虚拟语气

虚拟语气（精选12篇）

虚拟语气 篇1

摘要：虚拟语气比较复杂, 很多学生在学习虚拟语气的时候, 往往会被其较为复杂的不同形式的谓语动词变化弄的晕头转向。因此, 我们应该理解结构形式背后所反映的说话人的真正的意念和思维, 把学习虚拟语气的“死规则”变成“活思维”。

关键词：虚拟语气,活思维,死规则

一、引言

语气 (mood) 是英文谓语动词的一种变化形式, 用来表示说话者的意图和态度。英文中的语气可分为三种:陈述语气 (indicative mood) 、祈使语气 (imperative mood) 和虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood) 。在一些场合里, 当说话者谈到自己与实际情况相反的情况时, 或者主观想象某事有可能发生时, 或建议、要求某事发生时, 就需要借助虚拟语气来表达这些心态。

二、现状分析

虚拟语气在英语教学中是个难点, 对于广大中国英语学者来说也是一个难题。很多学生光是通过机械的去记忆或者套用虚拟语气动词的形式, 却不知“为什么使用”, “何时使用”, “怎样使用”, 以至于这处语法知识在整个语法体系中是凌乱的, 针对于目前国内英语学习者的现状, 可划分为以下几个阶段。

1. 模糊阶段:

语法的学习, 不是机械的记忆, 或者简单的知识模块的叠加, 最重要的是中英文思维的转化, 而这一点也是中国学生最容易忽略的问题。在汉语的思维里, 虚拟是一种假设, 不存在的情况, 只需要某些词汇或者增加某种语境就可以实现。同样, 在英语思维中, 虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想, 但是它要通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。因此, 国人在遇到使用虚拟语气的时候, 脑海里不会第一闪现的是“该语句要使用虚拟, 要进行动词形式的变换”, 这是因为, 在我们的汉语思维里, 虚拟语气的动词变形是一个“天然缺失”。于是, 机械的记忆老师课堂说讲授的虚拟语气动词形式的“规则”、“表格”, 甚至某些学生都不能理解“与过去事实相反”, “与现在事实相反”, “与将来事实相反”是什么意思, 更不用说它的动词形式的记忆和使用了。

2. 做题阶段:

中国学生在课堂上接受虚拟语气学习时, 花费了大量的时间和精力进行了主句和从句在各种时间状态下的谓语形式的记忆。在考试做题时, 也能灵活的判断和选择。但是, 如果脱离了做题这种“提示语境”, 学生始终也想不到要使用虚拟语气。事实上, 考试时能把虚拟语气的题目处理的好的学生已经算是很优秀的学生了。但是, 即使他们做对了题目, 也不能说明他们掌握了虚拟语气。

3. 写作阶段:

在这一阶段里, 我们不仅能做对考试题, 在语言输出 (output) 即写作时, 也能意识到该使用何种虚拟语气。这时, 虚拟语气已经融入了我们的思维, 但还不熟练, 比如在即兴的口语会话中, 我们的思维还来不及反应使用这一语态。处在这一阶段的高水平学生很少, 甚至很多大学老师都达不到这种水平。他们不是不知道如何使用虚拟语气, 只不过虚拟语气尚未真正的融入到他们的表达思维中罢了。

4. 口语阶段:

这时, 虚拟语气已经完全成为我们思维表达的一部分了, 我们能完全自如的使用各种虚拟语气, 真正的达到native speaker的思维表达水平。能达到这一阶段的英语学习者可谓凤毛麟角, 没有经过多年的潜心观察、细心体会、反复操练是达不到的。

通过以上的分析, 我们可以发现为什么虚拟语气对于中国的英语学习者来说是个难题就显而易见了, 要把虚拟语气学习好, 我们要经历四个阶段。由此可见, 虚拟语气的难点在于:首先, 头脑中要有“虚拟意识”;其次, 要认真熟练的掌握各种复杂的主句和从句的谓语动词的形态变化。对于现阶段的高职学生, 基本处于第二个阶段, 他们在一看到复杂的虚拟语气的组合形式时, 就已经“头大了”。教师需要帮助高职的学生从思维上理解和认知虚拟语气, 我们才能把“死记”的东西“活用”到英语语言中。

三、虚拟语气新解

一般来讲, 英语中的虚拟语气分为两大体系:一是与事实相反或假象的情形, 通常由if引导, 叫做“非真实条件句 (unreal conditional) ”, 或者叫“虚拟条件句”;另一个体系是在名词从句中使用虚拟语气, 表示建议、命令或要求等语气。虚拟语气的重点和难点都集中在虚拟条件句中。

1. 虚拟条件句的“两类三时”。

两种类型是:假设条件句 (hypothetical) 和事实相反句 (counterfactual) 。假设条件句, 表示一种假想的情形, 表示说话者的一种主观愿望或态度等, 实现的可能性不大或极小。事实相反句, 表示与现在或过去的某个事实相反的情形。

三时, 即对将来、现在或过去这三种时间的虚拟。这里需要说明的是, 在进行虚拟语气会话时, 对于将来的事情只能是假设;对于现在的情况, 既可以假设也可以与事实相反;对于过去的事情, 都已经发生了, 所以只能与事实相反。

2. 将来虚拟。

由于未来的事情还没有发生, 因此它不表示与事实相反的情形, 它表示将来“不大可能”的情形, 通常我们来虚拟一个不太可能实现的愿望, 很大程度上是由说话的人对事件的态度决定的。从句用were to do或should do, 主句用would do.

3. 现在虚拟。

从句用一般过去时或were, 主句用would do.“假如我当总统, 我会……”出自于一个小学生之口应该这么说:If I became President, I would...;如果是民主党候选人应该这么说:If I became President, I will...

4. 过去虚拟。

从句用had done, 主句用would have done.这是著名球星贝克汉姆说过的一句话:Two years ago if someone had turned round to me and said“in two years you'll be England captain”, I would have turned round and said:“I don't think so!”这是一个对过去的虚拟, 两年前并没人让贝克汉姆当英格兰队队长, 并且也传达了两年前到两年后小贝职业道路上的青涩到成熟之意。

四、结语

的确, 虚拟语气一直在我们英语学习中是一个“老大难”问题, 在复杂变化的时态迷宫里, 很多学生往往吧英语当成汉语一样不作谓语的变形, 通篇都是“一般现在时”。正是因为很多英语学习者把虚拟语气的“死规则”没有转换为“活思维”, 才是虚拟语气成为了很多中国学生难以驾驭的法则。事实上, 语法的学习不能只是死记结构来应付考试, 而是更应该理解结构形式背后所反映的说话人的真正的意念和思维。我们常说的“言为心声”就是这个意思。虚拟语气的学习还是重在理解和实践, 这样, 高职学生才能突破第二阶段, 成功的踏入虚拟语气学习的第三、四阶段。

参考文献

[1]张满胜.英语语法新思维[M].北京:群言出版社, 2008.

[2]薄冰.高级英语语法[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.

[3]张道真.实用英语语法 (最新版) [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002:250.

虚拟语气 篇2

对现在的假设：

If I accepted it, I would regret in future.

如果我(现在)接受它，我以后会后悔的。

现在时态 → 过去时态形式，将来时态 → 过去将来时

对过去的假设

If she had known it, she would not have made the mistake.

如果她早知道这件事，她就不会犯这错误了。

过去一般时 → 过去完成时， 过去一般将来时 →过去将来完成时

对将来的假设

If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

如果明天下雨，我们就会待在这。

将来一般时 → 过去将来一般时，将来一般时 →过去将来一般时

谓语动词不管人称、数的一致要求，统统一个样：

If they/I/he/we were you, …

He ordered that the barrier/barriers (should) beremoved.

他命令那个/所有障碍要除掉。

Long live Mother! our parents! all the parents in the world!

母亲/我们的父母/天下所有的父母万岁!

Long live Mao!

点击“虚拟语气”难点 篇3

在虚拟条件句中，有时主句与从句所指的时间不一致，这时，我们不能照搬虚拟条件句式结构的某种形式，而应根据主从句动词实际的时间概念来确定动词的虚拟结构。例如：

If she had followed the doctor’s advice, she would be quite all right now. 如果她当初听了医生的忠告的话，她现在就完全康复了。

说明：这是一个与事实相反的非真实条件句。if引导的条件句中的动作是过去发生的事情，说明与过去事实相反，应选用过去完成时，而主句中的动作受现在时间状语now的限制，说明与现在事实相反，故主句应选用would(could, should, might)+动词原形结构。又如：

If the young tree had been watered, it wouldn’t die now.

如果给那棵小树浇了水，它现在就不会枯死了。

难点二、省略if的虚拟结构

在虚拟条件句中，如果if 引导的虚拟条件句中有should, had或were等助动词，表示与将来、过去或现在事实相反时，if常可以省略。这时，从句要采用倒装结构，即将从句中的助动词should, had, were调至主语之前。

例1 Were I in school again, I would study harder.

=If I were in school again, I would study harder.

如果我（现在）再上学的话，我会更加努力学习的。(与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句)

例2 Should it (Were it to) snow tomorrow, we would be very happy.

=If it should (If it were to) snow tomorrow, we would be very happy.

如果明天下雪，我们将很高兴。(与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句)

例3 Had it not been for your help, I couldn’t have finished it ahead of time. =If it hadn’t been for your help, I couldn’t have finished it ahead of time.

要不是你的帮助，我就不能提前完成这项任务。(与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句)

难点三、并列连词或副词暗示的虚拟结构

在一个并列句型结构中，有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表示出来，而是由句中的并列连词或副词暗示出来。常见的并列连词或副词有but, or, otherwise等。

例1 I would have gone to America with my friend, but I was stopped by my mother. 要不是我母亲阻止我，我就跟我朋友去美国了。

分析：该句是由并列连词but连接的并列句。后一分句强调的是过去发生的客观事实，故要用一般过去时的陈述结构；前一分句中，根据but转折连词的暗示，实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句If I hadn’t been stopped，故前一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have gone。又如：

I would have gone to your party, but you didn’t invite me.

