名词常见用法(共8篇)
名词常见用法 篇1
名词是英语中是指人或事物的名称的词。对于名词的主要从名词的分类、名词的单复数、名词的所有格及名词的语法作用等方面进行学习。总的来说,名词有两类,分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专用的名称,专有名词的第一个字母要大写。如:Gina、China。名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数形式,如:an apple、two apples、a bag、some bags。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,如:milk、bread、rice。还有一些词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,如:icecream、salad、chicken。名词可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
一、名词的数
(一)可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1. 可数名词变复数的规则变化
(1)一般情况下名词变复数直接在名词词尾加-s就可以。如:bag→bags,desk→desks,pen→pens等。
(2)以-s、-x、-ch、-sh等结尾的名词变复数,需要在词尾加-es。如:bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes等。
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i再加-es。如,baby→babies,family→families,strawberry→strawberries,party→parties等。
(4)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数,变-f或-fe为v,再加-es。如:life→lives,knife→knives,wife→wives等。
(5)以o结尾的名词变复数时,注意词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos;加-es的有hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes等。我们可记为:“英雄吃西红柿拌土豆有意思(es)。”
2. 可数名词变复数的不规则变化
少数名词变复数时属于不规则变化,有不规则的复数形式,这种变化形式是由改变单词中的某个字母或在词尾加后缀构成的。
(1)改a为e型。如:man→men,woman→women,Frenchman→Frenchmen,Englishman→Englishmen.等。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。
例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;man,woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers,women teachers。
(2)改oo为ee型。如:foot→feet,tooth→teeth等。
(3)有些名词的单数和复数相同。如:sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese等。
(4)有些名词一般以复数形式出现。如:trousers,socks,shoes,gloves,glasses等。
(5)其他特殊变化。如:mouse(老鼠)→mice,child→children,ox(公牛)→oxen等。
3. 表示“某国人”的名词的复数
(1)以-ese或-ss结尾的表示“某国人”的名词,单复数形式相同。如:a Chinese→two Chinese,a Japanese→three Japanese,a Swiss→four Swiss
(2)变man为men。如:an Englishman→two Englishmen,a Frenchman→two Frenchmen.
(3)直接加-s。如:American→Americans(美国人),German→Germans(德国人),Australian→Australians(澳大利亚人),European→Europeans(欧洲人),Greek→Greeks(希腊人),Arab→Arabs(阿拉伯人),Hungarian→Hungarians(匈牙利人)等。
【注意】有个别名词单复数一样,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,dee,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
(二)不可数名词
不可数名词就是不能用或无法使用数目来进行计算的名词。不可数名词可以分为物质名词(如:bread,milk,rice等)和抽象名词(spirit,energy等),都没有复数形式。
1. 不可数名词“数量”的表示方法
在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much,a little,little,a lot of/lots of,plenty of,some,any等表示多少,例如:
a lot of milk许多牛奶
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
(2)用“数词+表示数量的名词+of+不可数名词”这类短语(a piece of…)表示。如:
a piece of bread/a piece of paper/a bottle of orange/a glass of water(milk)/a cup of tea/a bag of rice
*如果要表示“两杯茶”“四张纸”这类复数概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
two cups of tea/four pieces of paper/there glasses of water
二、名词所有格
(一)“’s”所有格
名词所有格是表明一种所有关系,英语中名词所有格的构成是在名词后加上“’s”,这种所有格形式叫“’s所有格”。如:Mike’s,sister,迈克的妹妹;ten minutes’walk十分钟的路程。
1. 表示有生命名词的所有格在词尾加上“’s”。如:Jim’s T-shirt is blue and white。吉姆的T恤衫是蓝白相间的。
2. 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只在词尾加“’”。如:I don’t know the boys’names.我不知道那些男孩儿的名字。
3. 表示两人或多人共有时,只在后一个名词词尾加“’s”;表示两人或多人分别所有时,则在每个名词词尾加“’s”。如:
Jim Green is Lucy and Lily’s teacher.吉姆·格林是露西和莉莉的老师。(两个人共同的老师)
These are Lucy and Lily’s teacher.吉姆·格林是露西和莉莉的老师。(两个人共同的老师)
These are Lucy’s and Michael’s bags.
这些是露西和迈克尔的书包。(两个人各自的书包)
(二)“of”所有格
“of”所有格也可表明所有关系;其构成是“名词+of+名词”。
1. 表示无生命名词的所有格一般用of来构成。如:the legs of the desk书桌的腿
[注意]表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体和机构等名称的名词所有格仍用“’s”来构成。如:five minutes’walk五分钟的步行(距离),tomorrow’s work明天的工作。
2. 表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词、指示代词等,常用of来构成所有格。如:the name of her cat她的猫的名字
(三)双重所有格
由of所有格和“-’s”所有格连起来就构成双重所有格,主要指特定人的不特定的所有关系,含有强调和突出的作用。如:a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends我父亲的一位朋友。
三、名词做主语时的主(语)谓(语)一致
(一)复数名词作主语时须用复数谓语,单数名词作主语须用单数谓语。如:
Three bags are on the desk三个包在课桌上。
(二)不可数名词做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。如:
Some milk is in the bottle.一些牛奶在瓶子里。
(三)当主语是and连接的两个名词时,指两样东西则须用复数,若在指一样东西时用单数谓语。如:
My mother and father are both teachers.
