英语虚拟语气的用法（精选11篇）
英语虚拟语气的用法 篇1
1 引言
语气是表示讲话人对讲话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。英语中有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气是用来表示说的话不是事实, 或是不可能发生的情况, 是一种愿望、建议、假设、怀疑、忧虑、推测等的语气。虚拟语气是语法学中的一大难点, 用法比较复杂, 难于理解、记忆和应用。现将其在复合句中的用法分析总结归类如下。
2 在状语从句中的应用
2.1 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
2.1.1 if引导的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1) 与现在事实相反, 从句用did (be用were) , 主句用would/should/could/might do;与过去事实相反, 从句用had done, 主句用would/should/could/might have done;与将来事实相反, 从句一般用did/should do/were to do, 主句用would/should/could/might do (三种可能性都不大:did可能性稍大, should do次之, were to do最小) 。eg:
If wishes were horses, beggers might ride.如果幻想能成为马匹, 叫花子们都有了坐骑。
The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadn't built so many reserviors.
(2) 在正式文体中, 可省略if;但从句要倒装 (即were/had/should/could提到从句句首) 。eg:
Were it necessary, I might resign.
(3) 错综时间虚拟条件句:主句和从句的动作不是在同一时间发生, 其动词形式要根据时间而定。eg:
If the ship had left out noon, it would be passing through the canal now.
(4) 暗含虚拟条件句:虚拟条件暗含在句中, 表假设, 用名词, 动词, 形容词, 代词, 介词, 连词, 分词, 不定式, 定语从句, 比较级, 祈使句或上下文等来表达, 相当if引导的虚拟条件句。eg:
A wise man wouldn't have done that.
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
I would't be deceived so easily. (If I were you)
I would do so in your place.
But for your guidance, I couldn't have succeeded.
Without the Communist Party, there would be no new China.
On being shown this book, no one would believe that it was written by a ten-year girl.
She would have come to the party, only she had an urgent matter to attend to.
I could have gone with her, but I was too busy.
We didn't know his address. Otherwise/Or we would have visited him.
Given more time, I would have done it better.
This same thing, happening in wartime, would be unimaginable.
He would be clever to accept that suggestion.
A man who stopped working would amount to nothing.
Give him an inch and he would want a foot.
Ordinarily, he would have flown into rage.
She might have refused to answer. (if you had asked her)
(5) if it were not for的虚拟条件句 (可由but for/without+n.替换) 。eg:
If it were not for the rain, the crops should become withered.
If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.
(6) but that的虚拟条件句 (可由but for/without+n.替换) 。eg:
But that it snowed heavily, they could have arrived there earlier.
She would have bought the book, but that she had no money then.
2.1.2 suppose/supposing that陈述语气表真实条件;虚拟语气 (对现在和将来的假设) 表非真实条件。
eg:
Suppose/Supposing that it rains, we will stay at home.
Suppose/Supposing that it rained, we should stay at home.
Suppose/Supposing that there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.
2.1.3 unless可表真实条件, 也可表非真实条件。eg:
I couldn't get a grant unless I had five years' teaching experience.
I couldn't have bought it unless I had had enough money
2.1.4 on condition that (在...条件下) 可用陈述语气, 也可用虚拟语气, 但均表真实条件。eg:
The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they do/should do no harm to the animals.
2.1.5 in case从句可用陈述语气 (可能性大) ;也可用虚拟语气 (should) do (可能性小) 。eg:
Here's some money in case you need it. 这儿有点钱以防你需要用。
He took his raincoat with him in case it (should) rain.他带上了雨衣以防下雨。
2.2 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
2.2.1 in order that, so that, for fear that 从句常用should/could/might do;主句是现在时, in order that 和so that引导的从句也可用can/may/will do。eg:
They climbed to to the top of two buildings so that they should get a bird's-eye view of the city.
Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them.
2.2.2 lest从句谓语动词常用 (should) do。eg:
He ran away lest he should be caught by the enemy.
2.3 as if/though引导的方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
2.3.1 as if (though) 引导的方式状语从句或表语从句, 用虚拟语气。
(1) 与现在事实相反, 从句用did (be用were) ;与过去事实相反, 从句用had+done;表将来的可能性不大, 从句用would/might/could do。eg:
He talks as if he knew about it.
Remember to picture your desired goals as if you had already attained them.
It looks as if it might rain.看上去好像要下雨。 (表语从句)
(2) as if前的主句有时可省略。eg:
As if he were a teacher.
As if he had seen a strange thing.
(3) It isn't as if...结构eg:
It was not as if he were an expert?他又不是什么专家!
It isn't as if he had claimed to be the owner of the property.他又没声称自己拥有那些财产呀!
2.3.2 as if (though) 引导的方式状语从句或表语从句有时表发生的可能性较大时, 用陈述语气。eg:
It looks as if our side is going to win. (表语从句)
He walks as if he is drunk.
2.4 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
2.4.1 由although;even if;even though;if (=though) ;though;so long as;whether;whatever;wherever;whoever;however;whichever;no matter what/who/how (表推测, 让步) 引导的让步状语从句用虚拟语气;从句用动词原形, 但主句一般用直陈语气。eg:
Though everyone desert you, I will not.
So long as a volume hold together, I am not distrubed as to its outer appearance.
Whether he be right or wrong, he'll always go his own way.
Wherever you might go, you would be welcome.
2.4.2 Whether it/he be...or... (表让步) 结构用虚拟语气, 其省略结构是be it/he...or... (必须倒装) , 其意义是不管 (论) 是...还是... 。eg:
Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining.
Be they common people or high-ranking officials, they stand equal before the law.
Be it true or not, I will have a try..
would rather...than和would...rather than引导的从句用虚拟语气 (后that可省略) :should do。eg:
I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret.
He'd do anything else rather than (that) he should study hard.
3 在名词性从句中的应用
3.1 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
3.1.1 wish后宾语从句表愿望 (that常省略) , 用虚拟语气。
(1) 表现在不可能实现的愿望, 从句用did (be用were) ;表过去没实现的愿望, 从句用had done;表将来不可能实现的愿望, 从句用did或would/should/could/might do eg:
I wish I were back home; I don't like this place.
He knows that he should not have done it; he wishes he hadn't done it.
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.但愿你明天跟我们一起去。
(2) 在It is wished that...主语从句及wish (名词) 后的表语或同位语从句也要用虚拟语气eg:
It is wished that he had not made the mistake.他要没犯此错误该多好。 (主语从句)
Many parents' wish is that their children could attend a first-class university. (表语从句)
(3) would rather/had sooner/had just as soon/would as soon等后宾语从句与wish宾语从句相同。eg:
I'd just as soon you didn't speak rudely on her.
I'd rather you had't done that.
Don't come tomorrow, I would rather you came next week.
(4) if only (但愿, 要是…就好了) 引起的感叹句与wish宾语从句相同, 但更富有感情色彩。eg:
If only I could speak several foreign languages.
If only she had known where to find you.
If only it would stop raining! 但愿雨能停下来。
3.1.2 表建议, 命令, 要求的动词引导的宾语从句。
(1) suggest/order/demand等v.后的宾语从句用虚拟语气: (should) do。这样的动词还有:advise;advocate;agree (决定) ;appoint (命令) ;argue;arrange;ask (要求) ;beg;command;consent;decide;decree (裁决) ;deserve;desire;determine;dictate (命令) ;direct (命令) ;expect;insist;instruct;intend;legislate;maintain;move;object;permit;persist;persuade;petition (请愿) ;pray (恳求) ;prefer;promise;propose;provide (规定) ;recommend;request;require;resolve (决意) ;sentence (判决) ;specify;stipulate;urge;vote (投票决定) 。eg:
The emergency required that all the tasks (should) be completed at least two days ahead of time.