=I would have gone to your party (if you had invited me), but you didn’t invite me.

例2 Yesterday he didn’t join in our discussion, or I would have told him about it. 昨天他没有参加我们的讨论，否则我就把这件事告诉他了。

分析：前一分句为过去已发生的客观事实，应选用一般过去时结构，但连词or暗示了后一分句中的一个与过去事实相反的非真实情况，实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的条件句If he had joined in our discussion yesterday，故后一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have told。又如：

I was ill that day, or I would have taken part in the sports meet.

=I was ill that day, or I would have taken part in the sports meet (if I hadn’t been ill that day)

例3 He didn’t get up earlier this morning, otherwise, he would have caught the first bus.

今天早晨他起床迟了，要不然，他就赶上早班车了。

分析：句中副词otherwise暗示了条件，并说明了后一分句中的一个非真实情况。根据前一分句所表示的在过去所发生的客观事实情况，后一分句实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的条件句If he had got up earlier this morning，故后一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have caught。又如：

He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out.

=He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out (if he hadn’t remained very calm).

难点四、介词或介词短语暗示的虚拟结构

在一个简单句式结构中，有时假使的条件不通过条件从句直接表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语中。常见的介词或介词短语有without, but for等。

例1 Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.

如果没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。

分析：该句为一个简单句，句中介词短语Without electricity暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If there were no electricity。根据句意及句中的时间状语today说明句子是对现在的假设，所以，该句应用与现在事实相反的动词虚拟形式。又如：

Without his advice, I couldn’t have done it all by myself.

=If it hadn’t been for his advice, I couldn’t have done it all by myself. 如果没有他的建议，我就不可能独自做好这一切。（句中动作与过去事实相反）

例2 But for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded in doing this experiment. 要不是你的帮助，我们就不能成功地做好这个实验。

分析：该句与上例类似，为一个简单句结构。句中介词短语But for your help暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If it hadn’t been for your help。尽管句中没有明确的时间状语，但根据句意可知，这个句子是对过去情况的假设，故句中的谓语动词应用与过去事实相反的虚拟结构形式。又如：

But for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday.

=If it hadn’t been for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday. 要不是那个会议，我就去参加你上周六举行的聚会了。（句中的动作与过去事实相反）

难点五、分词短语暗示的虚拟结构

在一个简单句式结构中，有时句中假设的条件隐含在现在分词短语或过去分词短语之中。句子的谓语动词结构必须根据分词短语所假设的情况或句中的时间状语来判断和选用。例如：

Having known earlier, we would have stopped such a thing from happening again. 如果早点知道这件事的话，我们就会阻止它再次发生了。

分析：句中Having known earlier为现在分词短语，作状语，暗示条件，实际上相当于一个条件状语从句If we had known earlier。分析句意，该句是对过去情况的假设，因此，句中的谓语动词应选用与过去事实相反的虚拟结构形式would have stopped。又如：

Having been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.

=If we had been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.

如果我们有更多的钱，我们就去了香港而不是去大连了。（句中动作与过去事实相反）

Being your age, I would study harder.

=If I were your age, I would study harder.

如果我是你这个年龄，我会更加努力学习的。（句中动作与现在事实相反）

难点六、上下文语境中的虚拟结构

在英语句式中，有时既没有时间状语暗示虚拟条件，也没有介词短语或分词结构来暗示条件，而其虚拟条件是由上下文表达出来的。这时，我们只有通过分析上下文所给的条件，才能弄清句中动词的虚拟结构。例如：

——He would have failed in the experiment last time.

——Luckily he followed your advice.

分析：根据对话情景可知，应答句Luckily he followed your advice（很幸运他听了你的建议）实际上就是上一句讲话人暗示的条件。从应答句所给特定的动词时态（一般过去时）看，说明上一句中讲话人所说的内容是对过去情况的假设，故暗示的条件句应为If he hadn’t followed your advice。由此可见，选项部分应为主句的谓语动词，与过去事实相反，应选用would have failed。又如：

——I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday.

——Unfortunately, you were out on business.

=——I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday (if I

hadn’t been out on business). 上个星期天（如果我没有出差），我

就来参加你的生日聚会了。

——Unfortunately, you were out on business. 很不幸，你出差了。

一、用下列所给动词的正确形式填空。

1. My suggestion is that we ____(send) a few more assistants to help the engineer working busily on the machine.

2. It’s high time we students ____(work) even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming near.

3. It has been proposed that the school sports meet ____(put off) till next weekend because of the recent storm.

4. If you ____(come) tomorrow, you ____(find) the new manager working in the office.

5. She ____(grow) much taller, but the cruel stepmother never let her eat enough.

6. If the parents ____(arrive) at the hospital earlier after the accident,

the child would have been saved.

7. Captain Cook insisted that liters of vinegar ____ take to the ship for the expedition to the South Pacific Ocean.

8. I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I ____(not

keep) you waiting for such a long time.

9. Peter can take his motorbike apart and put it back together again. I

certainly wish he ____(teach) me how.

10. The two boys had so much in common as if they ____(bring up) in the same family.

二、单项选择。

1. It is necessary that people, both young and old in China ____ some

English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing

in 2008.

A. learnB. will learnC. must learnD. have learned

2. Had Wang Lin received six more votes in the election of our class,

he ____ our monitor now.

A. must have beenB. would have been

C. wereD. would be

3. How I wish I ____ to Beijing where the 29th Olympic Games are being held!

A. will pay a visitB. have paid a visit

C. could pay a visitD. had paid a visit

4. Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing ____ to her while facing her friends and relatives.

A. happenedB. happensC. had happenedD. happen

5. —— ____ you ____ her out of trouble had it been possible?

——Yes, but I was busy writing my essay.

A. Will； helpB. Would； have helped

C. Did； helpD. Have； helped

6. ____ the little girl not to fill the thermos, she wouldn’t have been burnt badly.

A. Did I persuadeB. If I persuaded

C. If I should persuadeD. Had I persuaded

7. If he ____ his legs in the last training, he ____ the coming World

Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.

A. hadn’t hurt; would join in

B. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part in

C. didn’t hurt; would go in for

D. didn’t hurt; would have taken part in

8. Well, I’m sorry to hear that. But such misunderstanding ____.

A. will have been avoidedB. can be avoided

C. have had avoidedD. could have been avoided

9. Jim would rather ____ the dance party now, but we must go to work.

A. that we don’t leaveB. we not leave

C. we didn’t leaveD. our not leaving

10. ——What will you do during the coming winter vacation?

——I don’t know, but it’s about time ____ something.

A. I’m decidingB. I’ll decideC. I’d decidedD. I decided

一、1.(should) send 2.worked(should work) 3.(should) be put off 4.should/were to come; would find 5.could have grown 6.had arrived 7.(should) be taken 8.would not have kept 9.would teach 10.had been brought up

虚拟语气解析 篇4

1 . 与现在事实相反时,从句用动词的过去时,而主句would/should/could/might +动词原形;

2 . 与过去事实相反时,从句用动词的过去完成时( h a d done),主句would/should/could/might + have +动词的过去分词;

3.与将来事实相反时,从句用动词的过去时(be为were)/ were +不定式/should +动词原形,从句would/should/could/ might +动词原形。例如:

If I were you,I would go with him.(与现在事实相反)

如果我是你,我就和他一块去。

If we had invited him,he would have come.(与过去事实相反)

要是我们邀请了他,他是会来的。

If I had time,I could come to help you.(与将来事实相反)

如果我有时间,我会来帮你的。

另外,如果条件从句中包含were,had,should等词时, 可以把if省略,但要把were,had,should等放在主语前面, 形成倒装句。

Had they realized(=If they had realized)how important the task was,they wouldn’t have refused to accept it.

如果他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话,他们就不会拒绝接受它了。

Were it(=If it were)not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty.

要不是他们的协助,我们会陷入困境。

有时,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致,这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。这种句子被称作错综时间条件从句。

If you had followed my advice,you would not be in trouble now.(从句表示过去,主句表示现在)

二、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用

1.有wish引起的宾语从句

A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它后面的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去时(be动词用were)

I wish that he weren’t so lazy.我多么希望他不会这么懒。

B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它后面的宾语从句中谓语动词的形式为:would,could,might+动词原形。

I wish he would try again.我希望他还能再试一次。

C.Wish用于表示对过去的事实是一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had +动词过去分词或could,would,+ have +动词过去分词。

The picture exhibition bored me to death,I wish I had not gone to it.

图书展览会使我非常烦恼,我希望我根本没有去过。

2.would(had)rather,would as soon和would sooner后面的从句中要求用过去时表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,或表示希望或婉转的责备。例如:

1.I would rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。

I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

2.It’s(high ,about)time that---句型中that从句要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去时。

It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.

现在是我们该结束讨论的时候了。

It is time that you went to school.到了你该上学的时候了。

It is time that you should go to school.

3.由连接词in case,lest,for fear that等引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即should +动词原形,should也可以省略。例如:

She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he(should)catch cold.

她给那个婴儿盖上了毯子,以免他着凉。

The bad man was put in the soft-paddled cell lest he should injure himself.

这个坏人被关在设有软垫的牢房里,以免他伤害自己。

4.句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如:

They talked as if they had been friends for years.

