insist虚拟语气的例句

insist虚拟语气的例句（精选6篇）

insist虚拟语气的例句 篇1

1.与现在事实相反, if引导的条件状语从句中动词时态用一般过去时 (be为were) , 主句中的would/could/should/might+动词原形。

2.与过去事实相反, if从句中用动词的过去完成时。主句中用would/could/should/might+have+过去分词。

3.与将来事实相反, if从句中用 (1) 动词的一般过去时; (2) were to+动词原形; (3) should+动词原形。主句中用would/could/should/might+动词原形。如:If I hadmoney, I would buy a car. (与现在事实相反。) If you had come earlier, you could have met him, (与过去事实相反) 。If it were to snow tomorrow, the crops would be saved. (与将来事实相反) 。

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法的一些总结

⒈if it be not for...如果不是……主句中用虚拟语气。

If it were not for the guidance of the party committee, we should/would fail.

If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so muchprogress.

If it were not for the collective strength (集体的力量) , it would not have been possible for us to live so well.

If it had not been for me, you would not be free.

2.虚拟语气中条件句可以省略if, 而把were, had或should移至主句之前, 但如果从句中没有were, had或should, 则不能。如:

Should it happen, what would you do?

Were I you, I would go.

Had he recognized me, he would havecome over.

3.在insist, order, command, suggest, advise propose, recommend, ask, demand, require request引导的宾语从句中, 要用虚拟语气。

She insisted that she (should) go alone.

The chairman proposed that we (should) put the match off.

The order came that it (should) be started at once.

It is ordered that we (should) arrive there before ten o’clock.

⒋下面两种句型只用虚拟语气

(1) It is time that clause, 主语从句中表示一种建议, 从句的谓语动词用过去时, 或should+动词原形, 意思是“该干某事的时候了”, 但“should”不可省略。

It’s time we went/should go to bed.

It’s (high) time we did/should do our homework.

(2) would rather that sb did sth

I would rather you went to that party instead of me.

I would rather he did shopping for me.

5.在带without的介词短语的句子中.

Without water, there would be no living things.

I could not have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.

6.用在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中。

She spoke in a loud voice so tha everyone could/might hear her clearly.

He got up early in order that he could/might catch the early bus.

7.用在as if, as though引导的非真实情况的句子中。

She felt as if she were going to die.

They were talking as if they were friends.

She speaks to me as if I were a kid.

8.在wish后的宾语从句中。

I wish that I had lots of money.

I wish that I would fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.

I wish that I would had passed the English exam.

9.It is important/necessary/natural...that sb should do sth.

It is a pity/a shame/no wonder...that sb should do sth.

It is suggested that we should finish the project by next month.

It is a great pity that he should be so careless.

10.otherwise之后的从句中, 可用虚拟语气。

Give me ten million dollars, otherwise Iwould burn your house down.

抓规律记例句，虚拟语气轻松记 篇2

乍看上表会感觉十分复杂，除了死记硬背，似乎没有什么别的方法。其实不然，大家只需掌握规律、结合例句，记起来必定会事半功倍。现在，我们就试着用经典电影《大话西游》中的一句经典台词来帮助找出规律，理解记忆。

☆ 规律分析

【经典台词】曾经有一份真挚的爱情摆在我面前，我没有珍惜，等我失去的时候才追悔莫及，人世间最痛苦的事莫过于此。如果上天能够给我再来一次的机会，我会对那个女孩说三个字 ——“我爱你”；如果非要在这份爱上加上一个期限，我希望是一万年。

