虚拟语气运用

虚拟语气运用（精选12篇）

虚拟语气运用 篇1

语气作为一种动词形式, 它反映了谓语动词发生动作、状态的真假, 如果是真的动作状态, 那么就属于陈述语气; 反之如果是假的动作状态, 就属于虚拟语气。在英文中作为一种修辞手法, 虚拟语气在表达语言方面, 通过巧妙的手法, 可以产生耐人寻味的深刻寓意。通常情况下, 虚拟语气用来表示说话人要表达的意思与事实并不相符合, 而是一种怀疑、愿望、推测、假设, 或者是一种主张、建议等, 同时在一些表达浓厚情感的怒哀乐的语句中也常出现虚拟语气。在大多数情况下, 说话人使用虚拟语气, 可以表达委婉含蓄的语气, 能够巧妙地表达出说话人本身的想法。

对于中学阶段的学生而言, 让他们掌握虚拟语气, 并且切实提高他们运用虚拟语气的水平和实际英语交际运用能力具有极其重要的意义。在具体的教学过程中, 教师对于这部分内容要避免针对虚拟语气进行直接的讲解, 而是先对学生讲授陈述、虚拟、命令这三种动词谓语语气。学生之前学习过的陈述语气有16种时态, 在此基础上, 慢慢过渡到虚拟语气的学习上来, 教师可以首先教授单一条件的基本虚拟语气, 然后再逐步地拓宽加深。这样操作能够消除学生对“语气”产生的神秘感, 从而顺利地转入虚拟语气的学习。这里所说的单一条件的虚拟语气, 是指条件状语从句和结果主句同在一个时间范围内。也就是说, 在虚拟时间方面, 条件状语从句和结果主句是一致的。下面主要论述三种表现形式以及相应的教法改革措施。

1 虚拟条件句的类型概述

( 1) 表与现在相反的事实

条件从句用过去时 ( be动词的过去式一律用were) , 主句用would ( should/might/could) + 动词原形”。如: If Iwere you, I would accept the invitation to the party. ( 如果我是你, 我将接受邀请去参加舞会。)

( 2) 表与过去相反的事实

条件从句用过去完成时, 主句用“would/should/might/could + have + 过去分词”, 如: If you had been there lastnight, nothing would have happened. ( 你如果昨天晚上在那儿, 就不会发生什么事情了。)

( 3) 表与将来相反的事实

条件从句用过去时或者“were to + 动词原形”或者“should +动词原形”, 主句用“would ( should/might/could) + 动词原形”, 如: If it were Saturday tomorrow, we wouldn'thave an exam. ( 明天如果是周六, 我们就不考试了。)

2 表现在的条件从句虚拟语气及其教法改革措施

表现在的虚拟语气同现在的事实相反, 表示的假设是纯然的, 或者实现的可能性不大的情况, 其所在的条件从句用be的过去式或者用were, 主句使用would、should、might、could等再加上动词原形。例如:

( 1) We would go with you if we had time. ( 我们如果现在有时间, 会和你一起去的。)

( 2) If you were a mouse and I were a cat, I would eatyou. ( 现在如果你是老鼠我是猫, 我会把你吃掉。)

在教学过程中, 对于这类条件从句, 教师首先必须要使学生明白, 单一条件虚拟语气里体现的是与现在相反的事实, 实际上条件从句借用的是一般过去时态, 但是有的时候也借用过去进行时形式, 主句借用的是过去将来时形式, 表示的内容同现在的事实是相反的, 因为虚拟语气的谓语形式不是固定的, 所以只能把某些陈述语气里的谓语形式“借用”过来, 对此学生只要明白学会借用就可以了。在这个时候, 学生已经比较熟悉陈述语气里一般过去时以及过去进行时, 所以也就自然地明白并运用这一借用形式。

3 表过去的条件从句虚拟语气及其教法改革措施

表过去的虚拟语气同过去的事实相反, 其所表示的是纯然假设, 或者实现可能性不大的情况。其所在的条件从句的主体结构是had + 过去分词, 主句的结构为would、could、should、might等 + have + 过去分词。例如:

( 1) If you had come earlier, you would have met him. ( 如果你当时早点来, 你就会见到他。)

( 2) If I hadn't taken your advice, I would have made abad mistake. ( 当时我要不是听你的劝告, 就犯大错误了。)

在教学过程中, 对于这类条件从句, 教师要摆脱传统教法的束缚, 要使学生明白, 单一条件虚拟语气里体现的是与过去相反的事实, 实际情况是, 条件从句是对过去完成时的借用, 结果主句是对过去将来完成时的借用, 以此体现的内容与过去的事实相反。只要学生理解了这些内容, 自然就会掌握这个条件从句虚拟语气形式。

4 表将来的条件从句虚拟语气及其教法改革措施

表将来的虚拟语气与将来的事实相反, 体现的是纯然假设, 或者实现的可能性不大的情况。其所在的条件从句结构为动词过去式, 或者should +动词原形 ( were to +动词原形) , 主句的结构为would、could、might、should等加上动词原形。例如:

( 1) If it should rain, the crop would be saved. ( 如果未来能够下雨, 农作物就有救了) 。

( 2) We wouldn't lose courage even, if we should ( wereto) fail again. ( 即使再次失败, 我们也不失去信心。)

对于这类条件从句, 教师在教学中要抛弃传统教法, 务必要使学生明白, 单一条件虚拟语气表示的是与将来相反的事实, 它的实际情况是: 这一条件从句的形式是从一般过去时, 或者过去将来时, 或者were + 不定式借用而来的, 其结果主句的形式是从过去将来时借过来的, 表达的虚拟语气的内容同将来的事实相反。

5 在掌握单一条件虚拟语气的基础上学习隐含虚拟条件句

在改革条件从句中虚拟语气运用的教法的过程中, 先让学生理解掌握单一条件虚拟语气, 在此基础上, 开始学习隐含虚拟条件句。这里所说的隐含条件虚拟语气, 主要是指在句子中不明显地存在虚拟条件句, 而是通过别的手段来暗示虚拟条件句的存在。但是它能够转化成以if引导的条件句。表示这类从句的主要手段包括:

( 1) 利用but for, but that, without, in case of, under morefavorable condition等介词或介词短语。例如: But for theleadriship of the party, we could not be living a happy life today. ( 要不是党的领导, 我们现在还 ( 正) 不能过上幸福生活。) 在这个隐含虚拟条件句中, 前半部分虚拟从句相当于lf it were not for the leadship of the panty.

( 2) 利用上下文及内在含义。一般情况下, 句子中会有类似的转折词, 如otherwise, but, unfortunately等。举一个例句: He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he would havecome to the party. ( 昨天他很忙, 否则他会参加聚会的) 。在这个句子中, otherwise相当于If he had not been busy yesterday.

( 3) 利用形容词及其比较级。例如: A more carefulperson would not have made so many mistakes. ( 当时一个更细心的人是不会犯那么多错误的) 。这个隐含虚拟条件句相当于If he had been more careful, he would not have madeso many mistakes.

( 4) 利用分词短语。例如: Having known about it intime , he might have prevented the accident. ( 当时如果能够及时了解情况, 也许他可以避免那个事故。) 在这个句子中, Having known about it in time, 相当于If he had konwn about it in time.