The committee decided that no one (should) be admitted without a ticket.委员会决定无票者不得入场。
She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance.她坚持要预订座位。
(2) 当上述动词作其他意思解释或者说话者认为所讲的事是事实, 如suggest (暗示, 表明) , insist (坚决认为) , 要用陈述语气。eg:
The expression on his face suggests that he knows it.
He insisted that she was telling the truth.
(3) suggestion/order/demand等n.后的主语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句用虚拟语气: (should) do。这样的n.还有:advice;decision;desire;idea;insistence;motion;necessity;pay;plan;preference;proposal;recommendation;request;requirement;resolution;sentence。 eg:
His suggestion is that he (should) be sent toTibet. (表语从句)
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. (主语从句)
We'll issue the regulation that the library (should) be open even on Sunnday. (同位语从句)
3.1.3 believe/dream/expect/suspect (否定式或疑问式表惊奇, 惶惑, 怀疑, 不满, 失望) 后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气:should do/should have done。eg:
I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.
He just couldn't believe that his hometown should have gone through such great changes.
3.1.4 accept/admit/allow/consider/grant/mean/suppose/think (意念或态度动词) 后宾语从句用虚拟语气:should do/should have done。eg:
I didn't mean that you should come so early.
He began to think that we shouldn't have waited so long.
3.1.5 marvel/regret/rejoice/wonder (意念动词) , think/suppse (用在否定, 感叹, 疑问句) , hate等动词 (表意外地喜惊悲疑等情况) 后宾语从句用虚拟语气:should do/should have done。eg:
I marvel that he should be able to do so much in such a short time.
Who would have supposed that things would/should turn out this way?
To think that it should come to this!
I never thought Helen should be so vain and selfish.
3.1.6 imagine后宾语从句用虚拟语气:表对现在或将来非现实情况的设想用were, 表对过去非现实情况的设想用had done。eg:
Imagine that we were on the moon now.
Imagine that he had not done like that, what would have happened?
3.2 主语从句/表语从句/同位语从句中的虚拟语气
3.2.1 It+be+adj.+that...的主语从句
(1) 用虚拟语气:
(should) do。这样的adj.有:advisable;anxious;appropriate;better;careful;compulsory;concerned;desirable;eager;essential;fitting;funny;good;imperative (迫切的) ;importamt;insistent;keen;necessary;obligatory;pitiful (可惜的) ;preferrable;proper;resolved (决心的) ;ridiculous;right;strange;urgent;unthinkable;vital。其中, 有些词可用在I am+adj.+that...结构中。eg:
It is necessary that some measures (should) be taken.
It will be better that we meet some other time.
She was anxious that her daughter (should) be taken good care of.
(2) 用陈述语气。这样的adj.有:apparent;certain;confident;evident;likely;natural;possible;probable; sure;true;no wonder。eg:
It is no wonder that you can't sleep when you eat so much.
I'm confident that he will win the next election.
3.2.2 It+be+ past.p+that...引导的主语从句用虚拟语气:
(should) do。这样的past.p有:arranged;desired;insisted;ordered;proposed;requested;suggested。eg:
It was arranged that Tom deliver him to Union headqurters at Harpers Ferry in his wagon.
It was ordered that we finish the work in an hour.
It was postponed that we set off.
It is suggested that the students (should) sing a song.
It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Saturday.
3.2.3 It+be+表情感的词+that...的主语从句, 这样的词有:
alarming;amazing;annoying;astonishing;bewildering;contemptible;deplorable;despicable;disappoinginng;disconcerting;discouraging;dreadful;embarassing;frightening;inconceivable;incredible;irritable;lamentable;odd;perplexing;shocking;strange;surprising;tragic;upsetting;wrong;apity;a shame;athousandpities;toberegretted;
Iam+表情感的词+that...结构, 这样的词有:ashamed;disappointed;embarrassed;glad;happy;pleased;sorry;surprised;upset。
表说话人惊异, 懊悔, 失望等情感用虚拟语气, 从句中用shoulddo/shouldhavedone (竟然, 居然) 。eg:
It was astonishing that she should have kept the secret from him all through their life time.
It is incredible that Jane should have fini she dherpaper so soon.
It is ashame that he should have donesucha thing.
I am sorry that he should be in suchpoor health.
3.3 定语从句中的虚拟语气
It is (about/high/just/quite/really缓和或加强语气) time that... (该干某事了, 含有些晚了的意思) 后定语从句用虚拟语气:did (常用) /should do;可用It is time forsb.to结构替换
I think it is high time that Mr.Smithmad eup his mind.
It is quite time she should wash her clothes.
例外:Its time I was in bed. (不用were)
4 结语
复合句中虚拟语气是大学英语语法学习的一大难点, 了解和掌握其用法对于实际运用有很大的帮助。本文的目的在于通过对其用法的分析总结使学习者能更有效地吸收和更轻松地运用这一较难的语法项目。
摘要：以实例说明英语复合句中虚拟语气的用法, 并对此进行系统地总结和分析。
关键词：语法,虚拟语气,复合句
参考文献
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[3]徐光联.大学英语语法讲座与测试:修订版[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2002.
[4]章振邦, 张月祥.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004.
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英语虚拟语气的用法 篇2
1.虚拟条件句的`三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。
2.与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式，主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+动词原形。
3.与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词。
虚拟语气的用法 篇3
下面我们分以下五种情况来讲述虚拟语气的用法。
一、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件从句中的用法。（主句与从句中的谓语动词的形式如下表）
e.g. 1. If I were you, I would go at once.
假如我是你的话，我会马上走。(表示与现在事实相反)
2. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.
要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(表示与过去事实相反)
3. If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雨的话，会议将被推迟。（表示与将来事实相反）
注意：（一）当if条件从句中谓语有were, should, had 时，可省略if, 把were, should, had提到句首，采用倒装。e.g.
1. If I were you, I would agree to the plan.
Were I you, I would agree to the plan.
如果我是你的话，我就会同意这项计划。
2. If I had known more about giving first aid, I would have helped them.
Had I known more about giving first aid, I would have helped them. 如果我懂得更多如何给予急救的知识的话，我就能够帮助他们了。
3. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
如果下雨的话，庄稼就能获救了。
(二)含蓄条件句
有时if条件句是以其他形式表示出来的，如上下文或介词短语形式等，常见的有but for （要不是），without， otherwise…。e.g.
1. But for you, I should be dead by now.
要不是你， 我现在早死了。
2. Without your help we couldnt have finished the job yesterday.
要不是你的帮助，我们昨天完不成工作。
3. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal.在踢球前他犹豫了一下，否则的话他就会破门得分了。
（三）混杂条件句
即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同，那么主从句谓语就依据相应的时间，使用相应的谓语。e.g.
1. If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now. 要是他听从医生的意见， 他现在就好了。
2. If he had listened to me, he would not be in such trouble now.
如果他当时听了我的话， 现在就不会遇到麻烦了。
3. If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today.
如果昨天晚上下了雨的话，今天就会非常凉爽了。
二、 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法。
（一）虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
★在It is important/strange/natural/necessary…+that从句中，谓语动词常常用should+do(should可省略)。e.g.
1. Its necessary that we (should) have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
2. Its natural that she (should) do so. 她这样做是很自然的。
3. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
★在“It be+orderedinsistedsuggested that…这一类句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。即(should)+do。这一类动词有order, suggest, insist, demand, require等。e.g.
