级政府协调整治的人,历来都有,他们的意图是要充分发挥联邦、州和地方政府的职能。里根总统只不过是最新代表人物。

The Gross family are returniks—Russians who emigrated to the west and now decided to return.

格罗斯一家人是回国移民,他们原是移居西方的俄罗斯人,现在决定回国定居。

参考文献:

1.张培基、喻云跟,李宗杰:英汉翻译教程,上海外语教育出版社 2010

2.张志鸿:医学英语汉译技巧 人民卫生出版社 1980

英语科技术语的汉译 篇4

1 意译

所谓意译就是根据原科技术语的意思译成适当的汉语。意译法, 顾名思义, 能使读者理解术语的确切含义。所以, 意译法是翻译英语科技术语的最常见的方法。例如:video recorder录像机;ball bearing滚珠轴承;skin effect集肤效应;fiberglass玻璃纤维;transducer传感器;microwave微波。

英语中有些科技术语是由复合法构成的。复合法是一种表达新事物、新思想和新概念的最简捷有效的方法, 也是英语科技术语的最常用的构词手段。[2]具体说来, 复合法构成的术语包括合成词、混合词及派生词。

合成词一般是由两个单词合在一起构成的词。例如:songlifting (由song和lifting合在一起构成) 下载未授权音乐;breakthrough (由break和through合在一起构成) 科技等方面重大问题的解决;website (由web和site合在一起构成) 网址;databank (由data和bank合在一起构成) 数据库。而混合词指的是一个单词和另一个单词的一部分或两个单词的某个部分糅合在一起构成的词。例如:netzen (由net和citizen糅合而成) 网民;ecash (由electronic和cash糅合而成) 电子货币。显然, 科技术语中, 那些由前、后缀构成的单词就是派生词。一般说来, 这些前、后缀都有固定的含义。所以, 了解它们的含义对于意译科技术语也具有重要的意义。例如:astrophotographer天体摄影学家;astronautics宇宙航行学 (以上两个单词中的前缀astro-表示“外太空, 宇宙航行”) 。又如:ultrafiche超微卡片;ultraminiaturized超微缩的 (以上两个单词中的前缀ultra-表示“超, 过”) 。还有, 像antihyperon反超子、microcirculation微血管循环、cyberculture电脑文化、hyperlink超链接等都属于派生词。翻译这种科技术语往往都采用意译法。

此外, 在用意译法翻译科技术语时, 还要注意词义的转化。词义转化是科技术语中较常见的现象。它是指一些普通的词汇用于科技英语时词义发生了变化, 表达了不同的概念[3]。例如:habit习惯, (科技) 结晶习性;explorer探险家, (科技) 网络搜索器;location区域, (科技) 存储单元;package包裹, (科技) 软件包。

2 音译

所谓音译, 就是根据原术语的读音译成相应的汉语。当英语中一些科技术语由专有名词 (如人名等) 构成时, 像一些计量单位, 某些专业发明及材料名称等, 汉译时常采用音译。音译法可使科技术语便于记忆。例如:henry亨利 (电感单位) ;joule焦耳 (电能单位) ;Bleomycin博莱霉素 (药品) ;atropine阿托品 (药品) ;nylon尼龙 (化纤材料) ;fernico费臬古 (铁镍钴合金) 。

由几个单词的首字母构成的科技术语, 如果采用意译法, 往往显得冗长累赘。

这时, 最好把首字母当作一个单词, 采取音译, 这样比较简洁明了。例如:radar (radio detection and ranging) 雷达 (无线电探测及测距装置) ;sonar (sound navigation and ranging) 声呐 (声波导航和测距装置) 。

值得注意的是, 有些科技术语既可以采用意译, 又可以采用音译。例如:laser意译:激光;音译:莱塞;vitamin意译:维生素;音译:维他命;microphone意译:扩音器;音译:麦克风。

但是, 随着时间的推移, 人们逐渐地倾向于意译, 这主要是由于这些单词的意译比音译更具体明了。

3 音意合译

音意合译就是把一个科技术语的一部分音译, 而另外一部分意译。如果科技术语为一个单词, 可在词首或词尾加上音译的词;如果术语为合成词, 常常将第一部分音译, 而将第二部分意译。音意合译法能起到“见词明义”的效果, 同时又充分考虑到了汉语的特征和表达习惯[4]。例如:acrowax阿克罗腊 (浸渍材料) ;covar科伐合金 (铁镍钴合金) ;milliampere毫安 (培) (电能单位) ;velcro维可牢褡裢, 尼龙褡裢;tannic-acid单宁酸;motor-cycle摩托车。

由人名、地名等专有名词构成的科技术语通常采用这种音意兼顾的翻译方法, 即把前面的专有名词音译, 而后面的部分意译。例如:Turner’s syndrome特纳氏综合征 (疾病) ;BransDicke theory布兰斯-迪克理论 (重力场理论) ;Bennington ware柏林顿陶器 (美佛蒙特州柏林顿出产的陶器) 等。

4 形译

在科技术语中, 人们常常碰到大量的象形词。象形词是指那些原指人和动物的器官、四肢、行为, 日常生活中的食品、用品等, 后来被用于某些专业中指代物品或动作的单词 (包括某些字母) 。翻译由这些象形词所构成的科技术语时, 应选用汉译中近似形状的单词来表达原意。这就是形译。毫无疑问, 形译比较生动形象。例如:nose飞机机首 (鼻) ;elbow弯管 (肘) ;crane起重机 (鹤) ;sandwich夹层结构 (三明治) ;V-belt三角皮带;splay foot八字脚;T-bandage丁字形绷带;Y-pipe叉形管。

形译时, 有的科技术语中的原字母可保留不动, 即以字母表达形状。例如:V-neck V形衣领;U-nut U型螺母;Z-beam Z字梁;C-washer C型垫圈。

翻译商标、元素、公式等时, 人们也往往采用形译。应当注意的是, 商标、元素、公式中的字母必须保留不译。例如:V-cut V切割 (主要晶面均不平行于X、Y、Z轴的切割方法) ;N-region N区 (电子剩余区) ;Compound CO2化合物CO2;X﹢Y=Z X﹢Y=Z。

5 不译

随着科学技术突飞猛进地发展, 各学科及边缘学科中的术语层出不穷。甚至有的英语术语 (特别是一些以首字母缩略的形式出现的术语) 还没来得及被翻译成汉语就以它们本来的形式流传开来, 被人们广泛地使用着。对于这类科技术语, 译者可不译, 即直接使用原文[5]。它们通常是一些单词的首字母的缩略形式。

例如:DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 脱氧核糖核酸;GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值;GRE (Graduate Record Examination) 美国等国家研究生资格入学考试;UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) 不明飞行物、飞碟, 等等。

显然, 随着科学技术的飞速发展及各学科的相互渗透, 大量的术语不断涌现。

在翻译这些科技术语时, 译者应本着客观的态度, 注意科技术语的特点, 认真分析术语的构成及语境, 从而弄清它们的含义。同时也要注意普通词汇在科技术语中的意思。此外, 在翻译科技术语时, 译者应查阅规范的词典或参考文献, 尽可能地用标准的语言翻译出术语的确切含义, 切不可随便敷衍, 望文生义。

摘要:随着科学技术的迅猛发展, 越来越多的科技术语不断涌现。该文根据科技术语的特点, 探讨了科技术语的几种常见的翻译方法;意译、音译、音意合译、形译和不译。

关键词:科技术语,意译,音译,音意合译,形译

参考文献

[1]石春让, 赵巍.术语汉译方法的变迁[J].中国科技术语, 2009 (6) :40-44.

[2]郭爱萍.从构词理据谈科技术语的汉译[J].中国科技术语, 2007 (5) :41-44.

[3]王方.科技英语专业词汇的理解与翻译[J].建筑技术与应用, 2003 (6) :62-64.

[4]岳延红.科技术语汉译方法及技巧[J].科技信息, 2009 (2) :127-128.

研究商务英语翻译的汉译论文 篇5

关键词:商务英语翻译; 一词多义; 认知语义学; 隐喻;

商务英语涵盖贸易、法律、财会等领域, 覆盖面广, 专业性强。而作为语言的常态, 一词多义是商务英语词汇的特点之一。而商务词义往往专业性较强, 与其一般词义之间的联系较不明显, 就成为商务英语学习者在习得商务词汇或进行商务翻译时的一个难点。理解商务英语多义词各个义项间的引申机制, 能帮助商务英语学习者理解与掌握商务词汇, 提高其商务翻译的准确性。

1 研究背景

为了解商务英语学习者对商务英语一词多义现象的认知情况, 研究小组随机选取了华南农业大学20xx-20xx级商务英语专业150名学生进行了问卷调查, 收回有效问卷133份。问卷分为客观题与主观题两部分。客观题为闭卷测试题, 分为英译汉选择题与填空题, 统计结果如下:

客观选择题正确率:

如图1所示, 20xx级至20xx级客观选择题的平均正确率分别为55%, 65%及67%, 总平均答对率约为62%。而汉译英填空题的总平均答对率仅约为17%。在调查对商务英语中的多义词理解不准确的原因时, 大多数受调查者表示其受商务词汇本义或其他常见义项的影响太大, 对其商务专业词义不熟悉。