( 5) 利用名词短语和名词 + and结构。例如: A diligent student would have worked harder. ( 当时一个勤奋的学生会更努力的。) 这个句子与If he had been a diligentstudent, he would have worked hard. 相当。

( 6) 利用独立主格结构。例如: All things considered, the price would be accepted. ( 如果考虑到所有的情况, 是可以接受这个价格的。) 在这个句子中, All things considered与If all things were considered. 相当。

( 7) 利用定语从句。例如: A nation, which stoppedworking, would be dead in a fortnight. ( 如果一个民族工作停止了, 很快就会灭亡。) 在这个句子中, whcih stopped working与If it stopped working. 相当。

( 8) 利用情态动词完成式或暗示虚拟语气。例如: Ishould have helped him with his Englsh, but I suffered frombeing ill. ( 当时我应该帮助他学习英语, 但是当时我正处于疾病之中。)

一般来说, 在下列情形下可以采用虚拟语气: 一是在表示与事实相反的、虚假的, 或者是难以实现的情况时要采用虚拟语气来表达; 二是表示某种强烈情感或者表达某种主观愿望时, 也采用虚拟语气。也就是说, 当说话人在说话时想强调他所表达的意思是基于其本人。总而言之, 在日常生活中, 无论是在口语表达中, 还是在书面表达中, 准确、恰当地使用虚拟语气, 都能够对于所要表达的内容起到画龙点睛的作用。在上文中, 笔者从虚拟条件句的类型, 在表现在的条件从句、表过去的条件从句、表将来的条件从句中的虚拟语气及其教法改革措施, 以及在掌握单一条件虚拟语气的基础上学习隐含虚拟条件句等五个方面, 结合教学改革实践, 进行了较为具体的分析论述, 希望可以为英语教学同人们提供一定的借鉴。当然, “冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒”。无论是英语教学者还是学习者, 不但要根据不同的条件句句型采用不同的虚拟语气, 还必须要在阅读中努力掌握文中所传达出的信息, 细致分析和理解上下文之间具有的内在逻辑关系, 进而达到学以致用目的。

参考文献

[1]宋永娟.需要使用虚拟语气的句子结构[J].青苹果, 2010, (12) .

[2]肖红霞, 黄汉华.虚拟语气[J].中学生英语 (高中版) , 2011, (17) .

[3]卜继琴.从句中的虚拟语气[J].青苹果, 2007, (5) .

虚拟语气运用 篇2

表示“建议、请求、命令、要求”等主观意向的词(如：suggest、advise、assume、decide、demand、desire、insist、propose、order、recommend、require、suggest……)，引导宾语从句时需用虚拟语气。虚拟语气中的格式很固定：谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可以省略。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.(2004 CLOSE)

此句是个含有一个宾语从句、两个原因状语从句的复合句。suggest是主句谓语，Suggest后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词engage in前面省略了should.

参考译文：关于个体研究的理论认为，孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为以前他们做错事情时对他们的惩罚力度不够，或是因为他们通过与其他人的交往学会了犯罪。

虚拟语气用法透视 篇3

1. 与事实相反的假设；

2. 不能实现或实现的可能性极小的主观愿望；

3. 非事实的建议或猜测。

虚拟语气常用在：

1. 含虚拟条件句的复合句中；

2. 名词性从句中；

3. 一些固定的句型中。

学习虚拟语气要注意以下几个方面：

一、 理解虚拟语气的实质，分清虚拟句和真实句。

例1—We could have walked to the station; it was so near.

—Yes. A taxi_________ at all necessary.

A. wasn'tB. hadn't been

C. wouldn't beD. won't be

解析： 第一句前半句为虚拟语气句，后半句是陈述句；第二句是表事实的陈述语气句子，根据上文考虑时间，应是对过去的陈述，故答案为A。此题把虚拟现象和客观事实错综交织在一起。

例2We would go to the park, but we _______busy with our lessons.

A.wereB. had been

C. areD. had

解析： 前面部分是虚拟语气的主句，省略了条件状语从句if we had time, but后面部分是真实句，由前面虚拟语气动词would go结构可推断出后文是对现在事实的陈述，用一般现在时，答案为C。

二、 熟记虚拟主从句中不同时间的动词形式。见下表：

虚拟语气的谓语动词有它自己的表现形式，而且规范。 解题时，可应用此表，根据上下文所提供的信息，对号入座。

例3—Lucy lost her way in the street.

—If she__________a map with her, that wouldn't have happened.

A. tookB. had taken

C. would takeD. have taken

解析： 从上文的陈述句中可知下文是表示与过去事实相反的假设。A项took是过去式，用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的虚拟，排除A项；C项可用在主句中表示现在或将来的虚拟，但C、D项都不能用在条件句中表虚拟。答案为B。如果熟记上表，便可直接选B。

注意： 虚拟语气中，如果条件状语从句包含有一个助动词、情态动词、be或have，可把 if 省略，再用部分倒装。

例4_________for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.

A. If it is not

B. Were it not

C. Had it not been

D. If they have not

解析： 从句意可知这是it is (not ) for 句式，D项不符合题意，排除D项。由主句中的would not have gone 可推断，这是与过去事实相反的假设，选C。条件从句可还原成If it had not been for ...。

三、掌握几个常用虚拟语气的句型。

句型1： 动词 一“坚持”insist,二“命令”order、command，三“建议”suggest、propose、advise，四“要求”desire、demand、ask、request及其派生的同根名词在名词性从句中的应用。见下表：

例5 My suggestion is that the meeting __________till tomorrow.

A. to put offB. be put off

C. should put offD. be putting off

解析：that 引导的是表语从句，因前面是名词suggestion，故答案选B。

注意： 1.这几个句型都表示说话者主观的意见“该 （不该 ）如此”，而不是陈述事实。共同特点是：主句谓语动词不管是什么时态、人称和数，都用should+动词原形。should 可省略， 但不能用其他助动词（如would、could等 ）。

2. 当suggest 作“表明，暗示”和insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”，且后接宾语从句表示既成事实时，宾语从句中谓语动词都不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。

例6The teacher insisted that Tom _________a mistake and that he __________criticized.

A. had made； be 

B. makes； must be

C. made； should

D. should make； be

解析：此句中insisted 后接两个宾语从句，前一个宾语从句表示的是既成事实，用陈述语气，后一个宾语从句表示说话人主观的意见“应当受批评”，是虚拟语气，答案为A。

句型2： It is (was) + important／necessary／strange／natural／possible／a pity + that主语从句，其中的主语从句用（should）+动词原形。

例7—What do you think of it?

— We think it is a thing of importance that it___________done soon.

A. isB. is to be

C. beD. must be

句中be ofimportance=be important，故 that 引导的主语从句用虚拟语气（should）be ，答案选C。

注意： 句型2中也可使用陈述语气，但是不像例句7那样带有感情色彩。

句型3： wish／as if／as though／if only／would rather 的虚拟形式。见下表：

例8 If only he ________quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. 

A. liesB. lay

C. had lainD. should lie

例9 When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it___________.

A. breaksB. has broken

C. were brokenD. had been broken

答案： 8. C 9. C

例10—She wouldn't drink her medicine last night, would she?