1. It was suggested that the medicine should be sent there by plane. 这种药被建议空运到那里。
2. It was ordered that we should start work at once.
我们被命令立刻开始工作。
(二)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
★虚拟语气在某些动词后的宾语从句中，常使用“（should）+do”。常见的动词有：一个坚持（insist）;两个命令（order, command）;三条建议（advise, suggest, propose）;五项要求（demand, require, request, want, ask）。e.g.
1. I suggest we (should) hold a meeting tomorrow.
我建议明天开个会。
2. We insisted that she (should) go with us.
我们坚决要求她应该跟我们走。
★wish 后的宾语从句中的谓语动词有三种情况：对现在的虚拟，用一般过去式；对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时；对将来的虚拟，用would/could+do。e.g.
1. I wish I were 10 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻十岁。
2. I wish (that) you would get a good job.
我希望你能找到一个好职业。
3. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好。
★insist/suggest各有两种意思，要用不同的语气。
insist 表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即 （should）+do;
insist 表示“坚持认为，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。
suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。
suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。e.g.
1. The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
2. His expression suggested that he was angry.
他的表情表明他生气了。
3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means. 他坚决要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
4. He insisted that he was right.他坚持说他是对的。
★would rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中，当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。
1.I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
我宁愿他明天来而不是今天来。
2.Id rather you painted the wall green next time.
我宁愿你下次把墙漆成绿色。
3.I would rather she hadnt done that.我宁愿她没有做过那件事。
（三）虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。
某些表示“建议、计划、命令”的名词（如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等）后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+do”。e.g.
1. We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意他的到北京旅游观光的建议。
2. My advice is that we (should) do exercises first.
我的建议是我们应该先做练习。
三、虚拟语气在as if/though引导的表语从句或状语从句中的用法
由as if (as though) 引导的表语从句或状语从句中，常用虚拟语气，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done)；与将来事实相反用would+do。e.g.
1. She looks as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的。
2. He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days.
他看起来好像两天没睡觉了。
3. He is acting strangely as if he would die tomorrow.
他行为很奇怪好像明天要死一般。
4. This American girl speaks Chinese as if she were a Chinese.
这个美国女孩说起汉语来就像中国人一样。
5. They talked as if they had been old friends for years.他们谈起话来就像多年的老朋友似的。
四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
这种从句常用在Its (high) time that…句型中。定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+do (should不能省)。译为“该到干……的时候了。”e.g.
1. Its time that you left (should leave) here.
该到你们离开这儿的时候了。
2. Its high time that we went (should go) home.
该到我们回家的时候了。
五、虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中
if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊; 真希望……; 但愿……就好了。
如果与现在事实相反，谓语用过去式; 如果与过去事实相反,谓语用过去完成时。
1. If only I were a bird. 我要是一只鸟该多好啊！
2. If only I were five years younger!我要是年轻五岁就好了。
3. If only she had never been married. 要是她没结婚就好了。
4. If only I had arrived in time!要是我按时到就好了。
实战演练
1. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice.
A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow
2.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox library in my hometown.
A. wouldnt have fallenB. had not fallen
C. should fallD. went to fall
3. How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful
garden!
A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had
4. What would have happened ____, as far as the river bank?
A. Bob had walked fartherB. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked fartherD. if Bob walked farther
5. Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ____ something she would regret later.
A. had saidB. said
C. might sayD. might have said
6. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaksB. has broken
C. were brokenD. had been broken
7. It is necessary that a college student ____ at least one foreign
language.
A. mastersB. should masterC. masteredD. will master
8.Janes pale face suggested that she ____ ill, and her parents
suggested that she ____ a medical examination.
A. be; should haveB. was; have
C. should be; hadD. was; was
9.The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.
A. did; setB. had done; should be set
C. do; be setD. had done; must be set
10.He would rather you ____ the book to him now.
A. returnedB. returnC. are returningD. had returned
11.Without his help, we ____ such rapid progress.
A. dont makeB. wouldnt make
C. didnt makeD. wouldnt have made
12.____ your letter, I would have started off two days ago.
A. If I receivedB. Should I receive
C. If I could have receivedD. Had I received
13.Its high time that your daughter ____ to school.
A. would be sentB. was sent
C. should be sentD. both B and C
14.The work would require that ____ at 5 oclock every morning.
A. she has been thereB. she was there
C. she be thereD. she will be there
15.If I ____ with her last summer, I ____ with her now.
A. worked; am getting on very well
B. had worked; would get on very well
C. had worked; would have got on very well
D. had worked; will get on very well
虚拟语气的特殊用法 篇4
1.与现在事实相反, if引导的条件状语从句中动词时态用一般过去时 (be为were) , 主句中的would/could/should/might+动词原形。
2.与过去事实相反, if从句中用动词的过去完成时。主句中用would/could/should/might+have+过去分词。
3.与将来事实相反, if从句中用 (1) 动词的一般过去时; (2) were to+动词原形; (3) should+动词原形。主句中用would/could/should/might+动词原形。如:If I hadmoney, I would buy a car. (与现在事实相反。) If you had come earlier, you could have met him, (与过去事实相反) 。If it were to snow tomorrow, the crops would be saved. (与将来事实相反) 。
二、虚拟语气的特殊用法的一些总结
⒈if it be not for...如果不是……主句中用虚拟语气。
If it were not for the guidance of the party committee, we should/would fail.
If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so muchprogress.
If it were not for the collective strength (集体的力量) , it would not have been possible for us to live so well.
If it had not been for me, you would not be free.
2.虚拟语气中条件句可以省略if, 而把were, had或should移至主句之前, 但如果从句中没有were, had或should, 则不能。如:
Should it happen, what would you do?
Were I you, I would go.
Had he recognized me, he would havecome over.
3.在insist, order, command, suggest, advise propose, recommend, ask, demand, require request引导的宾语从句中, 要用虚拟语气。
She insisted that she (should) go alone.
The chairman proposed that we (should) put the match off.
The order came that it (should) be started at once.
It is ordered that we (should) arrive there before ten o’clock.
⒋下面两种句型只用虚拟语气
(1) It is time that clause, 主语从句中表示一种建议, 从句的谓语动词用过去时, 或should+动词原形, 意思是“该干某事的时候了”, 但“should”不可省略。
It’s time we went/should go to bed.
It’s (high) time we did/should do our homework.
(2) would rather that sb did sth
I would rather you went to that party instead of me.
I would rather he did shopping for me.
5.在带without的介词短语的句子中.
Without water, there would be no living things.
I could not have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.
6.用在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中。
She spoke in a loud voice so tha everyone could/might hear her clearly.
He got up early in order that he could/might catch the early bus.
7.用在as if, as though引导的非真实情况的句子中。
She felt as if she were going to die.
They were talking as if they were friends.
She speaks to me as if I were a kid.
8.在wish后的宾语从句中。
I wish that I had lots of money.
I wish that I would fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.
I wish that I would had passed the English exam.
9.It is important/necessary/natural...that sb should do sth.
It is a pity/a shame/no wonder...that sb should do sth.
It is suggested that we should finish the project by next month.
It is a great pity that he should be so careless.
10.otherwise之后的从句中, 可用虚拟语气。
Give me ten million dollars, otherwise Iwould burn your house down.