我妈妈和爸爸都是老师。
The scholar and inventor is going to visit our school.
这位是学者兼发明家的人要来参观我们学校。
(四)表示度量、时间、距离和金钱数额等复数名词做主语时,谓语动词往往用单数形式。如:
Three years is too long a time.三年的时间太长了。
(五)“a number of+名词复数”做主语时,意思是“许多的、大量的”,谓语用复数;“the number of+名词复数”做主语时,意思是“……的数量”,谓语用单数。如:
A number of the students like apples.
许多学生喜欢苹果。
The number of the students in our school is two thousand.我们学校的学生人数是两千。
(六)有些集体名词(如:class,family,team,audience等)可跟单数谓语,也可跟复数谓语。视作整体时跟单数谓语,着重于所包含的各个成员时,则跟复数谓语。如:
My family is a big one.我家是一个大家庭。
My family are all Beijing Opera lovers.我家都是京剧爱好者。
(八)有些集体名词(如:people,police,cattle(牛群),media(媒体)指复数的人或动物,后面都用复数谓语。如:
The police are looking for the thief.警察在找那个小偷。
四、名词用作定语
(一)名词做定语时,一般用单数形式。如:two apple trees两棵苹果树。
(二)man,woman在名词前做定语时,其单复数形式与所修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。如:
three women teachers三位女教师
ten men doctors十个男医生
(三)“数词+名词”做定语时,其中的名词也要用单数形式。如:an 11-year-old一个11岁的女孩。
【典型例题】
1.(河北中考)Cici enjoys dancing.It’s one of her______.
A.prize B.prizes C.hobby D.hobbies
2.(四川宜宾中考)There are many______playing one the playground.
A.child B.children C.man teachers D.sheeps
3.(广州中考)There isn’t any_____in the fridge.We need to go shopping.
A.oranges B.milk C.eggs
4.(西安中考)—Are there any_____in the picture?
—Yes,there are.
A.fish B.pork C.beef
5.(合肥中考)“Excuse me,how can I get to the nearest bus stop?”“Go down this road.It’s about______walk.”
A.five minute’s B.five minutes’C.five-minutes
6.(河北中考)This is______bedroom.The twin sisters like it very much.
A.Anne and Jane B.Anne’s and Jane’s
C.Anne’s and Jane D.Anne and Jane’s
【典型例题解析】
1.【解析】答案D。本题考查名词用法及one of这个句型。有题意可知:跳舞是Cici的一种爱好。One of后加名词复数。
2.【解析】答案B。本题考查名词复数用法。孩子的复数是“children”,男老师“men teachers”,羊“sheep”单复数相同。故选B。
3.【解析】答案B。考查可数名词和不可数名词的辨析。根据题干的isn’tany,可判断后接不可数名词,选项中只有B是不可数名词。
4.【解析】答案A。考查名词的辨析。因为be动词是are,B与C都是不可数名词,故答案错误;fish表示鱼的数量时,单数和复数同形。故选A。
5.【解析】答案B。本题考查名词所有格。当名词表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。故选B。
6.【解析】答案D。本题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s。
【名词语法专项练习练习】(责任编辑整理)
单项选择
1.The house is made of_______.
A.wood B.woods C.a wood D.wooden
2.There are some________on the hill.
A.sheeps B.a sheep C.sheep D.sheepes
3.Good________in your new job.
A.luck B.lucks C.lucky D.a luck
4.Mr.Black often gives us________by Email.
A.some good information B.some good informations
C.good informations D.a good information
5.The poor man hasn’t enough________to buy_________.
A.money foods B.money food
C.moneys foods D.moneies food
6.There are some new books in the school library.They are____books.
A.child B.childrens’C.children D.children's
7.In class our teacher often tells us______and we have some______.
A.a joke a fun B.joke fun C.jokes funs D.jokes fun
8.I have worn out my shoes,so I want to buy a new________.
A.pair B.one C.ones D.trousers
9.What do you prefer,_________or__________?
A.meat;vegetable B.meats;vegetables
C.meat;vegetables D.meats;vegetable
10.Meimei’s handwriting is better than any other______in his class.
A.students B.students C.student's D.students'
11.Why don’t you make________and sell them?
A.an paper flower B.some paper’s flowers
C.some paper flowers D.some papers’flowers
12.The hospital is a bit far from here.It's about_______.
A.forty minutes’s walk B.forty minute’s walk
C.forty minutes walk D.forty minutes’walk
13.Two hours________long enough for you to finish your homework.
A.is B.are C.has D.have
14.How many_____are there in your class?
A.Japanese B.American C.Australian D.Canadian
15.Li Dong is a friend of my_____.We often play card games together.
A.brother B.brothers
C.brothers’s D.brother’s
16.——What have you finished?
——I have finished___________.
A.a day work B.a day’s work
C.day’s working D.a-day-work.
17.I found my black cat in_____room.
A.Jim and Mike B.Jim and Mike's
C.Jim's and Mike's D.Jim's and Mike
18.Would you please show me the way to the____shop?
A.shoe’s B.shoes’C.shoe D.shoes
20.There are many______in our school.
A.woman teachers B.woman's teachers
C.women teachers D.women's teachers
21.Mr.smith is_______.
A.My father’s a friend B.a my father’s friend
C.a friend of my father D.one friend my father
22.Three months________a long time for me.