—.____________.

A. No,but I wish she wouldn't 

B. No, but I wish she had

C. No, but I wish she did

D.No, but I wish she drank

解析：上文是陈述语气，句中wouldn't 表示“不情愿”。答案为 B 。意思是“我希望她昨晚把药服了才好”。

注意： as if／as though 表示“有可能实现的愿望”或事实时，不用虚拟语气。例如： He looks as if he is from England.

句型4： It is／was (high) time that +定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式或过去完成式。

例11 It's time I_________ and_________ my little girl from school.

A. had gone； picked up

B. went； picked up

C. will go； pick up

D. go； pick up

答案： B。

四、 注意虚拟语气在日常交际（语境）中的灵活应用。

1. 含蓄条件句：即通过某些特定的短语或上下文含蓄地表达虚拟条件的句子。

例12 I didn't know the size you wore, or else I________ you some shoes.

A. would have boughtB. would buy

C. have boughtD. should have bought

解析：短语or else 隐含条件if I had known the size you wore之意，故选A。

2. 时间错综句：从句与上、下文所表示的时间不一致，那么主、从句的谓语动词要分别根据各自表示的时间来确定它的虚拟语气形式。

例13 Ifhe had followed the doctor's advice, he would be quite all right now.

解析：根据句中前部分谓语动词had followed 可知句中前部分是表示对过去的假设，而后面部分是表示与现在事实相反的结果。

练习题

1.—He has just come out of the hospital.

—No wonder he looked as if he _______ill for a long time.

A. wasB. were

C. has beenD. had been

2. But for his friends, he________ of hunger 30 years ago.

A. diedB. would die

C. must have diedD. would have died

3. I can't stand him. He always talks as though he_________ everything.

A. knewB. knows

C. has knownD. had known

4. He______ the job well, but he so careless.

A. hadn't done； had been

B. could have done； was

C. could do； was

D. had done； had been

5. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ________your advice. 

A. followB. would follow

C. had followedD. have followed 

6. It is time that the government________measures to protect the rare birds and animals. 

A. takesB. took

C. has takenD. taking 

7. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students________three more days to prepare for the exam.A. give

B. should give

C. be givenD. would be given

8. Under more favorable conditions, we________ better.

A. need have done

B. should do

C. could have done

D. might be doing 

虚拟语气新解 篇4

关键词：虚拟语气,活思维,死规则

一、引言

语气 (mood) 是英文谓语动词的一种变化形式, 用来表示说话者的意图和态度。英文中的语气可分为三种:陈述语气 (indicative mood) 、祈使语气 (imperative mood) 和虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood) 。在一些场合里, 当说话者谈到自己与实际情况相反的情况时, 或者主观想象某事有可能发生时, 或建议、要求某事发生时, 就需要借助虚拟语气来表达这些心态。

二、现状分析

虚拟语气在英语教学中是个难点, 对于广大中国英语学者来说也是一个难题。很多学生光是通过机械的去记忆或者套用虚拟语气动词的形式, 却不知“为什么使用”, “何时使用”, “怎样使用”, 以至于这处语法知识在整个语法体系中是凌乱的, 针对于目前国内英语学习者的现状, 可划分为以下几个阶段。

1. 模糊阶段:

语法的学习, 不是机械的记忆, 或者简单的知识模块的叠加, 最重要的是中英文思维的转化, 而这一点也是中国学生最容易忽略的问题。在汉语的思维里, 虚拟是一种假设, 不存在的情况, 只需要某些词汇或者增加某种语境就可以实现。同样, 在英语思维中, 虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想, 但是它要通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。因此, 国人在遇到使用虚拟语气的时候, 脑海里不会第一闪现的是“该语句要使用虚拟, 要进行动词形式的变换”, 这是因为, 在我们的汉语思维里, 虚拟语气的动词变形是一个“天然缺失”。于是, 机械的记忆老师课堂说讲授的虚拟语气动词形式的“规则”、“表格”, 甚至某些学生都不能理解“与过去事实相反”, “与现在事实相反”, “与将来事实相反”是什么意思, 更不用说它的动词形式的记忆和使用了。

2. 做题阶段:

中国学生在课堂上接受虚拟语气学习时, 花费了大量的时间和精力进行了主句和从句在各种时间状态下的谓语形式的记忆。在考试做题时, 也能灵活的判断和选择。但是, 如果脱离了做题这种“提示语境”, 学生始终也想不到要使用虚拟语气。事实上, 考试时能把虚拟语气的题目处理的好的学生已经算是很优秀的学生了。但是, 即使他们做对了题目, 也不能说明他们掌握了虚拟语气。

3. 写作阶段:

在这一阶段里, 我们不仅能做对考试题, 在语言输出 (output) 即写作时, 也能意识到该使用何种虚拟语气。这时, 虚拟语气已经融入了我们的思维, 但还不熟练, 比如在即兴的口语会话中, 我们的思维还来不及反应使用这一语态。处在这一阶段的高水平学生很少, 甚至很多大学老师都达不到这种水平。他们不是不知道如何使用虚拟语气, 只不过虚拟语气尚未真正的融入到他们的表达思维中罢了。

4. 口语阶段:

这时, 虚拟语气已经完全成为我们思维表达的一部分了, 我们能完全自如的使用各种虚拟语气, 真正的达到native speaker的思维表达水平。能达到这一阶段的英语学习者可谓凤毛麟角, 没有经过多年的潜心观察、细心体会、反复操练是达不到的。

通过以上的分析, 我们可以发现为什么虚拟语气对于中国的英语学习者来说是个难题就显而易见了, 要把虚拟语气学习好, 我们要经历四个阶段。由此可见, 虚拟语气的难点在于:首先, 头脑中要有“虚拟意识”;其次, 要认真熟练的掌握各种复杂的主句和从句的谓语动词的形态变化。对于现阶段的高职学生, 基本处于第二个阶段, 他们在一看到复杂的虚拟语气的组合形式时, 就已经“头大了”。教师需要帮助高职的学生从思维上理解和认知虚拟语气, 我们才能把“死记”的东西“活用”到英语语言中。

三、虚拟语气新解

一般来讲, 英语中的虚拟语气分为两大体系:一是与事实相反或假象的情形, 通常由if引导, 叫做“非真实条件句 (unreal conditional) ”, 或者叫“虚拟条件句”;另一个体系是在名词从句中使用虚拟语气, 表示建议、命令或要求等语气。虚拟语气的重点和难点都集中在虚拟条件句中。

1. 虚拟条件句的“两类三时”。

两种类型是:假设条件句 (hypothetical) 和事实相反句 (counterfactual) 。假设条件句, 表示一种假想的情形, 表示说话者的一种主观愿望或态度等, 实现的可能性不大或极小。事实相反句, 表示与现在或过去的某个事实相反的情形。

三时, 即对将来、现在或过去这三种时间的虚拟。这里需要说明的是, 在进行虚拟语气会话时, 对于将来的事情只能是假设;对于现在的情况, 既可以假设也可以与事实相反;对于过去的事情, 都已经发生了, 所以只能与事实相反。

2. 将来虚拟。

由于未来的事情还没有发生, 因此它不表示与事实相反的情形, 它表示将来“不大可能”的情形, 通常我们来虚拟一个不太可能实现的愿望, 很大程度上是由说话的人对事件的态度决定的。从句用were to do或should do, 主句用would do.