结合上表以及这句经典台词，我们可以得知虚拟语气的两个规律。

①对将来的虚拟与对现在的虚拟有一个结构是相同的。

上面台词中的“如果上天能够给我再来一次的机会，我会对那个女孩说三个字——‘我爱你’”就可以用虚拟语气来表达，因为很显然说这句话的至尊宝（孙悟空）戴上金箍之后就不可能再有机会对紫霞仙子（那个女孩）说那三个字了。那么这是对什么时间的虚拟呢？很奇怪，这个句子我们既可以理解为是说话人至尊宝希望此时此刻能够有这样的机会（即对现在情况的虚拟），也可以理解为是希望将来的某一天能够有这样的机会（即对将来情况的虚拟）。由此可见，在虚拟语气中，如果没有明确的时间状语和上下文暗示，对现在和对将来情况的虚拟是很难区分的，我们可以将其看作是对现在和对将来的虚拟中有一个结构（if +主语+ did，主语+ would/should/could/might + do）相同的原因。

②if虚拟条件句的结构可以看作是在真实条件句的基础之上时态倒退一步而成的。

为了让大家对此有更直观的感受，我们可以将真实条件句和if虚拟条件句的结构列出来，构成下表。

从上表可以看出，除了虚拟条件句表示对将来的虚拟时从句中的其中两种情况（if +主语+ were to/should + do）外，虚拟语气的基本结构就是在真实条件句的基础上对应时态倒退一步而成的。

☆ 例句套用

分析完规律后，我们试着写一下这几种虚拟语气的例句。

①表示对过去的虚拟

经典台词中有一句话：曾经有一份真挚的爱情摆在我面前，我没有珍惜，等我失去的时候才追悔莫及，人世间最痛苦的事莫过于此。我们可以将这句话理解为：如果当时我珍惜了那份爱情，我就不会承受如此多的痛苦。很明显此句与事实不符，应用虚拟语气，且表示的是对过去的虚拟。这句话写成真实条件句为：

If I cherished the love， I would not take so much pain.

在此基础上将时态倒退一步为：

If I had cherished the love， I would not have taken so much pain.

②表示对现在的虚拟

我们还可以试着将“如果上天能够给我再来一次的机会，我会对那个女孩说三个字——‘我爱你’”这句话用虚拟语气写出来。

如果将这句话看成是对现在的虚拟，那么写成真实条件句为：

If I am given another opportunity， I will tell that girl three words—"I love you".

将时态倒退一步之后为：

If I were given another opportunity， I would tell that girl three words—"I love you".

③表示对将来的虚拟

如果将上面那句话看成是对将来的虚拟，第一种结构与对现在的虚拟结构相同，而其他两种情况可以看作是在对现在虚拟的基础上时态前进一步，也就是从句变为过去将来时，即were to do （用不定式表示将来）和should do （注意此处不用would do），而主句已经是过去将来时，无法再变，保留原有形式。这句话最终可以写为：

If I were to/should be given another opportunity， I would tell that girl three words—"I love you".

经过以上分析，相信大家对if虚拟条件句有了更深刻的了解，要记住if虚拟条件句的结构也更为简单。除了死记硬背外，大家还可以从真实条件句的结构进行推理，并将上面所得出的例句背诵下来，在遇到类似的题目时，与例句对照之后，即可快速做出选择。

☆ 真题演练

·We ____ back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map. （2014年北京卷）

A. are B. were

C. will be D. would be

【解析】题干意为：如果你没有弄丢地图，我们现在就回到宾馆了。根据句意可知，这句话使用的是虚拟语气。根据if虚拟条件句中didn't lose可知，从句是对现在事实的虚拟。与上面的例句相对照可知，主句中应用would/should/could/might + do的形式，故选D。

·If Mr. Dewey ____ present， he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there. （2014年湖南卷）

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A. were B. had been

C. should be D. was

【解析】题干句意为：如果杜威先生在现场，他就会给那里的人们提供任何可能的援助。根据句意可知，这句话使用的是虚拟语气。由于主句用了would have done的形式，可知这是对过去事实的虚拟。与上面的例句相对照可知，从句中应用had done的形式，故选B。

提到条件句，人们一般会想到if引导的条件句，而英语中某些假设的条件不是通过if从句表达出来的，而是包含在某些短语、上下文或其他方式中，其谓语也常用虚拟语气，我们称此种结构为含蓄条件句。

