动名词用法小结

2024-06-08

动名词用法小结(共7篇)

动名词用法小结 篇1

动名词用法

动名词用法

作者/沈华正

一、什么叫动名词

由原型动词在词尾加ing构成。动名词与名词有所不同,它具有动词性质,有动作意味且有动词的基本特征,可有自己的宾语,状语,但它又有名词的句法功能,可以作主语,宾语,定语,表语。

二、动名词的形式

主动形式 被动形式

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

1.动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作(即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作),或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作。例如:

They are all interested in climbing mountains.

He took a great delight in helping others.

2.动名词的完成形式表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。例如:

He didn’t mention having met me.

I regret not having taken her advice.

I don’t remember having ever promised you that.

3.当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时,这个动名词一般要用被动形式。例如:

This question is far from being settled.

He did it without being asked.

They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.

He didn’t mind being left at home.

They couldn’t stand being treated like that.

注意:若动名词表示的动作在谓语动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式。例如:

I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.

三、动名词的作用

1.动名词作主语,表示一般或抽象的多次行为。

1)动名词作主语,谓语要用单数。

Playing with fire is dangerous.

2)动名词作主语时,有时可用it做形式主语,但仅限于少数表语形容词或名词。常见表语形容词:good,foolish,wonderful,useless,difficult,nice.常见名词:fun,luck,pleasure,use,good.但现在在教材中也常见不是以上形容词、名词照样用it做形式主语的情况。也就是说作为中学生只要掌握it可以作形式主语,真正的`主语可以是动名词,不定式,that从句。

3)动名词作主语,可用于there be 句型结构。

There is no joking about such matters.

2.动名词做宾语。

1)及物动词后面可以跟不定式、动名词做宾语,不定式做宾语更加常见。作为学生要掌握的是哪些动词跟动名词做宾语这不常规形式。以下动词只能用动名词而不可用动词不定式做宾语。我把每个单词的第一字母排列在一起构成口诀:MCAFEISPKD(没咖啡是不够的)M:mind,miss.C:consider,can not help.A:admit,allow,avoid,appreciate,advise.F:finish,forbid.E:enjoy,excuse,escape,envy.I:imagine.S:suggest,stand.D:delay,dislike,deny.

2)动名词作介词的宾语,特别是介词to的宾语是常考点。give up,feel like,insist on,be used/get down/pay attention/be devoted/lead/contribute/object/the key/to.

We have been used to living in the countryside.

Do you have any trouble understanding spoken English?

3)某些动词后接动名词与不定式做宾语有区别。

A.begin,start,continue 后接两种形式均可,意义差别不大。

We started to learn/learning English five years ago.但在下列情况下begin,start须接不定式。a)主语是物而不是人,如:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.b)后接表示心理活动或状态的动词,如: I began to realize how stupid I was.c)begin,()start 用于进行时中,如It is beginning to snow.d)后接被动式,如The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.

B.hate,like,love,prefer等喜厌动词后接动名词表示经常的动作,而接不定式表示具体的、特定的动作。I like playing chess on days off.I would like to play chess with the chess master now.

C.remember,forget,regret等后接动名词的一般式或完成式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生,而后接不定式则表示在谓语动词之后将要发生或未完成,两者意义不同。I remember doing/having done the exercise.I must remember to do the exercise.请注意这两句不同的翻译。

D.mean,try,go on,can not help,stop 后接动名词与不定式意义不同,不能互换。Seeing him make a face,she could not help laughing.I can not help to do the homework for you.try doing:试一试,试做某事,看看会发生什么情况。Try to do:做一番努力,试图做某种困难的事。Try putting in some more vinegar,which might make it taste a bit better.Would you try to work out the maths problem?

E.need,want,require,bear,deserve后接动名词的主动式和不定式的被动式都表示被动含义。The question needs discussing/to be discussed.

F.be afraid of doing:担心产生预料的结果。

be afraid to do something:不敢做某事。

He dared not go home because he was afraid of being scolded.

The boy was afraid to go near the sleeping dog.

G.名词way,chance,opportunity 后接不定式或of doing,意义差别不大。

I hope to have a chance to visit/of visiting the well-known hall.

H.permit,allow,advise,forbid 等词后接动名词作宾语,但以不定式作宾语补足语。

I advised you to go to college.I advised your going to college.

3.动名词作表语,说明主语的内容,若就此提问,应用疑问词what。

My main work is teaching children how to learn English well.不定式也可作表语,它与动名词作表语的区别比照作主语的区别。

注意:(1)动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别

动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯;不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作,特别是将来的动作。试比较:

My favourite sport is swimming.

The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.