他们交谈着,好像他们是多年的老朋友。

She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。

5 . 虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求,建议,命令,提议,意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,其中虚拟语气的构成往往是should(可省略)+动词原形。

A.用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中用should+动词原形。一个坚持insist、两个命令order,command,三个建议advise,suggest,propose,四个要求require,desire,request,demand,还有常用的ask要求,arrange安排,beg请求,decide决定,determine决定, intend打算,maintain坚持,move动员,recommend推荐, pray请求等这些动词。

I propose that we(should)set a deadline for handing in the plans.

我建议定一个上交计划的期限。

He insisted that we should take up the matter at the meeting.

他坚持要我们在会上谈这个问题。

B . 用于i t i s + 形容词+ 主语从句,这类形容词或分词有:advisable明智的,important重要的,anxious焦急的, necessary必要的,strange奇怪的,urgent紧迫的等

It is important that we study English well.

我们学好英语是很重要的。

It is necessary that we should be prepared for this task.

他为这个任务做好准备是必要的。

C.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请求等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有:advice建议,decision决定,demand要求,desire要求、愿望, insistence坚持,motion提议,necessity必要性,order命令, preference偏爱,proposal建议,request要求,requirement要求,suggestion建议等。

This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.

这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为学校生活的一部分。

The motion is that the remark of the last speaker be canceled from the record.

该提议要求把最后一个发言人的讲话从记录上删掉。

三、含蓄虚拟条件从句

1.介词或介词短语,如but for,but that,without等

Without water,the plants would be dead.要是没有水,这些植物就会死掉。

But for the leadership of the party,we could not be living happily today.

=If there were not the leadership of the party,we could not be living happily today.

要是没有党的领导,今天我们就不能过上幸福的生活。

2 . 通过上下文及内在的含义, 句中往往有b u t , otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词。

He worked very hard,otherwise he would have failed.

他非常努力,不然的话,早就失败了。

3.分词短语,Born ten days earlier,the boy could have seen his father.

如果早出生10天,这个孩子就能看到自己的父亲了。

4.情态动词完成时暗示虚拟语气

I should have called to make an airline reservation,but I didn’t.

我应该打电话提前预定一张机票,但是我没有做。

结语:本文从虚拟语气所表达的不同意义和不同的构成形式进行了详细的辨析和举例,让我们对虚拟语气有了一个全面的理解和认识。但是怎么样能够教好并且学好任务艰还很艰巨,详细讲解分析,大量反复练习到什么程度,在对此时态的教学效果会怎样还是件新的工作,使需要我们教师和学生密切配合,不断的探究。总之,虚拟语气在英语的学习与运用中并不少见,在学习英语的过程中我们会时刻遇到虚拟语气的问题。但是并非几个方法,几条规律就能概括的。

摘要：虚拟语气是一种表示非真实情况或者主观设想的动词形式,用来表示说话人的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等含。按照不同的时间,主句从句中动词的变化形式。

关于虚拟语气 篇5

一．一般虚拟的构成：(省略if, 要将should/were/had 提到句首)

(1). 对现在的虚拟：If +S.+ did/were sth., S.+ would/could/should +do

If I had time, I would attend the meeting.

If I were you, I would seize the chance to go abroad.

(2) 对过去的虚拟：If +S.+had + p.p, S.+ would/could/should have + p.p

If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exam.

(3) 对将来的虚拟：

If + S. + did/were/should do/were to do, S + would/should/could do sth.

If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.

If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.

If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next day.

注意：Had we made good preparations, we might have succeeded.

Had it not rained, we would have gone out for a walk.

Were I you, I would not do such a thing.

二． 混合虚拟：

（1） 不同时间的虚拟：If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.

If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now.

(2) 虚拟与陈述的混合：

He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough.

You should have come earlier, the bus left a moment ago.

三． 特殊句式：

(1).suggest, advise, recommend, propose, order, command, request, require, demand + that –clause (should do/do )

He suggested that we (should) save money for the future.(insist的判断)

(2) It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required that –clause(should do/do)(主语从句)

(3) My advice/suggestion/request/requirement is that-clause (should do /do) （表语从句）

His suggestion/advice/request/requirement that –clause(should do/do ) is.. （同位语从句）

(4) It is natural/necessary/strange that-clause (should do/do)表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。

It’s strange that he should have missed the train. （表竟然）

It is important that we should learn from others.（表理应如此）

It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)

（5）wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反)

wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反)

wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)

I wish I could go with them tomorrow.

I wish I had never met him.

(6) It is (high/about) time + clause (did, should do )

It is (high/about) time we went home.

(7) would rather + clause (did 与现在或将来相反)；（had done 与过去相反）

I would rather you came tomorrow. I would rather you hadn’t told her the news.

(8) If only + clause ( did/were与现在相反) ((would/could/might + do与将来相反)

( had done 与过去相反) “要是。。。就好了“

If only he would come tomorrow! If only I had taken her advice!

If only I were ten years younger!

(9) as if + clause (did/were 与现在相反) (would/could/might + do与将来相反)

( had done 与过去相反)

She treats Kate as if she were her own daughter.

They talked as if they had been friends for years.

(10) would like/was/were to have done something

I would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends came to see me.

(11) without/but for + n.= if it were not for +n./if it hadn’t been for + n. (otherwise后从句同)

I would not have passed the exam without your help.(=if it hadn’t been for your help)

四 。虚拟巩固练习：

1. The plant is dead. I ___more water.

A. will give B. would have given C. must give D. should have given

2. I insist that a doctor ___ immediately.

A. has been sent for B. send for C. will be sent for D. be sent for

3. If you the doctors advice, you would have already recovered.

A. follow B. followed C. would follow D. had followed

4. I wish I ___ you yesterday.

A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see

5. What would you have done last night, if you to write your homework.

A. hadn’t B. haven’t had C. didn’t have D. hadn’t had

6. ---Did you catch the plane?

-----No, if I had hurried, I .

A. would B. would have C. could D. did

7. Without electricity human life ____ quite different today.

A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be

8. --- Shall we go skating or stay at home? ---Which____ do yourself?

A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather

9. --- We could have walked to the station, it was so near.

---Yes, a taxi ___ at all necessary.

A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t D. won’t be

10. If you early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.

A. have started B. were start C. were to start D. had started

11. Tom ought not to ____ me your secret, but he meant no harm.

A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told

12. ---If he ____, he ___ that food.

--- Luckily he was sent to hospital immediately.

A. was warned, would not take B. had been warned, would not have taken

B. would be warned, had not taken D. would have been warned, had not taken

13. ---- Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?

-----No, but if I time, I very glad to go there.

A. have, will be B, had had, would have been

C. had, would be D. had had, would be

14. If you George, would you please tell him to ring me?

A. saw B. were to C. have seen D. see

15. You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.

A. drove, didn’t get B. drove, wouldn’t get

C. were driving, wouldn’t get D. had driven, wouldn’t have got

16. I am sure he hasn’t sent the letter. If he it, I .

A. sent, got B. sent, have got C. sent, would go D. had sent, would have got.

17. The two strangers talked as if they ____ friends for years.

A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been

18. Jane’ pale face suggested that he ____ ill, and her parents suggested that she ____ a medical examination.

A. be, should have B. was, have C. should be, had D. was, has

19. _____ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.

A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will

20. When he was there, he ____ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.

A. would B. should C. had better D. might

21.____ for the free tickets, _____ I would not have gone to the films so often.

A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not

22. There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ____ come, but why didn’t you?

A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have

23. I should have been there, but I ___ not find the time.

A. would B. could C. might D. should

24. If he ____ quietly as the doctor instructed, he wouldn’t suffer so much now.

A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie

25. How I wish every family ___ a large house with a garden.

A. has B. had C. will have D. had had

26. I thought you ____ like something to read , so I have brought you some books.

A. might B. may C. could D. must

27. There was plenty of time. She ____.

A. needn’t have hurried B. couldn’t have hurried C. must not hurry D. mustn’t have hurried

28. It was necessary that he about what had happened.

A. be told B. was told C. should tell D. tell

29. It was strange that we short of water in the country where it was always raining.

A. are B. be C. should be D. both B and C

30. You any difficulty now, if you had made a more careful plan.

A. won’t meet with B. would not meet with

C. would not have met with D. have not met with

31. .He did his best in everything, he would not have seen what he was.

A. and B. but C. otherwise D. but that

32. ---You should have gone to the show with us yesterday. It is very good.

----I wished I , but I was busy with my report.

A. had B. did C. would have D. were

33. ---- Would you have told him the answer, if possible?

-----Yes, I would have, but I very busy.

A. had been B. were C. was D. would be

34. If only I his advice, but I am sorry I did.

A. would not take B. would not have taken

C. did not take D. had not taken

35. It is time we to the concert. A. went B, go C. will go D. should go

36. ---I’d like to get a job in that computer shop.

---I would much rather you ___at home and ___ care of the children.

A. stay, take B. stayed, took C. should stay, took D. stayed, take

37. If we ___ birth control earlier, China ___ such a large population.

A. had begun, wouldn’t have B. had begun, wouldn’t have had

C. began, wouldn’t have D. should begin, wouldn’t have had

38. They treats the granny as if she ____ their own mother. A>is B. was C. were D. had been

39. ---What do you think of the food here? ---Oh, wonderful! WE ___ a better place.

A. won’t find B. mustn’t have found C. can’t find D. couldn’t have found

40. We ___ last night, but we went to the concert instead.

A. must have studied B. might study C. should have studied D. would study

41. It was suggested that the match ___ because of the weather.

A. would be put off B. should put off C. must be put off D. be put off

42.If only I ___ to your advice and returned home in time.

A. listened B. had listened C. would listen D. would have listened

43. ___, there would be no industry.

A. Without steel B. If there is not steel C. There would be no steel D. If there was not steel

44.---Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? ---I wish I ___, but I ___ study for a test.