☆ 规律分析

含蓄条件句的标志词主要有五个，分别为without、but for、otherwise、or、but。这五个词引出的含蓄条件句的结构见下表。

上表看似复杂，但仔细观察后其实非常简单。由于含蓄条件句中的虚拟条件隐藏在标志词或上下文中，句子中出现的虚拟句就相当于if条件句中的主句，且该虚拟句的时态选择与if虚拟条件句中主句的时态选择相同。只要能够判断出该句是对现在、过去还是将来的虚拟，就能够正确使用虚拟结构。

☆ 例句套用

了解了这一点，下面我们通过例句来帮助记忆含蓄条件句。以笔者为例，身为新东方的一名老师，我深感光荣并充满感激。因此我可以说：

① Without New Oriental School， my life would not be full of hope and passion. 如果没有新东方，我的人生就不会充满希望与激情。

② But for New Oriental School， my life would not be full of hope and passion. 要不是新东方，我的人生就不会充满希望与激情。

③ I chose New Oriental School five years ago， otherwise， my life would not be full of hope and passion. 五年前我选择了新东方，否则我的人生就不会充满希望和激情。

④ I chose New Oriental School five years ago， or， my life would not be full of hope and passion. 五年前我选择了新东方，否则我的人生就不会充满希望和激情。

⑤ My life would not be full of hope and passion， but I chose New Oriental School five years ago. 我的人生本不会充满希望和激情，但是五年前我选择了新东方。

以上的几个例子都是对现在情况的虚拟，如果要对过去情况进行虚拟，虚拟句就需要用would/should/could/might + have done的形式。通过以上的分析和举例，大家是不是对含蓄条件句更加了解了呢？大家可以根据自身情况来用含蓄条件句造句，并记住这些句子，也可以背诵一些使用了含蓄条件句的名言警句，以加强对含蓄条件句的掌握。

☆ 真题演练

They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation， or they ____ to our help. （2014年浙江卷）

A. would have come

B. could come

C. have come

D. had come

【解析】句意为：我们调查的那几个月他们在国外，否则他们早就来找我们帮忙了。根据句意可知，他们并没有来找我们帮忙，故or引出的是虚拟句；又因事情发生在过去，故应表示对过去的虚拟，故选A。

总而言之，同学们在学习语法时要善于总结规律，并结合例句进行记忆，这样有助于同学们快速而有效地掌握语法知识。

虚拟语气用法介绍 篇3

一般的语法书认为虚拟语气可分为七种基本形式: (1) 动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (2) 动词的过去式用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果, be的过去式用were; (3) had+过去分词用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果; (4) should+动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (5) should+have+过去分词, 表推测; (6) should/would+动词原形, 虚拟结果; (7) should would+have+过去分词, 虚拟结果。

虽然这七种时态三种用途比较全面地概括了虚拟语气的运用场合和方法, 但是太过分散, 容易发生混淆, 不利于英语学习者的记忆。如 (5) 和 (7) , 都为should+have+过去分词, 但是实用的场合却不一样, 前者用于主语从句表示推测, 后者用于非真实条件句, 表示一种虚拟出来的结果。如果只是死记硬背, 很难灵活运用这些形式。

因此, 根据虚拟语气使用的情境, 从语用角度结合上面七种动词形式, 本文重新对虚拟语气进行分类, 把它分成六大类:

一、表虚拟假设的条件

1. if条件句

所说的假设情况不可能实现, 或不大可能实现, 可以使用虚拟语气。在这种if引导的非真实虚拟条件句中, 主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:

需要注意的是if条件句中如有were, should, had, 可以省去if, 并使用倒装语序。

如:Were it (If it were) not for your advice, I would have made a mistake.

Should it (If it should) be fine tomorrow, I should go.

2. 含蓄虚拟语气

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来, 而是通过其它方式表示。

(1) 用介词或其它短语:with, without, under, but for等。

如:Without your help (If you didn’t help us) , we might not finish the work earlier.