(2)动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别

动名词作表语时相当于名词,说明主语的含义及内容,它与主语是同等关系,主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义,但不可用副词来修饰。

现在分词作表语时相当于形容词,说明主语的特征、性质、状态等,主语与表语不可互换位置,但可用very,quite等副词来修饰。

4.作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如:

a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台

a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 游泳池

而现在分词作定语表示主动,或被动正在进行的动作。例如 a man standing under the tree=a man who is/was standing under the tree,a house being built=a house which is/was being built

5.动名词的复合结构。

在动名词的复合结构中,其逻辑主语用形容词性的物主代词或宾格代词,如果是名词就用“名词+’s”形式(无生命的名词只能用普通格,即直接用名词),放在动词前构成一个整体,共同担任一个句子成分。例如:

Would you mind my/me using your handbook?

Do you think there will be any chance of my operating the computer again?

注: 动名词复合结构作主语时逻辑主语通常用所有格。

6.名词化的动名词。

动名词有时可以进一步名词化,具有更多名词的特点:它可以有自己的冠词,可以有定语修饰,在某些情况下甚至有复数形式。

Can you come back for a fitting on the 18th?

Who did the recording?

这种名词可以称为名词化的动名词,名词化的动名词在具有更多名词特点的同时,也失去了许多动词特点:它不再有完成形式或被动式,不能有自己的状语、宾语。如果要表示它逻辑上的宾语,通常要用一个以of引导的短语。例如:There are needed for the making of clothes.

四、practice

1.______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk

2.He was afraid to risk ______ to death during the fighting night and he stayed at home with windows and doors shut.

A.shoot at B.shooting at C.shooting D.being shot

3.Comparing it ______ in the office,Kate found working as a teacher is more exciting.

A.to work B.with working C.to working D.with being working

4.Her right arm showed no sign of ______

A.injuring B.being injured C.having been injured D.having injured

5.No one would dream of there ______ such a beautiful place.

A.being B.would be C.be D.having

6.He was very fortunate to ______ by the police.

A.miss catching B.have missed catching

C.miss being caught D.have missed being caught

7.―The door was locked.How did he come out of the house?

―By breaking the window and ______ out.

A.climb B.climbed C.to climb D.climbing

8.I think ______ in time will make our teacher happy.

A.everyone to be here B.everyone be here

C.everyone’s to be here D.everyone’s being here

9.Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Alice ______ such a thing.

A.doing B.to do C.does D.do

10.It was ______ computer games that took the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his study.

A.to have played B.playing C.played D.having played

11.I know Jack spends at least as much time reading as he ______.

A.does writing B.is writing C.writes D.does to write

12.I am not used ______ to like that.

A.to be spoken B.to being spoken C.to speak D.to speaking

13.After ______ for the job,you will be required to take a language test.

A.being interviewed B.interviewed

C.interviewing D.having interviewed

14.If you can not work out the problem in this way,you can try ______ it out in that way.

A.working B.to work C.to have worked D.worked

15.What made you so annoyed.

______ waiting for ages without no results.

A.Kept B.Being kept C.To keep D.To be kept

16.Do you mind ______ alone at home?

A.Jane leaving B.Jane having left

C.Jane’s being left D.Jane to be left

17.Everyone likes making jokes about others,but no one enjoys ______,especially in public.

A.laughing at B.being laughed at

C.to be laughed at D.laughed at

18.He used to ______ from one place to another,but now he is used to ______ in Ningbo.

A.move;living B.moving;live C.moving;living D.move;live

19.The fireman told us the difficulty they had ______ the fire ______.

A.to get;under control B.getting;controlled

C.get;controlled D.getting;to control

20.―What do you think made Mary so upset?―______ her new car.

A.As she lost B.Because of losing C.Lost D.Losing

动名词用法小结 篇2

第一, 我们要从最基本概念上认识、理解它们。动词的-ing形式在使用的过程之中, 是具有名称的功能和作用, 故称为动名词, 同时在句中充当名词的所有的作用;用作形容词时, 称为现在分词并在句中担当形容词的作用。

第二, 从使用方面区分动词的-ing形式是动名词还是现在分词。

1. 动名词与现在分词在句中用法的区别。

1.1 动名词可以用作主语, 现在分词不可以用作主语

(1) 动名词在句子中用作主语, 如例句:Reading English is much easier than speaking it. (阅读英语比讲英语容易) 。

(2) Shopping a boat is great fun. (购物是很有意思) 。

(3) Talking much mends no holes. (谚语:空谈无济于事) 。

但是, 有些时候可以使用用先行词it作为形式主语, 而把动名词主语放在句子后面去做真正的主语, 作表语的可以是形容词, 如例句 (1) , 也可以是名词, 如例句 (2) 。

(1) It’s hopeless arguing about what you said just now. (争辩你说的那事没有用) 。

(2) It was a great pleasant and comfortable sitting a cool place in the summer. (夏天坐在一个凉爽的地方是很惬意的一件事) 。

“There is+no”后可以使用动名词做主语, 但是表示的意思并不是简单的There be的意思而是表示“设法……”, 如例句:

There is no knowing what he can do in the future.将来他能做什么很难说) 。

1.2 动名词在句中作宾语, 现在分词不可以 (此差异很为关键)

(1) 在英语之中有很多词可以使用动名词置于后面之后作宾语, 如例句:

(2) He admitted taking the his best friend’s money. (他承认他拿了他的好朋友的钱) 。

(3) Do you enjoy teaching in the countryside? (你喜欢在乡下教书吗) ?