浅谈虚拟语气的基本用法 篇5
If he were here now, I could ask him the question. 如果他现在在这儿,我可以问他这个问题｡(与现在事实相反)
If they had arrived earlier, they could have met him. 如果他们早一点儿到达,他们就会见到他了｡(与过去事实相反)
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you. 如果太阳从西边出来,我就会嫁给你｡(将来实现的可能性很小)
If it should snow tomorrow, we would put off our trip. 如果明天下雪,我们将会推迟旅行｡(将来实现的可能性很少)
注意:
1. 当从句谓语动词用过去式时,无论主语是什么人称, be 动词的过去式一般用 were｡
2. 主句谓语动词中的 would 可根据情况由 should(用于第一人称), could 或 might替换｡
3. 可以省去虚拟条件从句中的连词if,而将 were,had 或 should 提至句首｡例如:
Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go to Beijing. 万一明天下雨,我就不去北京｡
4. 虚拟语气的主句与从句的谓语动词形式原则上应前后呼应｡但如果主句与从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间不一致,谓语动词形式应根据各自所体现的时间关系加以适当的调整｡例如:
If he had told me his telephone number yesterday, I could phone him now. 如果昨天他告诉我他的电话号码,现在我就可以给他打电话了｡
5. 有时假设的情况并不用条件状语从句,而是用介词短语来表示｡例如:
虚拟语气用法介绍 篇6
一般的语法书认为虚拟语气可分为七种基本形式: (1) 动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (2) 动词的过去式用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果, be的过去式用were; (3) had+过去分词用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果; (4) should+动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (5) should+have+过去分词, 表推测; (6) should/would+动词原形, 虚拟结果; (7) should would+have+过去分词, 虚拟结果。
虽然这七种时态三种用途比较全面地概括了虚拟语气的运用场合和方法, 但是太过分散, 容易发生混淆, 不利于英语学习者的记忆。如 (5) 和 (7) , 都为should+have+过去分词, 但是实用的场合却不一样, 前者用于主语从句表示推测, 后者用于非真实条件句, 表示一种虚拟出来的结果。如果只是死记硬背, 很难灵活运用这些形式。
因此, 根据虚拟语气使用的情境, 从语用角度结合上面七种动词形式, 本文重新对虚拟语气进行分类, 把它分成六大类:
一、表虚拟假设的条件
1. if条件句
所说的假设情况不可能实现, 或不大可能实现, 可以使用虚拟语气。在这种if引导的非真实虚拟条件句中, 主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:
需要注意的是if条件句中如有were, should, had, 可以省去if, 并使用倒装语序。
如:Were it (If it were) not for your advice, I would have made a mistake.
Should it (If it should) be fine tomorrow, I should go.
2. 含蓄虚拟语气
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来, 而是通过其它方式表示。
(1) 用介词或其它短语:with, without, under, but for等。
如:Without your help (If you didn’t help us) , we might not finish the work earlier.
(2) 其它:
如:通过不定式表示:It would be a right choice to study abroad.
通过副词表示:He was having a meeting;otherwise he would have come with us.
通过名词表示:A soldier (If he had been a soldier) would have acted differently.
二、表示某人的意愿
很多情况下, 虚拟语气不用于非真实的情况, 而用于表达人们的愿望、期待等, 常常用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, had better, would sooner, would just as soon等引导的宾语从句中。
如:I wish I were young.
I can’t imagine that he married such a terrible woman.
在日常口语中, 也会用动词原型表示一些祝愿的话语,
如, May you be happy!/Long live the People’s Republic of Chi-na!这些也都使用了虚拟语气。
三、表说话人的建议、命令、要求等
1. 某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些动词常用的包括:ask, advise, command, determine, demand, desire, direct, insist, intend, order, request, require, suggest。
如:I proposed that we (should) set a deadline for handing in plans.
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.
2. 以上表示建议、命令、要求的动词的名词形式后所接的表语从句和同位语从句中, 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些名词包括:ask, advice, command, desire, demand, decision, insistence, intention, vote, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion。
如:There is a suggestion that the discussion (should) be held in English.
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
3. 主语从句中使用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。
如:It is insisted that a meeting (should) be held on next Monday.
It is necessary that we should take more exercise.
4. 在“It is time that...”句型中, 用虚拟语气表示建议:是该……的时候了。常用动词的过去式来代替should+动词原型。
如:It is time that you went to bed.
四、表说话者惊奇、惋惜、遗憾、怀疑、失望等情感, 动词的形式可以为should+动词原型或should+have+动词过去分词
1. 表达这类情感的主语从句包括:It is a pity/a shame/incredible/no wander/stranger/odd/annoying/disappointing/not fair surprised...that...
如:It is strange that he should refuse to me.
It is a great pity that you should have lost the game.
2. 在疑问或否定语气中的表示期待、相信、怀疑的动词之后, 从句可以使用虚拟语气表示说话者的怀疑和失望。
如:He never thought that he should see her again.
They couldn’t believe that the young girl should have been married.
五、表说话人的委婉语气可以用should/would+动词原型这样的虚拟式
如:委婉表达观点:It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.
提出要求或邀请:Would you mind turning light on?
给出建议:I should advice you to keep away from drug.
提出问题:Which color would you like?
六、用在状语从句中表让步和目的等
1. 让步状语从句
a.在表达这类情感的though引导的状语从句中使用动词原型, 主句使用should/would+动词原型。如, Though he tries his best, he cannot solve the problem himself.
b.在表达这类情感的even if/though引导的状语从句中使用动词的过去式或had+动词过去分词, 主句使用should/would+动词原型或should/would+have+动词过去分词。
如:Even if it were more difficult, I wouldn’t change my mind.
c.在表达这类情感的whatever, whenever, no matter what等引导的从句中, 使用动词原型或may+动词原型;用may+have+动词过去分词表示过去的让步。
如:Whatever his objectives be, my mind is made up.
2. 目的状语从句
a.在in order that, so that, that等引导的状语从句中, 常使用may/might/can/could+动词原型。如, We’d better set out earlier so that we could get there before dark.
Please speak slowly in order that the others might hear clearly
b.在lest, for fear that, in case等引导的状语从句中, 常使用should+动词原型或直接用动词原型。
如:He came to meet me at the station for fear that I should take the wrong way.
Take warm clothes in case the weather should be cold.
从以上的六种用法可以看出, 在表达任何与现实情况相反或难以实现的情景时几乎都可以使用虚拟语气。
随着英语语言的发展, 虚拟语气的运用也越来越化繁为简, 甚至被过去式或过去完成时这样的更简单的形式所替代。因此, 必须充分考虑到英语教学和运用的实际, 从实用的角度出发, 灵活处理。在英语教学中, 既要满足日常运用和应试的需求, 也要指明其发展趋势, 有所侧重。在学习虚拟语气的过程中, 更要注意从实战中把握, 日常中积累。只有掌握了虚拟语气所要表达的主要含义, 才能了解它的特点, 灵活运用它。
参考文献
[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
[2]张道真.张道真实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.
[3]薄冰.高级英语语法[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.
[4]孙鸿仁.浅议“论虚拟语气动词的形式及其分类”中的分类问题[J].外国语, 1998, (6) .
浅谈虚拟语气的十种用法 篇7
一、动词wish后的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望, 从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望, 从句谓语用过去完成时或would/could+have+ 过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望, 用would (could) +动词原形。如:
I wish you would stay a littlelonger. 我希望你能多呆一会。
二、if引导的非真实条件状语从句使用虚拟语气。如表示与现在事实相反:从句谓语动词用动词的过去式 (be用were) , 主句谓语 动词用should/would/could/might+ 动词原形;如表示与过去事实相反:从句谓语动词用had + 过去分词, 主句谓语动词用should/could/could/might+have+ 过去分词;如表示与将来事实相反:从句谓语动词用should+动词原形 /动词过去式 /were to+ 动词原形, 主句谓语动词用would+ 动词原形;如:
If I had his telephone number, Iwould call him now. 如果我有他的电话号码, 我现在就打电话给他。
三、以as if、as though (似乎, 仿佛) 引出的方式状语从句, 如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。如:
The little boy knows so manythings as if he was a man.小男孩像个大人似的知道很多事情。 (在当代英语, 尤其在口语中, 单数主语常用was代替were.)