(2) 其它:

如:通过不定式表示:It would be a right choice to study abroad.

通过副词表示:He was having a meeting;otherwise he would have come with us.

通过名词表示:A soldier (If he had been a soldier) would have acted differently.

二、表示某人的意愿

很多情况下, 虚拟语气不用于非真实的情况, 而用于表达人们的愿望、期待等, 常常用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, had better, would sooner, would just as soon等引导的宾语从句中。

如:I wish I were young.

I can’t imagine that he married such a terrible woman.

在日常口语中, 也会用动词原型表示一些祝愿的话语,

如, May you be happy!/Long live the People’s Republic of Chi-na!这些也都使用了虚拟语气。

三、表说话人的建议、命令、要求等

1. 某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些动词常用的包括:ask, advise, command, determine, demand, desire, direct, insist, intend, order, request, require, suggest。

如:I proposed that we (should) set a deadline for handing in plans.

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.

2. 以上表示建议、命令、要求的动词的名词形式后所接的表语从句和同位语从句中, 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些名词包括:ask, advice, command, desire, demand, decision, insistence, intention, vote, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion。

如:There is a suggestion that the discussion (should) be held in English.

His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.

3. 主语从句中使用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。

如:It is insisted that a meeting (should) be held on next Monday.

It is necessary that we should take more exercise.

4. 在“It is time that...”句型中, 用虚拟语气表示建议:是该……的时候了。常用动词的过去式来代替should+动词原型。

如:It is time that you went to bed.

四、表说话者惊奇、惋惜、遗憾、怀疑、失望等情感, 动词的形式可以为should+动词原型或should+have+动词过去分词

1. 表达这类情感的主语从句包括:It is a pity/a shame/incredible/no wander/stranger/odd/annoying/disappointing/not fair surprised...that...

如:It is strange that he should refuse to me.

It is a great pity that you should have lost the game.

2. 在疑问或否定语气中的表示期待、相信、怀疑的动词之后, 从句可以使用虚拟语气表示说话者的怀疑和失望。

如:He never thought that he should see her again.

They couldn’t believe that the young girl should have been married.

五、表说话人的委婉语气可以用should/would+动词原型这样的虚拟式

如:委婉表达观点:It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.

提出要求或邀请:Would you mind turning light on?

给出建议:I should advice you to keep away from drug.

提出问题:Which color would you like?

六、用在状语从句中表让步和目的等

1. 让步状语从句

a.在表达这类情感的though引导的状语从句中使用动词原型, 主句使用should/would+动词原型。如, Though he tries his best, he cannot solve the problem himself.

b.在表达这类情感的even if/though引导的状语从句中使用动词的过去式或had+动词过去分词, 主句使用should/would+动词原型或should/would+have+动词过去分词。

如:Even if it were more difficult, I wouldn’t change my mind.

c.在表达这类情感的whatever, whenever, no matter what等引导的从句中, 使用动词原型或may+动词原型;用may+have+动词过去分词表示过去的让步。

如:Whatever his objectives be, my mind is made up.

2. 目的状语从句

a.在in order that, so that, that等引导的状语从句中, 常使用may/might/can/could+动词原型。如, We’d better set out earlier so that we could get there before dark.

Please speak slowly in order that the others might hear clearly

b.在lest, for fear that, in case等引导的状语从句中, 常使用should+动词原型或直接用动词原型。

如:He came to meet me at the station for fear that I should take the wrong way.

Take warm clothes in case the weather should be cold.

从以上的六种用法可以看出, 在表达任何与现实情况相反或难以实现的情景时几乎都可以使用虚拟语气。

随着英语语言的发展, 虚拟语气的运用也越来越化繁为简, 甚至被过去式或过去完成时这样的更简单的形式所替代。因此, 必须充分考虑到英语教学和运用的实际, 从实用的角度出发, 灵活处理。在英语教学中, 既要满足日常运用和应试的需求, 也要指明其发展趋势, 有所侧重。在学习虚拟语气的过程中, 更要注意从实战中把握, 日常中积累。只有掌握了虚拟语气所要表达的主要含义, 才能了解它的特点, 灵活运用它。

参考文献

[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[2]张道真.张道真实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.