许多成语动词或者介词之后也可以用动名词作宾语, 如例句:

Are you interested in going with us?你有兴趣和我们一块儿去吗?

I enjoyed working there.我在那里工作很高兴。

在be worth后也可跟动名词作宾语 (也可以跟名词) , 但是, 用主动表示被动, 如例句:

This book is worth reading. (这本书值得一读) 。

It’s worth making an effort to achieve your dreams. (为了梦想是很值得的) 。

1.3 现在分词可用作状语, 动名词不可以

(1) 现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看可以用作状语。

(2) 现在分词可以用作状语表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语之前或之后, 也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生, 如例句: (例句中, 带下划线字体部分为宾语。)

Walking slowly across the grass, he pointed the gun at the lion and fired. (他慢慢地走过草地, 把枪对准狮子就射击了。 (表时间) 。)

Being a teacher, he was interested in what his students do everyday. (由于他是老师, 他对她的学生所做的很感兴趣 (表原因) 。)

If traveling in America, you are bound to improve your oral English. (如果你去美国, 你一定可以改善你的口语 (表条件) 。)

Living miles away, he attended the course.虽然住在几英里以外, 他仍去上课。 (表让步) 。)

He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry.他每天回来得很晚, 这使他的妻子很生气。 (表结果) 。)

He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.他坐在椅子上看报。 (表方式或伴随情况) 。)

(3) 独立结构。有时现在分词可以有自己的逻辑主语, 称之为独立结构。如例句:

The day being fine, we decide to go swimming. (由于天气晴朗, 我们决定去游泳) 。

2. 动名词与现在分词在句中相同用法下含义的区别

2.1 动名词与现在分词都可以用作表语, 动名词作表语时, 主语和表语是概念与内容的关系。现在分词作表语, 主要是表示情绪、状态和品质的词。动名词做表语时, 是可以互换主语与表语的位置的。

(1) 动名词用作表语, 如例句:

My favorite thing is painting= (painting is my favorite ting) (我最爱的一件事就是绘画) 。

The pastime for them is going to movies= (Going to movies is the pastime for them) (他们的消遣是看电影) 。

(2) 现在分词用作表语, 如例句:

The ugly girl is disgusting.那个丑女让人厌恶。 (表情绪)

The photograph of my childhood is missing.我童年的张照片不见了。 (表状态)

That beautiful landscape looks tempting.那美丽富的山水画很诱人。 (表品质)

2.2 动名词与现在分词都可以用作定语, 但是, 在功能上有很大的区别。现在分词表示其所修饰 (中心词) 的名词的动作, 也可以说, 现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质, 两者在逻辑上无主谓关系。

(1) 动名词作定语, 动名词表性质或用途或功能。如例句:

drinking water (饮用水) swimming suit (游泳衣) waiting room (候车室) sleeping bag (睡袋) sleeping pill (安眠药) writing desk (写字桌)

(2) 现在分词作定语, 如例子:

flying sauces (飞碟) a booming town (日渐繁荣的城镇)

the existing condition (现有条件) running water (自来水)

a living language (活的语言) the prevailing fashion (盛行的时装)

2.3 动名词与现在分词都可以用作补语动名词与现在分词都可以用作补语, 但是, 其中有一点不同的是:现在分词用作宾语补语时, 与前面的宾语构成复合宾语。 (这是动名词不具备的功能, 这一点也可以作为区分现在分词和动名词的一个重要的标志) 。

在英语中具有这种复合宾语的动词打多数为表示感觉的动词, 如:smell (闻) , observe (观察) , watch (看) , look at (看) , listen to (听) 等等。另外, 有些使役动词如have, set, get, catch, keep, leave等可以后面接含有现在分词的复合宾语。还有, 作为宾语补语的现在分词有时前面可有as, 前面的动词多用regard, consider, describe, see, think of等。

(1) 动名词在句子用作补语, 如例句:

I caught a student smoking in the classroom. (我发觉一个学生在教室里吸烟。 (smoking是宾语补语) 。)

This is called turning things upside down. (这叫做把事物颠倒了 (turning是主语补语) 。)

(2) 现在分词在句子用作补语, 如例句:

We found him waiting to give us big surprise. (我们发现他等着给我们一个大的惊喜) 。

He was seen crossing the street 2 hours ago. (有人看见他穿过那条街在2个小时前) 。

结语

通过以上对这两者的精细区别, 现在分词与动名词, 形态上完全相同, 都是动词以ing结尾, 但两者有一个最本质的区别, 那就是现在分词是形容词, 而动名词是名词, 因此在一个句子中, 凡是可以放形容词的地方, 都可以放现在分词, 凡是可以放名词的地方, 都可以放动名词, 你只要记住这一点就可以了。希望此分析对英语学习者有一定的帮助。

参考文献

动名词用法小结 篇3

1. There isn’t any ______ in the bowl. (2012 年广西壮族自治区南宁市)

A. noodlesB. dumplingsC. riceD. eggs

2. All the _______ in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday. (2012年贵州省遵义市)

A. men teachersB. women teachersC. woman teacher

3. —What’s your favorite fruit?