四、由if only引导的惊叹句使用虚拟语气。表示一种愿望或是向往的假设, 其意义是“要是……就好了”、“但愿……”这个句型中的语序不能倒装。另外, 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。如:
If only I had passed the test!要是我通过了考试那该多好啊!
If only也可用于陈述语气。如:Ifonly he comes early.但愿他早点回来。
五、would rather后接宾语从句是个常用的虚拟句型, 谓语动词一般用过去式表示现在或将来。表示“宁愿……”“还是……好些”, 由于使用虚拟语气, 会使得对方不会认为说话人是故意, 或是有厌烦的情绪。如:
Tom wants to see me today. Iwould rather he came to me tomorrowthan today.汤姆今天想来看我。我宁愿他明天来而不是今天。
六、“情态动词 +have done”的虚拟结构。
1. He did not regret saying whathe did but felt that he could haveexpressed it differently.他没有后悔说过的话, 但是他觉得要是用另一种方式来说该多好呀。表示对过去能够做而没有做的事情的一种假设。
2. She might have achievedgreater progress, if you had given hermore chances.如果你多给她点机会, 她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。表示过去某个动作可能发生而却没有发生。
3. Without your help, I wouldn’thave achieved so much. 没有你的帮助, 我是不会取得如此大的成绩的。表示对过去事情的假设, 意思是“本来会做”。
4. You ought to have gone homelast Sunday.你理应上星期天回家的。表示过去应该做而实际没有做, 意为“理应做……”, 往往表示遗憾。其否定式表示过去本不应该做某事而实际上做了。
5. I needn’t have bought so muchwine—only five people came. 我本来没必要买这么多酒, 只来了五个人。表示本来需要做某事而没有做, 其否定式为本不必做某事而实际上做了。
6. I raised objections at themeeting. I’d rather haven’t. 我在会上提了反对意见, 我倒宁愿没有这样。表示宁愿过去干了某事, 而实际上并没发生。其否定形式意思为表示宁愿过去没干某事, 而实际上却做了。
七、在“It is (high) time (that) ...”句型中 (that) 引导的是定语从句, 从句的谓语动词习惯上用过去式, (有时也可用should+动词原形, should不能省略) , 表示“早该干某事了, 是某人该干某事的时候了”。如:
1. It is time we went (should go) home. 我们该回家了。
2. It’s high time you made (shouldmake) up your mind. 是你下决心的时候了。
八、在表示命令、建议、劝告、欲望、要求、主张这一类动词后的宾语从句中, 从句应用虚拟语气, 其谓语用should+ 动词原形, should可省略, 这类动词有suggest, insist, demand, request, desire, order, ask, advise, propose, command, recommend, require等, 如:
I suggest the invitation to theconference (should) be sent to Dr Baker.我建议给贝克博士发出出席的邀请。
九、作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等的表语从句和同位语从句, 从句中的谓语动词用 (should) + 动词原形。如:
My idea is that they (should) pay100 dollars.
十、在句型“It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that…”中, that后面的主语从句中的谓语动词用:should+动词原形。如:
It’s necessary that we should havea walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。
摘要：在英语教学中, 虚拟语气是说话人三种语气之一。虚拟语气通过不同的情况分为了多种。作者通过多年的教学经验, 总结了十种。
论英语中虚拟语气的有无 篇8
本文试图从传统语法和可能世界的角度对所谓的虚拟语气进行分析。研究表明, 虽然传统语法家对英语中虚拟语气有无提出了独到的见解, 也有一定的说服力, 但它主要是从“现实世界”的角度来解释, 即以“现在”为基点, 来探讨发生在过去, 现在, 或将来的事, 历年的语法家都跳不出这个模式。相反, “可能世界”的提出则打破了这一模式, 在可能世界模式下加入了“体”的概念, 将时制和体貌结合起来, 这样相对于传统语法来说对英语中虚拟语气有无的分析研究更全面, 透彻。虽然两者在分析的方法, 应用的理论上有所区别, 但得出的结论却是一致的, 即英语中不存在虚拟语气。一些语法家所谓的虚拟语气要么可以用动词的第二人称现在时态形式, 和与真实性的距离来解释, 要么可以用可能世界来解释。因此, 本文认为, 无论是从传统语法角度还是从可能世界角度分析, 英语中是不存在虚拟语气的。
二、从传统语法的角度分析虚拟语气的有无
传统的语法学家主要是从英语动词过去时的语法实质和现在虚拟式两个方面否定在英语中存在所谓的虚拟语气。
1.英语动词过去时的语法实质。M.Joos (1960) 首次提到了过去时态的实质是距离性 (remoteness) , 该观点也得到了F.R.Palmer (1974) 的证实, 认为我们所说的非真实性和过去时态中过去时间的使用实质上一致的, 而过去时态实际上指的是“距离性”时态, 此处的距离指的是时间和真实性上的距离。该观点揭露了英语动词过去时态的实质并且把表面上互不相干的过去时态都统一到了“距离性”这一语法意义中。我们可以看到在前面章节中提到的英语中所谓的虚拟语气形式除了be型以外或多或少都跟过去时态相关, 它们不是表示普通的与现在“时间上的距离”, 而是与现实之间“真实性上的距离”。
2.现在虚拟式。根据Quirk (1985) 认为所谓的现在虚拟式不是一种特殊的语法范畴, 而是祈使句的一种形式或是动词现在时的第二人称形式。易仲良 (1999) 也认为所谓的现在虚拟语气和祈使语气除了具体用法上的差异并无语法意义上的本质区别, 它与祈使语气同形又同“义”, 从而失去了作为语气范畴中一个对立项存在的“形义”统一的基础。
综上所述, 我们认为传统语法学家提出的英语中所谓的虚拟语气是不存在的。它们的全部形式或与陈述语气的某些形式或与祈使语气的形式完全相同, 从而违反了语法范畴的基本原则, 这些所谓的虚拟语气形式要么可以用“与真实性距离”来解释, 要么可以转化成祈使句或是动词现在时的第二人称形式。
三、从可能世界的角度分析虚拟语气的有无
对于大多数的传统语法家而言, 他们对于虚拟语气有无的研究主要是基于“现实世界”, 即以“现在”为基点, 来探讨发生在过去, 现在, 或将来的事情。然而其他的语言学家如Lewis与Stalnaker则采用“可能世界”的假设, 结合“时态”和“体”以及“三分法”的概念来探讨英语中虚拟语气的有无。
1. Lewis-Stalnaker模型。在分析虚拟语气之前, 我们先来了解一下Lewis-Stalnaker模型。根据Lewis-Stalnaker模型, “Ifα, wouldβ”形式的条件句只有在满足以下三个条件, 才会在现实世界“W”中为真。
(ⅰ) α is true in W ;
(ⅱ) α is true in some possible worlds that resemble W;
(ⅲ) β is also true in those possible worlds
此处的三个条件也可以呈现为以下形式:
[[Would]] (P<i, <s, t>>) (Q<i, <s, t>>) (W) =1 iff
(ⅰ) P (ti) is true in W;
(ⅱ) P (ti) is true in some possible worlds that resemble W;
(ⅲ) Q (ti) is also true in those possible worlds.
在这种模式中, 非真实性条件句分为三个部分:would (ifclause) (consequence clause) , 其中, would是算子, if clause是限制域, consequence clause是核心域。这就是所谓的“三分法”。
2. 从可能世界解释所谓的“虚拟语气”。本章主要是试图从可能世界的角度来解释Quirk (1985) 等提出的be型和were型虚拟语气。
(1) Be型虚拟语气
先看下面一个例子
1) Happiness attend you!