A. had, will have to B. would, had to C. did, have to D. could, have to

45. He spoke as if he ___ in space at that moment.

A. had walked B. were walking C. would walk D. walked

46. I would do it in a different way ___ it.

A. were I do B. were I to do C. should I to do D. had I done

47. But for his help, they ___ over the mountain in such a short time.

A. had not run B. have not run C. couldn’t have run D. can’t have run

48. There is nothing left. I wish I ___ so much money on clothes.

A. haven’t spent B. hadn’t spent C. couldn’t have spent D. not spend

49. ---Why are you late? ---I got caught in traffic; otherwise I ___ here on time.

A. would have been B. was C. were D. had been

50. ---What happened to the trees planted last spring?

---The trees ___ well. But they didn’t take good care of them.

A. would grow B. shall have grown C. would have grow D. might grow

51. He would have died ___ that doctor.

A. hadn’t it been B. it id had been C. were it for D. had it not been for

52. What would you do if you __ a house on fire? A. saw B. see C. have seen D. had seen

五．参考答案：

1-5 DDDCD 6-10 BDBAC 11-15 ABCAD

16-20 DDBBA 21-25 CDBCB 26-30 AAADB

31-35 CCCDA 36-40BACDC 41-45DBADB

虚拟语气的用法 篇6

下面我们分以下五种情况来讲述虚拟语气的用法。

一、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件从句中的用法。（主句与从句中的谓语动词的形式如下表）

e.g. 1. If I were you, I would go at once.

假如我是你的话，我会马上走。(表示与现在事实相反)

2. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.

要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(表示与过去事实相反)

3. If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

如果明天下雨的话，会议将被推迟。（表示与将来事实相反）

注意：（一）当if条件从句中谓语有were, should, had 时，可省略if, 把were, should, had提到句首，采用倒装。e.g.

1. If I were you, I would agree to the plan.

Were I you, I would agree to the plan.

如果我是你的话，我就会同意这项计划。

2. If I had known more about giving first aid, I would have helped them.

Had I known more about giving first aid, I would have helped them. 如果我懂得更多如何给予急救的知识的话，我就能够帮助他们了。

3. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

如果下雨的话，庄稼就能获救了。

(二)含蓄条件句

有时if条件句是以其他形式表示出来的，如上下文或介词短语形式等，常见的有but for （要不是），without， otherwise…。e.g.

1. But for you, I should be dead by now.

要不是你， 我现在早死了。

2. Without your help we couldnt have finished the job yesterday.

要不是你的帮助，我们昨天完不成工作。

3. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal.在踢球前他犹豫了一下，否则的话他就会破门得分了。

（三）混杂条件句

即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同，那么主从句谓语就依据相应的时间，使用相应的谓语。e.g.

1. If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now. 要是他听从医生的意见， 他现在就好了。

2. If he had listened to me, he would not be in such trouble now.

如果他当时听了我的话， 现在就不会遇到麻烦了。

3. If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today.

如果昨天晚上下了雨的话，今天就会非常凉爽了。

二、 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法。

（一）虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法

★在It is important/strange/natural/necessary…+that从句中，谓语动词常常用should+do(should可省略)。e.g.

1. Its necessary that we (should) have a walk now.

我们有必要出去散散步。

2. Its natural that she (should) do so. 她这样做是很自然的。

3. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient.

重要的是我们要照顾好病人。

★在“It be+orderedinsistedsuggested that…这一类句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。即(should)+do。这一类动词有order, suggest, insist, demand, require等。e.g.

1. It was suggested that the medicine should be sent there by plane. 这种药被建议空运到那里。

2. It was ordered that we should start work at once.

我们被命令立刻开始工作。

(二)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法

★虚拟语气在某些动词后的宾语从句中，常使用“（should）+do”。常见的动词有：一个坚持（insist）;两个命令（order, command）;三条建议（advise, suggest, propose）;五项要求（demand, require, request, want, ask）。e.g.

1. I suggest we (should) hold a meeting tomorrow.

我建议明天开个会。

2. We insisted that she (should) go with us.

我们坚决要求她应该跟我们走。

★wish 后的宾语从句中的谓语动词有三种情况：对现在的虚拟，用一般过去式；对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时；对将来的虚拟，用would/could+do。e.g.

1. I wish I were 10 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻十岁。

2. I wish (that) you would get a good job.

我希望你能找到一个好职业。

3. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好。

★insist/suggest各有两种意思，要用不同的语气。

insist 表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即 （should）+do;

insist 表示“坚持认为，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。

suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。

suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。e.g.

1. The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。

2. His expression suggested that he was angry.

他的表情表明他生气了。

3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means. 他坚决要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。

4. He insisted that he was right.他坚持说他是对的。

★would rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中，当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。

1.I would rather he came tomorrow than today.

我宁愿他明天来而不是今天来。

2.Id rather you painted the wall green next time.

我宁愿你下次把墙漆成绿色。

3.I would rather she hadnt done that.我宁愿她没有做过那件事。

（三）虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

某些表示“建议、计划、命令”的名词（如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等）后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+do”。e.g.

1. We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意他的到北京旅游观光的建议。

2. My advice is that we (should) do exercises first.

我的建议是我们应该先做练习。

三、虚拟语气在as if/though引导的表语从句或状语从句中的用法

由as if (as though) 引导的表语从句或状语从句中，常用虚拟语气，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done)；与将来事实相反用would+do。e.g.

1. She looks as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的。

2. He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days.

他看起来好像两天没睡觉了。

3. He is acting strangely as if he would die tomorrow.

他行为很奇怪好像明天要死一般。

4. This American girl speaks Chinese as if she were a Chinese.

这个美国女孩说起汉语来就像中国人一样。

5. They talked as if they had been old friends for years.他们谈起话来就像多年的老朋友似的。

四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法

这种从句常用在Its (high) time that…句型中。定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+do (should不能省)。译为“该到干……的时候了。”e.g.

1. Its time that you left (should leave) here.

该到你们离开这儿的时候了。

2. Its high time that we went (should go) home.

该到我们回家的时候了。

五、虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中

if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊; 真希望……; 但愿……就好了。

如果与现在事实相反，谓语用过去式; 如果与过去事实相反,谓语用过去完成时。

1. If only I were a bird. 我要是一只鸟该多好啊！

2. If only I were five years younger!我要是年轻五岁就好了。

3. If only she had never been married. 要是她没结婚就好了。

4. If only I had arrived in time!要是我按时到就好了。

实战演练

1. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice.

A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow

2.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox library in my hometown.

A. wouldnt have fallenB. had not fallen

C. should fallD. went to fall

3. How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful

garden!

A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had

4. What would have happened ____, as far as the river bank?

A. Bob had walked fartherB. if Bob should walk farther

C. had Bob walked fartherD. if Bob walked farther

5. Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ____ something she would regret later.

A. had saidB. said

C. might sayD. might have said

6. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.

A. breaksB. has broken

C. were brokenD. had been broken

7. It is necessary that a college student ____ at least one foreign

language.

A. mastersB. should masterC. masteredD. will master

8.Janes pale face suggested that she ____ ill, and her parents

suggested that she ____ a medical examination.

A. be; should haveB. was; have

C. should be; hadD. was; was

9.The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.

A. did; setB. had done; should be set

C. do; be setD. had done; must be set

10.He would rather you ____ the book to him now.

A. returnedB. returnC. are returningD. had returned

11.Without his help, we ____ such rapid progress.

A. dont makeB. wouldnt make

C. didnt makeD. wouldnt have made

12.____ your letter, I would have started off two days ago.

A. If I receivedB. Should I receive

C. If I could have receivedD. Had I received

13.Its high time that your daughter ____ to school.

A. would be sentB. was sent

C. should be sentD. both B and C

14.The work would require that ____ at 5 oclock every morning.

A. she has been thereB. she was there

C. she be thereD. she will be there

15.If I ____ with her last summer, I ____ with her now.

A. worked; am getting on very well

B. had worked; would get on very well

C. had worked; would have got on very well

D. had worked; will get on very well

虚拟语气用法介绍 篇7

一般的语法书认为虚拟语气可分为七种基本形式: (1) 动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (2) 动词的过去式用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果, be的过去式用were; (3) had+过去分词用于所有人称和数, 表虚拟和虚拟结果; (4) should+动词原形用于所有人称和数, 表推测; (5) should+have+过去分词, 表推测; (6) should/would+动词原形, 虚拟结果; (7) should would+have+过去分词, 虚拟结果。

虽然这七种时态三种用途比较全面地概括了虚拟语气的运用场合和方法, 但是太过分散, 容易发生混淆, 不利于英语学习者的记忆。如 (5) 和 (7) , 都为should+have+过去分词, 但是实用的场合却不一样, 前者用于主语从句表示推测, 后者用于非真实条件句, 表示一种虚拟出来的结果。如果只是死记硬背, 很难灵活运用这些形式。

因此, 根据虚拟语气使用的情境, 从语用角度结合上面七种动词形式, 本文重新对虚拟语气进行分类, 把它分成六大类:

一、表虚拟假设的条件

1. if条件句

所说的假设情况不可能实现, 或不大可能实现, 可以使用虚拟语气。在这种if引导的非真实虚拟条件句中, 主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:

需要注意的是if条件句中如有were, should, had, 可以省去if, 并使用倒装语序。

如:Were it (If it were) not for your advice, I would have made a mistake.

Should it (If it should) be fine tomorrow, I should go.

2. 含蓄虚拟语气

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来, 而是通过其它方式表示。

(1) 用介词或其它短语:with, without, under, but for等。

如:Without your help (If you didn’t help us) , we might not finish the work earlier.

(2) 其它:

如:通过不定式表示:It would be a right choice to study abroad.

通过副词表示:He was having a meeting;otherwise he would have come with us.