—I like ______ best. (2012年山东省济南市)

A. applesB. broccoliC. potatoesD. cabbages

4. —Would you like some ________?

—Oh, yes, just a little. (2012年青海省西宁市)

A. potatoesB. eggsC. porridgeD. vegetables

5. The students of Grade 7 visited Mike’s farm and saw many _____ there.(2012年广东省)

A. birdB. duckC. sheepD. rabbit

分析:上面的五道中考题均是在考查同学们对可数名词与不可数名词用法的掌握情况,答案分别是:1. C;2. B;3. A;4. C;5. C。

英语中,可数名词和不可数名词的区分是初中生必须掌握的重要语法项目之一,但不少同学在使用的时候常常出现这样或那样的错误。为帮助同学们准确使用,现将它们的用法归纳如下:

一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词,它有单数形式和复数形式;不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词,它没有复数形式,只有单数形式。例如:

a book—two booksa bus—five buses

a dictionary—three dictionariesa knife—nine knives

some breada little milkmuch water

二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an);表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the。不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰。当它表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。例如:

She is a nurse. 她是一名护士。

He has a backpack. The backpack is behind the chair. 他有一个双肩背包,这个背包在椅子的后面。

Water is very important to life. 水对生命来说十分重要。

No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。

三、可数名词和不可数名词都可以用some、any、a lot of等来修饰,但是many、few、a few等只能修饰可数名词;much、little、a little等只能修饰不可数名词。例如:

There are some English books on the desk. 桌子上有一些英语书。

There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶子里有许多水。

There is much milk in the glass. 杯子里有许多牛奶。

It was cold yesterday evening. There were few people in the street. 昨天晚上天气很冷,街上几乎没有什么人。

Tom has many good friends in the school. 汤姆在学校里有许多好朋友。

四、若要表达不可数名词的具体数量,可以通过“基数词 + 计量名词 + of + 不可数名词”来表示;若要表达复数概念,把计量名词变成复数形式即可。例如:

He ate two slices of bread this morning. 今天早上他吃了两片面包。

I would like a cup of yogurt. 我想要一杯酸奶。

They need five pieces of paper. 他们需要五张纸。

五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。例如:

This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美丽。

Look!Many students are visiting the Great Wall. 看!许多学生正在参观长城。

不可数名作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。但是,当不可数名词前有复数“单位词”时,谓语动词则要用复数形式。例如:

There is some money in the purse. 钱包里有一些钱。

There are two cups of tea on the desk. 桌子上有两杯茶。

当复数名词表示整体概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

Two years isn’t a long time. 两年并不是很长时间。

—How much is the pair of shoes? 这双鞋子多少钱?—Twenty dollars is enough. 二十美元足够了。

六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问要用how many;对不可数名词前的修饰语提问要用how much。例如:

How many apples are there in the box? 盒子里有多少个苹果?

How much tea is there in the cup? 杯子里有多少茶?

对不可数名词前的“单位词”的修饰语提问时,疑问词要用how many。例如:

How many pieces of bread are there on the plate? 盘子里有多少个面包?

七、有些合成词变成复数时,通常只将合成词的主体词变为复数形式。例如:

student-teacher(实习老师)—student-teachers;boy student(男生)—boy students;banana tree(香蕉树)—banana trees;shoe-maker(鞋匠)—shoe-makers;looker-on(旁观者)—lookers-on

由man和woman构成的合成词,man和woman要与后面的名词保持一致。例如:

man teacher(男教师)—men teachers; woman doctor(女医生)—women doctors

八、有的名词在变成复数时是没有规则可循的。例如:

man—men; woman—women; child—children; foot—feet; tooth—teeth;

fish—fish;sheep—sheep;deer(鹿)—deer;mouse—mice;Chinese—Chinese

有些名词只有复数形式。例如:clothes衣服;trousers裤子;glasses眼镜。

九、有些物质名词在表示不同类别时可以用复数形式。例如:

tea各种茶(可数)茶(不可数)vegetable各种蔬菜(可数)蔬菜(不可数)

glass玻璃杯(可数)玻璃(不可数)room房间(可数)空间(不可数)

fruit各种水果(可数)水果(不可数)paper报纸、论文、试卷(可数)纸、纸张(不可数)

orange橘子、橙子(可数)橘子汁、橘黄色(不可数)rain一场雨、一阵雨(可数)雨量(不可数)

fish鱼(可数)鱼肉(不可数)chicken小鸡(可数)鸡肉(不可数)

