虚拟语气5--虚拟语气的其它表达形式

虚拟语气5--虚拟语气的其它表达形式（精选3篇）

虚拟语气5--虚拟语气的其它表达形式 篇1

1. 虚拟语气用在由as if, as though 引导的方式或让步状语从句中，一般情况下，如果主谓语动词为现在时，从句谓语多用过去时;如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语多用过去完成时。

虚拟语气用在 even if, even though, whatever引导的状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if引导的.虚拟条件从句的谓语，一般用过去时或过去完成时。例如：

This old machine runs as if it were a new one.

The old worker works as though he were a young man.

Even though she had been here very soon, she would not catch the train.

Example:

He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______ all about that.

a. know b. knows c. known d. knew

I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.

a. knew b. knows c. has known d. had known

______ I used a lot of examples I still could not get my idea across.

a. Since b. But that c. Now that d. Even though

2. 虚拟语气用在so that, lest (唯恐), in case (万一), unless, in order that(为了，以便), that(为了，以至于), for fear that (生怕，以免), on condition that (如果)等引导的目的，条件状语从句中，从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词，也有用 should, can, could+原形动词构成的。例如：

The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.

Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.

一些人吃是为了生存，而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。

I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.

The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.

为了我们过上幸福生活，英雄们献出了自己的生命。

Example:

In case I ______, I would try again.

a. will fail b. would miss c. should fail d. shall miss

You should exercise vigilance _____ you should be killed.

a. so that b. lest c. therefore d. that

3. 虚拟语气用在由 “whether” 引导的让步状语从句中，从句谓语用原形动词。例如：

All engines work on this principle, whether they be large or small.

所有发动机都按这一原理工作，无论它们是大还是小。

We must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.

无论时间早晚，我们必须在回家前干完工作。

All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.

所有物质，不论是气体，液体，或固体，都是由原子构成。

在此句型中，可省去 whether ，而将be放在主语前。例如：

Be it so, we must continue to do the test.

We must do our best to fulfil the task, be it ever so hard.

Example:

______ I’ll marry him all the same.

a. Were he rich or poor b. Be he rich or poor

c. Whether rich or poor d. Being rich or poor

EXERCISE

1. ______, I must do another experiment.

a. It is ever so late b. Ever so late it

c. Be it ever so late d. Whether be it ever so late

2. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.

a. goes wrong b. would go wrong c. went wrong d. should go wrong

3. Machines are often oiled so that they ______ well.

a. ran b. runs c. should run d. running

4. Even if he ______ very busy, he would have kept on learning English.

a. had been b. was c. were d. had being

5. Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?

a. is b. will be c. was d. were

6. ______, he could not succeed.