为帮助商务英语学习者更好地理解与记忆商务英语词汇, 文章将以金融英语词汇及翻译为例, 力求详细描述其基本义与专业词义之间的联系。

2 基于范畴理论对商务英语中一词多义现象的分析

一词多义 (polysemy) 是自然语言中的普遍现象, 指一种词汇形式拥有两个或两个以上相互关联的义项 (Lyons, 1977) 。一次多义现象一直是语言学家研究的重要课题, 其中一个代表性的理论就是认知语言学中的范畴理论。认知语言学认为, 一个词的多个词义所组成的范畴, 就是该词的语义范畴 (Rosch, 1973) 。在该范畴中, 有一个核心义项或典型义项, 而其他义项是以核心义项为认知参照点, 通过某种认知机制 (如, 隐喻、转喻、抽象化、具体化等) 关联起来, 其中, 隐喻和转喻是语义延伸最常见和基本的机制 (卢烈宏, 20xx) 。隐喻是从一个概念域向另一个概念域的结构映射;转喻是在同一个概念域中进行的映射。李福印 (2008) 表示, 通过隐喻和转喻思维来扩展词义是人的普遍认知能力, 也就是说, 多义词词义拓展的理据性可以通过隐喻和转喻来解释。因此, 学习和掌握这种认知机制对商务英语学习者理解与记忆商务词汇具有重要的作用。文章将分别以“balance”为例, 阐述义项间的认知机制。

2.1 Balance各义项间的认知机制分析

在牛津词典中, “balance”有以下义项:

作名词时:

(1) A situation in which different things exist in equal, correct or good amounts均衡;平衡;均势

(2) The ability to keep steady with an equal amount of weight on each side of the body平衡能力

(3) The amount that is left after taking numbers or money away from a total余额

(4) An amount of money still own after some payment has been made结欠

(5) Instrument for weighting天平;秤

做动词时:

(6) Keep steady保持平衡

(7) Be/keep equal (使) 相等

(8) Compare比较

(9) (finance) to show that in an amount of total money spent is equal

to the total money received结平(账目)

在上述义项中, (1) 具有原型性, (1) 属于状态概念域, (2) 和 (6) 属于身体概念域, 因此 (2) (6) 的引申属于隐喻映射。而 (5) 属于物理概念域, 因此 (5) 也是通过隐喻拓展而来。 (5) 和 (8) 之间存在性质的相似性, 是从具体到抽象的过程, 因此属于通过转喻的词义拓展。 (7) 属于行为概念域, 因此也属于隐喻映射。而 (9) 属于经济概念域, 因此其与 (7) 存在隐喻映射。而 (9) 中结平(账目) 与 (4) 实际上分别等同于 (3) 中余额为零与余额小于零的假设, 因此 (9) 向 (3) (具体到抽象) 与 (3) 向 (4) (部分代整体) 都属于转喻映射。综上, 可得出以下语义范畴散射图:

英语电影片名汉译的叛逆现象研究 篇6

[关键词]电影片名汉译叛逆相象功能目的论

引言

面对琳琅满目、风格各异的汉译英语电影片名,尤其是许多意译、改译的片名,许多人都误以为电影片名翻译似乎无章可循,甚至觉得不需翻译,可另起炉灶,随意创作。的确在英语电影片名的汉译中,“翻译即叛逆(Traduttore traditore)”这句西方名谚似乎发挥得淋漓尽致。从《碧血黄沙》(Blood andSoul)、《粒粒皆辛苦》(Bitter Rice)到《窈窕奶爸》(Mrs,Doubtfire)、《碟中谍》(Mission:lmpossible),乃至成为他人笑柄的《飞越杜鹃窝》(One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest)无不体现出“叛逆”二字,只是其“叛逆”层面不同,“叛逆”程度不一罢了。纵观大陆、港台的英语片名的汉译,不管良莠与否都与“叛逆”有深浅不一的联系,译者们在八仙过海、各显神能的片名翻译中似乎显得有点诚惶诚恐,不知所措了。其实片名翻译中的“叛逆”自有它的理据和原则,翻译时必须遵守一定的游戏规则。

一、叛逆现象的理据和原则

首先我们可从正反两面来解释“翻译即叛逆”这句经典名言。正面地说,“叛逆”可有其他许多说法,如“背叛”、“偏离”、“偏斜”、“失真”、“走样”、“变异”、“变通”、“变形”等等。钱钟书早在《管锥篇》(1979)里有过相关的论述:“一国文字和另一国文字之间必然有距离。译者的理解和文风跟原作品的内容和现实之间也不会没有距离,而且译者的体会和自己的表达能力之间还时常有距离。因此,译文总有失真和走样的地方,在意义和口吻上违背和很不贴切原文。那就是‘讹’。西洋所谓‘翻译即反逆者(Traduttoretraditore)’。”近几年黄忠廉又提出“变译”这个概念,认为“原作(及其全译)与读者需求多样化之间的矛盾”为变译提供了理据,并且说“从广义上讲翻译都是为了‘迎合’读者变通与‘迎合’、‘通融’在变译语境中成了近义词。”法国翻译理论家梅肖尼克(HenriMeschonic)也指出:翻译应当是历史主题特殊形式的“重新表述”,是“两种诗学的相互作用”,是中心偏移(le decentrement)而在文学翻译中则有“创造性叛逆”这一概念。美国比较文学家韦斯坦因说:“在翻译中,创造性叛逆几乎是不可避免的。”古今中外众多的理论和实践足以证明“变形是任何一个译者、任何一种翻译都不可避免的,普遍存在的现象”。反面说来“叛逆”就意味着“不服从”、“不忠实”、“不对等”、“不一致”。A.Nida的翻译理论认为:绝对一致的翻译是不存在的,原因是“人们产生和理解语言的方式,在任何情况下都不可能绝对一致。”国人也有过这样的比喻:翻译好比女人——漂亮的不忠实,忠实的不漂亮。以此来感叹“忠实”在翻译中的尴尬。总而言之,“翻译即叛逆”真真实实地道出了翻译工作的无奈和真谛。“叛逆”是无奈的选择,“叛逆”又是明智的选择。具体而言,在电影片名的翻译中“叛逆”的必然性和必要性显得尤为突出。首先片名作为一种独特的艺术形式,本身有它的语言要求和艺术审美特色其次作为电影艺术的一个分子,“片名”并非是独立的,它与电影主体息息相关,它依附于影片而存在。这些因素给片名的翻译套上了厚重的枷锁,与此同时也赋予了它更广阔的“叛逆”空间。

其次笔者以为德国的功能派翻译理论给影片名翻译的“叛逆”提供了强硬的理论支柱。功能派翻译理论的鼻祖德国的卡塔琳娜·莱斯(Katharina Reiss)在1971年提出要“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译批评的新模式。1984年,汉斯·丁·费米尔(Hans J,Vermeer)在他和莱斯两人合作撰写的《翻译理论基础概述》(GeneralFoundations of Translation Theory)一书中,正式提出了“功能目的论”(skopos theory)这一概念。“功能目的论”是功能派翻译理论中最重要的理论。他们提出,译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能,而应是译文在译语环境中预期达到的一种或几种交际功能。后来师从莱斯的另一德国学者克里斯蒂安妮·诺德(Christiane Nord)又给翻译下了个定义,即“翻译是创作使其发挥某种功能的异语文本。它与其原语文本保持的联系将根据译文预期或所要求的功能得以具体化。翻译使由于客观存在的语言文化障碍无法进行的交际行为得以顺利进行。”很明显功能派翻译理论承认原文功能和译文预期功能是可能存在一定差异的,这就为翻译中的“叛逆”正了名,翻译中很有可能出现译文预期功能对原文功能的“叛逆”。对英语电影片名汉译而言,译者要注重的就是译名在汉语文化环境中预期达到的一种或几种交际功能,译者的任务就是把这些功能得以具体化。

那么片名译名预期达到的功能是什么呢?笔者以为片名译名的预期功能可分两大块。一个是总体预期功能即译名还是个片名,仍需具备片名的基本功能,即“导视”功能:译名必须跟影片的主题内容息息相关,并且有一定程度的诱导性,发挥其“电影品牌商标”似的功能等等。另一方面,译名还有一些具体功能。这些功能却又依译者而异,比如译者期望译名能渲染影片的气氛,或概括影片的内容,或点拨影片的主题,或能强烈吸引观众等等,这些不同的功能提供了翻译中“叛逆”的不同层面,造就了各种不同的译名。但功能并非随意增添或安排,“叛逆”并非天马行空,必须遵守一定的游戏规则。

二、叛逆现象的具体表现

1,第一类表现是译名在原名框架内作一定程度的背叛。译名没有离开原名的字面意思,只是字词选择上做了简单的增添或减删。在功能表现上就是译者承认原名具备的功能,期望能将其移植到译名当中去,但苦于“客观存在的语言文化障碍”使译者不得不做出一定程度的“叛逆”,但是经过这种语言上的叛逆,往往得到功能上的忠实。这一类翻译当属正宗的传统的翻译。比如City Lights汉译为“城市之光”City是城市,lights是光。City lights不译作“城市光”,那不顺口;也不称为“市光”,那也不太习惯。“市容”可称,“市光”却是万万不能。三字不