I. 用所给名词的适当形式填空, 每空一词。

1. Look!There are five __________(bird) in the tree.

2. There is some _________(rice) in the bag.

3. The _________(German) are going to fly to Beijing for their holiday.

4. The teacher gave us some ______(advice) on how to learn English well.

5. We need five ________(potato) and three__________(tomato).

6. Lots of people lost their________(life) in the earthquake.

7. I saw three __________(documentary) last week.

8. He has two old _______(photo) of his family.

9. Please help yourself to some ________(fish).

10. Jack had two ________(tooth) pulled out yesterday.

II. 选择填空。

1. I’m so hungry. Please give me _______ to eat. (2011年广东省清远市)

A. three bread B. three pieces of bread

C. three pieces of breadsD. three piece of bread

2. The old man used to raise many ________ to make a living on the farm.(2011年上海市)

A. duckB. horseC. birdD. sheep

3. —How many _________ teachers are there in your school?

—_______ them _______ over two hundred. (2011年四川省达州市)

A. woman; The number of; isB. women; The number of; is

C. woman; A number of; isD. women; A number of; are

4. Cici enjoys dancing. It’s one of her ________. (2011年河北省)

A. prizeB. prizesC. hobbyD. hobbies

5. —Mum,I am hungry. May I have some ______?

—Of course. But don’t eat too much. (2012年山东省济南市)

A. breadB. noodleC. dumplingD. hamburger

6. —What is your favorite food?

—I like _______ best. I had a large bowl last night. (2012 年广西壮族自治区玉林市)

A. potato noodleB. potatoes noodle

C. potato noodles D. potatoes noodles

7. —What a hot day!I am a bit thirsty.

—Would you like some _______?(2012年浙江省衢州市)

A. noodlesB. meatC. waterD. bread

8. —Oh, dear!There isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.

—No hurry. Let’s wait for the next. (2012年浙江省宁波市)

A. floor B. seat C. room D. ground

Keys:

I. 1. birds2. rice3. Germans4. advice

5. potatoes; tomatoes 6. lives7. documentaries

8. photos 9. fish10. teeth

动名词用法小结 篇4

the audience is [are] listening attentively. 听众都在聚精会神地听着。

the audience was [were] enjoying every minute of the performance. 观众对演出非常欣赏。

the audience is [are] always very excited by a wonderful goal. 一个精彩的进球总会使观众们非常激动。

2. 由于audience 是集合名词,所以an audience 不是指“一个观众”,而是指某一群观众、某一个场次观众、某一方面的观众等。如:

she has never spoken to such a big audience before. 她以前从未向这么多人讲过话。

he loves holding forth on any subject once he has an audience. 不管是什么问题,只要有人听,他就爱大发议论。

同样地,audiences 也不是指“多个观众”,而是指多群观众,多个场次观众,多个方面的观众等。

entertaining audiences is the purpose of movies. 娱乐观众是电影的目的。

the show had to be taken off because of poor audiences. 因观众太少而取消演出。

she has addressed audiences all over the country. 她曾向全国各地的听众演讲。

另外,audience作为集合名词,原则上不能用它表示个体,但every audience是例外,当要强调每一名观众时,可以这

样用。如:

the pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played. 这位钢琴家以她的演奏征服了每一位听众。

3. 形容听(观)众人数之多或少,通常用big, large, huge, mass, vast, wide 以及small, thin等形容词修饰,但是不用many, few修饰。如:

there was a large audience of young people at the pop concert. 流行音乐演奏会上有大量青年听众。

her lecture had a crowded audience. 她的演讲挤满了听众。

the speaker had a small (thin) but attentive audience. 这位演讲者的听众不多(很少),但很专心。

she felt nervous at having to sing before so large an audience [such a large audience]. 要在那么多观众面

前唱歌她感到很紧张。

4.要具体表示观众的数量,可参考以下表达:

there were at least three hundred people in the audience. 观众至少有300人。

the series has attracted an audience of more than 10 million. 这个系列片吸引了1,000多万观众收看。

an audience of millions watched the royal wedding on tv. 数以百万计的人们在电视上观看皇家婚礼。

不过,偶尔它也可直接受数字(通常为较大的数字)的修饰。如:

three thousand audience crowded the concert hall. 3,000名听众挤满了音乐大厅。

动名词用法小结 篇5

which person do you refer to, the one with ______ long hair or the one with _______ long beard?