a. However, he tried that b. He tried however hard

c. However he could try d. However hard he tried

7. Even though the enemy ______ wings, they couldn’t escape from our encirclement.

a. had b. had had c. have d. has

8. She described the accident as if she ______ it herself.

a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. sees

9. He came to meet us at the station for fear that we ______ the wrong way.

a. take b. should take c. took d. had taken

10. The car looked very dirty, as though it ______ hundreds of miles.

a. run b. runs c. has run d. had run

11. The teacher spoke slowly in order that we ______ no difficulty in following him.

a. should have b. had c. will have d. didn’t have

12. All magnets behave the same, ______ they large or small.

a. how b. are c. be d. were

13. At the beginning he didn’t want to speak English lest he _____ mistakes.

a. will make b. should make c. would make d. can

14. I remember the whole thing as if it ______ yesterday.

a. happen b. happens c. happened d. happening

15. She stayed at home for a few days so that she _____ her mother.

a. takes care of b. took care of c. might took care of d. might take care of

16. She took up the meter with care for fear that it _____ .

a. is damaged b. to be damaged c. should be damaged d. was damaged

17. In many cases the heating effect is neglected as if there ______ no flow of current along the wire.

a. are b. were c. is d. being

18. I’ll put the money on the table just in case you ______ it.

a. might need b. would need c. needed d. may have needed

19. Providing you ______ the opportunity to go abroad, which country would you want to visit first?

a. have b. will have c. had d. have had

20. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

a. it being b. was it c. it was d. be it

虚拟语气5--虚拟语气的其它表达形式 篇2

关键词：虚拟语气,动词形式变化,分析归纳

1. 引言

虚拟语气是指一种专门表示假设意义和非事实意义的动词形式, 它表达的是一种与事实相反的愿望、推测和想象等 (章振邦, 1995;黄任, 2007;张道真, 2002;薄冰, 2006) 。由于虚拟语气使用广泛, 在不同的句型中反映虚拟语气的谓语动词词形变化不尽相同, 因此, 虚拟语气一向是英语语法教学中的一个难点, 也是学生最为头疼的一个语法项目。本文对虚拟语气所涉及的句式进行分析和归纳, 旨在使学生对虚拟语气的结构和用法有一个系统的认识。

2. 虚拟语气用法归纳

笔者认为, 可将虚拟语气所涉及的句式按其动词变化的相近规律归为以下五大类:if虚拟主从复合句、遵循if虚拟主从复合句的主句活用变化规律、遵循if虚拟主从复合句的从句活用变化规律、 (should) do型和did型。

2.1 If虚拟主从复合句

if虚拟主从复合句是虚拟语气中最基本的类型, 按时间范畴可分为三类:一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况;另一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况;第三类是叙述与将来事实相反的情况。不同的时间, 虚拟语气的动词表达形式不同 (见下表) , 应注意对不同时间的主从句动词形式进行纵横比较, 寻找其主要的变化规律。

例1.If we had known that the books were available, we would have bought them yesterday.

如果我们知道这些书买得到, 昨天我们就会买了。

该句是典型的if虚拟主从复合句, 从“yesterday”一词得知主从句都是对过去事实的虚拟, 根据主句谓语动词“would have bought”得知从句应为“had known”的形式与之搭配。

但是, 在固定用法的基础上要注意对if虚拟主从复合句变形的灵活处理, 主要涉及跳层虚拟句、省略if的虚拟条件句和混合时间下的虚拟语气三种。

例2.I could have called you yesterday, but I didn’t have your telephone number.

昨天我本可以打电话给你, 但我没有你的电话号码。

本句是跳层虚拟句, 这是一种较为特殊的虚拟语气。这类句子一般分为两部分, 一部分用虚拟语气, 另一部分用陈述语气, 两者之间通常用but, or, or else, otherwise来连接。本题中由but这一并列连词将前后两个句子连接起来。前一分句中的“could have called”是虚拟语气 (假定完成了) , 表示与过去事实相反的主观假设, 指过去本可能做但实际未做的事情, 后一分句是指出之所以没有这样做的原因, 是对过去时间 (yesterday) 里发生的客观事实进行陈述。

例3.Had I known he was seriously ill, I wouldn’t have told him the truth.

要是早知道他病重, 我就不会告诉他真相了。

该句是省略if的虚拟条件句。当虚拟条件句省略if时, 要将were/had/would/could等助动词提到句首构成部分倒装。根据主句谓语动词“wouldn’t have told”得知该句表达的是对过去事实相反的情况, 从句应用过去完成时的形式。

例4.If he had taken his lawyer’s advice, he would save himself a great deal of trouble.

要是他当初听从了律师的建议, 他现在就不会有这么多麻烦。

该句是混合时间下的虚拟语气, 这种情况应分别对待, 主从句按自己的时间采用相应的动词表达形式。

2.2 遵循if虚拟主从复合句的主句活用变化规律

虚拟语气有一种隐性形式叫做含蓄虚拟句, 句中虽然没有完整的条件句, 但隐含的条件意味可以通过介词 (短语) without, but for, but that, or, but, otherwise等来表达, 相当于if从句, 所以这类句子谓语动词的变化遵循if虚拟主从复合句中主句的活用变化规律。

例1.But for their help, we could not have finished the work.