[3]薄冰.高级英语语法[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.

[4]孙鸿仁.浅议“论虚拟语气动词的形式及其分类”中的分类问题[J].外国语, 1998, (6) .

高中虚拟语气巧概括 篇4

虚拟语气是用于表达一种假设情况、主观愿望、请求建议等, 即所说内容与事实相反, 或者实现的可能性极小, 或者是假想虚拟的情况。

根据虚拟语气的概念, 以及虚拟语气在实际运用中变化的规律, 我将虚拟语气概括为如下口诀:

“希望如果好像,

宁愿该做某事。

命令要求建议,

以防以免出错。”

虚拟语气的变化主要通过时态的变化和谓语部分用“should+动词原形”两种方法实现的。口诀中的前两句所概括的情况属于前者, 而后两句话概括的情况属于后者。现解释如下:

“希望”指wish后的宾语从句;“如果”指if后引导的条件状语从句;“好像”指as ifas though后引导的状语从句或表语从句。“宁愿”指would ratherwould prefer后的宾语从句。“该做某事”指“It is time that…”句型结构中的从句。这几种情况都是通过时态的变化来实现虚拟语气的。我们用一般过去时来表示对现在 (或将来) 的虚拟, 即表示与现在 (或将来) 事实的相反。用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟, 即表示与过去情况的相反。现举例如下:

1.I wish I hadn’t told Annie the bad news last night. (希望)

我希望我昨晚没有告诉安妮这条坏消息。

2.My Dad would be able to buy a car if he had enough money. (如果)

如果我爸爸有足够的钱, 他就能买一辆车。

3.He greeted me with a smile as ifas though he knew me. (好像)

他微笑着问候我, 就好像认识我。

4.I would rather you told me the truth. (宁愿)

我宁愿你告诉我实情。

5.It is time that the bus arrived to pick up all the passengers. (该做某事)

该是汽车到达接所有乘客的时间了。

现在再来解释后两句。命令 (order) 、要求 (demand, require) 、建议 (suggest, propose, insist, recommend) 后的宾语从句, 以防以免 (in case, lest, for fear that) 后的状语从句, 我们用“should+动词原形”来实现虚拟。现举例如下:

1.The policeman ordered the suspect should speak loudly. (命令)

警察命令嫌疑犯大声说话。

2.The workers demanded the boss should raise their wages. (要求)

工人要求老板加工资。

3.The government recommended medical teams should be organized to helped the flooded region. (建议)

政府建议组织医疗队来帮助受灾区。

4.He took his raincoat in case it should rain. (以防)

他带上雨衣以防下雨。

5.Do not complain, brothers, against one another lest you be judged.

(以免)

弟兄们, 你们不要彼此埋怨, 免得受审判。

以上是对常用虚拟语气的概括, 希望能对同学们的学习有所帮助和裨益。只是虚拟语气是一个比较复杂的语法项目, 需要大家灵活掌握。比如上文提到的“命令, 要求, 建议”后的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气, 以它们的名词形式为主导词的同位语从句或表语从句, 也要用同样形式的虚拟语气。在运用过程中, 要灵活掌握。另外, 还有含蓄虚拟语气和交叉虚拟语气等, 在学习过程中, 需要同学们不断地积累。

参考文献

[1].薄冰.《高级英语语法》

浅谈虚拟语气的十种用法 篇5

一、动词wish后的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望, 从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望, 从句谓语用过去完成时或would/could+have+ 过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望, 用would (could) +动词原形。如:

I wish you would stay a littlelonger. 我希望你能多呆一会。

二、if引导的非真实条件状语从句使用虚拟语气。如表示与现在事实相反:从句谓语动词用动词的过去式 (be用were) , 主句谓语 动词用should/would/could/might+ 动词原形;如表示与过去事实相反:从句谓语动词用had + 过去分词, 主句谓语动词用should/could/could/might+have+ 过去分词;如表示与将来事实相反:从句谓语动词用should+动词原形 /动词过去式 /were to+ 动词原形, 主句谓语动词用would+ 动词原形;如:

If I had his telephone number, Iwould call him now. 如果我有他的电话号码, 我现在就打电话给他。

三、以as if、as though (似乎, 仿佛) 引出的方式状语从句, 如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。如:

The little boy knows so manythings as if he was a man.小男孩像个大人似的知道很多事情。 (在当代英语, 尤其在口语中, 单数主语常用was代替were.)

四、由if only引导的惊叹句使用虚拟语气。表示一种愿望或是向往的假设, 其意义是“要是……就好了”、“但愿……”这个句型中的语序不能倒装。另外, 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。如:

If only I had passed the test!要是我通过了考试那该多好啊!

If only也可用于陈述语气。如:Ifonly he comes early.但愿他早点回来。

五、would rather后接宾语从句是个常用的虚拟句型, 谓语动词一般用过去式表示现在或将来。表示“宁愿……”“还是……好些”, 由于使用虚拟语气, 会使得对方不会认为说话人是故意, 或是有厌烦的情绪。如:

Tom wants to see me today. Iwould rather he came to me tomorrowthan today.汤姆今天想来看我。我宁愿他明天来而不是今天。

六、“情态动词 +have done”的虚拟结构。

1. He did not regret saying whathe did but felt that he could haveexpressed it differently.他没有后悔说过的话, 但是他觉得要是用另一种方式来说该多好呀。表示对过去能够做而没有做的事情的一种假设。

2. She might have achievedgreater progress, if you had given hermore chances.如果你多给她点机会, 她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。表示过去某个动作可能发生而却没有发生。

3. Without your help, I wouldn’thave achieved so much. 没有你的帮助, 我是不会取得如此大的成绩的。表示对过去事情的假设, 意思是“本来会做”。

4. You ought to have gone homelast Sunday.你理应上星期天回家的。表示过去应该做而实际没有做, 意为“理应做……”, 往往表示遗憾。其否定式表示过去本不应该做某事而实际上做了。

5. I needn’t have bought so muchwine—only five people came. 我本来没必要买这么多酒, 只来了五个人。表示本来需要做某事而没有做, 其否定式为本不必做某事而实际上做了。

6. I raised objections at themeeting. I’d rather haven’t. 我在会上提了反对意见, 我倒宁愿没有这样。表示宁愿过去干了某事, 而实际上并没发生。其否定形式意思为表示宁愿过去没干某事, 而实际上却做了。

七、在“It is (high) time (that) ...”句型中 (that) 引导的是定语从句, 从句的谓语动词习惯上用过去式, (有时也可用should+动词原形, should不能省略) , 表示“早该干某事了, 是某人该干某事的时候了”。如:

1. It is time we went (should go) home. 我们该回家了。

2. It’s high time you made (shouldmake) up your mind. 是你下决心的时候了。

八、在表示命令、建议、劝告、欲望、要求、主张这一类动词后的宾语从句中, 从句应用虚拟语气, 其谓语用should+ 动词原形, should可省略, 这类动词有suggest, insist, demand, request, desire, order, ask, advise, propose, command, recommend, require等, 如:

I suggest the invitation to theconference (should) be sent to Dr Baker.我建议给贝克博士发出出席的邀请。

九、作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等的表语从句和同位语从句, 从句中的谓语动词用 (should) + 动词原形。如:

My idea is that they (should) pay100 dollars.

