英语动名词用法剖析(共4篇)
英语动名词用法剖析 篇1
英语中的“时态”(tense)是个语法范畴,它是表示时间区别的动词形式,通过谓语动词的各种形式变化来体现。汉语中所不曾有“时态”的概念,中国学生在学习和应用时,很难从汉语中找到对应的结构和内容,因此一遇到时态问题时,总感觉失去了方向。时态也就成了中国学生学英语的一大语法难点。针对这一现象,我想就“时态”中的一种——过去完成时的用法进行系统而详细的分析、论述。
过去完成时,按表达的内在意义的不同又可细分:时间时态意义和非时间时态意义的其它用法。
一、时间时态意义
一般说来,过去完成时在时间上的意义为:“过去的过去”(past-inthe-past),指从过去某一时间点再看过去。即过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经发生或已经完成的动作,该动作与现在时间不发生联系。其谓语动词的时态形式为:“had+动词的过去分词”。句中常含有“过去某一时间以前”这样明确的状语或者状语从句。其具体用法如:
1. 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间前已经开始,该动作可能会有三种可能:
a.这一动作或状态持续到该时间点,动作尚未结束并有可能继续持续下去;此时动词通常具有延续意义,句中常含有by/for/since/until/when/before等表示时间延续长度或表示起迄的时间状语连用。
E.g.Mr.Smith had taught English for five years before he came to this college.
I had been in college for three months by the end of last week.
I had only been there for fifteen minutes when John came in.
b.这一动作或状态没有持续到该时间点,在此时刻以前已经结束。此时过去完成时的动作通常是短暂性动作。句中不能有表示时间延续长度(一段时间)或表示起迄的时间状语连用
E.g.When I got to the railway station,the train had left.
She had got everything ready when I came.
He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten.
c.在过去之前开始的动作,且重复发生,常带有频率状语。例:
E.g.He told me her name only after I had asked her twice.
I had written him fifty letters when he finally answered my letters.
2. 在主从复合句中,描述两个过去的动作或状态,应根据上下文的时间关系来确定。往往先发生的动作用过去完成时。
E.g.They were angry because you had not kept your promise.
When I had opened all the windows I sat down and had a cup of tea.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
3. 过去完成时,常用于间接引语中:间接转述他人对过去情况的描述。
E.g.He said he had seen the film the day before.
The guide told us that an incident (事件) had taken place here in 1937.
4. 在“It was+the+序数词(first,second or last)或最高级…,+that+clause…”句型中,that后面的从句用过去完成时。
E.g.Last week I attended an international conference and saw Mr.Smith.It was the fifth time that I had met him,上周我参加一个国际性会议,看到史密斯先生。那是我第五次见到他。
It was the first time that she had been at an evening school.
It was the first time this year that I had not worked on a Saturday
二、其他用法
过去完成时,除了用于严格的时间时态意义外,还可以应用到其他许多情况,在特定的句型中,可以表示不同的意义、语气(虚拟语气)、以及特定的修辞方式等。比如:表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图,也可用在动词wish后面的宾语从句,以及if引导的条件从句中表示假设或想象。
1. 在句型:主语+had+hardly(scarcely,barely)+过去分词+when(before)+主语+一般过去时
主语+had+no sooner+过去分词+than+主语+一般过去时
该句型意思是:刚刚……就……;一……就……;此时,句子的重心不在主句,而在从句。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
E.g.They had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
Hardly had he got into the room when the telephone rang.
当否定词hardly,scarcely,barely,no sooner放在句首时,主谓要倒装。
2. would rather以及其变体would sooner,would/had rather(宁愿,宁可,但愿),常用来表示个人的偏爱、嗜好。
其后接宾语从句,表示过去的愿望,嗜好时,用过去完成时。与wish,或if only意义接近,表达含蓄否定的愿望。
E.g.I'd rather you had not done such a thing.但愿你不曾干过这种事。
I would rather that you had not told Tom the truth.