3. 现在虚拟。

从句用一般过去时或were, 主句用would do.“假如我当总统, 我会……”出自于一个小学生之口应该这么说:If I became President, I would...;如果是民主党候选人应该这么说:If I became President, I will...

4. 过去虚拟。

从句用had done, 主句用would have done.这是著名球星贝克汉姆说过的一句话:Two years ago if someone had turned round to me and said“in two years you'll be England captain”, I would have turned round and said:“I don't think so!”这是一个对过去的虚拟, 两年前并没人让贝克汉姆当英格兰队队长, 并且也传达了两年前到两年后小贝职业道路上的青涩到成熟之意。

四、结语

的确, 虚拟语气一直在我们英语学习中是一个“老大难”问题, 在复杂变化的时态迷宫里, 很多学生往往吧英语当成汉语一样不作谓语的变形, 通篇都是“一般现在时”。正是因为很多英语学习者把虚拟语气的“死规则”没有转换为“活思维”, 才是虚拟语气成为了很多中国学生难以驾驭的法则。事实上, 语法的学习不能只是死记结构来应付考试, 而是更应该理解结构形式背后所反映的说话人的真正的意念和思维。我们常说的“言为心声”就是这个意思。虚拟语气的学习还是重在理解和实践, 这样, 高职学生才能突破第二阶段, 成功的踏入虚拟语气学习的第三、四阶段。

参考文献

[1]张满胜.英语语法新思维[M].北京:群言出版社, 2008.

[2]薄冰.高级英语语法[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.

虚拟语气的用法 篇5

1.表示祝愿 a. Long live our country. b. May you succeed. c. May you be happy all your life.

2.表示命令 a. Everybody leave the room.

二.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法: (使用虚拟语气的含条件句的复合句称为“真实条件句”)

1.表示与现在事实相反的情况时, if从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be动词的过去式多用were, 而不用was), 主句的谓语用should / would / could / might +动词原形 (should多用于第一人称, would多用于二三人称, could / might可用于所有人称)

a. If I had more time, I should study computer better. b. If he were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon. c. If they didn’t take exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.

d. If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning. e. If she invited me, I should go to the party.

2.表示与过去事实相反的情况时, if从句的谓语用had done形式, 主句的谓语用should / would / could / might + have done的形式 a. If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party.

b. I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s exam.

c. If you had taken the teacher’s advice, you would not have failed in the exam.

3.表示与将来事实相反的情况时, if从句的谓语形式是: ①.完全动词过去式 (be的过去式通常用were); ②.should +动词原形; ③.were to do. 其中②, ③种情况都含有“出乎意料之外”之意; 主句的谓语的形式是: should / would / could / might +动词原形 a. If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party.

b. If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.

c. If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him. d. I might come back if I were to miss the train.

三.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中用法的几个变体:

1.条件从句省略if: 在书面语中, 如果条件从句中的谓语中有were, had, should等词, 可将if省略, 而把were, had, should放在句首 a. Were I you (=If I were you ), I would get up early very early.

b. Had you arrived (=If you had arrived ) at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could have caught the train.

2.省略条件从句或主句, 省略部分的含义仍有所体现. 省略主句时, 表示己不能实现的愿望

a. You could have done it yourself (if you had wanted to). b. I wouldn’t smoke (if I were you).

c. If my old friends were with me! (要是老朋友和我在一起该多好啊) d. If you could have seen the wonderful film!

3.主从句时间不一致时, 主从句谓语动词的形式取决于要表示的具体时间

a. You would speak English well if you had practised speaking it every day.

b. If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run so fast.

4.假设的条件不以条件从句, 而以其他方式如介词短语、从句等表达出来, 这种句子称为含蓄条件句

a. What would you do with a million dollars? b. Without/But for music, the world would be a dull place.

c. We could have done better with more money. d. He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy.

e. He must have been very busy, or he could not have won the game.

f. I’m really very busy, otherwise, I would certainly take you to visit the zoo.

四.虚拟语气在as if / though从句中的用法:

1.表示与现在事实相反或对相在情况有所怀疑, as if / though从句谓语用过去式

a. He speaks English so well as if she had studied English in England. b. She looked as if she were ill.

2.表示与过去事实相反的情况, as if / though从句谓语用过去完成式

a. The machines operated as if it had been repaired.

**as if 从句也可表示真实情况，谓语动词用陈述语气 a. It looks as if it is going to rain.

五.虚拟语气在含even if / though从句的复合句中的用法:

在此类复合句中, 若表示与事实相反, 可用虚拟语气形式. 主从句的谓语动词形式与非真实条件句相同

a. Even if I were rich, I would work.

六.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:

如果表示说话人的看法, 想法或意见, 在句型 “It is / was + adj. + that从句”中, 主语从句中可用虚拟语气. 主语从句中谓语动词用should do表示现在或将来情况, 用should have done表示过去情况

a. It is necessary that you should clean the lab before you left. b. It is important that you should take the doctor’s advice.

c. It was very strange that he should have left without say goodbye.

七.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法:

1.在wish的宾语从句中, 通常表示不可能实现或没有实现的愿望, 常用虚拟语气

①.wish的宾语从句用过去式, 表示现在或将来没有实现或不可能实现的愿望

a. I wish I knew the result of the match now. b. I wish it were spring here all the year round.

c. I wish I could help you. d. I wish I were young.

②.wish的宾语从句用过去完成式, 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望

a. We wish we had got the film tickets last night. b. I wish you I had met him yesterday.

③.wish的宾语从句若用would, 则一般表示请求, 对现状不满或希望未来有所改变

a. I wish the prices would come down. b. I wish you would help me.

c. I wish he would be more careful. d. We wish you would spend the holiday with us.

2.在动词suggest (建议), advise (建议), propose, demand (要求), require (要求), order (命令), insist (坚持)后的宾语从句中, 谓语动词常用“( should )+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式

a. I suggested that we should go there at once. b. I demand that he should answer me at once.

c. The doctor insisted that the patient should stay in bed for two weeks. d. The officer ordered that the soldiers should stop playing.

与名词suggestion建议 / advice 建议 / demand要求 / request要求 / order命令有关的从句(包括同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句等)中的谓语也用 “( should ) +动词原形”

a. The black people made a strong demand that the government ( should ) take steps to change the unfair situation.

b. Their demand is that the government should take steps to change the unfair situation.

c. I was Bill’s suggestion that everybody should have a map. d. His suggestion was that everybody should have a map.

e. What do you think of their proposal that we should all speak English at the meeting?

f. It is requested that she should sing a song at the birthday party.

**注意，含上述动词的简单句不用虚拟语气

a. The officer ordered his men to start before daybreak. b. The salesman suggested us /our trying another shop.

**注意，suggest解释“表明、暗示”、insist解释“坚持说、硬要说”，则不用虚拟。

a. The man’s expression suggested that he was very sad. ` b. Tony suggested that he had not broken the vase.

八.虚拟语气用在句型: It is (high) time that…(该做某事了)中: that从句中的谓语动词用过去式

a. It is time we got up.