A.is B.are C.have D.has
23.It is______from the museum.
A.five minute’s walk B.five minutes’walk
C.a hours’walk D.five hour’s walk
24.There are______and______on the table.
A.two boxes cake;four bottle of oranges
B.two boxes cake;four bottle of orange
C.two boxes of cakes;four bottles of orange
D.two box of cakes;four bottles of oranges
参考答案:
1---5 ACAAB 6---10 DDCAC 11---15 CDAAD
16---20 BBDDC 21---24BABA
名词常见用法 篇2
today is my grandfather’s sixtieth birthday. 今天是我爷爷的六十大寿。
2. 注意以下与动词的常用习惯搭配:
celebrate one’s birthday 庆祝生日
observe [keep] a birthday 过生日
complete one’s 30th birithday 满30岁
3. 通常用于祝贺生日的用语。如:
happy birithday to you. 祝你生日快乐。
many happy returns of your birthday. 祝您长寿。
动名词用法问答 篇3
答:回答你的问题之前,我们先来看一道高考题:
—What do you think made Mary so upset?
—________ her new bicycle.
A. As she lostB. Lost
C. LosingD. Because of losing
题目答案选C。答句的完整形式为:Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset。这是一个典型的用动名词作主语的句子。主语一般可由名词充当,如: Her failure made her upset,但该句用了动词短语lose her new bicycle的-ing形式作为句子主语,可见动词的-ing形式可以起名词的作用,但同时动名词又可以有自己的宾语、修饰语和逻辑主语等,也有时态和语态的变化,因此,与普通名词相比,它能表达更为丰富的意义。
问:那动名词可以充当哪些句子成分呢?
答:名词可以充当的成分动名词都可以充当。具体来说,有以下几种:
1. 作主语
例如:Taking on more responsibilities is what every country should do. 承担更多责任是各国应做之事。(动名词短语taking on作主语,且有自己的宾语responsibility。)
2. 作表语
例如:His job is collecting old coins and stamps. 他的工作是收集旧硬币和邮票。
【注意】动名词短语作表语,表示一般的、习惯性的行为;动词不定式短语作表语,表示具体的、一次性的行为。
例如:His job today is to help the boss collect some important papers. 他今天的工作是要帮老板收集一些重要的文件。
3. 作宾语
例如:Many people have suggested setting up rules to protect animal rights. 很多人都建议制定规则以保护动物权益。(setting up作谓语have suggested的宾语。)
【注意】(1) 很多动词和动词短词后只能接动名词,而不能接动词不定式作宾语,常见的有:appreciate, consider, admit, imagine, mind, permit, suggest, recommend, quit, can’t help, give up等。
例如: I’m considering making some changes to my plan. 我正在考虑对我的计划作些改变。
(2) 在“need/want/require + doing”结构中,动名词具有被动含意,相当于to be done等。
例如:My hair needs cutting, but I hate waiting at the barber’s shop. 我的头发应该理了,但我不喜欢在理发店里等。
(3) 动词try, stop, remember, forget, mean, regret等之后可接动名词,也可接动词不定式作宾语,但意思不一样,如:
try doing sth. 尝试做某事;try to do sth. 尽力去做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事;stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做了某事;remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事;forget to do sth. 忘了要去做某事
mean doing sth. 象征着某事,意味着某事;mean to do sth. 打算做某事,想要做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事;regret to do sth. 遗憾要去做某事
(4) 动名词亦可作介词宾语
例如:It’s important for parents and young people to learn how to get through each other and develop skills in understanding and being understood. 父母与青年人学会相互沟通,增进理解与被理解的能力是十分重要的。(介词in之后的understanding和being understood均为动名词充当的宾语,一个表示主动,另一个表示被动。)
The thief entered the room without being seen. 小偷进了房间,未被人发现。(the thief是see这一动词的承受者,所以用了被动式being seen作without的宾语。)
3. 动名词作定语
例如:Are you satisfied with the working conditions here? 您对这里的工作条件是否满意?
类似的表达有很多,如:dressing table(梳妆台)、magnifying glass(放大镜)、sleeping pill(安眠药)。
问:与动名词有关的句型、表达法有哪些?
答:了解动名词的基本用法,理解与动名词有关的句型就比较简单了,常见的有:
1. It is no use/good doing sth., It is a joy/pleasure doing sth. , It is hard work doing sth., It is worthwhile doing sth.
这四个句型中的动名词充当句子主语,但为了保持句子的平衡,使用了形式主语it。
例如:It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。
2. There is no + doing sth.
该句型意思相当于It is impossible to do sth.,表示“某事不可能做到”。
例如:There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不能倒转。(= It is impossible to hold back the wheel of history.)
There is no turning back. 永不回头。(= It is impossible to turn back.)
3. 动名词还常用于一些动词短语,如:do reading, do shopping, do washing等。
4. 用于告诫语,如“严禁做某事”,如no spitting(禁止吐痰), no trespassing(禁止践踏), no scribbling on the wall(禁止涂鸦)等。
问:在使用动名词时还需要注意什么?
答:要注意动名词的逻辑主语和动名词复合结构现象。试比较下面两个句子:
(1) Would you mind opening the window?
(2) Would you mind my opening the window?