顺口,两字又不太习惯,于是顺理成章,加一“之”字,就成了“城市之光”了。可是虽是四字,但“城市的光”就逊色多了。因此“城市之光”是最恰当的译法,译名背叛了原名的字数,使之成为地道的中文,而且也象原名一样简单、明了、紧凑。况且原名的讽刺意义也传达出来了。因为影片揭露了一些阴暗面,却故意称之为“lights”,称之为“光”,实为反语。译名做了最小程度的叛逆,把原名的语言特征、审美特征都一一移植过来了,译名的各种功能都是原名各种功能的翻版。再如Blood and Sand汉译为“碧血黄沙”。这个译名堪称是片名翻译的一大经典了。一个“碧”字,一个“黄”字的增加在形式上是对原名的背叛,事实上译名只是把原名的气氛渲染出来了,因为汉语文化里才有“碧血”(见于《庄子·外物》)、“黄沙”之说,英语是不兴这些多余的形容词修饰的。这里译名在语言上的叛逆得到了功能上的忠实。另外《美国往事》(Once Upon a Time in America)、《心田》(Places in the Heart)、《雨中曲》(Singingin the Rain)、《夺宝骑兵》(Raiders of theLost Ark)等等都属此类。

2,有些译者对译名的具体期盼功能有别于原名,所以为了表达译者自己赋予译名的期盼功能而不惜对原名“叛逆”,译者添加了原名没有但自己想要表达的信息,删减了原名有但自己想要舍弃的信息。但是在这类译名中终究可见原名的影子,尽管它们时隐时现,若即若离。比如Home Alone汉译为“小鬼当家”。原名是“单独在家”的意思,译名结合影片内容,将片名意思深化,把影片的主人公和主题提到了片名上。译名所增加的内容无法在原名中找到原型,只能在影片中去找到译名的可行性。再如Face Off汉译为“夺面双雄”。这部影片获得了1998年的奥斯卡奖,影片围绕正反两个人物用化学药品变脸换成了对方的面容从而展开斗争的故事,情节跌宕起伏,惊心动魄,最后终是正义战胜了邪恶。“Face off”原指的就是“变脸”。译名“夺面双雄”既用“夺面”二字表达了“变脸”的意思,又用“双雄”来点清影片的两个主人公,整个片名富有动感,把影片的气势氛围都译出来了。大多数好的译名都采用了这种形式的叛逆。如:《风月俏佳人》(Pretty Woman)、《人鬼情未了》(Ghost)、《魂断蓝桥》(Waterloo Bridge)、《廊桥遗梦》(the Bridge of Madison County)、《忍无可忍》(Enough)、《泳池的诱惑》(Swim fan)等等。

3,还有些译名根本就不是翻译,因为在译名当中根本就找不到原名的任何影子。如:The Unbearable Liqhtness of Being《布拉格之恋》、The Quiet American《西贡风云》、My Darling Clementin《侠骨柔情》、Mission:lmpossible《碟中谍》、Casablanca《北非谍影》等等。这种对原名的彻底背叛到底是不是翻译呢?为什么译者要放弃原名,另辟蹊径呢?而且译名的广为流传已经证明了它的可行性,人们为什么会认可它呢?我们再来看功能派给翻译下的定义:“翻译是创作使其发挥某种功能的异语文本。它与其原语文本保持的联系将根据译文预期或所要求的功能得以具体化。翻译使由于客观存在的语言文化障碍无法进行的交际行为得以顺利进行。”根据此定义我们可以看出译文事实上要满足两点,一是能“发挥某种功能”,二是“与原语文本要保持联系”。我们说上述译名的确属于翻译是因为片名的特殊性所致,也就是说在电影片名的翻译行为中,“原语文本”已经被扩大了,即已不限于原片名,而扩至到整个电影的各个方面,囊括了影片的内容、主题、气氛等等各个艺术环节。如此说来,这第三类叛逆只是对原片名的叛逆,但并非是一种肆无忌惮的叛逆,因为译名永远没有离开影片。

三、叛逆现象的误区

所谓走入“叛逆”误区可分两种情况,一种是遵守“目的法则”下的“叛逆”误区。如有些译者为了满足“发起者”过分热切的“盈利”原望,不惜采取媚俗之态,在片名上大做文章以望能吸引观众。包惠南曾在《文化语境与语言翻译》中总结过当今电影片名翻译的一些不良现象:“大”字当头、“血”字飞溅、“魔鬼”出没、“情”意外露。也就是说有些译名尽量使用“大”、“血”、“死”、“鬼”、“情”等强烈刺激观众感观的字眼,有些译名则声势浩大,过分夸张,最终带给观众的是严重的失落感和被愚弄感。此类种种都属“叛逆”过度。如把“Made in America”译成《精子也疯狂》实在令人作呕:再如有人把“The Rounders”译成《双侠勇擒胭脂虎》。该电影内容是沿着两个居无定所的老牛仔驯马及捉野牛的经历而发展成的,根本就没有什么“胭脂虎”出现,更不要说什么“勇擒”了。其实“rounder”其中一义就是指美国西部的“牛郎”,所以该片名翻译成“原野双侠”就不错了。另有一类“叛逆”误区往往是一种无意识的“叛逆”,主要原因在于译者的翻译态度上。如“One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”《飞越疯人院》被翻译成《飞越杜鹃窝》,是由于译者不知道“Cuckoo’s nest”有“疯人院”的意思,没有做语言障碍的清除工作;同时也反映了译者翻译态度的不端正。试想如果译者看完了该影片,他即使不了解“Cuckoo’s nest”的含义,也至少对它的字面意思提出置疑啊!片名作为电影的一个重要零件,脱离了影片本身是万万不能的。所以作为影片名的译者一定必须对影片有一个全面的了解,要深入了解影片的内容,准确把握影片的基调和主题,这样才可能译出一个和影片浑然一体的片名出来。

四、结语

英语定语从句的汉译法 篇7

英语定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。现就它们的翻译方法分述如下:

1、限制性定语从句

1.1 前置法

采用“的”的结构, 把从句部分译成汉语的定语, 置于被修饰词之前。

The room which served for studio was bare and dusty.

这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的, 布满灰尘。

Nothing can take the place of complete rest such as you canget from sleep.

什么也代替不了从睡眠中得到的充分休息。

I like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

我想要一间窗户面临大海的房间。

On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm.

在我们出发的前一天, 下了一场暴雪。

1.2 后置法

如果从句部分的译文较长, 前置显得不合乎汉语习惯, 可译成后置的并列分句, 有时要重复先行词。

Inertia is that property of matter because of which a forcemust be exerted on a body in order to accelerate.

惯性是物质的一种特性, 由于这个特性, 必须对一物体施加一种力才能使它加速运动。

Phamacology is the science which deals especially with chemical changes in medicine as a result of which it is possibleto develop new drugs.

药理学是一门科学, 它专门研究医药中的化学变化, 从而有可能开发新药。

These children have caring and loving parents who have notharmed them in any way whatsoever.

这些孩子的父母关心爱护他们, 而且从来没有以任何方式伤害过他们。

1.3 溶合法

在There be句型中, 常把主语和定语从句溶合成单句

There no places on the earth that the foot of man has nottrodden.

地球上没有一个地方人类没有到过。

There are doctors who have grown up without having beencalled to treat a case of rabies.

有些很有经验的医生从未接诊过狂犬病人。

There are very few but admire his talents.

很少有人不欣赏他的才干。

There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader.

有些东西会使英国读者不愉快。

2、非限制性定语从句

2.1 前置法

限制性定语从句一般是描述性的或署名性, 如果从句比较短, 仍可译成前置定语。

He liked his sister, who was warmkind, but did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.

他喜欢他那活泼和蔼的姐姐, 不喜欢他那冷漠高傲的哥哥。

But his laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.

他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。

2.2 后置法

译成并列分句 (重复或不重复先行词)

It is possible to find in an enectric field a large number ofpoints, all of which have the same potentials.

可以在一个电场中找到许许多多的点, 所有点都具有相同的电位。

Food is taken in through the mouth, where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

食物经口摄入, 在口腔内咀嚼并与唾液拌合。

There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which are metals.

已经发现自然界有103种元素, 其中大多数元素是金属。

3、状语性定语从句

有些定语从句, 包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句, 在语义上具有状语的功能, 可表达时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的等。可译成相应的词或句。

I saw Mr.Li, who was walking on tha street.

我看见李先生, (当时) 他正在街上走着。 (时间)

The sick child, who had been given the medicine, soon fell asleep.

患儿服药后很快就入睡了。 (时间)

We don’t like the room, which is cold.

我们不喜欢那个房间, (因为) 它很冷。 (原因)

He would know nothing who wants to know everything.

(假如) 什么都想学, 就什么也学不到。 (条件)

The vampire bat attacked the cattle, which sickened and died.

吸血蝙蝠袭击家畜, 造成家畜生病死亡。 (结果)

There was something orginal, independent and heroric about the plan that oleased all of them.

这个方案富于创造性、独出心裁、很有魄力, 使他们都很满意。 (结果)

Some of the patients, who had taken the medicine, showed no better because they had neglected the doctor’s advice.

有些患者虽然服了药, 仍不见好转, 因为他们未遵医嘱。 (让步)

The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.

虽然该病可发生在任何年龄的人, 但在青年人中最为常见 (让步)

Envoys were sent out who should promote friendly relationswith other countries.

对外派出使节, 目的是促进与其它国家的友好关系。 (目的)

Singapore has a welfare called the central provident, which ensures that the retired have a nest egg.

新加坡有一项被称为“中央节俭基金“的福利计划, 以保证退休者有一份养老金。 (目的)

以上介绍的定语从句翻译尚不完善, 现抄录两句英文及其翻译, 供读者和同仁体味其翻译之妙。

President Reagan is only the latest in a long line of intergovernmentalists who want to make sense of the functions of national, stateand local governments.