九.虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中: 表示“但愿…”, “要是…就好了”, 其中谓语形式与wish的宾语从句相同

a. If only he didn’t drive so fast! ( =I wish he didn’t drive so fast.)

b. If only he had taken the doctor’s advice. ( =I wish he had taken the doctor’s advice.)

c. If only the rain would stop! ( =I wish the rain would stop.)

十.虚拟语气用在would rather / prefer后的that从句中: 表示现在或将来情况谓语动词用过去时形式, 表示过去情况动词用过去完成时形式

a. I would rather he came next Saturday. b. I would prefer you had seen the film yesterday.

虚拟语气用法小结 篇6

一、以if虚拟条件句形式表现的虚拟的基本结构

[虚拟条件句＼&主句＼&与现在事实相反＼&did/were， would/could/should/might do＼&与过去事实相反＼&had done，would/could/should/might have done＼&与将来事实相反＼&did/were， were to do， should do， would/could/should/might do＼&]

If I were you， I would seize the chance to go abroad.

如果我是你的话，我就会抓住这次去国外的机会。

If you had taken my advice， you would not have failed in the exam.

如果你早接受我的建议，你考试就不会不及格。

If he did not come tomorrow， we would put off the meeting till next Monday.

如果他明天不来，我们就把会议推迟到下星期一。

在这种结构中要注意：

1. 当从句的主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为系动词be时，一般用were，也可用was代替were。而在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you中，只能用were。如：

If I were you， I would try my best to grasp the chance.

要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。

Were I ten years younger， I would study abroad.

要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。

2. 有时虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生，须区别对待（错综时间条件句）。

If I had worked hard at school， I would be an engineer， too.

如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会是工程师了。

If he were free today， we would have sent him to Beijing.

如果他今天有空的话，我们已经派他去北京了。

If he had been working hard， he would be working in the office now.

要是他一直努力工作的话，现在已进了办公室了。

3. 虚拟条件句的省略倒装。虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were， should或had， 可将if省略，再把were， should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Should he agree to go there， we would send him there.

要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。

Were she here， she would agree with us.

如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

Had he learnt about computers， we would have hired him to work here.

如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。

4. 含蓄虚拟条件句。if从句没有出现，而是通过otherwise/or/but/without/but for等副词表现虚拟。

I was ill that day. Otherwise， I would have taken part in the sports meeting.

我那天病了，不然我会参加运动会的。

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday， or I would have known nothing about it.

他打电话通知我你的生日，否则我对此一无所知。

I should have given you more help， but I was too busy.

我本应该给你更多的帮助，但是我当时太忙了。

Without/But for your help， we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.

如果没有你的帮助，我们就不能提前完成这项工作。

二、以时态倒退一格的形式表现出来的虚拟

这种虚拟有三种形式：wish后面的宾语从句中；在as if所引导的方式状语从句中；在if only（要是……就好了）句式里。在这三种句式中，对现在的虚拟用一般过去时，对过去的虚拟用过去完成时，对将来的虚拟用过去将来时。

I wish I learnt English well.

我希望我已学好了英语。

I wish I had been there with them last week.

我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。

They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.

他们开始热烈的谈论起来，就好像他们已相互认识很久了。

He coughed twice as if someone would come.

他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。

If only I had taken his advice.

要是我早接受他的建议就好了。

三、以should +动词原形形式表现的虚拟（should 可省略）

1. suggest/demand等动词后的宾语从句中，口诀为：

一坚持 insist

二命令 order/command

四要求 demand/desire/require/request

五建议 suggest/advise/recommend/propose/urge

The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here.

老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。

但是，当insist意为“坚决认为，坚持说”，suggest意为“表明，暗含，暗示”时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：

Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch.

汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。

His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam.

他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。

2. 在上述动词名词形式和其它部分名词所跟的表语从句、同位语从句、主语从句中。

His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully.

他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。

We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help.

我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。

My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.

我的想法是我们应该在接受之前好好考虑考虑。

3. 在It is necessary/important/strange that 等构成的主语从句中。

It is important that we should do well in our lessons first.

我们先把功课学好很重要。

It is a pity that we should not meet last night.

真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见着面。

四、虚拟语气的特殊句式

英语中表示“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其结构为：It is （high/about） time that+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词原形。如：

It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.

我该去学校接我的女儿了。

It is high time you should go to work.

你早该上班了。

1. I you， I would go with him to the party.

A. Was B. Had been

C. Will be D. Were

2. Look at the terrible situation I am in！ If only I your advice.

A. follow B. would follow

C. had followed D. have followed

3.I wish that I with you last night.

A. went B. have gone

C. could go D. could have gone

4. Many citizens suggest that smokers

When theyare smoking in public， which suggests that they the harm of smoking.

A. be fined； have realized

B. should be fined； should have realized

C. are fined； have realized

D. can be fined； might have realized

5. Your advice that till next week is reasonable.

A. she waits B. she wait

C. wait she D. she waited

6. If I ， I would have told you about it.

我如果看过这场电影，我早就把电影内容告诉你了。

7. My suggestion is that we .

我的建议是我们应该让更多的人去参加会议。

8. I last week， but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.

我上星期就该还这本书的，但是我太忙了忘了还。

9. He speaks French so well as if he .

他法语说的那么好，好像他在法国学过似的。

1～5 DCDAB

6. had seen the film

7. （should） get more people to attend the meeting

8. should have returned the book

巧学虚拟语气 篇7

一、带有if从句的虚拟语气.关于这类, 又可以分为三种情况

1. 正常主从句

正常的主从句时态一致的情况, 关于这点, 例子我就不再赘说, 学生只要记住这个表格即可。 (见右上表)

2. 错综时间条件句

(混合条件句) 指当条件从句与主句所表达的时间不一致, 即主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应, 如:

If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.

3. 含蓄条件句

虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来, 而是暗含在上下文中, 如:

What would I have done without you?

二、谓语动词用“Shou-ld+do”来表现虚拟语气的形式

1. 表示建议、要求、命令、坚持的所有名词性从句中

主要包含:insist, order, c ommand, suggest, advise, prop ose, demand, require, ask, desi re等, 如:

The teacher suggested that we (should) study English hard.

Our teacher’s suggestion is that we (should) study English hard.

It is suggested that we (should) study English hard.

2. It is natural (necessary, important, strange, surprising, funny, proper, urgent, essential, vital…) that sb. (should) do…

如:It is strange that he (should) go himself.

3. It is a pity (a shame, a wonder…) that sb. (should) do…

如:It is a pity that you (should) miss a good chance.

4. It is time that sb.should do

如:It is time that you should get up.

5. 由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句, 动词用“should+动词原形”结构, 表示忧虑或目的

如:Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.

三、谓语动词时态往前一步来表现虚拟语气的情况

1. Wish+从句

如:I whih I were a bird. (与现在事实相反)

2. would rather+从句

如:I would rather you had told me the news. (与过去事实相反)

3. as if/though+从句

如:He speak English as if he were a Englishman. (与现在事实相反)

4. if only+从句

如:If only I could speak English fluently. (与现在事实相反)

5. it is (high) time that...