a. a, a b. 不填,不填

c. a, 不填 d. 不填,a

【易错】误选a或b,认为hair(头发)和beard(胡须)性质和用法应该差不多,要么都可数,要么都不可数,或者说要么都用不定冠词,要么都不用。

【分析】最佳答案选d。hair 和 beard 在用法上并不完全相同:hair 可用作可数或不可数名词,用作可数名词时,指一根一根的毛发或头发,如说 there’s a hair in my soup (我的汤里有根头发);用作不可数名词(集合名词)时,则是整体地指一个人的头发。比较:

he has gray hairs. 他有几根白发了。

he has gray hair. 他满头白发了。

而beard 则通常只用作可数名词,且指的是一个人所有的胡须,而不是指一根胡须,它的复数形式,通常是指多个人的胡须,而不是指多根胡须,如:

he no longer wears a beard. 他不再留胡须。

动名词用法小结 篇6

关键词:名词性从句,定语从句,as的用法,比较分析

名词性从句和定语从句是英语语法学习的重点和难点, 很多学者对它们分别做过研究, 例如“WH-从句作为小句——兼论小句的语段性质” (满在江2011, 5:24) 是从Chomsky的转换生成理论研究名词性从句;“翻译教学的事件分析途径——定语从句的翻译” (邓跃平, 2011, 8:35) 从认知—功能视角研究限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;“英语定语从句译法补遗之补遗” (曹明伦, 2011, 3:83) 从语篇翻译角度把定语从句归纳成五类, 提出了相应的翻译原则。

一些美国学者也认为定语从句 (亦称关系从句) 对于英语学习者来说较难学习, 因此在亚利桑那州立大学面向英语初学者开设的“美国英语和文化课程”中, 教材Basic English Grammar (Azar, 1995) 里不包括关系从句。

大学英语四级考试和大学英语六级考试的“汉译英”这项试题始终是考生失分较多的地方。几乎在每次考试, 该项考题都有需要被翻译成定语从句或名词性从句的汉语原文, 而这正是考试的难点之一, 考生容易出错。“As”一词也是难点, 在一次测验中, 笔者要求学生用“as”翻译句子里的五个短语, 结果三个班的学生 (共计约180人) 平均得分不到60分, 由此可见, 我们有必要探讨一下, 是否可以用较简洁易懂的方式给学生讲解清楚这些语言点。

1 名词性从句

首先, 我们要弄清楚两个语法词汇, 即“句子”和“从句”。完整的句子 (指包含主谓宾的句子) 包括陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。从句源于句子, 地位比句子低了一个层次, 只能作主句的一个成分。名词性从句是指具有名词性质的从句, 换句话说, 名词能作何种成分, 名词性从句就能作何种成分, 比如名词可以作主语、宾语、表语或同位语, 那么把名词性从句放在这些成分的位置, 就构成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。句子变成从句, 原来的形式需要一些改动:陈述句需要在它的前面加个“that”;一般疑问句需要变回陈述句, 再在其前面加个“whether”;特殊疑问句疑问词不变, 后面的句子变成陈述语序。

主语从句顾名思义是把名词性从句放在主语的位置作主语, 但由于“英语在组织句子信息时强烈偏好句尾重 (endweight) ” (Yule, 2002:257) , 所以我们需要变动一下语序。例如:

A:It is hard to understand.

B:What?

A:He can’t support himself.

B:Oh, I see.That he can’t support himself is hard to understand for you.*

恰当的英语表达应该是把主语从句放在句子后面, 用形式主语it占主语的位置, 原句变成:It is hard for you to understand that he can’t support himself.

2 定语从句

定语从句 (亦称关系从句) , 是指从句作定语, 用来修饰名词 (先行词) 、部分句子或整个句子 (先行项) 。该从句由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词where, when, why和how加上缺一个成分的句子构成。关系代词在定语从句中作代词能作的成分, 例如主语、宾语、定语或表语, 关系副词在定语从句中作副词能作的成分, 例如时间状语、地点状语、原因状语或方式状语。关系代词和关系副词中“关系”一词的含义是指它们与被修饰成分 (先行词) 有关系, 通过它们的关系或联系, 先行词可以在该定语从句中取代该关系代词或关系副词所作的成分。这样就容易理解含有定语从句的长句子了, 这也是英译汉的方法之一。

3 对比分析名词性从句与定语从句

从上文我们可以看出名词性从句本身是完整的句子, 不缺任何成分, 是陈述语序, 在主句中作名词能作的成分;定语从句是关系代词或关系副词加上一个缺一个成分的句子, 在主句中作定语, 前面有一个先行词或先行句。

举例说明:

Can you answer my question who your friend is?

I like the girl who is her sister.

1) 句划线部分是陈述语序的特殊疑问句, 作“question”的同位语, 因此是名词性从句中的同位语从句。

2) 句划线部分不是陈述语序的特殊疑问句, 前面有个名词“the girl”, 因此它是修饰该先行词的定语从句。

对比图如表1所示。

需补充一点, what一词较特殊, 它作关系代词时, 是“先行词和关系代词的结合体” (张道真, 2008:283) , 因此可以看作“先行词加that”的集合体, 后面加上缺少一个代词能作的成分的句子, 引出定语从句时, what前面就没有先行词了。例如:

I don’t know what your trouble is.

What worries me is that you can’t speak English well.