主张各级政府协调整治的人, 历来都有, 他们的意图是要充分发挥联邦、州和地方政府的职能。里根总统只不过是最新代表人物。

The Gross family are returniks—Russians who emigrated to the west and now decided to return.

格罗斯一家人是回国移民, 他们原是移居西方的俄罗斯人, 现在决定回国定居。

参考文献

[1].张培基、喻云跟, 李宗杰:英汉翻译教程, 上海外语教育出版社2010

英语长句的汉译技巧探析 篇8

英汉对比研究表明, 两种语言在结构形态上有很大差异。语言界和翻译界普遍认同形合与意合是英汉语言之间最重要的区别特征, 而且汉语以意驱形而英语则以形制意 (张思洁、张柏然, 2001:13) 。长句翻译的根本在于理清英汉两种语言在句法结构和表达习惯上的差异。

英语长句犹如枝繁叶茂的参天大树, 主干突出, 枝叶横生, 各种修饰成分 (介词短语、形容词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语及各种从句) 层层相套、环环相扣, 将大量信息有机融为一体, 形成逻辑缜密、表达紧凑、层次感强的句法结构。

比较之下, 汉语较少受语法规则的约束。我们常会看到意义密切关联的独立句放在一起, 只用逗号隔开, 连接成一个没有连词的长句。汉语在表达复杂思想时多借助语序和逻辑关系来组织各层信息, 经常使用短句、分句和流水句, 按一定的时间和逻辑顺序组句, 使叙述有先有后, 有主有次, 逐层叙述, 层层推进, 流畅明了。

此外, 英语中虽然有些长句语序与汉语一致, 但由于英汉两个民族在思维方式上存在很大的差异, 所以在语言表达方式上有很大区别。汉语构句遵循时间顺序和逻辑顺序, 先发生的事情先说, 后发生的事情后说;先说前提 (原因、条件、方式、状态、方法、手段) , 后说结果和目的;先叙事, 后表态。而英语句子的语序主要依据语境的需要来安排。因此, 我们在翻译英语长句时常常需要考虑实际情况, 按照汉语句子的时间顺序、逻辑顺序和信息重心在语序上作一些调整, 以使译文符合汉语的行文习惯。

二、英语长句的汉译技巧

1. 顺序法

有些英语长句会按动作或事件发生的时间先后来组句, 也有些英语长句的内容会按逻辑关系来安排, 这与汉语表达方法比较一致。当翻译这类英语长句时, 一般采用顺译法。

(1) If she had long lost the blue-eyed, flower-like charm, the cool slim purity of face and form, the apple-blossom coloring which has so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twentysix years ago, she was still at forty-three a comely and a faithful companion, whose cheeks were faintly mottled, and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness. (毛荣贵, 2003:149)

原译:26年前她那蓝眼睛和花儿一般抚媚, 她那恬静、纯真的面容、苗条的身材和苹果花一般的色泽曾对Ashurst具有神奇的魅力, 即使说那一切都已不复存在———她的双颊已隐约露出一点点灰斑, 她的眼睛也显得有点浮肿了———不过, 43岁的她, 却仍然是他秀美而忠实的伴侣。

改译:26年前, 她那蓝眼睛、花儿般的魅力、脸儿和身段的那种冰清玉洁的秀气、还有那苹果花似的脸色, 曾经让Ashurst一见倾心。这些都已成了往事。如今, 43岁的她, 依然是个眉清目秀的忠实的伴侣, 尽管她的双颊隐约露出了些斑点, 尽管她的灰蓝色的眼睛已经有些浮肿。

例 (1) 原译有两个不当之处: (1) 将原句的框架结构随意改动, 原句的主语被无端地调至句末; (2) 使用了一个与原文的逻辑不符的关联词“不过”。其实, 句末的两个定语从句兼有表示让步的状语职能, 汉译时将两个定语从句仍然置于句末, 并重复使用连词“尽管”, 保持原文的语序, 既能使原文内部的逻辑关系得以合理保留, 又可将原文的内涵得以发掘。

2. 逆序法

一般来说, 英语复句重心在前, 次要内容置后;而汉语的复句则重心在后, 次要内容前置。所以翻译这类英语长句时, 需根据意群, 将其断成若干短句, 再依照汉语的行文习惯重新组织语言, 将其顺序颠倒, 逆着原文的顺序进行翻译。这种译法适合用于翻译以it作形式主语、同位语从句、让步状语从句等结构。

(2) It is good to theorize, that is to say, to analyze the problems confronting us as a nation and elaborate an ideal solution for each of them.

例 (2) 与英语句子重心前置、汉语句子重心后置的观点吻合。翻译时, 可根据汉语叙事在前、表态在后的构句逻辑, 得出译文:把我们作为一个民族所面临的问题提到理论上来加以分析并为每个问题制定一个理想的方案, 这是对的。

(3) And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlaying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. (许建平, 2005:165)

例 (3) 是由一个主句、一个同位语从句、两个定语从句及一个宾语从句组成的长句。全句含四层意思: (1) 这一事实使我增强了信心; (2) 敌人吹嘘几个小时后就能占领战略要地; (3) 敌人甚至没有能占领外围地带; (4) 其原因是由于受到顽强抵抗。按照汉语表达习惯, 通常原因在前, 结果在后, 同位语从句内各层意思可由后往前译, 同位语从句本身很长, 可译成主句的主语外同位。因此, 整个句子可以采取逆序法译出。

译文:由于受到顽强抵抗, 吹嘘在几小时之内就占领战略要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带, 这一事实使我增强了信心。

3. 拆分法

有时英语长句中的主句与从句或从句与修饰语之间的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可按汉语多用短句的习惯, 把英语长句中的从句或短语化为句子, 分开来叙述;为使语义连贯, 有时应适当增加词语 (张培基, 2008:153) 。这种译法的最大好处是能将复杂结构简单化, 便于操作。

(4) The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. (董力, 2002:66)

原译:总统在一次问题集中于昨天的选举结果的记者招待会上说, 他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了最终将会使该党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势这样的失败。

该译文勉强传达出原文的意思, 但不够流畅。解析原句结构, 这个句子是由一个带有过去分词短语的主句、两个宾语从句和一个非限制性定语从句组成。在翻译时, 很难将分词短语和从句都挂在句子的主干上, 因此必须拆译, 把过去分词短语和定语从句从主干上拆离, 译成独立的句子。

改译:在一次记者招待会上, 问题集中于头一天的选举结果, 总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势。

(5) Plastics are made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature. (许建平, 2005:164)

该句由一个主句和三个定语从句组成。原文实际有两层意思: (1) 塑料的成分; (2) 各种成分的来源。因此, 可以将塑料的成分water, coal和lime放于第一句, 然后将具体说明各种成分来源的三个定语从句切分为三个独立句。

译文:塑料是由水、煤、和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源;煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的, 成本较低;石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石而来。

4. 重组法

有些英语长句顺译、逆译或拆译都有困难, 则应考虑打乱原文顺序, 将各语言单位转换成汉语小句, 接着以汉语构句所遵循的时间和逻辑顺序为依据, 重组结构, 变通语序, 基本上脱离原句的层次和结构安排。这样就能摆脱英语长句树形结构的束缚, 发挥汉语句子短小精悍的优势, 使译文流畅、自然。但这是一个拆分重组的过程, 翻译时要防止漏译。

(6) A World Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. (朱建平, 2007:63)

例 (6) 由一个主句 (“AWorld Bankreport...insiststhat...”) 、一个定语从句和一个宾语从句构成。主句的主语由一过去分词短语作后置定语修饰。将该句各语言单位一一击破, 转化为小句, 分别译为: (1) 一份世界银行的报告……坚持认为, …… (2) 在这次会议上披露了世界银行的一份报告。 (3) 这次会议在11月10日结束。 (4) 越南经济的全面增长将更主要地取决于其本国的政策, 而不是外来资金的数额。原文的叙述顺序是:先说某次会议披露了什么报告, 再反过来叙述会议是何时结束的。这与汉语的思维恰好相反, 汉语叙述的顺序一般是:先说何时结束了什么会议, 会上披露了什么消息, 消息的内容是什么。因此, 该长句适合按汉语的逻辑顺序重组, 得出译文:

在11月10日结束的巴黎会议上, 披露了世界银行的一份报告。报告反复强调越南经济的全面增长将更主要地取决于其本国的政策, 而不是外来资金的数额。

三、结语

本文重点解析的四种译法是英语长句汉译的具体翻译策略, 但实际翻译中的情况往往是复杂的, 很多时候在翻译一个长句的过程中会出于种种不同的考虑, 一个句子可能有一种翻译, 也可能综合运用几种方法。各种方法的选用, 需要根据每一个长句的具体情况而定, 做到既不可拘泥于原文的语法结构, 也不必拘泥于某种译法。

译好英语长句, 并非易事, 但只要我们从分析英语句法结构入手, 化繁为简, 化长为短, 找出句子主干, 理清各从属成分之间的逻辑关系, 进而综合理解句意, 将其句意以规范的汉语表达, 最后核对原句、润色译句, 定能译出既忠实于原文又通顺畅达的好译文。

摘要:英汉两种语言在表达方式和句法结构上存在着很大的差异, 而英语长句逻辑性较强, 结构复杂严密, 各种修饰、限定及附加成分颇多, 因此英语长句的翻译被普遍认为是英译汉中的一大难点。本文拟通过对比英汉长句的构句特点, 并结合典型例子, 着重解析英语长句翻译的四种方法:顺序法、逆序法、拆分法和重组法, 并提出具体的译法应视实际情况, 灵活运用。

关键词:英语长句,句法结构,汉译技巧

参考文献

[1]董力.论英语长句的汉译问题[J].山东教育学院学报, 2002, (4) .