要是没有他们的帮助, 我们就无法完成这项工作。

该句表达的是与过去事实相反的情况。“But for their help”相当于if条件句“If we hadn’t had their help”, 所以句子的谓语动词采用if虚拟主从复合句的主句动词could have done的形式。

例2.Without water, there would be no plant.

要是没有水, 就没有植物。

该句是对客观事实作虚拟假设, 视作与现在事实相反的情况, 所以句子谓语动词为would be。

2.3 遵循if虚拟主从复合句的从句活用变化规律

2.3.1 if only (要是……就好了) 引导的感叹句

由if only引导的感叹句通常表示一种不可能实现的愿望, 也可用于虚拟条件句中, 同样有现在、将来和过去三个时间范围, 所以谓语动词的变化遵循if主从句中从句的活用变化规律。例如:

If only I had not been busy last week! (与过去事实相反)

要是上周我不忙该多好啊!

2.3.2 wish宾语从句及as if/as though从句

当wish表示一种与客观事实相反的、根本不可能实现的主观意愿时, 其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。由as if/though引导的从句在表示与客观事实相反的情况时也要用虚拟语气, 其动词变化遵循if虚拟主从复合句的从句活用变化规律。

例1.She wished she had stayed at home yesterday.

她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。

根据从句的时间状语可推断出说话人是对过去事实作虚拟, 故谓语动词应用“had done”的形式。

例2.Why doesn’t she buy us a drink?It isn’t as if she had no money.

她为什么不请我们喝饮料, 她又不是没钱。

根据前面的句子可知as if表示与现在事实相反的情况, 隐含着“In fact, she has money”的意思, 谓语动词用did的形式。

2.3.3 would rather, would sooner等短语之后的宾语从句

在表示愿望时除了用wish还可用would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等短语, 表示一种委婉和礼貌, 其虚拟语气的用法同wish一样。但需要注意的是, 如果would rather, would sooner等短语不是接宾语从句而是直接和动词连用, 则要用动词原形。比较以下两个例句:

例1.I’d rather you hadn’t told your mother about it last night.

我倒宁愿你昨天晚上没有把这件事告诉你母亲。

例2.I’d rather go there tomorrow.

我宁愿明天去那儿。

2.4 (should) do型

以上讨论的关于虚拟语气的句式都是围绕if虚拟主从复合句的动词变化规律来进行分类的, 但还有很多从句中的虚拟语气动词形式比较简单, 一律变为“should+动词原形”, should可以省略, 所以经常直接用动词原形来表示。应该说这是虚拟语气动词变化中最简单的一种, 关键在于要记住属于这一变化规律的相关句型。

2.4.1 主语从句“It is+adj.+that...”

常这样用的形容词表示“重要的、必要的、离奇的”, 例如:appropriate, advisable, better, desirable, preferable, essential, imperative, necessary, important, vital, urgent, strange等。

例如:It is important that he be called back immediately.

有必要把他立即召回。

2.4.2 表示命令、建议、要求、坚持、主张、目的等单词后面的从句

在表示命令 (order) 、建议 (suggest, advise, propose) 、要求 (ask, demand, request, require) 、坚持 (insist) 、愿望 (prefer, desire等标志性动词以及它们的派生名词和形容词 (过去分词) , 后面的从句中也要求用虚拟语气来表达, 这些从句涉及宾语从句、名词性从句和主语从句。例如:

It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities. (主语从句)

We suggested that he (should) join the club activities. (宾语从句)

我们提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。

但要注意, suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事而用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时, 从句用陈述语气。例如:

She insists that she is right.

她坚持认为自己是对的。

You pale face suggests that you are ill.

你脸色苍白, 是不是病了。

2.4.3 in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句

由连接词in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句表示“以免, 恐怕”, 动词形式也常用“should+动词原形”, should可以省去, 但in case句中的should通常不能省, 另外in case句中也可以不用虚拟语气, 而用陈述语气。

例1.I shall remind him lest he (should) forget.

我要提醒她, 免得他忘记。

例2.He did his homework carefully for fear that he (should) make a mistake.