十、在句型“It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that…”中, that后面的主语从句中的谓语动词用:should+动词原形。如:

It’s necessary that we should havea walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。

摘要：在英语教学中, 虚拟语气是说话人三种语气之一。虚拟语气通过不同的情况分为了多种。作者通过多年的教学经验, 总结了十种。

谈论语法学习的难点——虚拟语气 篇6

我们可以将这四类虚拟动词形式简称为:零式,一式,二式和三式。所谓“零式”就是指不管主语的人称与数,谓语动词直接使用动词原形;“一式”就是指不管主语的人称和数以及对什么时间的虚拟,谓动词只有一种形式,那就是“(should)+动词原形”should大多可以省略;“二式”,情况稍显复杂,因为要对虚拟的情况进行讨论,在这里对现在或将来情况的虚拟假设只有一种形式,那就是谓动词使用一般过去式(如主动词为be,一律使用“were”),对过去情况的虚拟假设使用过去完成式即“had+过去分词”;所谓“三式”,就是对将来,现在和过去情况的虚拟,谓动词分别要求使用“would+动词原形”,一般过去式(主动词为be的一律用were)和过去完成式。至于“二式”和“三式”的虚拟类型,我们可以采用对比记忆法,因为它们大有雷同之处。因此,针对此种分类法,对虚拟谓语动词形式的记忆应该很容易。此外,对虚拟的研究实质是对其谓语动词形式的研究,而几乎所有的虚拟语气(除零式外)都发生在从句部分,所以更具体地说是对从句谓语动词形式的研究。

下面我们需要学习与掌握在何种情况下使用何种虚拟类型了。

1 零式即动词原形的运用

零式虚拟一般运用于一些习语式的表达中,尤其是在祝福语使用,例如:

Long live world peace!

God bless you!(上帝保佑!)

So be it!(就这样吧!/但愿如此!)

Suffice it to say that...(只要说...就够了。)

Far be it from me(我极不愿)to spoil the fun.

He will remain here if need be.(需要的话,他会留下的。)

Home is home,be it ever so homely.(家就是家,永远那么温馨)

Be that as it may...尽管那样...以及“may”起首的祝福语,例如:

be May the friendship between our two peop

May the friendship between our two peoples last forever.

May this book help to enhance the understanding and friendship between our two peoples.

2 一式即(should)+动词原形的运用

“一式”的虚拟类型通常出现在一定的词汇后的从句中以及一些固定搭配中。

a.一定的名词之后的同位语从句和表语从句中。

常见名词有:advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,motion,suggestion,request,necessity,resolution,decision,requirement,recommendation等。例如:

My suggestion is that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.

The orders were that we stay where we were.

b.一定动词之后的宾语从句和主语从句中。

常见动词有:propose,command,suggest,order,demand,request,desire,insist,require,decide,promise,arrange,ask,move,consent等。例如:

I propose that we(should)set a deadline for handing in the plans.

It’s desired that we(should)get everything ready by tonight.

注:此类主语从句出现在“it”句型中(it+be+p∙p+that...)

c.一定形容词或名词短语之后的主语从句中。

常见形容词有:important,necessary,natural,desirable,insistant,essential,strange,possible,vital,preferable,urgent,probable,advisable,等。

常见名词短语有:no wonder,a pity,a shame等。例如:

It’s important that we(should)close our ranks in the struggle.

It’s no wonder that Tom cry so sadly.

注:此类主语从句出现在“it”句型中(it+be+adj/n+that...)

d.出现在for fear(that),lest,in case(that),in order that,so that引导的状语从句中。例如:

He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.

I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you.

此类状语从句的虚拟形式还可能运用could,might+动词不定式形式

e.出现在句型“It is(high/about)time(that)...”中。例如:

It’s about time we should go to bed.

It’s time she should wash her clothes.

此类句型的should不能省略,该句型更常用是使用一般过去式形式。例如:

It is high time that we were off.

It’s time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.