通过名词表示:A soldier (If he had been a soldier) would have acted differently.

二、表示某人的意愿

很多情况下, 虚拟语气不用于非真实的情况, 而用于表达人们的愿望、期待等, 常常用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, had better, would sooner, would just as soon等引导的宾语从句中。

如:I wish I were young.

I can’t imagine that he married such a terrible woman.

在日常口语中, 也会用动词原型表示一些祝愿的话语,

如, May you be happy!/Long live the People’s Republic of Chi-na!这些也都使用了虚拟语气。

三、表说话人的建议、命令、要求等

1. 某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些动词常用的包括:ask, advise, command, determine, demand, desire, direct, insist, intend, order, request, require, suggest。

如:I proposed that we (should) set a deadline for handing in plans.

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.

2. 以上表示建议、命令、要求的动词的名词形式后所接的表语从句和同位语从句中, 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。这些名词包括:ask, advice, command, desire, demand, decision, insistence, intention, vote, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion。

如:There is a suggestion that the discussion (should) be held in English.

His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.

3. 主语从句中使用虚拟语气, 用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:should+动词原形, should常常被省略。

如:It is insisted that a meeting (should) be held on next Monday.

It is necessary that we should take more exercise.

4. 在“It is time that...”句型中, 用虚拟语气表示建议:是该……的时候了。常用动词的过去式来代替should+动词原型。

如:It is time that you went to bed.

四、表说话者惊奇、惋惜、遗憾、怀疑、失望等情感, 动词的形式可以为should+动词原型或should+have+动词过去分词

1. 表达这类情感的主语从句包括:It is a pity/a shame/incredible/no wander/stranger/odd/annoying/disappointing/not fair surprised...that...

如:It is strange that he should refuse to me.

It is a great pity that you should have lost the game.

2. 在疑问或否定语气中的表示期待、相信、怀疑的动词之后, 从句可以使用虚拟语气表示说话者的怀疑和失望。

如:He never thought that he should see her again.

They couldn’t believe that the young girl should have been married.

五、表说话人的委婉语气可以用should/would+动词原型这样的虚拟式

如:委婉表达观点:It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.

提出要求或邀请:Would you mind turning light on?

给出建议:I should advice you to keep away from drug.

提出问题:Which color would you like?

六、用在状语从句中表让步和目的等

1. 让步状语从句

a.在表达这类情感的though引导的状语从句中使用动词原型, 主句使用should/would+动词原型。如, Though he tries his best, he cannot solve the problem himself.

b.在表达这类情感的even if/though引导的状语从句中使用动词的过去式或had+动词过去分词, 主句使用should/would+动词原型或should/would+have+动词过去分词。

如:Even if it were more difficult, I wouldn’t change my mind.

c.在表达这类情感的whatever, whenever, no matter what等引导的从句中, 使用动词原型或may+动词原型;用may+have+动词过去分词表示过去的让步。

如:Whatever his objectives be, my mind is made up.

2. 目的状语从句

a.在in order that, so that, that等引导的状语从句中, 常使用may/might/can/could+动词原型。如, We’d better set out earlier so that we could get there before dark.

Please speak slowly in order that the others might hear clearly

b.在lest, for fear that, in case等引导的状语从句中, 常使用should+动词原型或直接用动词原型。

如:He came to meet me at the station for fear that I should take the wrong way.

Take warm clothes in case the weather should be cold.

从以上的六种用法可以看出, 在表达任何与现实情况相反或难以实现的情景时几乎都可以使用虚拟语气。

随着英语语言的发展, 虚拟语气的运用也越来越化繁为简, 甚至被过去式或过去完成时这样的更简单的形式所替代。因此, 必须充分考虑到英语教学和运用的实际, 从实用的角度出发, 灵活处理。在英语教学中, 既要满足日常运用和应试的需求, 也要指明其发展趋势, 有所侧重。在学习虚拟语气的过程中, 更要注意从实战中把握, 日常中积累。只有掌握了虚拟语气所要表达的主要含义, 才能了解它的特点, 灵活运用它。

参考文献

[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[2]张道真.张道真实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.

[3]薄冰.高级英语语法[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1990.

[4]孙鸿仁.浅议“论虚拟语气动词的形式及其分类”中的分类问题[J].外国语, 1998, (6) .

虚拟语气高考考点扫描 篇8

一、高考常考点

(一) if引导的虚拟条件句

【典例1】Why didn’t you tell me aboutyour trouble last week?If you___________ (tell) me, I could have helped. (2016年北京卷)

解析:had told。根据主句谓语“could havehelped”可以判断此句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句谓语用过去完成时。

【典例2】If I__________ (see) it with myown eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it. (2015年北京卷)

解析:hadn’t seen。根据主句谓语“wouldn’thave believed”可以判断此句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句谓语用过去完成时。

【典例3】We__________ (be) back in thehotel now if you didn’t lose the map. (2014年北京卷)

解析:would be。根据主句中的时间状语now可知, 主句表示与现在的事实相反, 所以本空填would be。

【典例4】Grace doesn’t want to move toNew York because she thinks if she___________ (live) there, she wouldn’t be able to see herparents very often. (2012年安徽卷)

解析:were to live/should live/lived。根据句意可知, 表示与将来的事实可能相反, 所以本空填were to live/should live/lived。

【注意】此外这种表示假设条件的虚拟语气还可以倒装, 首先将从句中的连词if去掉, 把句中的were, should, had提到主语之前。

【典例5】 (单句改错) Have the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005. (2016年浙江卷)

解析:把have改为had。根据题干中的“would not have fallen”可知主句是对过去的虚拟, 所以从句用“if the governments and scien-tists had not worked together”与主句保持一致。If引导的虚拟条件句中含有had时, 可将if省去, 将had提前到主语之前构成倒装结构。

【典例6】__________there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world. (2014年福建卷)

解析:Were。根据主句谓语用“would+动词原形”以及句意可知, 表示对现在情况的虚拟, 条件句中用一般过去时, 将连词if去掉, 则把were提到主语之前。

(二) 含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不是以条件从句形式表现出来, 而是通过暗含的含蓄条件with, without, but, but for, but that, or, otherwise引起的短语或句子来代替if引导的虚拟条件句。

【典例1】Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____________ (write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. (2015年重庆卷)

解析:wouldn’t have written。根据句中的“without his wartime experiences”可知描述的情况是对过去情况的否定猜测, 故主句用wouldn’t have written。

【典例2】It is lucky we booked a room, orwe__________ (have) nowhere to stay now. (2015年安徽卷)

解析:would have。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句, 相当于“if we hadn’t booked a room, wewould have nowhere to stay now.”根据句中的now可知, 是对现在情况的虚拟, 故本空填would have。

【典例3】We lost our way in that smallvillage, otherwise we__________ (visit) moreplaces of interest yesterday. (2012年福建卷)

解析:would have visited。根据句中的时间状语yesterday可知, 本题是对过去情况的虚拟, 前句表示“我们在那个小山村迷路了”这一过去的客观事实, otherwise后接的句子是对过去的虚拟, 故本空填would have visited。

【典例4】We__________ (put) John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

解析:would have put。but for相当于with-out, 可与if引导的虚拟条件句替换;由句意可知, 与过去事实相反, 故本空填would have put。

【典例5】People are recycling many thingswhich they__________ (throw) away in the past. (2014年安徽卷)

解析:would have thrown。此句是由which引导的定语从句, 是一个隐含的虚拟语气, innthe past相当于“If they had been in the past”, 所以此定语从句应用虚拟语气, 表示与过去的事实相反, 故本空填would have thrown。

【注意】without/but for…=if it were not forsth/if it had not been for sth.=were it not forsth/had it not been for sth.要不是, 若非。

【典例6】 (完成句子) If it___________ (要不是) his invitation the other day, I should notbe here now. (2016年江苏卷)

解析:had not been for。根据从句中的时间状语“the other day”可知, 从句表示与过去的事实相反, 主句表示与现在的事实相反, 从句谓语应用过去完成时。

(三) wish (if only, as if/though) 后接从句中的虚拟语气

1.wish+宾语从句。

【典例1】Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wishI___________ (dance) as well as her. (2015年陕西卷)

解析:danced。wish后接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气, 表示与现在事实相反, 从句用一般过去时。

【典例2】 (单句改错) I wish I were at mysister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on abusiness trip in New York then. (2015年天津卷)

解析:把were改为had been。根据句意与句中的时间状语last Tuesday可知, 表示与过去事实相反的愿望, 从句用过去完成时。

2.if only+陈述句。常用虚拟语气, 表示愿望, 意为“要是……就好了”。“if only+句子”相当于“How I wish+that从句”。

【典例】 (单句改错) If only he lay quietly asthe doctor instructed, he would not suffer somuch now.

解析:把lay改为had lain。根据语境可知, 此句表示过去不能实现的愿望, 因此从句用过去完成时。

3.在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中, 常用虚拟语气。

【典例1】 (单句改错) It was John who brokethe window.Why are you talking to me as if Idid it? (2014年重庆卷)

解析:把did改为had done。根据前一句中的was可知, 打破玻璃是过去发生的事情, 表示与过去事实相反, 所以as if引导的方式状语从句应用过去完成时。

【典例2】Don’t handle the vase as ifit__________ (be) made of steel. (2012年北京卷)

解析:were。根据语境可知, as if引导的状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气, 从句谓语动词用一般过去时, 如果谓语动词是be动词, 应使用were。

【注意】在as if/as though从句中, 有时用陈述语气, 这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或者可能被设想为真实的。例如:Look at the dark clouds.It looks as if it’s going to rain!