3. 动词hope,expect,think,intend,want,mean,plan,promise,suppose,desire等用于过去完成时态,可以表示过去未曾实现的希望、意图、愿望、打算等意义。
E.g.You had hoped that when you came into the office this morning,the work would be gone.
你曾幻想着清晨一上班活就干完了。
I had intended to call on you yesterday,but someone came to see me.
昨天我本打算要过来拜访你的,可是有人来找我.
They had wanted to help but couldnt get there in time.
他们本来想帮忙的,可是没能及时赶到。
I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen,but that morning the room was quiet and orderly.
我本来希望在吵闹声中,趁别人看不见时,偷偷地坐到自己的座位上去,可是那天早上教室里却安安静静,有条不紊。
We had planned to go to the station and take the train to Guangzhou on Sunday morning,but you didnt turn up星期天上午我们原计划到火车站乘火车去广州的,但你没有来。
We had meant to give Mary a surprise,but she knew the secret ear-ly.
我们本想给玛丽一个惊喜的,可是她早就知道了这个秘密。
4. wish+that+宾语从句(谓语动词用过去完成时),表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
E.g.I wish I had finished the work on time.(In fact,I didnt finish it on time.)
我要及时地做完工作,那该有多好啊!
wish I had written a letter to you.(But I didnt write a letter to you.)
我那时给你写封信,该有多好。
I wish I had been to New York.
5. 在if引导的非真实条件从句中,用过去完成时,主句中用would/could/might/should+have+过去分词,则表示与过去事实相反的假设或愿望。
E.g.If he had been here last night,I should have spoken to him.(But he wasnt here last night.)
如果他昨天晚上在这里,我会和他谈谈的。
If the firemen had not arrived in time,the fire might have destroyed the whole building.(Luckily the firemen arrived in time,and the building was saved.)
倘若消防队员没有及时赶到,大火就会把整幢大楼烧毁了。
If we had had time yesterday,we could have done the work.
要是我们昨天有时间,我们就会把这件工作做完。
在这种条件从句中将had提前,再省略if,也可以表示与过去事实相反的假设。
E.g.Had you walked any faster (=If you had walked any faster),you would not have missed the train.
如果你走得快一些,你本来不至于赶不上火车的。(但你走得慢了,所以就没有赶上火车。)
6. 过去完成时,在if only引导的从句,表示与过去事实相反的愿望或设想,常省略主句。
表达“要是……就好了,要是……该多好”
E.g.If only I had been able to speak to her before she died.
在她死之前,我若能和她说说话就好了。
If only I had known the answer at the time!(But I didn t know the answer.)
当时我要是知道这答案该有多好!
If only I had finished the task in time.
要是我能及时完成任务就好了。
If only I had not come home alone last night!
昨晚我要不是一个人回来的该多好!
7. 过去完成时,用于as if引导的方式从句,表示与过去事实相反的愿望或方式。
也是英语语言修辞——比喻的一种用法。
E.g.1 felt as if I had known her all my life.
He talked about London as if he had been there himself.
他谈起伦敦就好像自己去过伦敦似的。
He jumped back as if he had been stung and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.
他往后一跳,仿佛被什么东西蛰了一下似的,他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨的通红。
They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
他们谈起话来,就好像是多年的老朋友似的。
The first time I read the book,it was to me as if I had gained a new friend.
我初次读这本书时,就像结识了一位新朋友。
过去完成时,不仅仅是重要的时态语法知识,同时也包括逻辑、修辞等知识。要做到能完全而透彻地理解并能应用自如,需要在理解的基础上,通过大量的实践应用才能达到目的。对过去完成式的巧妙应用,能丰富英语语言,提高语言的表达技巧,能使英语语言表达更加形象、生动和富有感召力。
摘要:过去完成时用来表示在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经发生或已经完成的动作,也就是说,这种动作是发生在“过去的过去”。然而,除了其时态意义外,过去完成时还有很多种用法,可以表示不同的语气、意义和特别的修辞方式等。本文全面而详细地论述了过去完成时的多种用法。
关键词:英语教学,过去完成时,用法分析
参考文献
[1]张满胜.英语语法新思维.世界知识出版社,2003.4
[2]薄冰.薄冰高级英语语法.世界知识出版社,2002,10.