如:It is high time you had a class. (与现在事实相反)

四、谓语动词由“情态动词+have done”构成的虚拟语气

1. Should (not) havedone...本来 (不) 应该做……但事实上没做 (做了)

2. Ought (not) to havedone...本来 (不) 应该做……但事实上没做 (做了)

3. need (not) have done...本来 (不) 需要做……但事实上没做 (做了)

4. could (not) have done...本来能 (不能) 做, 事实上做到了 (没做到)

如:Given more time, we could have done better.

通过以上四种虚拟语气用法的巧妙归纳, 可以帮助学生从各种繁芜的从句结构中解脱出来, 只要记住上述四大类虚拟语气中各包含哪几点, 然后把它套到相应的种类中就可以了, 从而让学生清晰, 快速地掌握英语学习中的一大难点——虚拟语气。

摘要：虚拟语气在日常英语文章阅读, 会话表达, 交际理解和各种考试中常常被运用。与此同时, 它又以抽象, 复杂, 广博, 难学著称。对此, 我另辟蹊径, 化繁为简, 跳出从句的框框, 巧妙地把虚拟语气归纳为四大类, 从而使之简单易学, 便于掌握。

虚拟语气用法介绍 篇8

一般的语法书认为虚拟语气可分为七种基本形式: (1) 动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (2) 动词的过去式用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果, be的过去式用were; (3) had+过去分词用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果; (4) should+动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (5) should+have+过去分词, 表推测; (6) should/would+动词原形, 虚拟结果; (7) should would+have+过去分词, 虚拟结果。

虽然这七种时态三种用途比较全面地概括了虚拟语气的运用场合和方法, 但是太过分散, 容易发生混淆, 不利于英语学习者的记忆。如 (5) 和 (7) , 都为should+have+过去分词, 但是实用的场合却不一样, 前者用于主语从句表示推测, 后者用于非真实条件句, 表示一种虚拟出来的结果。如果只是死记硬背, 很难灵活运用这些形式。

因此, 根据虚拟语气使用的情境, 从语用角度结合上面七种动词形式, 本文重新对虚拟语气进行分类, 把它分成六大类:

一、表虚拟假设的条件

1. if条件句

所说的假设情况不可能实现, 或不大可能实现, 可以使用虚拟语气。在这种if引导的非真实虚拟条件句中, 主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:

需要注意的是if条件句中如有were, should, had, 可以省去if, 并使用倒装语序。

如:Were it (If it were) not for your advice, I would have made a mistake.

Should it (If it should) be fine tomorrow, I should go.

2. 含蓄虚拟语气

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来, 而是通过其它方式表示。

(1) 用介词或其它短语:with, without, under, but for等。

如:Without your help (If you didn’t help us) , we might not finish the work earlier.

(2) 其它:

如:通过不定式表示:It would be a right choice to study abroad.

通过副词表示:He was having a meeting;otherwise he would have come with us.

通过名词表示:A soldier (If he had been a soldier) would have acted differently.

二、表示某人的意愿

很多情况下, 虚拟语气不用于非真实的情况, 而用于表达人们的愿望、期待等, 常常用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, had better, would sooner, would just as soon等引导的宾语从句中。

如:I wish I were young.

I can’t imagine that he married such a terrible woman.

在日常口语中, 也会用动词原型表示一些祝愿的话语,

如, May you be happy!/Long live the People’s Republic of Chi-na!这些也都使用了虚拟语气。

三、表说话人的建议、命令、要求等

1. 某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些动词常用的包括:ask, advise, command, determine, demand, desire, direct, insist, intend, order, request, require, suggest。

如:I proposed that we (should) set a deadline for handing in plans.

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.

2. 以上表示建议、命令、要求的动词的名词形式后所接的表语从句和同位语从句中, 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些名词包括:ask, advice, command, desire, demand, decision, insistence, intention, vote, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion。

如:There is a suggestion that the discussion (should) be held in English.

His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.

3. 主语从句中使用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。

如:It is insisted that a meeting (should) be held on next Monday.

It is necessary that we should take more exercise.

4. 在“It is time that...”句型中, 用虚拟语气表示建议:是该……的时候了。常用动词的过去式来代替should+动词原型。

如:It is time that you went to bed.

四、表说话者惊奇、惋惜、遗憾、怀疑、失望等情感, 动词的形式可以为should+动词原型或should+have+动词过去分词

1. 表达这类情感的主语从句包括:It is a pity/a shame/incredible/no wander/stranger/odd/annoying/disappointing/not fair surprised...that...

如:It is strange that he should refuse to me.

It is a great pity that you should have lost the game.

2. 在疑问或否定语气中的表示期待、相信、怀疑的动词之后, 从句可以使用虚拟语气表示说话者的怀疑和失望。

如:He never thought that he should see her again.

They couldn’t believe that the young girl should have been married.

五、表说话人的委婉语气可以用should/would+动词原型这样的虚拟式

如:委婉表达观点:It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.

提出要求或邀请:Would you mind turning light on?

给出建议:I should advice you to keep away from drug.

提出问题:Which color would you like?

六、用在状语从句中表让步和目的等

1. 让步状语从句

a.在表达这类情感的though引导的状语从句中使用动词原型, 主句使用should/would+动词原型。如, Though he tries his best, he cannot solve the problem himself.

b.在表达这类情感的even if/though引导的状语从句中使用动词的过去式或had+动词过去分词, 主句使用should/would+动词原型或should/would+have+动词过去分词。

如:Even if it were more difficult, I wouldn’t change my mind.

c.在表达这类情感的whatever, whenever, no matter what等引导的从句中, 使用动词原型或may+动词原型;用may+have+动词过去分词表示过去的让步。

如:Whatever his objectives be, my mind is made up.

2. 目的状语从句

a.在in order that, so that, that等引导的状语从句中, 常使用may/might/can/could+动词原型。如, We’d better set out earlier so that we could get there before dark.

Please speak slowly in order that the others might hear clearly

b.在lest, for fear that, in case等引导的状语从句中, 常使用should+动词原型或直接用动词原型。

如:He came to meet me at the station for fear that I should take the wrong way.

Take warm clothes in case the weather should be cold.

从以上的六种用法可以看出, 在表达任何与现实情况相反或难以实现的情景时几乎都可以使用虚拟语气。

随着英语语言的发展, 虚拟语气的运用也越来越化繁为简, 甚至被过去式或过去完成时这样的更简单的形式所替代。因此, 必须充分考虑到英语教学和运用的实际, 从实用的角度出发, 灵活处理。在英语教学中, 既要满足日常运用和应试的需求, 也要指明其发展趋势, 有所侧重。在学习虚拟语气的过程中, 更要注意从实战中把握, 日常中积累。只有掌握了虚拟语气所要表达的主要含义, 才能了解它的特点, 灵活运用它。

参考文献

[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[2]张道真.张道真实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.

[3]薄冰.高级英语语法[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.

[4]孙鸿仁.浅议“论虚拟语气动词的形式及其分类”中的分类问题[J].外国语, 1998, (6) .