(四) would rather后接从句中的虚拟语气

【典例】 (单句改错) We would rather our daughter had stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. (2014年陕西卷)

解析:去掉had。would rather后接的从句用虚拟语气, “but it is her choice”表明是对现在的虚拟, 故用动词的一般过去时。

(五) should型虚拟语气

1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气

一个坚持 (insist) , 二个命令 (order, com-mand) , 三个要求 (demand, request, require) , 四个建议 (suggest, advise, propose, recommend) 与desire (希望, 渴望) 等动词后接的宾语从句中, 从句谓语用“ (should) do”形式。

【典例1】 (单句改错) Some classmates sug-gest we can go to places of interest nearby. (2016年全国卷II)

解析:删除can或把can改为should。动词suggest表示“建议”, 后接的宾语从句要用虚拟语气, 从句中的谓语用“ (should) +动词原形”, 所以本句可以删除can或把can改为should。

【典例2】Eye doctors recommend that achild’s first eye exam___________ (be) at theage of six months old. (2013年浙江卷)

解析: (should) be。recommend表示“建议”时, 后接宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”的形式, should可省略。

【注意】suggest作“建议”讲时, 从句用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should+动词原形”, should可以省略;suggest作“表明, 暗示”讲时, 从句不用虚拟语气;insist作“坚持要求”讲时, 从句用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should do”形式, should可以省略;insist作“坚持认为/说”讲时, 从句不用虚拟语气。

2.主语从句中的虚拟语气

在主语从句“It is necessary/important/es-sential/strange/unusual/natural/surprising/sug-gested/required/ordered/a pity/a shame/nowonder/+that从句”的结构中, that从句的谓语有时用“ (should) do”这样的虚拟语气形式。

【典例】 (单句改错) In this country it is re-quired that anyone who have recently come herehave to pass this kind of test.

解析:把第一个have改为has。由that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气, 而这个主语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句, 定语从句不能用虚拟语气;此外定语从句谓语动词的单复数应与其前的先行词anyone保持一致, 所以定语从句的谓语动词应用第三人称单数。

3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在order, command;demand, request, re-quirement;advice, suggestion, recommendation, proposal, plan, idea等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中, 谓语用“ (should) do”形式。

【典例】 (单句改错) After my effort, I at lastpersuaded him into taking my advice that he wasoperated on at once.

解析:把was改为 (should) be。advice意为“建议”, 后接的同位语从句中用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should do”形式, should可以省略。

(六) “It is (about/high) time+that从句”结构

【典例】 (单句改错) Jack is a great talker.It’s high time that he do something instead ofjust talking.

解析:把do改为did或在do前加should。在句型“It’s high/about time that从句”中, 从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should do, 但should不可省略。

二、高考易错易混点

(一) 错综时间条件句

有时条件从句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差, 这时应按各自的动作时间搭配来调整相应的结构形式。

【典例1】If he had spent more time prac-ticing speaking English before, he would havebeen able to speak it much better now. (2013年天津卷)

解析:把have been改为be。此题是由if引导的虚拟条件句。根据从句的时间状语before可知, 从句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句用过去完成时态;根据主句的时间状语now可知, 表示与现在的事实相反, 因此把have been改为be。

【典例2】If we booked a table earlier, wecouldn’t be standing here in a queue. (2013年北京卷)

解析:在booked前加had。根据语境可知, 这是一个错综虚拟条件句。从句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句用过去完成时。

(二) 虚实错综句

所谓“虚实错综句”是指虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子, 这就要我们细心判断哪一处应使用虚拟语气, 哪一处应使用陈述语气。

【典例1】 (单句改错) I would go to mycousin’s birthday party last night, but I was notavailable. (2013年安徽卷)

解析:把go改为have gone。这是由but引导的虚实条件句, 根据句中的时间状语lastnight可知, 前一句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以用“would+have done”形式;第二个句子陈述过去的事实, 不用虚拟语气。

【典例2】 (单句改错) We could face the dif-ficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me? (2012年北京卷)

解析:把face改为have faced。句中的“but why didn’t you tell me”表示过去的真实情况;第一个句子表示与过去的事实相反, 是对过去情况的虚拟, 故把face改为have faced。

三、巩固性练习

(一) 单句填空, 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.If it________ (be) not for the climate, Iwould stay here much longer.

2.If he_________ (insist) that he_________ (go) to work there, everything would be OK now.

3.—It________ (be) cool if I won this con-test.I don’t think I’m good enough, though.

—Give it a shot.You never know.

4.We________ (not finish) the project ontime without your timely help.

5.I would rather_________ (go) to work af-ter my graduation, but my father would ratherI_________ (go) abroad for further education.

6.The upset mother thought to herself, “Ifonly I________ (know) what’s going on in mylittle boy’s head right now.”

7.It is required by law that enough evi-dence________ (provide) to prove one is inno-cent of a crime.

8.—Jeff, what’s up?You are not yourselftoday.

—Oh, Mom.I really wish I________ (get) the chance but I failed.

9.Don’t be angry with us.We__________ (eat) out with you together, but we were busywith our final reports when you called in.

10.But for the fact that China_________ (be) also affected by the global economic crisis, we_________ (have) fewer unemployed workersnow.

11.Jane’s pale face suggested that she__________ (be) ill, and her parents suggestedthat she_________ (have) a medical examination.

12.The teacher’s suggestion that we__________ (try) once more is a great encourage-ment to us.

13.The constant rise of meat price requiresthat effective measures__________ (take) by thegovernment.

14.Had it not been for my teacher’s help, I__________ (win) the first place in the EnglishOral competition.

15.If you had listened to me, we_________ (be) at the party now.

16.They could have escaped from the bigfire, but unfortunately, someone__________ (lock) the door.

17._________he_________ (be) here yes-terday, he would attend the lecture with us today.

18.If we had taken such effective measuresmuch earlier, the river__________ (not pollute) so seriously now.

19.—Max looks nervous.

—So_________you if you had so fierce acompetition.

20.It was lucky that little Jack was not athome when the fire broke out;otherwise, he________ (lose) his life.

(二) 单句改错

1.I think it is about time that we hold ameeting to discuss this problem.

2.When you phoned me, I was having ameeting;how I wish I answered your call.

3.The girl insisted that she wasn’t wrongand that she was sent back to the classroom.

4.—Why didn’t you come to the party?

—Well, I should, but I had an unexpectedguest at that moment.

5.It is ordered that no smoking is allowedin public places.

6.Had you listened to your mother, youwould have been all right now.

7.But for your timely help, I would be inthe traffic jam for a long time.

8.They met for the first time, but they talk-ed happily as if they were good friends for along time.

9.Would you need any help, you could al-ways phone me at the office.

10.Without the greenhouse effect, the Earthwere about thirty-three degrees Celsius coolerthan it is.

(三) 语篇填空

Over years I have been wishing I1.__________ (be) a bird flying freely in the clear and clean sky.However, the earth is becoming warmer and warmer and it is human activity that has caused this global warming.People suffer more from the natural disasters, pollution, global warming and so on.If only we2.__________ (can breathe) clean and fresh air every day!

What do you suggest that we 3.__________ (do) to save our earth?When everything is out of order, it looks as if the world 4.__________ (end) .It is high time that some effective measures 5._________ (take) to stop the damage to the earth, otherwise, the earth 6._________ (destroy) by human beings.

It is obvious that it is the efforts people make that make it possible for the environment to become clean.The main focus of effort must be to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions now.In our daily life, we should try to save electricity, water and gas;we should also start recycling.What’s more, if everyone7._________ (take) public transportation in the future, there 8._________ (be) less pollution in the air and the environmental problems9.__________ (improve) .I do desire that one day the earth 10._________ (become) as beautiful as before.

(一) 单句填空

1.were。根据句意以及主句的谓语woulddstay可知, 表示与现在的事实相反, 从句谓语用动词的过去时, be动词常用were。

2.had insisted; (should) go。此句是错综虚拟语气, 从句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句谓语用过去完成时;insist表示“坚持要求”, 后接宾语从句中的谓语应用虚拟语气, 形式是“should+动词原形”, should可省略。

3.would be。根据句意与从句中的谓语won可知, 本句表示与将来的事实可能相反, 所以主句谓语用would be。

4.wouldn’t/couldn’t have finished。此句是含蓄条件句, 表示与过去事实相反, 所以本空填wouldn’t/couldn’t have finished。

5.go;went。“would rather+动词原形”表示宁愿现在或将来做某事, 所以第一空用动词原形;“would rather+从句”表示与将来的愿望可能相反, 所以从句谓语用一般过去时。

6.knew。if only意为“要是……就好了”, 谓语动词应用虚拟语气, 根据句中的right now可知, 此句表示对现在的事实相反, 所以谓语应用一般过去时。

7. (should) be provided。此句是由that引导的主语从句, require表示“要求”, 与其相关的名词性从句应用虚拟语气, 形式是“ (should) +do”;provide与evidence构成动宾关系, 所以此空还应用被动语态。

8.had got。wish后面接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气, 从“but I failed”可知表示与过去事实相反, 所以此句应用过去完成时。

9.could have eaten。此处表示与过去的情况相反, 主句谓语用could have done, 表示“过去本来能够/本来会……的, 但实际情况不是这样”。

10.is;would have。此句是由but for引导的含蓄条件句, that后接同位语从句, 指现在的情况, 是事实, 所以第一空用一般现在时, 而后句表示与现在的情况相反的虚拟语气, 形式是“would+动词原形”。

11.was; (should) have。suggest作“表明, 暗示”讲时, 从句用陈述语气, 所以第一空填was;suggest作“建议”讲时, 从句用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should+动词原形”, should可以省略, 所以第二空填 (should) have。

12. (should) try。此句是由that引导的同位语从句, suggestion表示“建议”, 与其相关的名词性从句应用虚拟语气, 形式是“ (should) +do”。