[3]英语语法词典(Dictionary of English Grammar).成都:四川人民出版社,1986.
英语动名词用法剖析 篇2
today is my grandfather’s sixtieth birthday. 今天是我爷爷的六十大寿。
2. 注意以下与动词的常用习惯搭配:
celebrate one’s birthday 庆祝生日
observe [keep] a birthday 过生日
complete one’s 30th birithday 满30岁
3. 通常用于祝贺生日的用语。如:
happy birithday to you. 祝你生日快乐。
many happy returns of your birthday. 祝您长寿。
英语动名词用法剖析 篇3
【关键词】 中学英语 不定式 动名词
【中图分类号】 G633.41 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1674-4772(2013)05-036-01
英语非谓语动词的用法广泛,各具特点,意义迥然。不定式和动名词是英语中的两个语言现象,其难度和复杂性依然,尤其是对中学生来讲,就更加难以掌握,造成一定程度上的理解困难,难以正确使用,考试丢分。笔者通过多年的教学实践与体会,就中学课本中常见的这类语言现象作以初步探讨。
1. 动词remember后跟动名词表示已经做过的事情(针对已发生之事),即:记着做了某事;若跟动词不定式则表示“记着去做某事”(针对未发生之事)。如:
a. Remember to turn off the light before you leave.
(to turn off显然指的是尚未进行之事,但必须在所意指的时间去做,即leave的时候。)
b. Do you remember giving/have given me this photo?
(这里使用动名词giving和完成式态,说明动作都已完成,只是前者已不记得何时完成,后者只表明完成的时间与现在有关。)
2. 动词forget后接不定式(针对未发生之事);若接动名词(针对已发生之事)。如:
c. Don’t forget to give me regards to him.
(to give显然指的是还未进行之事,但必须去做。)
d. I forgot returning the magazine.
(returning说明该动作已经完成,只是何时完成已忘记。)
3. 动词regret 后接不定式(针对未发生之事);接动名词(针对已发生之事)。如:
e. I regret to tell you that we can’t stay here any longer.
(动词不定式to tell此动作还未发生,可是还得去做。)
f. She regretted missing /having missed the film.
(这里使用动名词missing和完成式态,说明都已完成这个动作,只是前者表示遗憾错过了该电影,而后者却表明遗憾错过之事与现在有关。)
4. 动词like 后接不定式(针对特别动作);接动名词(针对泛指动作)。如:
g. He likes to watch TV when he is free.
(这里动词不定式to watch表示具体的动作,但一定要在所指之时去做,即free时。)
h. My father doesn’t like smoking.
(smoking为动名词,即父亲不喜欢抽烟一事,为泛指之意。)
5. 动词stop做及物动词时,后接动名词(针对已发生之事),意思是“停止做某事”;做不及物动词时,后接动词不定式,意思是“停下来去做其它的事”。如:
i. For an instant his heart seemed to stop beating.
(这里用动名词beating,表示his heart停止跳动了,而再没有其它动作发生,所以用动名词的形式。)
j. He stopped to speak to Martin.
(to speak 说明停下来要另做一事,即He停了下来去和Martin讲话,因此用动词不定式。)
6. 动词try做“试图,设法,努力”讲时,后接动词不定式,意思是“努力/设法做某事”;做“尝试,实验”讲时,接动名词,意思是“试着做某事“。如:
k. He didn’t try to do it.
(在try之后接动词不定式to do,意为“努力去做”。)
l. Try doing more exercises, you’ll soon lose weight.