[2]林易, 孙学涛.英语长句分析与翻译方法探析[J].中州大学学报, 2009, (4) .

[3]毛荣贵, 范武邱.英汉翻译技巧示例[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社, 2003.

[4]宋天锡.翻译新概念:英汉互译实用教程[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2008.

[5]许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2005.

[6]张思洁, 张柏然.形合与意合的哲学思维反思[J].中国翻译, 2001, (4) .

[7]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2008.

英语散文中头韵的汉译 篇9

头韵是英语语言, 尤其是英语诗歌、散文的重要语言特色之一, 极富表现力。一般来讲, 头韵有四种类型, 包括词首、词中音节及整个词的重复。

相对来讲, 头韵在英语各类诗歌中出现频率较高, 古来有之, 比如英国著名史诗Beowulf、莎士比亚十四行诗及美国诗人Edgar Allen Poe的To Helen等。当然, 头韵绝不是诗歌的专利, 也见于散文。头韵与诗和诗意紧密联系, 而诗意是一切文学样式不可或缺的, 因此, 散文这一文学样式也免不了要使用头韵。

语言与文化之间既有联系亦有差异, 因此相同的文化内涵会有不同的语言表现形式和表达手法。这种情况下, 英语散文的汉译, 就会产生很多值得商榷的问题。如何做到源语与目的语的对等 (包括表达形式与文化内涵) 是译文是否忠实、出彩的关键。英语散文头韵的汉译也须遵循这一规范。

笔者认为, 英语散文中头韵的汉译不能仅考虑音韵和形式, 而应以音、形、义三者整体为切入点, 充分考虑文化的作用, 探求更多英语散文头韵汉译的翻译策略, 使英语散文的头韵在目的语中体现出卓然的风姿。

二、头韵及其种类

“Alliteration”为英语修辞方式之一, 译作“头韵”。历史久远, 早在1400年前, Beowulf中就已出现。此后, 头韵频繁出现于各类英语文学作品中, 比如:

英国诗人William Blake的Marriage of Heaven and Hell一诗和美国作家Edgar Allen Poe的小诗To Helen等。

头韵一词由两部分组成, 分别是前缀“ad-”, 表示“方向, 变化和开始”, 和拉丁语词“littere”, 表示“反复出现同一个字母”。依照The Oxford English Dictionary的解释, “头韵”指“the commencing of two or more words in close connection with the same letter or rather the same sound”。该定义非常简练, 其中有几个关键词值得注意, 分别是“commencing, close connection, the same letter和rather the same sound”。据此, 可将头韵分为以下几类:

1.词首字母相同。

e.g. It is a strange thing, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen, butsky and sea.

(Francis Bacon.Of Travel)

2.词首元音相似或相同。

e.g. when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from one end and part of the town, to another; which is a great adamant of acquaintance.

(Francis Bacon.Of Travel)

3.词首辅音相同。

e.g. A servant or a favorite, if he be inward, and no other apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought, but a by-way to close corruption.

(Francis Bacon.Of Great Place)

4.词首辅音连缀相同。

e.g. Let him sequester himself, from thecompany of his countrymen.

(Francis Bacon.Of Travel)

e.g. the walls and fortifications of cities, and towns, and so theheavens and harbors.

(Francis Bacon.Of Travel)

另外, Colliers Encyclopedia还提到一个特别定义“the repetition of identical consonants in unaccented syllables or in middle or terminal positions of the syllables”。以此为凭证, 就有了如下头韵分类“单词词中或词尾相似或相同的音节群”, 比如, It is a pleasure, tostand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea”。

三、头韵汉译策略

Eugene A. Nida在Language, Culture & Translation一书中, 具体描述了“功能对等理论”, 重点突出了翻译中文化因素的地位和作用。他认为, 文化同语言享有同等地位;翻译不仅隶属于语言, 也隶属于文化。

Susan Bassnett在其名作Translation, History and Culture中, 论述了文化翻译的主要观点, 其中提到:

1 . 翻译单位应该是文化, 而不是词、句、语段或是语篇。

2.翻译本质是文化交流, 而不是语言交流。

3.翻译对等应是多层次的, 而不是单一的:翻译应考虑文化功能对等, 而不是将语义对等视为唯一标准。同时, 翻译不应受制于源语, 而应全面考虑目的语文化中的功能对等。她认为, 翻译只能给出足够的解释, 要想将另一种符号做到完全对等、完全解释是绝无可能的。翻译的终极目标是实现文化的转换。

头韵是汉语所缺少的修辞格。Susan Bassnett认为翻译的完全对等绝无可能, 因此汉语中头韵的缺失无法避免。

1.语音补偿。依照定义, 头韵具有突出的语音特点, 这就决定了翻译时要进行语音补偿。

语音补偿也要考虑尾韵。尾韵是词、句、语段或者篇章前部相同或相似的发音成分, 能使文章措辞更为对称和谐, 创造出回环往复之美, 吸引读者。因而, 在体现音韵美的前提下, 任何翻译策略都是可行的。

a . 同音词指音同而义不同的词, 比如英语中的“impassable & impossible”, 汉语中“别针”中的“别”和“告别”中的“别”, 以及“码&马”等。

e.g. It was splendid population—for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish - brained sloths stayed at home.

(出来的) 这帮人个个出类拔萃——因为凡是呆板、呆滞、呆头呆脑的呆子都呆在了家里。

英语中有许多以/s/开头的词, 像“stupid, stupor, silly”等。Mark Twain于此连用6个/s/开头的头韵词, 表义精准, 营造出一种音韵美, 但也使翻译颇为不易。译者机智地将6个发[dai]的汉字嵌入句中, 既完美补偿了原文头韵在汉语中的缺失, 亦使文字读来口齿留香、气势充足。

e.g.That home is Home though it is never so homely.

家虽不佳仍是家

原句的homely一词派生自home, 与前面使用的home形成对照, 宽泛来讲, 也算使用了头韵。这一巧妙的同源词的重复使用, 使句子充满音韵文辞之美, 且富有哲理。对于这样的句子, 译者非常巧妙地结合原句三词同根同源、音义相关的特点, 以同音词的方式进行语音补偿, 不可不谓妙啊。

b.双生& 叠韵。双声和叠韵归于汉语单义词下的联绵词。双声词指汉语拼音声母相同的词, 如“仿佛 (fangfu) ”, “玲珑 (linglong) ”等, 从这一点来讲, 它与头韵词颇为相似。而另一类叠韵词则指汉语拼音中韵母 (尤其是韵母中的韵腹) 相同或相似, 比如“彷徨 (panghuang) ”, “逍遥 (xiaoyao) ”。

e.g. The moon, one day short of fullness, rode with me, first gliding smoothly, then bouncing over the bumpy stretches.

(Mary E.Potter.When the Moon Follows Me)

它先是平稳地的滑行, 继而又在崎岖的山路上跃动

“崎岖”一词发音为/qiqu/, 恰当地补偿了原句中/b/的缺失, 给读者以音乐之美。

c. 重叠结构。此处的重叠结构包括叠音词和重叠式合成词。重叠式合成词包含两个汉字、两个汉语语素, 如“亮堂堂、姐姐、打扫打扫”等, 而叠音词仅包括一个汉语语素, 如“猩猩”等。

重叠结构由两个重复部分组成, 因此充满对称美、音韵美, 能突出词汇的语法意义。

e.g. The silver light washing over dry grasses in open fields, streaking along throughblack branches, finally disappearing as the road wound its way through the hills.

银色的月光泼洒在旷野的枯草上, 沿着一路黑黝黝的枝丛投下斑驳的光点, 最后, 当车道在山间绕了个弯, 它便消失得无踪无影。

e.g. The night after I showed John the moon, heburst breathlessly through the door, calling, “Mom, come out for a minute!”

(Mary E. Potter. When the Moon Follows Me)

就在我让约翰看月亮的第二天晚上, 他气喘喘地一头闯进屋来, 喊道:“妈, 快出去一会儿”。

e.g.His soul swooned slowlyas he heard the snowfalling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent the their last end, upon all the living and the dead.

(James Joyce. The Dead, Dubliners.)

他听着雪花寂然无声地穿过广宇, 就像他们的最后归宿一样, 寂然无声地落向一切生者与死者, 他的灵魂慢慢地昏沉入梦

2.形式补偿。语音可借形式表现, 故隶属于语音范畴的头韵能通过语言形式得以体现。

a.修辞格补偿。头韵是英语的一种修辞格, 因而用修辞格补偿补偿汉语头韵的缺失, 是非常合适的, 如:对偶和排比等。

对偶指结构相同或基本相同、字数相等、意义上密切相连的两个短语或句子对称排列。

该策略可使翻译更具音乐美和对称美。

排比指在短语或句子中放置相同或相似的结构、音调和相关的意义, 这在英语中称为“parallel structure”。对偶包含两部分, 排比则至少包含三个部分。

对偶和排比的整齐性、对称性和音乐性, 可用以补偿汉语中头韵的缺失。

e.g. It was asplendidpopulation-for all theslow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayedat home.