在一般情况下,句子的主语就是动名词的逻辑主语。句(1)中you mind opening是语法上的主谓宾,而you... opening the window则是逻辑上的主谓宾。因此,句(1)意为:请您把窗子打开,您介不介意?
在句(2)中,动名词opening前加了一个my,句意发生了变化。物主代词、名词所有格可用来表示动名词的逻辑主语。此时打开窗子已经变成“我”的动作,相当于Would you mind if I open the window?因此,句(2)意为:我把窗子打开,您介不介意?
如果不是出现在句首,动名词的动作主体也可用名词普通格、名词所有格、人称代词的宾格来表示。
例如:Is there any hope of Xiao Li winning the championship? 小李有可能获得冠军吗?(介词of的宾语winning前出现了其动作的发出者Xiao Li)
I don’t mind his/him listenning to the music. 他听音乐我并不介意。(动名词listen动作的发出者是him)
I regret not having taken his advice. 我很后悔,当初没有接受他的劝告。(动名词having taken动作发出者是句子主语I)
如动名词前没有物主代词,也没有名词的所有格、人称代词宾格、名词普通格,那么句中的主语就应该被视为动名词的动作主体。not having taken是带not的主动语态的完成式,完成式用来表示谓语动词之前发生的动作。
单项选择。
1. ________ here at the top of the mountain with no one else near you must be very lonely.
A. LiveB. Living
C. To liveD. To be living
2. I didn’t mean __________ you angry.
A. to makeB. making
C. to be makingD. to be made
3. Michael never dreamt of ________ for him to be sent abroad very soon.
A. being a chance
B. there’s a chance
C. there to be a chance
D. there being a chance
4. The party was successful, but we thought it a pity not ________ you.
A. inviteB. to invite
C. invitingD. to have invited
5. I remember ________ to Paris when I was a little child.
A. being takenB. having taken
C. to takeD. to be taken
名词用法归纳 篇4
1. 主语:The bag is in the desk.
书包在桌子里边。
2. 宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday.
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
3. 表语:This is a good book.
这是一本好书。
4. 宾语补足语:We selected him our monitor.
我们选他为我们的班长。
5. 介词宾语:Mary lives with her parents.
玛丽和她的父母住在一起。
6. 定语:She is a Party member.
她是一位党员。
一、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)
1. 不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词
2. 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式:
1)一般情况下,在词尾加 -s。
如:desk→desks
2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,在词尾加 -es。
如:bus→buses
3)以辅音字母加 -y结尾的词,变y为i再加 -es。
如:family→families factory→factories
4)以元音字母加 -y结尾的词,在词尾加–s。
如:day→days
5)以f或fe结尾的词,变f或fe为v再加 -es。
如:knife→knives
6)以辅音字母加 -o结尾的词,在词尾加es。
如:potato→potatoes
7)以元音字母加 -o结尾的词,在词尾加–s。
如:radio→radios
二、名词复数顺口溜
1. 表示国籍的名词顺口溜
(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。(Chinese,Japanese,Swiss单复同形 )
(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。(English,French,Swedish,Spanish,an Englishman—two Englishmen)
(3) 其他一律 加–s, 即:Chinese,Japanese单复数同 形;Englishman,Frenchman的复数为Englishmen,Frenchmen; 其他像German,American,Australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。
2.o 结尾的名词顺口溜
1)以o结尾的有生命的名词变复数时,词尾加 -es,凡以o结尾的无生命的名词变复数时,词尾加 -s。有生命:potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes,Negro—Negroes如无生命:zoo—zoos,radio—radios,photo-photos,piano-pianos,zero—zeros。
2)两人两菜一火山。(-es)像volcano(火山)、tobacco(烟草)这些词,复数形式加 -s或 -es均可,这一点就不难理解了。中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有Negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿(Negroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes)
3)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。
zoo—zoos,bamboo—bamboos,photo—photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios.
3.f、fe 结尾的顺口溜
1)以f(e) 结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e) 改为v(e) 再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命),leaf(树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。
2) 以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为 -ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加 -s的,如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想:海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望:谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上。
4. 不同国家的人的单复数中日瑞士不用变,英法国人 A 变 E,其余 S 加后面
三、名词复数的不规则变化:
1.child→children(儿童) man→men(男人)
woman→women(女人) goose→geese(鹅)
foot→feet(脚) tooth→teeth(牙)
mouse→mice(老鼠) ox→oxen(公牛)
an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)
2. 单复同形
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,species,means,Swiss
除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:a dollar,two dollars, a meter,two meters
3. 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
people police cattle是复数(正确:a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss)(错误:a people,a police,a cattle )
表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4. 以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词
1 maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
2 news是不可数名词。
5. 表示由两部分构成的东西,
glasses(眼镜)trousers(长裤)clothes(衣服),若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双)a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers
6. 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
初中英语中动名词的用法 篇5
1. 不定冠词a(an)的基本用法
不定冠词a(an)只能用于单数可数名词前,而不能用于复数可数名词或不可数名词前。不定冠词a(an)常见用法如下:
1) 泛指某个人或某物,但又不具体说明何人或何物。
例如:
My parents work in a middle school. (我的父母在一所中学工作。)
An old woman is under the tree. (一位老太太在树下。)
2) 指人或事物的某一个体或种类。
例如:
I am a student. (我是个学生。)
Is this a pencil or a pen? (这是铅笔还是钢笔?)
3) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。
例如:
A student must study hard. (学生必须努力学习。)
Even a child can answer this question. (即使是个小孩也能回答这个问题。)
4) 表示数量,与“one”类似,有“一”的意思。
例如:
We have six classes a day. (我们一天上六节课。)
There is an apple on the chair. (椅子上有一个苹果。)
5) 用于某些固定短语中。
例如:
have a look (看一看)
a lot (许多)
have a good time (过得愉快)
a little (一点)
2. 定冠词the的用法
特指双熟悉,上文已提及;
世上独无二,序数最高级;
方位专有名,习语及乐器。
注意:定冠词常置于下面几种事物之前。
1) “特指”某个或某些人或事物前。
例如:
The girl in the hat is Toms sister. (戴帽子的女孩是汤姆的妹妹。)
The books on the desk are Han Meis. (课桌上的书是韩梅的。)
2) “双熟悉”指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物前。
例如:
Where is the teacher? (老师在哪里?)
Please put the bike under the tree. (请把自行车放在树下。)
3) 上文已经提到的人或事物前。
例如:
I can see a cat. The cat is Lilys. (我能看见一只猫。这只猫是莉莉的。)
4) 世界上独一无二的事物前。
例如:
the sun (太阳)
the moon (月亮)
the earth (地球)
The moon goes round the earth. (月亮围绕地球转。)
5) 序数词和形容词最高级前。
例如:
Sunday is the first day of a week. (星期日是一星期的第一天。)
Kate is the tallest of the three girls. (凯特在三个女孩中个子最高。)
6) 在方位名词前和由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
例如:
Shanghai is in the east of China. (上海在中国的东部。)
the Great Wall (长城)
the Peoples Park (人民公园)
7) 一些习惯用语中和乐器前。
例如:
in the day (在白天)
play the piano (弹钢琴)
3. 不用冠词的几种情况
下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;
专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭;
复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;
颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
1) 名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,these等限定词,如:this pencil box,his computer,some kites等。
2) 专有名词和不可数名词前一般不用冠词,如:China,Class One,Grade Three,money,milk,water,rice,meat,bread,juice等。
3) 表示学科的名词前不用冠词,如:Chinese,English,maths,physics等。
例如:
I think maths is easy. (我认为数学很容易。)
She prefers English to physics. (她喜欢英语,不喜欢物理。)
4) 在三餐饭和球类运动名词前不用冠词,如:have breakfast/ lunch/ supper (吃早饭/午饭/晚饭),play football/ basketball/ volleyball/ table tennis (玩足球/篮球/排球/乒乓球)等。
5) 复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。
例如:
My parents are teachers. (我的父母是教师。)
She likes eating bananas. (她喜欢吃香蕉。)
6) 季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。
例如:
Summer is hot and days are long. (夏天热,白天长。)
September 10th is Teachers Day. (9月10日是教师节。)
Its Wednesday today. (今天是星期三。)
7) 表示颜色、语种和国家的名词前不用冠词。
例如:
My bike is black. (我的自行车是黑色的。)
He can speak Japanese. (他会说日语。)
Ann comes from Australia. (安来自澳大利亚。)
8) 在称呼语以及人名或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词。
例如:
Whats wrong, Granny? (老奶奶,您怎么了?)
Dont read in bed. (不要躺在床上看书。)
名词常见用法 篇6
关键词:名词性从句,定语从句,as的用法,比较分析
名词性从句和定语从句是英语语法学习的重点和难点, 很多学者对它们分别做过研究, 例如“WH-从句作为小句——兼论小句的语段性质” (满在江2011, 5:24) 是从Chomsky的转换生成理论研究名词性从句;“翻译教学的事件分析途径——定语从句的翻译” (邓跃平, 2011, 8:35) 从认知—功能视角研究限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;“英语定语从句译法补遗之补遗” (曹明伦, 2011, 3:83) 从语篇翻译角度把定语从句归纳成五类, 提出了相应的翻译原则。
一些美国学者也认为定语从句 (亦称关系从句) 对于英语学习者来说较难学习, 因此在亚利桑那州立大学面向英语初学者开设的“美国英语和文化课程”中, 教材Basic English Grammar (Azar, 1995) 里不包括关系从句。
大学英语四级考试和大学英语六级考试的“汉译英”这项试题始终是考生失分较多的地方。几乎在每次考试, 该项考题都有需要被翻译成定语从句或名词性从句的汉语原文, 而这正是考试的难点之一, 考生容易出错。“As”一词也是难点, 在一次测验中, 笔者要求学生用“as”翻译句子里的五个短语, 结果三个班的学生 (共计约180人) 平均得分不到60分, 由此可见, 我们有必要探讨一下, 是否可以用较简洁易懂的方式给学生讲解清楚这些语言点。
1 名词性从句
首先, 我们要弄清楚两个语法词汇, 即“句子”和“从句”。完整的句子 (指包含主谓宾的句子) 包括陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。从句源于句子, 地位比句子低了一个层次, 只能作主句的一个成分。名词性从句是指具有名词性质的从句, 换句话说, 名词能作何种成分, 名词性从句就能作何种成分, 比如名词可以作主语、宾语、表语或同位语, 那么把名词性从句放在这些成分的位置, 就构成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。句子变成从句, 原来的形式需要一些改动:陈述句需要在它的前面加个“that”;一般疑问句需要变回陈述句, 再在其前面加个“whether”;特殊疑问句疑问词不变, 后面的句子变成陈述语序。
主语从句顾名思义是把名词性从句放在主语的位置作主语, 但由于“英语在组织句子信息时强烈偏好句尾重 (endweight) ” (Yule, 2002:257) , 所以我们需要变动一下语序。例如:
A:It is hard to understand.