(这里用动名词doing的形式,意为“尝试”之意。)
7. 动词begin, start后面,若表示有意识地开始做某事,多用动名词,反之则多用动词不定式。如:
m. When did you begin learning French?
(这里的你开始学习法语属于人为地有意识地去做,因此要用动名词learning。)
n. The ice started to melt.
(雪开始融化,属于自然现象,并非人为之事,所以用动词不定式to melt.)
8. 动词learn后,接动词不定式,表示“学会做某事 ”;接动名词则表示“学过”。 如:
o. It was last winter that I learnt to skate.
(to skate在这里表示我知道怎样滑冰了,即学会了滑冰这种技巧。)
p. Mr. Zhao has learnt driving a car.
(学过,也许会也许不会,所以接动名词driving。)
9. 动词want, need, require做“需要“解,接动名词时表示被动含义,相当于接不定式的被动语态;做 “想要”解时,接主动语态的不定式,当然表示主动意义。如:
q. The house wants repairing.(=The house wants to be repaired .)
(用主动形式repairing表示被动意义,意为to be repaired.)
r. Tom wants to go abroad for further study.
(这里的to go很显然是Tom所为,表示主动意义。)
10. 动词mean 后,接动词不定式,表示“打算做某事”;接动名词,则表示“意味着做某事”。试做比较:
s. I had meant to come, but a friend of mine went to see me.
( 动词不定式在这里表示打算想做的事,但还未去做。)
t. But I won’t wait if it means delaying more than a week.
(这里用动名词delaying意为意味着要做之事。)
词语是组句成章的基本语言建筑材料。没有足够的词语,表达语言的能力将受到限制;词语不过关,语言水平则难以提高。结构形式变了,意义也随之改变,谓语后接动词不定式还是接动名词作宾语,不光是形式不同,意义也各不相同。从形式上看,不定式前置一个小品词to,动名词词尾跟一词缀-ing;从结构上讲,不定式和动名词都可分别用作宾语,但不定式还可作连动式复合谓语;从意义上说,不定式强调的是某一件事或活动,而动名词则强调一种(类)事或活动;从范围方面看,不定式突出的是个体,而动名词则注重的是整体;从时间上看,不定式要求稍近(立刻、马上、今天、最近、眼下)的时间,而动名词则要求久远广大(一个阶段、某个时期、永远、甚至一生)的时间;总之,要根据需要,要依据想法,用适当的形式置放于适当的地方以表达适当的意思,这是最为重要的。
英语名词分类用法 篇4
从意义上划分,英语名词可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。
一般来说,个体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)。
物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
集合名词有的可数,有的不可数。
一、普通名词
普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child, ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash(现金)。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如:some money,some water。也可与the一起用:the information(这信息)。
(一)可数名词及其复数形式
(1)可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成,其规则见下:
一般情况 加-s,在清辅音后读/s/ maps, books;在浊辅音及元音后读/z/ cars, photos;在/t/后读/ts/ cats, students;在/d/后读/dz/ beds, guards在/dZ/后读/iz/ bridges, ages
以字母s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词 加-es 在/s/, /z/, /S/,/tS/后读/iz/ classes, brushes
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 将y改成i,加-es /z/ factories, stories
以字母o结尾的词 一般加-es /z/ potatoes, tomatoes;少数外来词或缩略词加-s /z/ radios, pianos简称为有生命的+es 无生命的+s 有生命的有黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿
以字母f或fe结尾的词:一般加-s /s/ roofs, chiefs;少数将f, fe, 改为-ves /z/ shelves, knives;有些加-s或改为-ves均可 /s/或/z/ scarfs/scarves
(2)可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法
英语中有一部分名词由于历史或词源原因其复数形式的构成法是不规则的。这种情况主要有:
①元音字母变化。例如:
foot-feet man-men woman-women
tooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-mice
②结尾为-en。例如: child-children
③单复数同形。
单复数同形的名词主要有:sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, deer等。
④只有复数形式。例如:trousers, goods 等。
(二)可数名词和不可数名词
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