3 二式即一般过去式(现在,将来)和过去完成式(过去)的运用

a.出现在would rather,would sooner后的从句中。例如:

I’d rather you paid the money yourself.(现在)

I would sooner she painted the wall green next time.(将来)

I’d rather she hadn’t done that.(过去)

b.出现在If虚拟条件从句中。例如:

If it were not for the rain,the crops would become withered.(将来)

If you should(or:were to)start early tomorrow morning,you would be at your destination by evening.(将来)

If I were you,I should go.(现在)

If it had not been for your timely help,I would have gone bankrupt.(过去)

此类句型表将来还可用should+动词原形(should不能省略),其虚拟形式不但体现在从句中,还体现在主句中。表将来和现在用would/might/should+动词原形

表过去用would/might/should+have done

4 三式即would/might/should+动词原形(将来),一般过去式(现在),和过去完成式(过去)的运用

a.出现在wish、as if后的宾语从句和状语从句中。例如:

I wish we could go to the seaside today.(将来)

I wish you told me earlier.(现在)

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(过去)

5 非条件从句的虚拟条件式

一提起虚拟条件,人们首先就会想到虚拟条件从句。其实,虚拟条件的表达方法是多种多样的,它还可以用某些其他的词、短语或通过上下文等来表示。

1)用介词或介词短语表示。例如:

With better equipment(=If we had better equipment),we could have finished the job even sooner.要是设备好些,我们是可以更早地完成这项任务的。

I would have lost my head in that position(=if I had been in that position).我处在那种情况下是会丧失理智的。

2)用形容词表示。例如:

A judicious man(=If a man had been judicious,he)would not have committed suicide.一个明智的人是不会自杀的。

They would have paid attention to a nice little boy(=if a little boy had been nice).如果是个令人喜爱的孩子,他们就会注意到了。

3)用副词otherwise,but;连词or,or else等表示。例如:

I was ill that day.Otherwise(=If I had not been ill that day)I would have come to see you.我那天病了,要不然我就会去看你。

Doctor Wang said that he would have taken part in the labour,only he went to Beijing(=if he had not gone to Beijing).王医生说他要不是去北京,就参加了那次劳动。

4)用不定式短语表示。例如:

It would be only partly right to answer in this way(=if we answered in this way).这样回答只是一部分正确。

He’d be stupid not to accept that offer(=if he should not accept that offer).如果他不接受那项建议,那可真是太傻了。

5)用分词短语或独立主格结构表示。例如:

This same thing,happening(=if it should happen)in war-time,would amount to disaster.同样的事情如果发生在战争时期,就等于一场灾难。

Everything taken into consideration(=If everything had been taken into consideration),they would have raised their output quickly.如果把一切情况都考虑到,他们是会很快地提高产量的。

6)用介词+动名词表示。例如:

On being showing this novel(=IF this novel were to be shown),few of people would be able to consider that it had been written by a child.如果将这本小说让人们读一读,不会有几个人相信这是一个小孩写的。

In doing so(=If he did so),the head might forgive him.要是这样做的话,首长会宽恕他的。

7)用定语从句表示。例如:

A nation which stopped working(If a nation stopped working,it)would be dead in a fortnight.如果一个国家停止了生产,不出半个月就会灭亡。

He would be a rash man who should venture to forecast the remotest results.要是有人敢预测最遥远的后果,他就是一个轻率的人。

8)通过上下文表示。例如:

This is a step we should never take.It would give rise to a lot of problems.(=If we took the step,it would give rise...)我们决不能走这一步,否则会引起很多问题。

Reduce the sun to the size of a ball.The earth would then be the size of a grain of sand.(=If we reduced the sun to the size of a ball,the earth...)如果把太阳缩到一个球那么大,那么地球就会是象沙粒那么小。

以上小结便于学生迅速掌握虚拟语气的基本用法,至于虚拟语气的意义以及与其它语气的不同由于篇章有限未曾涉及,有待于进一步讨论。

摘要：虚拟语气一直以来都是学生学习的难点,也是学者及语法学家们的争论焦点之一。该文着重致力于虚拟语气的学习与迅速掌握,对虚拟语气的形式进行了重新分类,并对一些常见疑难进行了进一步的小结。

关键词：虚拟语气,分类

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[4]林洪志.论英语动词的虚拟式[J].外语与外语教学,1999,5:10-12.