B:What?
A:He can’t support himself.
B:Oh, I see.That he can’t support himself is hard to understand for you.*
恰当的英语表达应该是把主语从句放在句子后面, 用形式主语it占主语的位置, 原句变成:It is hard for you to understand that he can’t support himself.
2 定语从句
定语从句 (亦称关系从句) , 是指从句作定语, 用来修饰名词 (先行词) 、部分句子或整个句子 (先行项) 。该从句由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词where, when, why和how加上缺一个成分的句子构成。关系代词在定语从句中作代词能作的成分, 例如主语、宾语、定语或表语, 关系副词在定语从句中作副词能作的成分, 例如时间状语、地点状语、原因状语或方式状语。关系代词和关系副词中“关系”一词的含义是指它们与被修饰成分 (先行词) 有关系, 通过它们的关系或联系, 先行词可以在该定语从句中取代该关系代词或关系副词所作的成分。这样就容易理解含有定语从句的长句子了, 这也是英译汉的方法之一。
3 对比分析名词性从句与定语从句
从上文我们可以看出名词性从句本身是完整的句子, 不缺任何成分, 是陈述语序, 在主句中作名词能作的成分;定语从句是关系代词或关系副词加上一个缺一个成分的句子, 在主句中作定语, 前面有一个先行词或先行句。
举例说明:
Can you answer my question who your friend is?
I like the girl who is her sister.
1) 句划线部分是陈述语序的特殊疑问句, 作“question”的同位语, 因此是名词性从句中的同位语从句。
2) 句划线部分不是陈述语序的特殊疑问句, 前面有个名词“the girl”, 因此它是修饰该先行词的定语从句。
对比图如表1所示。
需补充一点, what一词较特殊, 它作关系代词时, 是“先行词和关系代词的结合体” (张道真, 2008:283) , 因此可以看作“先行词加that”的集合体, 后面加上缺少一个代词能作的成分的句子, 引出定语从句时, what前面就没有先行词了。例如:
I don’t know what your trouble is.
What worries me is that you can’t speak English well.
从以上例句我们可以看出, what作为关系代词引出的句子不像定语从句, 因为它身兼二职, 前面没有名词作先行词, 没起到作定语修饰名词的作用, 倒起到了名词的作用, 如在例句3) 里作宾语;在例句4) 里作主语, 因此有一些语法学家认为what引出的从句是名词性从句。但是张道真认为, 关系代词what引出的是定语从句或称关系从句。笔者认为, 这是给一种特殊词汇用法起了两个名称, 没有必要深究, 该文依然按照张道真的观点论述。
4“As”的用法
As作连词的一个意思是“由于”, 该文不在此赘述。根据2005年出版的《牛津现代英汉双解词典》里的解释, as可以作关系代词, “相当于that, who, which”, 例如:
5) He lost, as you know.
6) He is a writer, as is his wife.
张道真对as做了较全面地研究:“As作为关系代词, 只能用在限制性关系从句中, 只能用在such, same, as或so后面, 不能用作所有格” (张道真, 2008:282) .
7) Such a student as works hard will succeed. (张道真, 2008:282)
8) The same accident as happened to you, had happened to me. (张道真, 2008:282)
9) As many children as come will be admitted. (张道真, 2008:282)
As也可引出非限制性定语从句, 修饰前面部分句子或整个句子, 例如:
10) I advised my brother, as was my duty. (张道真, 2008:288)
11) He became crazy, as many could see. (张道真, 2008:288)
12) As has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river. (张道真, 2008:288)
13) The result, as may be expected, is poor. (张道真, 2008:288)
As引出的关系从句的谓语动词是be动词时, be动词可以省略, 例如:
14) The results as proclaimed in today’s newspapers are encouraging. (张道真, 2008:551)
15) His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate. (张道真, 2008:551)
16) I will tell you a story as told by my mother. (张道真, 2008:551)
As引出的关系从句的谓语动词与主句的谓语动词相同时, 关系从句可以省略谓语动词, 例如:
17) I had the same trouble as you.
从以上例句我们可以看出, as学起来确实不容易, 这个难度不单纯源于as复杂多样的用法, 更是由于词典对as的理解有些偏差。《牛津现代英汉双解词典》解释as是关系代词, 相当于“that, who, which”。然而, 笔者认为, as一词不能换成“that, who, which”, 因为as含有“像……”的意思, 而“that, who, which”不能表示“像……”的意思。此外, 如果as是关系代词, 引出定语从句, 那么定语从句应该修饰先行词, 先行词, 顾名思义, 是走在前面的词, 而定语从句则跟在它的后面, 但as引出的从句不都是跟在主句后面的。
因此笔者想出了一个较大胆的理解方法:as作关系代词时, 我们不妨把它理解成“like what”或“like+某人+who”, “like”在这里作介词, 表示“像”, 而as引出的从句可以理解成介词like加what引出的关系从句或like加某人加who引出的关系从句, 因此as及其引出的从句整体上可以看成介宾短语, 作主句的状语。
举例说明:
6) He is a writer, as is his wife.理解为:He is a writer, like the person who is his wife.