这是一批卓越能干的人民——因为所有那些行动迟缓、瞌睡稀稀、呆如树獭的人都留在了家乡了。

e.g. For no country have the charms of nature been more perfectly lavished.Her mighty lakes, like oceans of liquid silver, her mountains, with their bright aerial tints, her valleys, teeming with wild fertility, her tremendous cataracts thundering in their solitudes, her broad deep rivers, rolling insolemn silenceto the ocean, her trackless forests, where vegeation puts forth all its magnificence, her skies, kindling with the magic ofsummer clouds and glorious sunshine.

因为纯以大自然的妩媚而论, 此邦确可谓得天独厚, 世罕其俦。试想她那银波荡漾、与海相若的浩渺湖面;那睛光耀眼、顶作天顶的巍峨群山;那粗犷而富饶盈衍的峡岸溪谷;那雷鸣喧于沉寂之中的巨大飞瀑急湍; 那绿色葱笼、好风起伏的无际平原;那庄严静谧、滚滚入海的深广江流;那万木峥嵘、无径可循的茂密森林;那夏云丽日, 谲诡幻变的灿烂天空

排比使译文气势磅礴, 表现力更强, 衔接更紧密。读到如此文字, 一股磅礴之气席卷脑海, 奔腾汹涌, 让人震撼。

b . 文言结构补偿。本文涉及的文言结构主要包括四字格、文言词和文言句式。

四字格为汉语特有结构, 广泛用于成语、谜语、惯用语, 以成语居多。四字格, 亦称“四言”, 最早见于《诗经》, 例如“关关雎鸠, 在河之洲”, “一日不见, 如三月兮”等。这些诗句音韵、修辞和语义效果出众, 四字二拍, 重章叠句, 充满文辞之美。

e.g. Some men of good sense and sound judgement

(Joseph Addison.On the Cries of London)

明理善断之士

e.g. There were some very pretty girls, but ragged as colts andas pale as ashes.

(William Cobbett. Rural Rides)

其中不乏十分秀美的姑娘, 也是满身补丁, 脸如死灰

e.g. I repair to the enchanted house, where there are lights, chattering, music, flowers, officers (I am sorry to see) and the eldest Miss Larkins, a blaze of beauty.

我现在朝着那家仙宫神宇走去, 那儿灯光辉煌、人语嘈杂、乐音悠扬、花草缤纷、军官纷来 (这是我看这极为心痛的) , 还有拉钦大小姐, 简直是仪态万方、丰姿千状

文言词所表现的事物和现象仍存在于本民族事物中, 但由于为别的词语所替代, 一般口语中已不大使用, 如“磅礴, 矍铄, 须眉, 而已, 如此”等。文言词书面性强, 对称性高, 简洁凝练, 庄重肃穆, 用来补偿头韵缺失再好不过 (黄伯荣&廖旭东2007:261) 。

文言句式可分为固定句式和特殊句式, 其中特殊句式又分为判断句、被动句、倒装句和省略句。倒装句包括主语前置、谓语前置、宾语前置和介词结构。省略句包括主语省略、谓语省略、宾语省略和介词省略。常见的判断句多带有“……者, ……也, 是……也”, 比如“制, 严邑也”等。有时, 判断句也用“是”, “为”, “乃”和“则”, 比如“赢乃夷门袍关者也”、“如今人为刀蛆, 我为鱼肉”等。被动句也有一些固定结构, 如“……见……于”, 或者是“见”和“于”等, 比如“吾长见笑于大方之家”。固定句式多带有有“有……者”、“有以……无以……”、“如……何……”等其他结构, 比如“楚人有涉江者”、“故不积硅步, 无以至千里”、“巫姐、三老不来还, 奈之何”等。

e.g. Let him sequester himself, from thecompany of his countrymen, and diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation where he travelleth.

(Francis Bacon.Of Travel)

令其谋求当地显贵为之先容, 凡所下榻之处, 以此为要。

e.g. It is a pleasure, tostand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea.

(Francis Bacon.Of Truth)

立岸上见浪催船行, 一乐也。

e.g. Whosoever is found variable, andchangeth manifestlywithout manifest cause, giveth suspicion of corruption.

(Francis Bacon.Of Great Place)

性情不定之人有明显之改变, 而无明显之原因, 最易涉贪污之嫌。

以上三例皆用了文言结构, 要么是文言词 (“显贵”) , 要么是文言句式 (后两例) 。选用此译法, 译者是有很深的考虑的, 首先, Bacon为文艺复兴时期英国作家, 文风典雅、凝练, 纯用现代汉语对译有失偏妥;其次, 部分和整体文风需保持一致, 故头韵的汉译也应遵循译法的整体风格。

3.文化和意义补偿。头韵所描述的对象可能存在于中国文化, 即便如此, 但由于汉英语的差异, 头韵的内涵可能同汉语所包含的有巨大差异, 故需对其进行文化和意义补偿。

e.g. Thissweltering summerof the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality.

(Martin Luther King.I Have A Dream)

自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来, 黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。

e.g.Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

(Martin Luther King.I Have A Dream)

100年前, 一位伟大的美国人签署了《解放黑奴宣言》, 今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会

上述译文措辞严谨, 且忠实于原文, 但按照文化翻译理论, 它们并未反映出内在的文化内涵。可取的处理方法是增加注释, 可改为:

自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来, 黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。 (注:“夏天”在此并不简单的指1963年的盛夏, 亦指黑人们对当时白人歧视黑人的不满。)

100年前, 一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言, 今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。 (注:1963年1月1日, 美国总统阿布拉罕·林肯颁布了著名的《解放宣言》, 宣布废除奴隶制度, 而此处的雕像正是位于华盛顿林肯纪念堂前的林肯雕像。)

四、结语

依照Nida和Bassnett的观点, 译者在汉译英语散文中的头韵时, 应尽可能实现语言内在文化的转换, 信息缺失虽不可避免, 但译者可从音形义和文化各角度进行补偿, 保证译文自然流畅、真实可读。

参考文献

[1]Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary[Z].Oxford University Press, 2010.

[2]白靖宇.文化与翻译[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2010.

[3]王佐良.王佐良文集[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1997.

[4]文言句式[J].语文教学与研究, 1984, (Z1) :62-66.

[5]杨建华.论英语中的头韵及其与汉语的双声的区别[J].外语与外语教学, 2006, (11) :48.

[6]杨自伍.英国经典散文[M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 2004.

英语新闻词汇的特点及其汉译 篇10

关键词:新闻,词汇,特点,原则,汉译

0 引言

英语新闻集现代英语之大成, 总统庄严的申明, 民众轻松的谈话, 各学科的术语、各领域的行话、风土人情乃至市井俚语, 英语新闻无所不包。 这使得新闻词汇呈现多样化的特点, 这就大大增加了其翻译的难度。 因此, 在对英语新闻进行汉译时, 在巧妙运用英语新闻词汇特点的同时, 应遵循词汇翻译的原则, 熟悉词汇翻译的方法, 做到语言表达准确, 内容阐述完整, 这样才能吸引读者的兴趣, 达到与原文读者相同的传播效果, 实现英语新闻翻译的最终目的。

1 英语新闻词汇的特点

1.1 新词语层出不穷

新闻追求的是新, 作为报道新闻的载体之一, 新闻语言的生命也在于“新”。 新闻中的这些新词语的来源有不同的渠道, 有自创的, 有借用的, 有旧词派生新词的, 等等。 这些词语反映了时代的发展, 让读者有耳目一新的感觉。 英语是一门开放的语言, 它比世界上许多语言更具开放性和容纳性, 它随时随地接纳着新的事物和新的变化。 英语吸收的新词新义, 其来源是多种多样的, 既有政治的、经济的、也有科技的、社会的, 等等。 无论是哪一种, 一般都是通过英语报刊等新闻媒介才得以广为传播的。

例如:

Haves and have-nots富人和穷人

Low-keyed, cost-effective approach更有节制, 花钱更有效的搞法

This past June, Congress authorized $2 million inseed moneyfor a fund-raising compaign.

今年6 月, 国会批准了一笔200 万美元的启动资金, 以发起一场募集基金的运动。

1.2 生造词新颖别致

出于表达新闻事物和适应特殊场合的需要, 新闻英语还会出现大量由记者即兴生造的词语。 这些生造词, 是记者根据英语中一些单词的现有词根、词缀或构词成分, 通过联想或推理类比仿造的。 例如:

rapee : the victim of a rape强奸受害者

Ameritocracy:American-economics里根经济学

moneywise:with regard to money在金钱方面

1.3 频繁使用缩略语

英语新闻中还大量使用缩略语, 缩略语是现代英语报刊中主要的构词手段之一, 尤其活跃于新闻标题中缩略语不仅节省时间和篇幅, 而且具有很强的生命力。 英语缩略语的构词是选用词的适当音节或字母或数字对原词加以省略或简化而成的。 例如:

WB:world bank (世界银行)

ASP:American selling price (美国销售价)

biz:business (商业)

1.4 简短小词广泛运用

小词 (midget words) 即简短词, 一般为单音节词。 新闻报道的特点是时效性强, 越快越好。 要提高新闻传播速度, 就必须使用言简意赅、短小精悍的词语, 避免冗长的词语。 力求用有限的字数表达新闻的内容。 例如:

China Vows to Ensure Food, Drug Safety: 中国决心确保食品药物的安全

(这里用vow代替determine)

UK Parliament rejects a bid for wage increase: 英国议会拒绝加薪要求

(这里bid代替的是proposal)

1.5 借用词语

英语新闻文体用词的一个显著倾向是广泛借用体育、军事、商业、科技、赌博以及文学、娱乐业等方面的词语。 来自其他领域的词汇不仅能准确地表达意思, 而且能起到画龙点睛的作用, 形象生动, 给受众留下深刻影响, 唤起各类读者的“亲切感”。 例如:

A package dealis impossible on each of these four battlefields.What people want is a government which can do most things more right than wrong.