他做作业很认真, 生怕出错。

2.5 did型

在主语从句“It is time that...”中, 谓语动词用过去时 (有时也可用should do) 来表达, 指现在或将来的情况, 表示“应该做某事而有些晚了”。通常time前可加high/about/good/great/already等限定词。例如:

It is time that the boy went to school.

这个小孩该上学了。

3. 结语

虚拟语气作为英语教学中的一个重要语法现象与教学难点, 而众多语法教材中条目繁杂的语法说明往往让学生望而生畏。很多学生对不同时间概念的主从句和不同句型中动词的变化始终弄不清楚, 有的采取死记硬背的方式来强化记忆, 时间久了便又混淆不清, 这也是学生感到虚拟语气繁杂、难于掌握的原因所在。因此, 在讲授虚拟语气时, 教师的主要任务不是向学生介绍虚拟语气中动词的变化形式, 而是要帮助学生从看似杂乱无章的动词变化中发现规律、总结规律, 并从中对虚拟语气的不同句式进行归类, 以帮助学生理清思路, 快速掌握这一语法现象。

参考文献

[1]薄冰.薄冰大学英语语法[M].太原:山西教育出版社, 2006.

[2]黄任.英语语法教程.形式、意义与使用[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2007.

[3]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.

虚拟语气的用法 篇3

表示说话人认为所说的话是和事实相反的内容，只是一种愿望、假设、猜测、建议或空想，用于条件句或某些动词之后。在这样的句子中要用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气的结构

虚拟语气常用在由if引导的非真实条件从句中，是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑。

(1)表示与现在事实相反的情况

If I were you, I would help her. 如果我是你，我会帮助她。

If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有空气和水，地球上就不会存在生物。

If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.

如果他学习用功的话，他可能会通过考试。

(2)表示与过去事实相反的情况

If I had visited the place before, I would have known the way.

如果我去过那个地方，我就认识路了。

If we had left earlier, we wouldn’t have missed the train.

假若我们早点儿动身的话，我们是不会错过火车的。

If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.

如果他听了我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。

(3)表示对将来情况的主观推测(可能相反或可能性很小)

If you should be late tomorrow, we would not wait for you.

万一你明天迟到了，我们就不等你了。

If he should see me, he would know me.

假如他看见我，就会认识我。

If it were to snow in the summer, I would believe you.

倘若夏天下雪，我就会相信你。

If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.

如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。

虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中

(1)表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式。

I wish I had your brains. 我希望我能有你那样的脑筋。

(2)表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。

I wish I had known the truth of the matter.

我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。

(3)表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词用“should(would)+动词原形”。

I wish I should have a chance again. 我真希望再有一次机会。

一、请用所给动词的正确形式填空。

1. If I come, I ____(see) you.

2. If it is fine, we ____(go) for a walk.

3. If it rained, they ____(stay) at home.

4. You will spoil it if you ____(not be) careful.

5. We would be very much pleased if you ____(come).

6. Will you help me if I ____(need) you?

7. They will get wet if it ____(rain).

8. What a pity!I haven’t got my car. If I had, I ____(take) you to

the airport.

9. We would answer if we ____(can).

10. If you eat too much, you ____(get) ill.

二、请根据上下文用所给动词的适当形式完成对话。

1. A: What are you doing this evening?

B: I’m not sure. If there ____(not be) anything good on TV, I think

I ____(read) a detective story. Or maybe I ____(go) to bed early.

2. A: What time will Kate be home?

B: If I ____(know) I ____(tell) you. But unfortunately, she didn’t say a word with me because we argued yesterday.

A: Well, if she ____(get) home before 10:00, please ask her to call me.

3. A: I’m so stressed out.

B: It’s none of my business, but if I ____(be) you, I ____(take) some time off.

4. A: I’m afraid your flight has been delayed due to bad weather.

B: Oh no!When will it take off?

A: We don’t have any idea yet. If it ____(stop) snowing this evening, then your flight ____(depart) some time tonight.

5. A: What are the chances that will happen?

B: It’s too early to tell. I ____(let) you know if I ____(hear) any news.