译文:他是一位作家, 正如他的妻子。
如果将“as”理解为“who”或“which”, 整句话就成了, “He is a writer, who is his wife.”或“He is a writer, which is his wife.”这些句子显然不合常理。
12) As has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river.理解为:Like what has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river.
译文:像这样的事已发生多次, 在这条河里, 儿童易溺水身亡。
13) The result, as may be expected, is poor.理解为:The result, like what may be expected, is poor.
译文:正如人们预料的那样, 结果很差。
15) His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.理解为:His ability, like what was displayed during the last three months, was inadequate.
译文:像他在过去三个月所表现出的那种能力是不够的。
20) Canadian law requires that the Nexen deal must be submitted for review by Industry Canada under the terms of the Canada Investment Act, as is the case for all large foreign investments in the country. (Global Times, 2012, 9, 13:14)
译文:加拿大法律规定, 根据加拿大投资法案的条约, 尼克森交易必须提交加拿大工业协会审议, 正如对待所有在加拿大做大笔投资的公司一样。”
As一词有“像……”的含义, 表示“如同……一样的 (另一个) ……”;that, who, which则表示与先行词是“同一个……”, 例如:
17) I had the same trouble as you.理解为:I had the same trouble like what you had.
译文:我曾经遇到和你一样的麻烦。
18) This is the same watch as I lost. (It is not mine.) (张道真, 2008:282)
理解为:This is the same watch like what I lost.
译文:这块表像我曾经丢的那块表。
19) This is the same watch that I lost. (It is mine.) (张道真, 2008:282)
译文:这块表是我曾经丢的那块表。
每个词语的创造和存在都有它的独特的原因和意义, 如果as可以与“which, that, who”互换, 那么as还有何存在价值?通过以上诸多例句, 我们可以看到, as一词被词典解释为关系代词的这条用法可以表示“像什么那样”或“像某某那样”, 与“like what”或“like加某人加who”的意思和用法相同, 因此在理解句子意思时, 当as指某事或某物时, 可以用“like what”代替as;当as指某人时, 可以用“like加某人加who”代替as。这样理解, 就避免了将as等同于which, who或that所造成的语义理解偏差, 从而有助于英语学习者去准确理解进而正确运用。
参考文献
[1]Azar B S.Basic English Grammar[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall Regents, 1993:3.
[2]Brown, Douglas.Investment Troubles[N].Global Times, 2012, 9 (13) :14.
[3]Yule, George.Explaining English Grammar[M].Shanghai:Shang hai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002:257.
[4]曹明伦.英语定语从句译法补译之补译[J].西安外国语大学学报, 2011 (3) :83.
[5]邓跃平.翻译教学的事件分析途径——定语从句的翻译[J].中国科技翻译, 2011 (8) :35.
[6]满在江.WH-从句作为小句——兼论小句的语段性质[J].山东外语教学, 2011 (5) :24-29.
名词常见用法 篇7
1.在以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如:
(1)I decided to ask for my money back.
(2)I decided that I would ask for my money back.
(3)When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to start back on foot.
(4)When our visit to the farm was over,we expected that we would start back on foot.
2.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
(1)We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
(2)He feels it his duty to help the poor.
3.介词but,except,besides+to do(do)。在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:
(1)The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
(2)On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
二、动名词作宾语
1.在以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don’t mind,give up,insist,on,put off等。如:
(1)I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
(2)You must give up smoking,for it does too much harm to your health.
2.动名词作介词的宾语。如:
(1)I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead o staying at home.
(2)What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no time(in)doing,prevent/stop...(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。
3.部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwriting needs improving(to be improved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
(1)hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I’d like to have a cup of coffee.
(2)当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.
(3)begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand what was happening.
4.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:
(1)Our teachers don’t permit our swimming in the lake.
(2)Our teachers don’t permit us to swim in the lake.
5.部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
5.1 forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:
(1)Don’t forget to post the letter for me.
(2)Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
(3)Remember to close the windows before you leave.
(4)I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
(5)We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
(6)They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
5.2 mean to do打算做某事;mean doing意味着……,如:
(1)I meant to catch up with the early bus.
(2)This means wasting a lot of money.
5.3 try to do设法尽力做某事;try doing试着做某事,如:
(1)You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
(2)Try working out the physics problem in another way.
5.4 stop to do停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语);stop doing停止做某事,如:
(1)On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.
(2)You’d better stop arguing and do as you are told.
5.5 can’t help doing禁不住……;can’t help to do不能帮助干……,如:
(1)They couldn’t help jumping up at the news.
(2)Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can’t help to make up the room for you.
5.6 go on to do做不同的事或不同内容的事;go on doing继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续,如:
(1)He went on to talk about world situation.
(2)We’ll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.
5.7 leave off to do离开某地去干什么(目的状语);leave off doing停下某事,如:
(1)It’s time to leave off talking and to start acting.