13. (should) be taken。此句是由that引导的宾语从句, require表示“要求”, 与其相关的名词性从句应用虚拟语气, 形式是“ (should) +do”;take与measures之间构成动宾关系, 所以此空还应用被动语态。

14.wouldn’t have won。根据句意可知, 表示与过去的事实相反, 应用“wouldn’t+havedone”形式。

15.would be。此句是错综虚拟语气, 从句表示与过去事实相反, 而主句表示与现在的情况相反, 所以本空填would be。

16.had locked。根据句中的“could haveeescaped”可知, 此句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气, 因此此空表示过去, lock先于“coulddhave escaped”这一动作, 即表示“过去的过去”, 所以此空用过去完成时。

17.If;had been或Had;been。此句是错综条件句, 从句表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句用过去完成时, 所以第一空填If, 第二空填had been;如果把连词if去掉, 应把助动词had放在句首, 即第一空填Had, 第二空填been。

18.would not be polluted。此句是错综条件句, 主句表示与现在的事实相反, 所以用“would not+动词原形”;pollute与the river之间构成动宾关系, 因此此句还应用被动语态。

19.would。本句中主句和if条件从句都表示与现在事实相反的假设, 可改为“Youwould also look nervous if you had so fierce acompetition.”然后采用“so+情态动词would+主语”替换主句形式。

20.would have lost。此句是由otherwise引导的含蓄条件句, 表示与过去事实相反, 所以本空填would have lost。

(二) 单句改错

1.把hold改为held或在hold前加should。在“It is (about/high) time+that从句”结构中, 从句谓语用一般过去时或“should+动词原形”, 但should不可省略。

2.在answered前加had。wish后接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气, 根据句意可知, 表示与过去的事实相反, 从句用过去完成时, 所以在an-swered前加had。

3.把was改为be。insist作“坚持要求”讲时, 从句用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should do”形式, should可以省略;insist作“坚持认为/说”讲时, 从句不用虚拟语气。所以应把was改为be。

4.在should后加have。根据句意可知, 表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做到, 所以在should后加have, 在省略句中用助动词have代替完成式。

5.把第二个is改为be。此句是由that引导的主语从句, order意为“命令”, 与其相关的名词性从句应用虚拟语气, 形式是“ (should) +do”, 所以此句应把is改为be。

6.把have been改为be。此句是错综条件句, 从句表示与过去事实相反, 而主句表示与现在的情况相反, 所以应把have been改为be。

7.把be改为have been。此句是含蓄条件句, 表示与过去事实相反, 所以应把be改为have been。

8.把were改为had been。此句是由as if引导的方式状语从句, 根据句意可知, 表示与过去的事实相反, 所以从句谓语用过去完成时, 所以应把were改为had been。

9.把Would改为Should。根据句意可知, 表示与将来的事实可能相反, 应把Would改为Should。

10.把were改为would be。此句是含蓄条件句, 表示与现在的事实相反, 所以应把were改为would be。

(三) 语法填空

【语篇解读】本文讲述了由于人类活动导致全球变暖, 对此我们应采取一些应对措施。

1.were。wish后接宾语从句, 根据句意可知, 表示与现在的事实相反, 从句应用一般过去时, 所以此空填were。

2.could breathe。if only意为“要是……就好了”, 根据句意可知, 表示与现在的事实相反, 从句应用一般过去时, 故填could breathe。

3. (should) do。suggest表示“建议”, 后接宾语从句时应用虚拟语气, 从句谓语用“ (should) +动词原形”, should可省略。

4.ended。在as if引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中, 常用虚拟语气, 根据句意可知, 表示与现在的事实相反, 从句应用一般过去时, 所以此空填ended。

5.should be taken或was taken。take与mea-sures之间构成动宾关系, 所以此空应用被动语态;在“It is (about/high) time+that从句”结构中, 从句谓语用一般过去时或“should+动词原形”, 但should不可省略。

6.would be destroyed。destroy与the earth之间构成动宾关系, 因此此句应用被动语态;此句是由otherwise引导的含蓄条件句, 根据句意可知, 表示与现在的事实相反, 所以此处填would be destroyed。

7.takes。此句是由if引导的真实条件句, 表示将来的概念, 从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时, 所以此空填takes。

8.will be。此句是由if引导的真实条件句, 表示将来的概念, 主句应用一般将来时, 所以此空填will be。

9.will improve。此句是由if引导的真实条件句, 主句又嵌套了一个由and引导的并列句;表示将来的概念, 主句应用一般将来时, 所以此空填will improve。

虚拟语气的特殊用法 篇9

1.与现在事实相反, if引导的条件状语从句中动词时态用一般过去时 (be为were) , 主句中的would/could/should/might+动词原形。

2.与过去事实相反, if从句中用动词的过去完成时。主句中用would/could/should/might+have+过去分词。

3.与将来事实相反, if从句中用 (1) 动词的一般过去时; (2) were to+动词原形; (3) should+动词原形。主句中用would/could/should/might+动词原形。如:If I hadmoney, I would buy a car. (与现在事实相反。) If you had come earlier, you could have met him, (与过去事实相反) 。If it were to snow tomorrow, the crops would be saved. (与将来事实相反) 。

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法的一些总结

⒈if it be not for...如果不是……主句中用虚拟语气。

If it were not for the guidance of the party committee, we should/would fail.

If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so muchprogress.

If it were not for the collective strength (集体的力量) , it would not have been possible for us to live so well.

If it had not been for me, you would not be free.

2.虚拟语气中条件句可以省略if, 而把were, had或should移至主句之前, 但如果从句中没有were, had或should, 则不能。如:

Should it happen, what would you do?

Were I you, I would go.

Had he recognized me, he would havecome over.

3.在insist, order, command, suggest, advise propose, recommend, ask, demand, require request引导的宾语从句中, 要用虚拟语气。

She insisted that she (should) go alone.

The chairman proposed that we (should) put the match off.

The order came that it (should) be started at once.

It is ordered that we (should) arrive there before ten o’clock.

⒋下面两种句型只用虚拟语气

(1) It is time that clause, 主语从句中表示一种建议, 从句的谓语动词用过去时, 或should+动词原形, 意思是“该干某事的时候了”, 但“should”不可省略。

It’s time we went/should go to bed.

It’s (high) time we did/should do our homework.

(2) would rather that sb did sth

I would rather you went to that party instead of me.

I would rather he did shopping for me.

5.在带without的介词短语的句子中.

Without water, there would be no living things.

I could not have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.

6.用在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中。

She spoke in a loud voice so tha everyone could/might hear her clearly.

He got up early in order that he could/might catch the early bus.

7.用在as if, as though引导的非真实情况的句子中。

She felt as if she were going to die.

They were talking as if they were friends.

She speaks to me as if I were a kid.

8.在wish后的宾语从句中。

I wish that I had lots of money.

I wish that I would fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.

I wish that I would had passed the English exam.

9.It is important/necessary/natural...that sb should do sth.

It is a pity/a shame/no wonder...that sb should do sth.

It is suggested that we should finish the project by next month.

It is a great pity that he should be so careless.

10.otherwise之后的从句中, 可用虚拟语气。

Give me ten million dollars, otherwise Iwould burn your house down.

虚拟语气解题新思路 篇10

1、含义三形式:

假设型的虚拟语气表示不合事实。有关假设型的虚拟语气的问题常常通过三种形式来考查。

如:If you had worked hard, you would have passed the test.

If从句中用肯定时, 而事实是否定的;反之也然。我把if从句部分称为形式1, 主句you would have passed the test称为形式2。我们再把符合事实的事实句you didn’t work hard为形式3。由上文我们知道if you had worked hard含义等于you didn’t work hard.即形式1=形式3。

这三种形式的具体组合也分成三种;

第一种: (if形式1, 形式2)

If you had worked hard, you would have passed the test.

第二种: (形式2, but形式3)

You would have passed the test, but you didn’t work hard.

第三种: (形式3, or/otherwise形式2)

You didn’t work hard, or/otherwise you would have passed the test.

无论哪种组合都离不开中心句, 即形式2。所以形式2的形式必须牢固掌握, 即would/could/might/should的形式, 尤其注意的是当指过去情况时用would have done的形式。

形式2不是和形式1在一起, 就是和形式3一起出现。所以我们要找准的是形式1还是形式3句。

几种常见的固定句型中常用的虚拟语气

1、as if (好像)

He looks as if he were a foreigner.

He talked as if he had known it before.

even if/even though (即使)

Even though I were as rich as you, I would not dosuch a thing.

2、It is high time (到什么时候了)

It is high time you went there.

3、wish (希望)

I wish I met my uncle now.

归纳:从以上句子我们可以看出以上句型后面的从句内容和if从句中的形式一样。

4、but for+名次

The rain delayed us, but for the rain we would have been here at 8 am.

But for your help, I would have failed then.

5、without+名次

Without air, no one could live.

从but for和without的短语意思, 我们可以看出, 这两个短语给出的含意相当于if从句内容。所以肯定要考查第二步的内容, 即would have done或would do的形式。

第二种虚拟语气的情况.是从句中谓语用should+动词原形

和表达建议 (suggest, suggestion, advise, advice, propose, proposal) 坚持 (insist, insistence) 命令 (order, command) 要求 (request demand, require, requirement) 欲望 (desire) 决定 (decide, decision) 等词有关的名词性从句中谓语用should do, 即动词后的宾语从句和真正主语从句, 名词后的表语从句和同位语从句谓语要用should do形式。Should都可以省略。

例如:

1、I suggested that she (should) play the piano for us.

2、It’s suggested that a modern hotel (should) be put up at the foot of the hill.