该例句表达的是说话者的一种期望, 所以也可以表达成“I wish that happiness would attend you”。根据LewisStalnaker模型, 我们可以把其中的happiness would attend you理解为μ (tⅰ) ( 其中μ (tⅰ) = P (ti) ) , 而I wish that happinesswould attend you理解为Q (ti) , 其中如果μ (tⅰ) 在W中为真的话, 那么在和W类似的可能世界里Q (ti) 也应该为真。主要表现为以下形式:
[[φ-be]] (μ<i. <s, t>) (Q<i. <s, t>) (w) =1 iff
(ⅰ) μ (tⅰ) is true in W
(ⅱ) μ (tⅰ) is true in some possible worlds that resemble W
(ⅲ) Q (ti) is also true in those possible worlds
其中由于be模型表达的是一种状态, 因此在此处它是属于一种“默认体”, 而不是所谓的虚拟语气形式。
(2) Were型虚拟语气
先看下面一个例子
2) If I were you I should painted it green.
其中, 如果我们把“I were you”理解为P (ti) , “Ishould painted it green”理解为Q (ti) , P (ti) 在可能世界为真, 那么Q (ti) 也应该为真。主要表现在以下形式:
[[Should]] (P<i, <s, t>>) (Q<i, <s, t>>) (W) =1 iff
(ⅰ) P (ti) is true in W
(ⅱ) P (ti) is true in some possible worlds that resemble W
(ⅲ) Q (ti) is also true in those possible worlds
因为其中were表达的是发生在过去的状态, 所以此处它属于一种“完成体”, 也不是所谓的虚拟语气。
四、小结
总的来说, 本文从传统语法和可能世界两个角度分析了英语中所谓的虚拟语气, 虽然二者在理论和分析方法上不同, 但都得出一致的结论, 那就是在英语中不存在虚拟语气。所谓的“虚拟语气”可以用传统语法提出的“与真实性距离”来解释, 或者可以转化成祈使句或是动词现在时的第二人称形式, 或者是用可能世界提出的“默认体”和“完成体”来解释。
参考文献
[1]Palmer, F.R.The English Verb[M].London:Longman Group Limited, 1974.
[2]Stalnaker, Robert.1968.A Theory of Conditionals[A].In N.Resher (Ed) , Studies in Logical Theory[C].135-164.Oxford:Blackwell.
[3]Lewis, David.1973.Counterfactuals[M].Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press.
[4]Joos, Martin.1960.The English Verb, Form and Meaning[M].
[5]Quirk, R.et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English L an2 guage[M].Longman Group Limited, 1985.
英语虚拟语气的用法 篇9
作为一种动词形式, 语气用于表达说话者的态度或意图。根据动词的不同形式, 在英语中, 语气可分为三种, 即祈使语气、陈述语气和虚拟语气。祈使语气一般用于提出请求、要求或命令, 陈述语气基本用于陈述已经发生或正在发生的事实。而虚拟语气是三种基本语气中较为复杂的一种, 表达虚拟假设和主观愿望等情况, 是通过动词的特殊形式而出现的, 它的形式比较多样、内容比较丰富, 可以起到较好的修辞效果。毋庸讳言, 在特定语境中, 英语虚拟语气能较好地表达丰富的情感色彩。充分掌握其语用功能, 才能更好地应用它。本文先分析英语虚拟语气的产生, 接着阐释其语用功能, 最后再探讨如何正确应用它, 希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用。
二、英语虚拟语气的产生
根据英语语言的发展史表明, 在伊丽莎白时代之前, 即古英语和中世纪英语占据主导地位的时期, 虚拟语气一直得到广泛的使用, 不管是简单句, 还是复杂句;不管是主句, 还是从句, 都可见虚拟语气的踪影。莎士比亚在其作品中经常使用“were”代替“would be”, 以此表明虚拟语气的存在。比如“After your death you were better have a badepitaph.” (在你死后, 你最好有一个坏的墓志铭, 来自《哈姆雷特》) 培根也经常使用虚拟语气来表达自己对未来妻子的设想。“It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obediencein the wife, if she think her husband wise which she will never doif she find him jealous.” (如果一个女人为自己丈夫的优秀聪明而骄傲, 那么这是使她保持忠贞不渝的最好保障;但如果一个女人发现她的丈夫是多疑善妒的, 那么她绝不会认为自己的丈夫是聪明的。) 虚拟语气的广泛使用使得当时人们阅读作品的难度大大提高。随着时代的进步以及英语语言的不断发展, 英语虚拟语气逐渐被陈述语气所代替, 日显衰退之势。然而我们必须承认, 在英语语言交流过程中, 虚拟语气仍旧发挥着不容替代的重要作用。英语虚拟语气的使用, 可以使语言表达显得更加委婉, 更容易被对方所接受。所以现代应用中, 我们仍可见到大量虚拟语气的应用, 这是其自身所具有的语用功能所决定的。
三、英语虚拟语气的语用功能
在特定语境下, 语言传达的信息具有特殊功能。英语虚拟语气的语用功能体现在以下几点:
1.表示感谢
英语虚拟语气可以通过与事实相反的非正式条件句的假设, 传达说话者真挚的感激之情, 道出内心的感谢。比如:
(1) If it hadn’t been for the smart bus driver, all thepassengers on the bus wouldn’t have been survived. (如果没有这个聪明的公交车司机, 那么公交车上的所有乘客都不会得救。)
(2) If it weren’t for her help, he wouldn’t know what todo. (如果没有她的帮助, 他不知道该怎么做才好。)
在例 (1) 中, 通过if条件句的假设, 表达出对公交车司机的感谢之情, 语气更为明显。在例 (2) 中, 同样是通过if条件句的假设, 表达出对“她”的感谢之情, 否则“他”不知道如何是好。由此可以看出, 如果使用陈述语气来表达这两句话的意思, 只能表述一种事实情况, 比如将例 (1) 的意思改成陈述句表达, 即He did not know what to do without her help.可见语气一般, 只是表述一种情况。实践证明, 使用虚拟语气表达, 不仅可以表现出事实情况, 还能更多地传达出说话者内心的感激之情, 这种细腻的情况只有借助虚拟语气才显得更加丰富和具体。
2.表示轻微的谴责
除了传达感激之情, 虚拟语气还可以通过虚拟假设句的使用, 委婉、间接地表达出对对方的一种谴责, 但这种谴责比较容易被对方接受。比如:
(1) If you had studied hard last year, you could have gottenthe certificate. (如果你去年好好学习的话, 那你就能获得证书了。)
(2) If you had listened to the teacher’s suggestion, you couldhave passed the English exam. (如果你当初听老师建议的话, 你就能通过英语考试了。)
在例 (1) 中, 通过对“好好学习”的虚拟假设, 传达出“其实没有好好学习而导致没有拿到证书”的实际情况, 同时含蓄、间接地表达出说话者的谴责与不满。
在例 (2) 中, 通过假设“听老师的建议”的情况, 实则表达出“没有通过考试是因为没有听老师建议”的意思, 其实也是在表达说话者轻微的责怪。上述两种情况, 如果改成祈使语气或者陈述语气, 那么所传达出来的意味就是对对方的责备和批评, 可能会导致交流双方的矛盾与冲突。而改用虚拟语气, 能够避免语言的僵硬, 将谴责与批评所产生的不悦降低到最低程度, 使听话者更容易接受, 不会产生反感情绪。
3.表示内疚与遗憾
英语虚拟语气还可以通过if引导的假设, 传达出说话者内心的内疚、遗憾, 给听话者留下一定的想象空间。比如:
(1) If I had gotten up a little earlier, I could have caught thebus. (如果我起得早一点的话, 我就能赶上这趟公交车了。)
(2) If I had followed the doctor’s advice, I wouldn’t be illso seriously. (如果我听医生的的话, 我现在不可能病得那么严重。)
在例 (1) 中, 通过对“早点起床”这种情况的假设, 表达出“我”对错失这趟公交车的遗憾之情。在例 (2) 中, 通过对“早点听医生的话”的假设, 表达出“我”对现在身体状况的担忧和内疚。将上述两个例句改成成陈述句, 即“Ididn’t get up earlier, so I missed the bus.”“I didn’t followthe doctor’s advice, so I was ill so seriously.”这种陈述语气, 只能表达出“错失公交车”、“生重病”这两种事实情况, 无法传达出说话者内心的遗憾与内疚之情, 而使用虚拟语气的话, 则可恰如其分地表现出说话者微妙的内心世界, 留人以遐想的空间。
四、英语虚拟语气的应用
英语虚拟语气具有特殊的语用功能, 所以要得到充分应用才能体现它的价值。在应用英语虚拟语气时, 可以从以下几点入手:
1.选准切入点, 掌握动词形式
英语动词的结构形式是虚拟语气的重点, 也是难点。在整个虚拟语气的体系中, 虚拟条件从句往往占据核心地位, 能从整体上体现虚拟语气的全貌。所以应用虚拟语气时, 要将从句作为切入点, 这样才能掌握虚拟语气的整体结构, 并实现进一步迁移。比如:
(1) He would not have missed that exam if he had asked his classmate. (如果他问过他同学的话, 他就不会错过那场考试。表示与过去事实相反的假设)
(2) If my body went worse I should have to went to the hospital. (如果我的身体状况再变坏的话, 我就得去医院了。表示与现在事实相反的假设)
(3) If I were to tell her all I Know, her would be shocked. (要是我把我所知道的都告诉她, 她一定会震惊的。表示对将来不大可能实现的事实的假设)
根据以上几个例句可看出, 只有对事实情况做出全面剖析, 方能游刃有余地应用虚拟语气, 表达出不同的情感态度。
2.掌握变式, 关注特殊句式。
虚拟语气的用法不是固定不变的, 还有各种不同的变式。合理使用特殊句式, 可以体现使用者的文化层次, 也提高虚拟语气的使用面。一般而言, 虚拟语气的变式有以下几种:
一是错综条件句, 即虚拟条件从句与主句动作发生的时间不一致。这个时候, 主句与从句的谓语动词要结合具体所指的时间选择适当的虚拟语气形式。比如:
(1) If it were not for my English teacher, it wouldn’t havebeen possible for me to succeed. (如果没有我的英语老师, 我是不可能走向成功的。从句表述的与现在事实相反, 主句表达的与过去事实相反)
二是省略if, 运用倒装语序, 将助动词had、did、should或者were移到句首, 整个句子的意识不变。比如:
(2) Were it for the discovery of computer, our life would becast in great inconvenience. (如果不是电脑的发明, 我们的生活很不方便。)
上述两种就是英语虚拟语气的特殊使用, 可以起到明显的效果。
3.适时迁移, 全面把握用法
从本质上而言, 英语虚拟语气的用法层出不穷, 可以根据具体的语境加以一定的变化, 以体现虚拟语气的生动性。通说而言, 可以在以下几方面实现迁移:
一是wish后面的宾语从句可以使用虚拟语气, 从句中谓语动词的形式可以有过去、现在和将来的时间区别。若是要表示与过去相反的愿望, 使用“had+过去分词”的形式;若是要表示与现在相反的愿望, 则用一般过去时;若是要表示不太可能实现的愿望, 则使用“would / should + 动词原形”。这三种情况可以根据具体语境加以选择。
二是在would rather宾语从句中使用虚拟语气, 基本可以表示一种尚未实现的愿望, 谓语动词使用一般过去式。比如:
I would rather you didn’t speak to her like that. (我真希望你别对她那样讲话。)
在迁移英语虚拟语气的应用时, 一定要注意谓语动词的变化形式, 方能表达出准确的意思。
五、结束语
在英语语言系统中, 虚拟语气占据非常重要的地位, 同时也是人们顺利完成交际的有效路径。只有充分了解虚拟语气的语用功能, 方能从容应用, 发挥虚拟语气的价值。我们要适时迁移虚拟语气, 让它真正为我们的生活和工作做好媒介。
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论英语中虚拟语气的有无 篇10
【关键词】虚拟语气 传统语法 可能世界
一、引言
本文试图从传统语法和可能世界的角度对所谓的虚拟语气进行分析。研究表明，虽然传统语法家对英语中虚拟语气有无提出了独到的见解，也有一定的说服力，但它主要是从“现实世界”的角度来解释，即以“现在”为基点，来探讨发生在过去，现在，或将来的事，历年的语法家都跳不出这个模式。 相反， “可能世界”的提出则打破了这一模式，在可能世界模式下加入了“体”的概念，将时制和体貌结合起来，这样相对于传统语法来说对英语中虚拟语气有无的分析研究更全面，透彻。虽然两者在分析的方法，应用的理论上有所区别，但得出的结论却是一致的，即英语中不存在虚拟语气。一些语法家所谓的虚拟语气要么可以用动词的第二人称现在时态形式，和与真实性的距离来解释，要么可以用可能世界来解释。因此，本文认为，无论是从传统语法角度还是从可能世界角度分析，英语中是不存在虚拟语气的。
二、从传统语法的角度分析虚拟语气的有无
传统的语法学家主要是从英语动词过去时的语法实质和现在虚拟式两个方面否定在英语中存在所谓的虚拟语气。
1.英语动词过去时的语法实质。M.Joos （1960）首次提到了过去时态的实质是距离性（remoteness），该观点也得到了F.R.Palmer （1974）的证实，认为我们所说的非真实性和过去时态中过去时间的使用实质上一致的，而过去时态实际上指的是“距离性”时态，此处的距离指的是时间和真实性上的距离。该观点揭露了英语动词过去时态的实质并且把表面上互不相干的过去时态都统一到了“距离性”这一语法意义中。我们可以看到在前面章节中提到的英语中所谓的虚拟语气形式除了be 型以外或多或少都跟过去时态相关，它们不是表示普通的与现在“时间上的距离”，而是与现实之间“真实性上的距离”。
2.现在虚拟式。根据Quirk （1985）认为所谓的现在虚拟式不是一种特殊的语法范畴，而是祈使句的一种形式或是动词现在时的第二人称形式。易仲良（1999）也认为所谓的现在虚拟语气和祈使语气除了具体用法上的差异并无语法意义上的本质区别，它与祈使语气同形又同“义”，从而失去了作为语气范畴中一个对立项存在的“形义”统一的基础。
综上所述，我们认为传统语法学家提出的英语中所谓的虚拟语气是不存在的。它们的全部形式或与陈述语气的某些形式或与祈使语气的形式完全相同，从而违反了语法范畴的基本原则，这些所谓的虚拟语气形式要么可以用“与真实性距离”来解释，要么可以转化成祈使句或是动词现在时的第二人称形式。
三、从可能世界的角度分析虚拟语气的有无
对于大多数的传统语法家而言，他们对于虚拟语气有无的研究主要是基于“现实世界”，即以“现在”为基点，来探讨发生在过去，现在，或将来的事情。然而其他的语言学家如Lewis 与 Stalnaker则采用“可能世界”的假设，结合“时态”和“体”以及“三分法”的概念来探讨英语中虚拟语气的有无。
1. Lewis-Stalnaker 模型。在分析虚拟语气之前，我们先来了解一下Lewis-Stalnaker 模型。根据Lewis-Stalnaker 模型，“If α， would β”形式的条件句只有在满足以下三个条件，才会在现实世界“W”中为真。
（ⅰ）α is true in W ；
（ⅱ） α is true in some possible worlds that resemble W；
（ⅲ） β is also true in those possible worlds
此处的三个条件也可以呈现为以下形式：
[[Would]] （P
（ⅰ） P（ti） is true in W；
（ⅱ） P（ti） is true in some possible worlds that resemble W；
（ⅲ） Q （ti） is also true in those possible worlds.