句中a package deal (一揽子交易) 是商业用词。

Hong Kong expects bull run.

香港经济渴望回升。

1.6 大量掺用外来词语

英语新闻词汇的显著特色之一就是大量掺用外来语, 尤其是新闻报道中记者提及外国的或新近出现的事物时, 为引起读者的兴趣与注意, 或更贴切地表达某词语的内涵, 往往选择使用外来词语。 例如:

blitz:闪电似的动作 (德语)

visa:签证 (发语)

kungfu:功夫 (汉语)

tsunami:海啸 (日语)

regime: 政权;政体 (法语)

简而言之, 大众性、趣味性和节俭性构成了新闻英语在语言风格上的共同特色。 了解新闻英语用词的特点, 有利于新闻词汇的翻译。

2 英语新闻词汇的汉译

新闻报道是包罗万象的, 它将不同国家、不同层次的人们的社会生活的方方面面公之于众, 使得新闻词汇涉及面极其广泛。 另外, 英语新闻词汇新颖、广泛的特点也大大增加了其翻译的难度。 因而, 如何翻译新闻词语越来越成为翻译者讨论的热门话题。 由于新闻具有面向大众、真实准确生动及时报道新事物这个最基本的特性, 因此, 新闻翻译的首要任务就是要在最短的时间内用生动有趣但有准确无误的译文, 迅速吸引广大读者, 在他们心目中产生出与原文读者相同的传播效果。 (庄起敏, 2005: 32) 在对英语新闻词汇进行翻译时可采用以下几种方式:

2.1 直译

直译指在翻译时既忠实于原文内容, 又考虑原文形式, 在译语条件许可时, 按照字面翻译。 在多数情况下, 直译可以成为达到原文和译文对等的一种翻译方法。

例如:Internet bar--网吧

Mad cow disease--疯牛病

Comparison-shop--比较购物

tube baby--试管婴儿

hot dog--热狗

Green card--绿卡

white-collar worker--白领工人

Soft-landing--软着陆

2.2 意译

意译指忠实于原文内容, 在形式上另有创新的翻译方法。 为了最大限度地保证译文的准确性, 必须在不影响原文意义的基础上, 添加必要的解释。 对新闻词汇翻译增添解释性文字, 最常用的形式是在需要解释的词汇前后, 采用同位语结构或增加定语, 作适当的补充说明。例如:

Graduate entry into advertising is largely confined to themilk roundwhich starts in December.

此句中, “milk round”从上下文的意思来看, 指 (企业对) 大学毕业生的巡回招聘, 不可硬译为“牛奶轮”或“牛奶回合”。 全句可译为:“毕业生涉足广告业的途径主要是通过每年12 月开始的大学毕业生巡回招聘会。

2.3 词类转换法

词类转换是指在翻译过程中, 将源语中的一种词性的词语用目的语中另一种词性的词语进行翻译的方法。 换言之, 当翻译中词语的词性在所涉及的两种语言中出现不对应时, 就出现了词类转换。 在英汉翻译中, 词类转换的翻译方法是必不可少的, 孙致礼 (2003:81) 指出“离开必要的词性转换, 势必会导致生硬拗口, 甚至晦涩难懂的译文”。例如:

Theabuseof basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them thecondemnationof freedom-loving people everywhere.他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议, 在国内侵犯基本人权, 因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责

原文中的abuse和condemnation都是名词, 如果在译文中仍保留名词, 译文的表达习惯显然不被读者所接受。 将这两个名词译为动词, 突出了它的意义, 又使得译文表达更通畅, 准确传达了原文的语气。

2.4 音译

音译法也是英语新闻词语翻译过程中最常采用的一种方法。 音译指的是根据英语新词的读音巧妙地译成汉语的对应词。 音译的词语, 一方面保持了原词语的原汁原味, 另一方面又琅琅上口, 便于记忆。 例如:

clone--克隆

Hacker--黑客

cool--酷

IEILTS--雅思

talkshow--脱口秀

3 英语新闻词汇的汉译原则

在社会进步的过程中, 新生事物不断产生, 代表着社会发展的方向。 为反映这些新生事物, 大量新词脱颖而出, 成为庞大词库中的最新成员。 由于这些新词总是最先出现在传媒等新闻媒体中, 在了解这些词特点和汉译的基础上我们有必要把握新闻词汇的汉译原则。

3.1 准确规范原则

新闻报道涉及社会政治生活、金融商业活动、军事冲突、科技发展、外交斗争、文化体育动态以及宗教、法律、刑事、家庭等各个方面的情况。 面对题材范围如此广泛的报刊新闻材料, 翻译者必然会遇到词语不熟的问题, 此时应倍加谨慎, 力求准确地译出各行业使用的词语。例如, 英国报界在报道法律诉讼新闻时, 常用recorder一词。 此时, 切不可望文生义, 将其翻译成“记录官”。 Recorder在法律术语中还可用以指“律师”或“事务律师”。 Proceedings在刑事或民事法律新闻中也经常被译者误解为普通术语, 而将它译为“程序”、“手续”等。 其实它是一个法律名词, 指具体的诉讼案件, 可翻译成“诉讼”。 因此, 为准确翻译词语, 译者必须细查词典, 包括专业词典或参考书。

3.2 简明易懂原则

西方新闻学对新闻媒体语言的要求是The simpler, the better。 新闻语言追求浅显易懂, 广泛运用小词正是这种文风的生动体现。 译者翻译时, 要吃透目的语的这个特点, 尽量在语言形式上贴近目标受众的阅读习惯。

3.3 背景解释原则

新闻英译通常需要一定程度的编译, 即在翻译过程中必须充分考虑到“内外有别”的原则和西方读者的阅读心理, 对西方读者可能不太熟悉的有关信息和文化背景知识加以适度阐释, 对可能引起误会、不符合国外读者阅读习惯的表达方式进行必要的变通。 编译新闻英译时经常运用的策略, 也是新闻翻译与一般文体翻译的区别性特征 (许明武, 2003:26-27) 。

4 结语

新闻有其独特的文体特征, 因此新闻英语的翻译不同于其他的文体翻译。 与其他文体的语言不同, 新闻语言的词汇准确、通俗、时效性强。 在翻译的过程中应坚持严谨的翻译态度, 巧妙运用词汇的特点, 把握汉译的原则, 利用词汇丰富的文化内涵突出主题。 新闻报道务必真实可信、生动形象, 吸引读者。 给读者打开一扇了解世界的窗口。

参考文献

[1]张健.新闻翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2008.

[2]冯庆华.报刊语言翻译[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2008.

[3]谭卫国, 蔡龙权.英语新闻的语言特点与翻译[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社, 2008.

[4]刘其中.英汉新闻翻译[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2009.

[5]董晓波.实用文体翻译教程[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2012.

[6]许明武.新闻英语与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社, 2003.

[7]孙致礼.新编英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003.

与海文化相关的英语成语汉译探析 篇11

关键词:英语成语;文化;自然环境

中图分类号:G642 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1002-7661(2014)15-009-01

每个民族都在一定的自然环境中生存繁衍,在不同的自然环境中所创造的文化具有不同的特质,许多文化特质的出现都与该民族的自然环境、山川物产密切相关。不同的自然环境对生活在该环境中的人们的生产方式和生活方式都会产生不同的影响,继而又影响到不同民族的习惯、兴趣、言行模式、思想观念和价值取向。

一、英语成语折射英国独特的自然地理环境

英国是个岛国,西靠大西洋,东临北海,南端隔英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。所以渔业、航海业、造船业非常发达,在成语的运用上他们所联想的自然与海上的事物有关,独特的地理环境孕育出别具一格的岛国文化。有些成语起初只在水手中间使用,因其表象力强,形象生动,贴近生活,后来逐渐被陆上的人们所接受,在更广泛的范围内比喻相类似的事物,成为家喻户晓的成语。纵观浩如烟海的英语成语,我们发现,带有海洋特色的成语为数众多,这些成语多以海洋中的事物,如船、鱼、帆、水、桨、潮流等作为喻体,富有浓郁的岛国风情。比如:

1、具有某种特性的人

ship that pass in the night邂逅偶遇、萍水相逢的人;just off the boat没有经验的人,初来乍到的人;like rats leaving the sinking ship不能共患难的人;cool/ queer fish怪人;loose fish放荡者;shy fish害羞者;poor fish可怜的家伙;a big fish大人物、大亨。

2、具有某种特性的事物

ship of state国家;that ship has sailed错过的机会;an old boat破车、老爷车;ship of the desert沙漠之舟、骆驼;maiden voyage首航;high-water mark顶点;最高纪录。

3、处事方式

Have an oar in everymans boat多管闲事;sail ones own boat独立谋生,依靠自己;paddle ones own canoe自力更生;trim the sails to the wind随机应变,见风使舵;batten down the hatches准备应付逆境;know the ropes熟悉内情,懂得窍门;to go against the stream逆流前进;miss the boat错失良机。

4、经验教训

Like leaks sink the ship小隙沉舟;a rising tide lifts all boats水涨船高;rat desert a sinking ship船沉鼠先溜,树倒猢狲散;there are plenty fish in the sea天涯何处无芳草。