摘要：本文从虚拟语气的构成特点入手, 简明扼要的叙述了虚拟语气的句子大多由三种句型构成, 这三种句子所运用的连接词不同, if, but, or或otherwise, 但三种句子又有共同点, 即中心句为同一句式。其他几种不含以上连接词的虚拟句都和if从句内容一致。

关键词：中心句,形式1,形式2形式3,should do

参考文献

[1]张道真:《实用英语语法》[1]张道真:《实用英语语法》

虚拟语气 教学反思 篇11

【关键词】中学英语 虚拟语气 教学反思

虚拟语气是高中语法的一个重要组成部分也是一大难点。本堂课是复习课，因此我在设计教学过程时定的基准就是要与新授课有所区别。学生是否具备相关英语思维，能否在实际语言活动中灵活应用虚拟语气至关重要，因此，选择行之有效的教学方法是非常关键的。根据本节课的特点，我主要采用小组合作，竞争探究、归纳总结、对比演绎和训练巩固法。既充分调动学生学习的积极性，又培养学生的观察、分析和思维能力和创新意识。在教学过程中我注意渗透学生的学法指导，让学生对知识进行对比分析，学会归纳总结，灵活运用。主要运用多媒体教学手段。

一、精心设计教学

为了完成本节的教学目标，我是这样安排教学程序的：

Step1.Leading in（导入）

本堂课前的everyday English背诵的是Three Days to See中涉及虚拟语气的一小段文字I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight； silence would teach him the joys of sound.我时常想，如果让每个人在成年不久的某个时候瞎几天，聋几天，那将会是一种福气，黑暗让人更加珍惜光明，寂寞会让人明白声音的欢乐。

Step2. Grammar study

复习虚拟语气的基本用法，并通过一定练习来检测学生对此的理解和掌握情况，并设计符合学生学习实际的语言实践活动，让学生在实践中区初步了解其用法。

学生欣赏了If I were a boy和If I were a carpenter两个video，从歌词导入到if引导非真实条件句及主句分别在与现在，过去，将来事实相反的情况下所用的不同结构，并简要区分主句中would，could，should，might的不同意义。配以最近较多的女大学生失联例句让学生进行操练，然后将其改为倒装句，学生总结if条件句中were，should，had的倒装。配以例句我班睡神打瞌睡，双十一天猫将首发电动汽车特斯拉，占中导致恒生指数的暴跌。

二、智慧实施教学

在上面的基础上，让学生连续翻译三个句子：如果占中发起人知道什么是真正的民主，就不会发起这样的冲突。如果香港没有被割让，现在就没什么好争的。如果这个问题不解决，将来形势会更糟糕。然后学生总结出错综条件句，并操练相关句子。然后将句中If it had not been for sth.替换为but for sth.，引入含蓄条件句。列举一系列常见的含蓄条件句然后再让学生进行总结。然后配以例句运动会跳长绳，湖南卫视真人秀《一年级》，韩国人气偶像少女时代跳《小苹果》以及10月20至23日举行的中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第四次全体会议。三个句子填空：我希望我是中国共产党的一份子。我希望我参加了中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第四次全体会议。我希望我能参加中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第五次全体会议，学生总结wish的用法，引出as if 和if only，例句围绕西非埃博拉病毒。紧接着呈现上次月考我班达本一本二线但选修不匹配的学生名单和分数，配以would rather例句，然后学生总结would rather用法，操练例句围绕最近热点话题国考。然后让学生总结（should）do的三种形式：It is necessary/ important/ natural/ essential/ wonderful/ strange/ a pity/ a shame that…；It's（high/ about）time that sb.…；in case/ for fear that/ lest sb.…，配以例句：很可惜运动会入场式得了三等奖；东莞女子徒手拆ATM以防卡被吞；到时候换iphone6了。接下来学生总结表建议，命令，要求的词与名词性从句相遇要用（should）do，三个例句围绕俄罗斯最近纷纷关停麦当劳。总结suggest和insist两种情况，并配以例句。最后相关练习，连句成文。

轻松快乐学虚拟语气 篇12

1.虚拟语气贯穿高中英语的整个学习过程中, 一直以来都是英语教学中的重点和难点, 其原因:一、在汉语中没有与虚拟语气相当的语法现象;二、在虚拟语气中涵盖多种动词形式和用法, 学生容易混淆不清。

2.传统教学模式下的语法课, 教师往往是教学的主体, 学生显得很被动, 即使教师采用课堂提问等方式引导学生, 学生的参与积极性仍然不高, 从而导致语法课的沉闷枯燥。于是, 我想改变以往的传统语法教学模式, 以不同的形式来吸引学生的注意, 刺激他们思考, 进而促使他们乐于参与其中, 在不知不觉中掌握虚拟语气的用法。

案例描述:

Step I引入部分改变以往概念讲解, 而以一首Beyonce的歌“If I were a boy”作为开场引入, 充分引起学生的兴趣。部分歌词如下:

If I were a boy

I think I could understand

How it feels to love a girl

I swear I'd be a better man

歌曲之后让学生思考其中的歌词含义, 为什么歌词中要用”If I were a boy”?而不说“If I am a boy”?引出虚拟语气的涵义:虚拟语气用来表示说法人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。

Step II幻灯片显示精心挑选的搞笑图片, 根据图片请学生造句子。

1) .If I were a superman, I would…

2) .If he had not drunk so much beer, he wouldn’t have had the car accident yesterday.

3) .If I won/were to win/should win the lottery, I wouldn’t wear that kind of clothes.

Step III根据以上三幅图造的三句话, 请学生自己思考虚拟语气的使用规则, 并将它们总结出来, 找三个同学将自己小组讨论的结果写到黑板上。

Step IV根据以上规则翻译以下句子:

1) .骗你是小狗I would be a dog if I lied to you.

2) .如果大海能够带回曾经的爱, 我愿用一生去等待。

If the sea could recall our love, then I would wait for all my life.

Step V 1) .周星驰的电影“大话西游”中有一段经典台词“如果上天 (God) 能够给我一个再来一次的机会 (another chance) , 我会对那个女孩子说:我爱你。如果非要 (have to) 在这份爱上加上一个期限 (set a time limit to) , 我希望是一万年……”给学生五分钟时间, 分小组讨论来将这段话翻译成英语, 之后将电影中的这段场景配音成英文。

2) .公布最佳翻译“Should God give me another chance, I would tell the girl three words, “I love you!”;if our love had to be set a time limit, I hope it would be ten thousand years!”.我们也可以将上面的翻译换成“If god should give me another chance, I would tell the girl three words, “I love you!”;if our love had to be set a time limit, I hope it would be ten thousand years!”引出虚拟语气的省略倒装原则“条件从句中有should, were, had三个助动词可以把if省略, 并将这三个词提至句首。”

Step VI.欣赏另一首英文歌曲-An Angel, 歌词如下:

I wish I had your pair of wings

Had them last night in my dreams

I was chasing butterflies

Till the sunrise broke my eyes

Sometimes I wish I were an angel

Sometimes I wish I were you

Step VII.歌词中wish的虚拟, 总结wish虚拟的规则, 以及相同规则的as if/though, if only

Step VIII.精心挑选三幅幽默图片造句。

1) .I wish/If only I were as tall as you.

2) .I wish/If only I hadn’t bought this watermelon.

3) .I wish my master wouldn’t punish me.

Step X.根据所学规则翻译诗歌:我和上帝

如果我是上帝, 我将拥有一切。

如果我见过上帝, 我一定已经与他交朋友了。

如果有一天我能见到上帝, 我会告诉他我的梦想。

我希望我能见到阿波罗 (Apollo) ,

因为我热爱阳光。

我希望我能见到丘比特 (Cupid) ,

因为爱情是最美丽的。

但是我不可能见到上帝 (It is impossible that……) ,

所以最重要的还是要努力学习 (it is important……) 。

最佳译文:

If I were God, I would have everything.

If I had met God, I would have made friends with him.

If I should see God one day, I would tell him my dream.

I wish I could meet Apollo,

because I love sunlight.

I wish I could meet Cupid,

because love is the most beautiful.

But it is impossible that I should meet God.

So it is the most important that we should study hard.

Step IX本课总结1.if条件句中虚拟语气的用法2.虚拟条件句的倒装省略

3.虚拟语气的特殊句型wish结构;as if/though结构;if only结构

案例评价:

高中英语新课程提倡以下教学方式:

1、多数课堂活动以学生为主体, 而不是以教师为主体;多数时间里, 不是教师讲解、学生倾听的过程, 而是教师与学生之间、学生与学生之间的互动过程;

2、教师不是直截了当地把知识告诉学生, 而是引导学生自己去发现知识;学生不是机械地记忆知识, 而是运用所学英语语言知识去做一些具体的事情;

3、学生不是整齐划一地按教师的要求做同样的事情, 而是根据自己的学习需要、按自己的学生方式实现学习目标;

这样的一节语法课, 有效的改变学生原有的单一、被动的学习方式, 形成了旨在充分调动、发挥学生主体性的多样化的学习方式, 促进学生在教师指导下主动地、富有个性地学习。

通过大量英文歌曲, 幽默图片和电影的引入, 使学生产生了学习兴趣, 特别是直接兴趣, 学习活动对他们来说就不是一种负担, 而是一种享受、一种愉快的体验。学生会越学越想学、越爱学, 有兴趣的学习事半功倍。有一位老师说过“教师不应该是学生灵魂的设计者, 而应该是学生灵魂的铸造者、净化者。教师要成为学生心智的激励唤醒者”.在此将这句话献给各位老师也献给自己, 以此共勉!

参考文献

[1].中华人民共和国教育部, 《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准 (实验稿) 》, 北京师范大学出版, 2001年7月

[2].河南教育学院学报 (哲学社会科学版) 《英语新课程与教学改革》作者:朱晓红, 2003年