从以上例句我们可以看出, what作为关系代词引出的句子不像定语从句, 因为它身兼二职, 前面没有名词作先行词, 没起到作定语修饰名词的作用, 倒起到了名词的作用, 如在例句3) 里作宾语;在例句4) 里作主语, 因此有一些语法学家认为what引出的从句是名词性从句。但是张道真认为, 关系代词what引出的是定语从句或称关系从句。笔者认为, 这是给一种特殊词汇用法起了两个名称, 没有必要深究, 该文依然按照张道真的观点论述。

4“As”的用法

As作连词的一个意思是“由于”, 该文不在此赘述。根据2005年出版的《牛津现代英汉双解词典》里的解释, as可以作关系代词, “相当于that, who, which”, 例如:

5) He lost, as you know.

6) He is a writer, as is his wife.

张道真对as做了较全面地研究:“As作为关系代词, 只能用在限制性关系从句中, 只能用在such, same, as或so后面, 不能用作所有格” (张道真, 2008:282) .

7) Such a student as works hard will succeed. (张道真, 2008:282)

8) The same accident as happened to you, had happened to me. (张道真, 2008:282)

9) As many children as come will be admitted. (张道真, 2008:282)

As也可引出非限制性定语从句, 修饰前面部分句子或整个句子, 例如:

10) I advised my brother, as was my duty. (张道真, 2008:288)

11) He became crazy, as many could see. (张道真, 2008:288)

12) As has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river. (张道真, 2008:288)

13) The result, as may be expected, is poor. (张道真, 2008:288)

As引出的关系从句的谓语动词是be动词时, be动词可以省略, 例如:

14) The results as proclaimed in today’s newspapers are encouraging. (张道真, 2008:551)

15) His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate. (张道真, 2008:551)

16) I will tell you a story as told by my mother. (张道真, 2008:551)

As引出的关系从句的谓语动词与主句的谓语动词相同时, 关系从句可以省略谓语动词, 例如:

17) I had the same trouble as you.

从以上例句我们可以看出, as学起来确实不容易, 这个难度不单纯源于as复杂多样的用法, 更是由于词典对as的理解有些偏差。《牛津现代英汉双解词典》解释as是关系代词, 相当于“that, who, which”。然而, 笔者认为, as一词不能换成“that, who, which”, 因为as含有“像……”的意思, 而“that, who, which”不能表示“像……”的意思。此外, 如果as是关系代词, 引出定语从句, 那么定语从句应该修饰先行词, 先行词, 顾名思义, 是走在前面的词, 而定语从句则跟在它的后面, 但as引出的从句不都是跟在主句后面的。

因此笔者想出了一个较大胆的理解方法:as作关系代词时, 我们不妨把它理解成“like what”或“like+某人+who”, “like”在这里作介词, 表示“像”, 而as引出的从句可以理解成介词like加what引出的关系从句或like加某人加who引出的关系从句, 因此as及其引出的从句整体上可以看成介宾短语, 作主句的状语。

举例说明:

6) He is a writer, as is his wife.理解为:He is a writer, like the person who is his wife.

译文:他是一位作家, 正如他的妻子。

如果将“as”理解为“who”或“which”, 整句话就成了, “He is a writer, who is his wife.”或“He is a writer, which is his wife.”这些句子显然不合常理。

12) As has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river.理解为:Like what has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river.

译文:像这样的事已发生多次, 在这条河里, 儿童易溺水身亡。

13) The result, as may be expected, is poor.理解为:The result, like what may be expected, is poor.

译文:正如人们预料的那样, 结果很差。

15) His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.理解为:His ability, like what was displayed during the last three months, was inadequate.

译文:像他在过去三个月所表现出的那种能力是不够的。

20) Canadian law requires that the Nexen deal must be submitted for review by Industry Canada under the terms of the Canada Investment Act, as is the case for all large foreign investments in the country. (Global Times, 2012, 9, 13:14)

译文:加拿大法律规定, 根据加拿大投资法案的条约, 尼克森交易必须提交加拿大工业协会审议, 正如对待所有在加拿大做大笔投资的公司一样。”

As一词有“像……”的含义, 表示“如同……一样的 (另一个) ……”;that, who, which则表示与先行词是“同一个……”, 例如:

17) I had the same trouble as you.理解为:I had the same trouble like what you had.

译文:我曾经遇到和你一样的麻烦。

18) This is the same watch as I lost. (It is not mine.) (张道真, 2008:282)

理解为:This is the same watch like what I lost.

译文:这块表像我曾经丢的那块表。

19) This is the same watch that I lost. (It is mine.) (张道真, 2008:282)

译文:这块表是我曾经丢的那块表。

每个词语的创造和存在都有它的独特的原因和意义, 如果as可以与“which, that, who”互换, 那么as还有何存在价值?通过以上诸多例句, 我们可以看到, as一词被词典解释为关系代词的这条用法可以表示“像什么那样”或“像某某那样”, 与“like what”或“like加某人加who”的意思和用法相同, 因此在理解句子意思时, 当as指某事或某物时, 可以用“like what”代替as;当as指某人时, 可以用“like加某人加who”代替as。这样理解, 就避免了将as等同于which, who或that所造成的语义理解偏差, 从而有助于英语学习者去准确理解进而正确运用。

参考文献

[1]Azar B S.Basic English Grammar[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall Regents, 1993:3.