名词常见用法 篇8
what 引导名词性从句可在句中作主语、宾语和表语,分别称为主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。此时what表示“……的内容”。
(一) 引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语,宾语或表语。
【典型考例】
1._____made the school proud was_____more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; becauseB. What; that
C. That; whatD. That; because
【思路点拨】 答案为B。 What引导主语从句,在从句中作主语;that引导表语从句,在表语从句中起连接作用。
2._____she couldnt understand was fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons._____
A. What; whyB. That; what
C. What; becauseD. Why; that
【思路点拨】 答案为A。主语从句she couldnt understand 缺少宾语,要用what 引导。表语从句fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons这种现象是明摆着的,她不会不知道,她不知道的是出现这一现象的原因,因此,要用why 引导。故选A。
【注】 有时为了保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语,放在句首,用what连接的主语从句作真正主语放句末。
3. Its pretty well understood_____ controls the flow of carbon dioxidein today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
【思路点拨】 答案为C。引导主语从句,what在从句中作主语。
(二) 引导表语从句,在从句中充当主语、表语或宾语。
【典型考例】
4. —Are you still thinking about yesterdays game?
—Oh, thats_____ .
A. what makes me feel excited
B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it
D. when I feel excited
【思路点拨】 答案为A。此题考查what 引导表语从句,在表语从句中作主语。
5. Perseverance is a kind of quality and thats_____it takes to do anything well.
A. what B. that C. which D. why
【思路点拨】 答案为A。这是一个表语从句,what 在表语从句中作takes的宾语。构成It takes sth to do sth 的句型。译文:毅力是一种品质,要做好任何事情都需要毅力。
(三) 引导宾语从句,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
【典型考例】
6. People have heard what the president has said; they are waiting to see_____ he will do.
A. how B. what C. when D. that
【思路点拨】 答案为B。此题考查what引导的宾语从句,在从句中作do的宾语。
7. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule. Always give the monkey_____he wants.
A. what B. which C. when D. that
【思路点拨】 答案为A。这是一个宾语从句,wants后面缺少宾语,所以要填写what。译文:当你在找工作面试回答问题时,请记住这条黄金定律:永远给予对方想要的东西。
8. A computer can only do_____you have instructed it to do.
A. howB. afterC. whatD. when
【思路点拨】 答案为C。这是宾语从句,宾语从句中to do 缺少宾语,所以要选择what。
二、 what 引导名词性从句的创新含义
what 引导名词性从句有创新含义,表示“……的价格、方法、地方、速度、人”等。
【典型考例】
9. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for_____he thought was not enough.
A. whereB. howC. whatD. which
【思路点拨】 答案为C。由sell for可以推断该空表示“……的价格”。故应选what引导的宾语从句。
10. The way he did it was different_____ we were used to.
A. in whichB. in what
C. from whatD. from which
【思路点拨】 答案为C。分析句子结构可知,该空作介词宾语,借助The way 可以推断,该空表示“不同于……的方法”。故应选C项,what引导宾语从句。
11. A modern city has been set up in_____was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. whatB. which
C. thatD. where
【思路点拨】 答案为A。借助a wasteland 可以推断,该空表示“……的地方”,故应选what引导宾语从句。
12. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at_____I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. asB. whichC. whatD. that
【思路点拨】 答案为C。借助a dangerous speed 可以推断,该空表示“……的速度”,故应选what引导宾语从句。
13. You are quite wrong, Tom ist_____he used to be any longer.
A. thatB. whoC. whatD. whom
【思路点拨】 答案为C。借助Tom 表人的语境逻辑可以推断,该空表示“……的人”, 故应选what引导表语从句。
三、 what 引导名词性从句应用陈述语序
what 引导名词性从句不同于特殊疑问句,应用陈述语序。
【典型考例】
14. No one can be sure_____in a millon years.
A. what man will look like
B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what
D. what look will man like
【思路点拨】 答案为A。分析语境含义和句子结构可知,空白处为宾语从句,应采用陈述语序。
四、 what引导由感叹句转换而来的宾语从句的用法
what引导感叹句时可转换成宾语从句,此时what常含“多么……”之意。
【典型考例】
15. I was surprised by her words,which made me recognize_____ silly mistakes I had made.
A. thatB. howC. whatD. which
【思路点拨】 答案为C。分析句子结构可知,该空为recognize的宾语部分,且含有“多么……”之意。因此应选what引导由感叹句转换而来的宾语从句。
【巩固练习】
1._____ we cant get seems better than_____ we have.
A. What; whatB. What; that
C. That; thatD. That; what
2. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer_____it was 20 years ago.
A. whatB. thatC. whenD. where
3. The photographs will show you_____ .
A. what does our village look like
B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like
D. how our village looks like
4. I knew nothing about the accident_____Iread in the newspaper.
A. except thatB. except what
C. besides whatD. besides that
5. Those who were left alone in the cave knew better than the others_____sounds bats in the dark made.
A. that frighteningB. which frightening
C. what frighteningD. how frightening
6. —The basketball team is in the playoffs.Ill watch it on TV. Do you want to come over?
—Actually I have a ticket, but Im not feeling well.You can have it for_____it cost me.
A. thatB. whichC. howD. what
7. She did not know_____had happened.
A. whatB. whenC. howD. why
8. Determination is a kind of basic quality and this is_____it takes to do jobs well.
A. whatB. thatC. whichD. why
9. The soldiers soon reached_____was once an old temple.
A. whichB. whatC. whereD. that
10. They paid to the state fifty percent of_____they were able to earn.
A. thatB. whatC. whichD. whom
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