高中虚拟语气巧概括 篇9

虚拟语气是用于表达一种假设情况、主观愿望、请求建议等, 即所说内容与事实相反, 或者实现的可能性极小, 或者是假想虚拟的情况。

根据虚拟语气的概念, 以及虚拟语气在实际运用中变化的规律, 我将虚拟语气概括为如下口诀:

“希望如果好像,

宁愿该做某事。

命令要求建议,

以防以免出错。”

虚拟语气的变化主要通过时态的变化和谓语部分用“should+动词原形”两种方法实现的。口诀中的前两句所概括的情况属于前者, 而后两句话概括的情况属于后者。现解释如下:

“希望”指wish后的宾语从句;“如果”指if后引导的条件状语从句;“好像”指as ifas though后引导的状语从句或表语从句。“宁愿”指would ratherwould prefer后的宾语从句。“该做某事”指“It is time that…”句型结构中的从句。这几种情况都是通过时态的变化来实现虚拟语气的。我们用一般过去时来表示对现在 (或将来) 的虚拟, 即表示与现在 (或将来) 事实的相反。用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟, 即表示与过去情况的相反。现举例如下:

1.I wish I hadn’t told Annie the bad news last night. (希望)

我希望我昨晚没有告诉安妮这条坏消息。

2.My Dad would be able to buy a car if he had enough money. (如果)

如果我爸爸有足够的钱, 他就能买一辆车。

3.He greeted me with a smile as ifas though he knew me. (好像)

他微笑着问候我, 就好像认识我。

4.I would rather you told me the truth. (宁愿)

我宁愿你告诉我实情。

5.It is time that the bus arrived to pick up all the passengers. (该做某事)

该是汽车到达接所有乘客的时间了。

现在再来解释后两句。命令 (order) 、要求 (demand, require) 、建议 (suggest, propose, insist, recommend) 后的宾语从句, 以防以免 (in case, lest, for fear that) 后的状语从句, 我们用“should+动词原形”来实现虚拟。现举例如下:

1.The policeman ordered the suspect should speak loudly. (命令)

警察命令嫌疑犯大声说话。

2.The workers demanded the boss should raise their wages. (要求)

工人要求老板加工资。

3.The government recommended medical teams should be organized to helped the flooded region. (建议)

政府建议组织医疗队来帮助受灾区。

4.He took his raincoat in case it should rain. (以防)

他带上雨衣以防下雨。

5.Do not complain, brothers, against one another lest you be judged.

(以免)

弟兄们, 你们不要彼此埋怨, 免得受审判。

以上是对常用虚拟语气的概括, 希望能对同学们的学习有所帮助和裨益。只是虚拟语气是一个比较复杂的语法项目, 需要大家灵活掌握。比如上文提到的“命令, 要求, 建议”后的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气, 以它们的名词形式为主导词的同位语从句或表语从句, 也要用同样形式的虚拟语气。在运用过程中, 要灵活掌握。另外, 还有含蓄虚拟语气和交叉虚拟语气等, 在学习过程中, 需要同学们不断地积累。

参考文献

[1].薄冰.《高级英语语法》

虚拟语气的特殊用法 篇10

1.与现在事实相反, if引导的条件状语从句中动词时态用一般过去时 (be为were) , 主句中的would/could/should/might+动词原形。

2.与过去事实相反, if从句中用动词的过去完成时。主句中用would/could/should/might+have+过去分词。

3.与将来事实相反, if从句中用 (1) 动词的一般过去时; (2) were to+动词原形; (3) should+动词原形。主句中用would/could/should/might+动词原形。如:If I hadmoney, I would buy a car. (与现在事实相反。) If you had come earlier, you could have met him, (与过去事实相反) 。If it were to snow tomorrow, the crops would be saved. (与将来事实相反) 。

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法的一些总结

⒈if it be not for...如果不是……主句中用虚拟语气。

If it were not for the guidance of the party committee, we should/would fail.

If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so muchprogress.

If it were not for the collective strength (集体的力量) , it would not have been possible for us to live so well.

If it had not been for me, you would not be free.

2.虚拟语气中条件句可以省略if, 而把were, had或should移至主句之前, 但如果从句中没有were, had或should, 则不能。如:

Should it happen, what would you do?

Were I you, I would go.

Had he recognized me, he would havecome over.

3.在insist, order, command, suggest, advise propose, recommend, ask, demand, require request引导的宾语从句中, 要用虚拟语气。

She insisted that she (should) go alone.

The chairman proposed that we (should) put the match off.

The order came that it (should) be started at once.

It is ordered that we (should) arrive there before ten o’clock.

⒋下面两种句型只用虚拟语气

(1) It is time that clause, 主语从句中表示一种建议, 从句的谓语动词用过去时, 或should+动词原形, 意思是“该干某事的时候了”, 但“should”不可省略。

It’s time we went/should go to bed.

It’s (high) time we did/should do our homework.

(2) would rather that sb did sth

I would rather you went to that party instead of me.

I would rather he did shopping for me.

5.在带without的介词短语的句子中.

Without water, there would be no living things.

I could not have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.

6.用在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中。

She spoke in a loud voice so tha everyone could/might hear her clearly.

He got up early in order that he could/might catch the early bus.

7.用在as if, as though引导的非真实情况的句子中。

She felt as if she were going to die.

They were talking as if they were friends.

She speaks to me as if I were a kid.

8.在wish后的宾语从句中。

I wish that I had lots of money.

I wish that I would fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.

I wish that I would had passed the English exam.

9.It is important/necessary/natural...that sb should do sth.

It is a pity/a shame/no wonder...that sb should do sth.

It is suggested that we should finish the project by next month.

It is a great pity that he should be so careless.

10.otherwise之后的从句中, 可用虚拟语气。

Give me ten million dollars, otherwise Iwould burn your house down.

小议虚拟语气 篇11

一、条件状语从句中的虚拟语气

条件状语从句有两种情况:一种是真实条件句,即条件中所谈到的情况完全有可能发生,这时要用陈述语气;另一种是非真实条件句,这时主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气。

1.表示与现在事实相反,从句用一般过去时,be的过去式一般用were,主句用would/should/could/might+动原。

如:If the weather were fine today,we would go to shanghai.

2.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时,主句用would/should/could/might+have+过去分词。

如:If we had known his telephone number,we would have telephoned him yesterday.

3.表示与将来事实相反的从句的谓语动词可以用三种形式,一般过去时,should+动词原形,were+to do sth;主句用should/would/could/might+动词原形。

如:If it rained(should rain/were to rain)tomorrow,our plan would be put off.

4.虚拟语气中的条件状语从句中如果有助动词were、had或should时,可将if去掉,把这三个助动词提前构成倒装句,但主句不能倒装。

如:If I were at school again,I would study harder.

=Were I at school again,I would study harder.

If it should snow tomorrow,all the flowers would die.

=Should it snow tomorrow,all the flowers would die.

If you had come earlier,you would have met the singer.

=Had you come earlier,you would have met the singer.

5.有时常用副词、连词、介词短语but for、without、or、otherwise等来表示非真实的条件句,有时连这些都没有,而隐含在上下文中。

如:①But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully.

②Without air,there would be no living things.

③I was so busy then,otherwise,I would have told him the answer.

④It rained yesterday,or I would have gone camping.

6.当条件句和主句的时间不一致时,从句根据从句去做,主句根据主句来做。

如:①If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning,I would not be caught in the rain now.

从句指过去,主句指现在。

②If we had not got everything ready by now,We should be having a more terrible time tomorrow.