[2]Brown, Douglas.Investment Troubles[N].Global Times, 2012, 9 (13) :14.

[3]Yule, George.Explaining English Grammar[M].Shanghai:Shang hai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002:257.

[4]曹明伦.英语定语从句译法补译之补译[J].西安外国语大学学报, 2011 (3) :83.

[5]邓跃平.翻译教学的事件分析途径——定语从句的翻译[J].中国科技翻译, 2011 (8) :35.

[6]满在江.WH-从句作为小句——兼论小句的语段性质[J].山东外语教学, 2011 (5) :24-29.

动名词与动词不定式用法例析 篇7

一、两者意思相似,但稍有差别

1.start/begin doing sth.(或to do sth.)

析:start/begin doing sth.与start/begin to do sth.两者均表示“开始做某事”,一般可通用,但指开始一项长期或习惯的活动时,多用doing形式,例如:

(1)I started/began learning(或to learn)English in 1992.

我学英语开始于1992年。

(2)How old were you when you first started playing football?

你第一次踢足球时多大?

2.like doing sth.(或to do sth)

析:like doing sth.与like to do sth.两者均表示“喜欢做某事”,有时可以通用,但表示一般性或抽象的多次性行为多用doing形式;表示某一特定场合具体的动作时,多用to do形式。类似此用法的动词还有hate(憎恨),love(爱、喜欢),prefer(更喜欢)等,例如:

(1)For example,Lily likes to dance(或dancing),but I like to sing(或singing).

例如,莉莉喜欢跳舞,但我喜欢唱歌。

(2)He likes(hates)swimming,but he doesn’t like(hate)to swim today.

他喜欢(讨厌)游泳,但他今天不喜欢(讨厌)游泳。

二、两者意思一样,可以互相替换

continue doing sth.(或to do sth.)

析:continue doing与continue to do sth.两者均表示“继续做某事”,通常可以互相替换。例如:

He continued asking(to ask)the same question.

他继续问同样的问题.

三、只有doing sth.而没有to do sth.

find doing sth.和practice doing sth.

析:find doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”;practice doing sth.表示“练习做某事”。类似此用法的动词还有:finish(完成),keep(继续),mind(介意),can’thelp(情不自禁),look forward to(期望),pay attention to(注意),feel like(想要),consider(考虑)等。

(1)I find the girl reading a book under the tree.

我发现那个女孩在树下读书。

(2)I am considering changing my job.

我正在考虑换工作。

(3)We must practice speaking English every day.

我们必须每天练习说英语。

四、两者意思截然不同

1.stop doing sth.和stop to do sth.

析:stop doing sth.是“动宾结构”。表示“停止正在做的事情”;stop to do sth.表示“停下来改做另一件事”,stop是不及物动词,不定式是目的状语,例如:

(1)Stop talking! It’s time for class.

不要讲话!是该上课的时候了。

(2)The woman stopped to have a rest.

那个女人停下来休息一下。

2.see sb.doing sth.与see sb.do sth.

析:see sb.doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”;see sb.do sth.(do是省to的动词不定式)表示“经常看见某人做某事或看到某一动作的全过程”。类似此用法的动词还有hear(听见),watch(观看),feel(感觉)等,例如:

(1)I often saw him play football and yesterday afternoon I saw him playingfootball.

我经常看见他踢足球,昨天下午我看到他正在踢足球。

(2)I heard the girl singing a song in the room just now.

我刚才听见那个女孩在房间唱歌。

3.go on doing sth.与go on to do sth.

析:go on doing sth.表示“继续做一直在做的事”,同义词组为go on with sth.;go on to do sth.表示“继续接着做另一件事”,例如:

(1)Please go on doing your homework.=Please go on with your homework.

请继续做你的家庭作业。

(2)After I finished my homework,I went on to watch TV.

我完成作业后,继续看电视。

4.remember doing sth.与remember to do sth.

析:remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”;remember to do sth.表示“记住要做某事”。类似此用法的动词还有forget(忘记),regret(遗憾)等,例如:

(1)I remember(forget)seeing the film.

我记得(忘记)看过那场电影。

(2)Please remember(don’t forget)to post the letter.

请记住(不要忘记)去寄那封信。

5.try doing sth.与try to do sth.

析:try doing sth.表示“试着做某事”;try to do sth.表示“试图(尽力)做某事”,例如:

(1)Let me try driving a car.

让我试着开那辆小汽车。

(2)I try to finish the work on time.

我试图按时完成那项工作。

6.need doing与need to do sth.

析:need doing表示“需要被做”,主语一般为物,相当于need to be done;needto do sth.表示“需要做某事”,主语一般为人。类似此用法的动词还有want(需要)等,例如:

(1)My ear needs mending.=My car needs to be mended.

我的小汽车需要修理。

(2)We need to study hard.

我们需要努力学习。

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