5、生死祸福

Charons boat临终;ship came in发财了,成为富人;when ones ship comes down等到有钱时,等到发财时;loose lips sink ships祸从口出;Davy John's locker 葬身鱼腹;bitter end痛苦的结局,死;tide over顺利度过。

6、工作生活

Shape up or ship out要是不好好干,就解雇你;all shipshape整洁的,井井有条的;shipshape and Bristol fashion整整齐齐,井井有条;run a tight ship严加管束;jump ship跳槽;rudderless ship没有方向,没有目标;gunboat diplomacy炮舰外交,恫吓式外交;fish for compliments 沽名钓誉,间接探听消息;plain sailing一帆风顺,轻而易举;sail under false colors打假旗号,冒充;A great ship asks deep waters大船走深水。

7、社交生活

Miss the boat错过机会、坐失良机;catch the boat准时赶上,不耽误;push the boat out排场阔气,欢宴作乐,热烈庆祝;take to the boats仓促地放弃;rock the boat找麻烦,破坏计划;not touch with a barge-pole不与……发生关系,避开;enough to sink a battleship过度;drink like a fish 牛饮、豪饮、酗酒;money like water 挥金如土,花钱浪费,大手大脚;high and dry脱离社会潮流、落伍,与世隔绝。

8、关系局面

in the same boat或sail in the same boat风雨同舟,风雨共济,同舟共济;feel like a fish out of water感到不自在;between the devil and the deep blue sea进退维谷,左右为难;on the rocks指人手头拮据,身无分文,或指婚姻濒临破裂。on one's beam ends十分拮据,技穷智尽;make waves兴风作浪,轩然大波。

二、结束语

英语成语因其深厚的文化内涵,就如同一面镜子,从各个角度折射出英国民族文化的方方面面。学习和了解这些英国民族文化,不仅能开阔我们的视野,扩大知识面,而且对我们准确透彻地理解英语成语以及地道熟练地使用这些成语十分重要。只有学习和了解该民族的文化特点,才能准确理解和运用该语言。

参考文献:

[1] 孙海运,方 如.英语成语的来龙去脉[M].商务印书馆,2002.

试论英语定语从句的汉译 篇12

一、限制性定语从句的译法

限制性定语从句从结构上来看,它与先行词关系密切,不用逗号分开,对所修饰的先行词起限制作用,翻译这类句子往往可用前置法和后置法。

1. 前置法

前置法也就是把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”字的定语词组,放在被修饰词之前,从而将复合句译成汉语单句。

(1)This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。

翻译这个句子可以按照这样的思路:这是房子?什么样的房子?是我们上个月买的。按照汉语的习惯就出现了把which引导的定语从句翻译成“的”字短语,放在先行词“the house”前面。

再看下面几个例子:

(2)This is the watch which Tom is looking for.

这是汤姆正在找的表。

(3)The person who you spoke to is a student of Grade Two.

正在跟你说话的那个人是二年级的学生。

(4)I don’t like to live in a place where there are a lot of people and traffic.

我不喜欢住在人多交通繁忙的地方。

在(2),(3),(4)的翻译中,把以“which”,“who”和“where”引导的定语从句翻译成了“的”字短语放在了先行词“watch”,“a student”,“a place”的前面。

2. 后置法

译成前置定语的方法大都适用于翻译比较简单的定语从句;如果从句结构复杂、译成汉语前置定语太长而又不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。

(1)I told the story to John,who told it to his brother.

他把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。

这个句子包含的意思是:我把故事告诉了约翰。什么样的约翰?是那个又告诉了他弟弟的约翰。在翻译的时候,重复使用了先行词“约翰”,把上面的意思译成了两个简单句。

下面几句都可以按照这种方式进行翻译。

(2)We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee,whose activities deserve to be encouraged.

在我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。

(3)You,whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research,have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.

你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。

(4)Although he lacks experience,he has enterprise and creativity,which are decisive in achieving success in the area.

他虽然经验不足,但很有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。

在(2),(3),(4)中先行词分别为“the Special Committee”,“You”,“enterprise and creativity”,特别要注意的是(4),在翻译的时候,为了避免重复,而用代词“这”来替代第二次出现的先行词。

3. 融合法

融合法是指先行词和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子的翻译方法。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系密切,因此,融合法比较适用于翻译限制性定语从句,特别是英语中的“There be...”结构汉译时往往是采用这种方法。

(1)There are many people who want to see the film.

许多人要看这部电影。

在这个句子中,它所包含的意思是:这里有很多人,什么样的人呢?想看电影的人。如果按照上面所提到的将定语从句翻译成“的”字短语,那么就应该翻译成:这里有很多想看电影的人。但是也可以把定语从句翻译成汉语的谓语部分。

(2)In fact,many American who could afford to hire a cook or a driver do not employ them.

其实,许多美国人都花得起钱请厨师、司机,但他们并不那么做。

(3)There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.

楼下有人要见你。

在(2),(3)句中,“花得起钱请厨师、司机”,“有人要见你”分别充当了谓语。

二、非限制性定语从句的译法

英语非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用,只对它加以描写、叙述或解释。翻译这类从句也可用前置法和后置法。

1. 前置法

一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性从句,也可译成带“的”字的前置定语,放在被修饰词前面,但这种方法不如用在英语限制性定语中那样普遍。

(1)The sun,which had hidden all day,finally came out.

那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,终于又出现了。

(2)He liked the host,who was warm and pleasant.

他喜欢那个热情愉快的主人。

(3)The lecture,which was given by Professor Thomas,was very boring.

汤姆斯教授所作的报告很无聊。

2. 后置法

在译文中把原文从句后置,重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

(1)I am going to meeting my brother,who is returning home from America.

我要去接我兄弟,他从美国回国。

(2)The girl is living with her aunt,who is retired.

那女孩和她姑妈一起住,她姑妈已退休。

在有些情况下可以将译文中从句后置,并且省略英语关系词代表的含义。

(1)After diner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.

饭后,4位主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直谈到深夜。

(2)He saw in front that haggard white haired old man,whose eyes flashes red with fury.

他看见前面那位憔悴的白发老人,眼睛里愤怒地闪着红光。

还可以将定语从句译成独立句。

(1)We took a short cut through the woods,which saved about ten minutes.

我们抄近路穿树林,这样我们就少花了大约10分钟。

(2)Last night I saw a very good film,which was about the Second World War.

昨晚我看了一部很好的电影,影片是关于第二次世界大战的。

(3)This letter is from my sister,who is now studying in the United States of America.

这封信是我姐姐寄来的,她现在在美国学习。

(4)He had talked to Vice President Nixon who assured him that everything that would be done would be done.

他和副总统尼克松谈过话,副总统向他担保,凡是能够做到的将竭尽全力去做。

三、关联词前带介词的定语从句译法

这一类定语从句一般为限制性的,但有时(特别是由“of which”引导的定语从句)也可以是非限制性的,这类从句的译法和上面谈到的相似,可译为前置附加语或并列从句,不同之处在于需要考虑关联词前面的介词含义,适当地组织译文。如:

(1)Electronic computer is a subject about which many books have been written.

电子计算机是许多书所写的一个课题。

“about”是“关于……方面的”意思。

(2)We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.

我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。

(3)He changed his mind for the third time,after which I refused ever to go out with him again.

他第三次改变了主意,此后,我拒绝再同他一起出去了。

“after which”翻译成“此后”。

四、兼有状语职能的定语从句的译法

英语中有些定语从句,兼有状语从句的职能,在意义上与主句有状语关系,说明原因、结果、目的、让步、时间、条件、假设等关系,翻译时应善于从原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系,然后译成汉语的各种相应的偏正复合句。

1. 译成表示“原因”的分句

(1)We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.

我们知道由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。

(2)To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.

制造原子弹必须用铀235,因为它的所有原子都可裂变。

2. 译成表示“结果”的分句

(1)There are something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of us.

这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很有魅力,所以他们都很喜欢。

(2)Rubber is light,elastic,durable and water resistant material,which makes rubber industry very important.

橡胶是一种质轻、富有弹性、经久耐用和防水的材料,因此,橡胶工业就成为十分重要的工业。

3. 译成表示“让步”的分句

(1)He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.

他坚持要再造一幢房子,尽管他并无此需要。

(3)Electronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work and replace man.

虽然电子计算机有很多优点,但它不能进行创造性工作,也代替不了人。

4. 译成表示“目的”的分句

(1)The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands.

帝国主义国家维持了宠大的陆、海军,用以压迫和剥削遥远国家的人民。

(2)We have to oil the moving parts of the machine,the friction of which can be greatly reduced.

我们必须给机器的活动部件加油,以减少摩擦。

5. 译成表示“时间”的分句

(1)Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot.

当电通过灯泡里的细钨丝时,就会使钨丝变得很热。

(2)Electrical energy that is supplied to the motor may be converted into mechanical energy of motion.

把电能供给电机时,它就能变成运动的机械能。

6. 译成表示“条件”、“假设”的分句

(1)Men become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.

人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。

(2)For any machine,whose input force and output force are known,its mechanical advantage can be calculated.

对于任何机器来说,如果知其输入力和输出力,就能求出其机械效益。

摘要:本文主要探讨英语定语从句的译法。英语定语从句具有一些基本译法,重点应放在两种语言表达方式所起的功能对等上。

关键词:英语,定语从句,汉译

参考文献

[1]陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998.

[2]范仲英.实用翻译教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994,151.

[3]冯树鉴.实用英汉翻译技巧[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1995,196-206.

[4]于树德.英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1996,56-61.

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