从句指到现在,主句指将来。

7.由if only引导的句子意思为“要是……就好了”,也是一种虚拟的条件句。

如:①If only I had followed his advice,I would succeed now.

从句指与过去的事实相反。

②If only I were a bird now.

与现在的事实相反。

二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气

1.Wish/would rather+从句,从句要用虚拟语气。

如:①I wish you had not been there when the accident happened.

②I would rather you came tomorrow.

2.在一些表示欲望、请求、建议、命令、要求等主观愿望的动词suggest、order、demand、desire、advise、insist、require、propose等后的宾语从句常用should+动词原形来表示虚拟语气,其中should常可省略。

如:①They insited that he (should) not stay in the hotel.

②I suggest we(should)go shopping together.

由这些动词派生出来的名词如suggestion、order、advice等如接表语从句或同位语从句,表语从句或同位语从句也必须使用snould+动词原形来表示虚拟语气,其中should也可省略。

如:①My suggestion is that we (should) go shopping together and buy a new bed.

②He gave the order that the test (should) be finished before six.

三、as if、as though引导的方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

as if /as though还可用在一些系动词之后引导的表语从句中,如果从句里讲的情况不是事实,要用虚拟语气;如果与事实接近,用陈述语气。

如:①He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

②He looks as if he were ill.

③It is so cloudy.It looks as if it is going to rain.(与事实接近)

四、主语从句中的虚拟语气

常用在It is +adj/n+that从句的句型中,that从句用should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。这类形容词或名词通常为:a pity,a shame,strange,no wonder,essential,impossible,important,natural,necessary,possible,probable,urgent等。

如:①It is a great pity that he (should) be so proud of himself.

②it is important that we (should) study English well.

在现代英语中,这种情况也常可不用虚拟语气。

五、在句型It is/was(high/about)time+that从句,从句通常用一般过去时来构成虚拟语气

如:①It is/was high/about time that you stadied hard.

②It is/was time that you went to bed.

但在现代英语中,从句也出现过用should+动词原形来表示虚拟语气的。

虚拟语气的难点分析 篇12

笔者从事英语语法教学多年, 发现学生在此语法点中有几个难点问题, 下面本文将就虚拟语气中的难点结合实例来进行探讨。

1 虚拟语气的倒装形式

非真实条件句中的if可以省略, 这时had、were、should能提到主语之前;主句的主谓形式不变。这就是虚拟语气的倒装形式。它在口语中使用较少, 但在测试中使用较多。

1._______for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (2002年TEM 4第60题)

A.Had it not been B.Hadn’t it beenC.Was it not D.Were it not

答案:A要不是因为腿骨折了这件事, 他可能已经通过了考试。

2.________you_______further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. (2005年TEM 4第63题)

A.If, hadB.Have, hadC.Should, haveD.In case, had

答案:C如果你的打印机再有问题, 请联系经销商获取建议。

3.________her help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time. (2001年TEM 4第76题)

A.Had it not been for B.If there was not

C.Was there not D.If there were not

答案:A要不是她的帮助, 我们不会按时完成工作。

2 错综时间条件句

虚拟语气还有一种混合虚拟的特殊形式:非真实条件句和主句发生在不同的时间。这需要根据意思采用不同的动词形式。

2.1 从句对过去事实进行虚拟、主句对现在的事实进行虚拟

(1) If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.

如果昨天他对我说了, 现在我就知道该怎么做了。

(2) If France had not been conquered by Romans, French would not be spoken there today.

如果法国没有被罗马人占领过, 今天那里就不会讲法语。

2.2 从句对现在的事实进行虚拟, 主句对过去的事实进行虚拟

(1) If this university didn’t have such a good reputation, I would not have come here.

假如这所大学不是那么有名, 我就不回来这里了。

(2) If he knew this, it would have had to be by accident.

假如他已经知道此事, 那一定会是偶然的。

2.3 从句对过去的事实进行虚拟, 主句对将来进行虚拟

If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.

要是他们一大早就离开家的话, 再过半个小时就该到了。

2.4 从句对现在的事实进行虚拟, 主句对将来进行虚拟。

If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future.

如果你此刻犹豫不决的话, 你以后会吃苦的。

3 不用if引导的条件从句

非真实条件句中的从句除了用if引导外, 还用but forbut、unless、otherwise、providedproviding that、but for、supposingsuppose、in case、in case of等词来引导。

1) but forbut

(1) But for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded in doing this experiment.

要不是有你们的帮忙, 我们不会成功的做这个实验。

(2) He would have finished his college education, but he_______to quit and find a job to support his family. (2007年TEM 4)

A.had hadB.hasC.hadD.would have

答案:C他本来能完成大学学业, 但他不得不退学, 找了份工作供养家庭。

2) unless

He wouldn’t do it unless you were to order him to do it.

他不会做这件事, 除非你命令他。3otherwise

3) otherwise

Fortunately I had my calculator with me;otherwise it would have taken a much longer time for me to get the job done.

幸亏我有计算器, 不然我的花更多的时间才能完成这项工作。

4) providedproviding that

Provided that they had plenty to eat and drink, the kids were happy.

只要有充足的食品供吃喝, 孩子们就高兴。

5) supposingsuppose

假如我接受这个提议, 你怎么办?

6) in case、in case of

I always slept by the phone in case she rang during the night.

我总睡在电话机旁, 说不定她夜间会来电话。

4“情态动词+have done”结构中的虚拟语气

1) “could have done”表示“本来能够做”之意, 指“过去可能完成而

却未完成”。例如:

One minute earlier, and we could have caught the last bus.

如果早一分钟, 我们就能赶上末班车。 (但事实上并没有赶上末班车)

2) “should have done”“ought to have done”表示“本该做而实际上未做”之意。例如:

(1) You____the look on her face when her son won the prize. (2001年TEM 4)

A.would have seenB.can be seeingC.must seeD.should have seen

答案:D你应该看看她儿子获奖时她的表情。

(2) You ought to have helped me.

你本来应该帮我的。

3) “needn’t have done”表示“本不该做, 而实际上做了”之意。例如:

You needn’t have waited for me.

你本不必等我的。

5 其他虚拟语气类型

1) “think, expect, suppose, plan, hope, believe”等动词的过去完成时, 可表示“过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望”。

(1) I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen, but that morning the room wasquiet and orderly.

我原希望在那一阵阵喧闹声中趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上, 可是那天早上, 教室里确实那么安静而又有秩序。

(2) I had planned to go for a walk, but someone called on and I couldn’t get away.

我本打算去散步的, 但是有人来访, 所以我走不开。

2) 由whether...orwhether引导的让步状语从句Be型虚拟语气, 它可以放在句首, 可以放在句末。如whether省略掉, 用倒装语序。在这个句型里, 只能出现动词Be。例如:

_______, I’ll marry him all the same. (2004年TEM 4)

A.Was he rich or poor B.Whether rich or poor

C.Were he rich or poor D.Be he rich or poor

答案:D无论富有或是贫穷, 我都会嫁给他。

以上就是笔者对虚拟语气的几个难点问题进行的分析。只有熟练掌握了它们, 才能在考试中事半功倍。不过这些难点, 也必须有大量的练习进行辅助, 这样也就能由难变易了。

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