在这种模式中，非真实性条件句分为三个部分：would （if clause）（consequence clause），其中，would 是算子，if clause 是限制域，consequence clause是核心域。这就是所谓的“三分法”。
2. 从可能世界解释所谓的“虚拟语气”。本章主要是试图从可能世界的角度来解释Quirk（1985）等提出的be 型 和were型虚拟语气。
（1）Be 型虚拟语气
先看下面一个例子
1） Happiness attend you！
该例句表达的是说话者的一种期望，所以也可以表达成“I wish that happiness would attend you”。根据Lewis-Stalnaker 模型，我们可以把其中的happiness would attend you理解为μ（tⅰ）（ 其中 μ（tⅰ）= P（ti）），而I wish that happiness would attend you 理解为Q（ti），其中如果μ（tⅰ）在W中为真的话，那么在和W类似的可能世界里Q（ti）也应该为真。主要表现为以下形式：
[[φ-be]] （μ nlc202309011918 （ⅰ） μ（tⅰ） is true in W （ⅱ） μ（tⅰ） is true in some possible worlds that resemble W （ⅲ） Q（ti） is also true in those possible worlds 其中由于be模型表达的是一种状态，因此在此处它是属于一种“默认体”，而不是所谓的虚拟语气形式。 （2）Were 型虚拟语气 先看下面一个例子 2） If I were you I should painted it green. 其中，如果我们把“ I were you ”理解为P（ti），“I should painted it green”理解为 Q（ti），P（ti）在可能世界为真，那么Q（ti）也应该为真。主要表现在以下形式： [[Should]] （P （ⅰ） P（ti） is true in W （ⅱ）P（ti）is true in some possible worlds that resemble W （ⅲ）Q（ti） is also true in those possible worlds 因为其中were表达的是发生在过去的状态，所以此处它属于一种“完成体”，也不是所谓的虚拟语气。 四、小结 总的来说，本文从传统语法和可能世界两个角度分析了英语中所谓的虚拟语气，虽然二者在理论和分析方法上不同，但都得出一致的结论，那就是在英语中不存在虚拟语气。所谓的“虚拟语气”可以用传统语法提出的“与真实性距离”来解释，或者可以转化成祈使句或是动词现在时的第二人称形式，或者是用可能世界提出的“默认体”和“完成体”来解释。 参考文献： [1]Palmer ， F. R. The English Verb[M].London： Longman Group Limited ，1974. [2]Stalnaker， Robert.1968.A Theory of Conditionals [A]. In N.Resher （Ed）， Studies in Logical Theory[C].135-164.Oxford： Blackwell. [3]Lewis， David.1973.Counterfactuals[M].Cambridge Mass： Harvard University Press. [4]Joos， Martin.1960.The English Verb， Form and Meaning [M]. [5]Quirk ，R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English L an2 guage[M].Longman Group Limited，1985. [6]易仲良.英语动词语义语法学[M].长沙：湖南师范大学出版社，1999. Ⅰ.三种基本形式 1. (1) 与现在事实相反, 虚拟条件句:动词过去式 (be用were) , 主句谓语形式:would/should/might/could+动词原形. (2) 与过去事实相反, 虚拟条件句:had+动词过去分词, 主句谓语形式:would/should/might/could have+动词过去分词 (3) 与将来事实相反, 虚拟条件句:动词过去式 (be用were) were to+动词原形/should+动词原形, 主句谓语形式:would/should/might/could+动词原形 2.有时, 虚拟条件句中, 主、从句的动作不是同时发生的, 做题时须区别对待, 务必搞清楚时间。eg. (1) If I had worked hard at school, I would be a doctor now. (虚拟条件句与过去事实相反, 而主句与现在事实相反。) (2) If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. (虚拟条件句与现在事实相反, 而主句与过去事实相反。) 3.当虚拟条件句含有were, should, had时, 可将were should, had置于句首大写, if省略。这也是倒装句里的一个重要考点。 4.有时, 句子没有虚拟假设条件句, 而由but for, withou等介词引出或通过上下文的其他方式来判断。 Ⅱ.八个特殊情况 1.英语中, wish之后的宾语从句, 表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望, 常译为“要是……就好了”。其结构为:wish that+had+过去分词或would/could/might/should+have+过去分词 (与过去事实相反的愿望) /动词过去式be用were (与主句动作同时发生) /would/could/might/should+原形动词 (与将来事实相反的愿望) 。 2.would rather, had beter之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望, 使用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的形式为:would rather/had beter that+had+过去分词 (表示与过去事实相反的愿望) /过去式 (表示与现在或将来事实相反的愿望) 。 3.在as if, even if, even though, 所引导的让步状语从句中, 如果表示与事实相反或不可能实现的情况, 就用虚拟语气, 虚拟语气的形式是:as if/even if/even though+had+过去分词 (表示与过去事实相反或不可能实现的情况) /过去时 (be用were) (表示与现在或将来事实相反或不可能实现的情况) 。 4.if only开头的句子要用虚拟语气, 虚拟语气的形式是:If only+had done sth (表示与过去事实相反的愿望) /过去式 (be用were) (表示与现在事实相反的愿望) , 译为“要是……就好了”。 5.It is (high/about) time that+主语+动词的过去式should+动词原形。译为“早该做某事了”。 6.与表示“请求、要求、命令或建议”等意义词的相关的名词性从从句其虚拟语气的结构为: (should) +原形动词。 7.当insist的意思为“坚决认为”, 表示某种愿望时之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气, 虚拟语气的形式为 (should) +v;当insis的意思为“坚持说”, 陈述的是事实时 (就像suggest意思是“表明, 暗含, 暗示等”时一样) , 宾语从句不用虚拟语气。. 8.在It is+形容词+that…, 如果表示“惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此”等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气, 其虚拟语其的结构为:should+动词原形。. 摘要：虚拟语气是是中学英语语法里较难的内容, 渗透在高考试题的各个题型中, 且复习起来较为困难, 为了广大考生在最短的时间里取得最高的成绩, 本文结合历年的高考情况, 本文从虚拟语气的三种基本形式和八个特殊情况上分析2012年考点。 关键词：虚拟语气,2012年高考考点,预测 参考文献 [1].刘道义, 人教版课标新教材, 人民教育出版社。 [2].王琼, 徐达山《当代英语惯用法词典》北京科技出版社, 2004年7月。 [3].赵振才《英语常见问题解答大词典》, 清华大学出版社, 220年9月。 [4].徐广联《大学英语语法》华东理工大学出版社, 2005年1月。 【英语虚拟语气的用法】推荐阅读： 考研英语语法虚拟语气06-10 高考英语语法讲解——虚拟语气教案06-05 虚拟语气5--虚拟语气的其它表达形式08-15 虚拟语气的教学案例08-09 insist虚拟语气的例句06-08 虚拟语气06-16 虚拟语气运用06-09 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气05-31 虚拟语气练习二05-22 高考虚拟语气专题08-14英语虚拟语气的用法 篇11