文言文阅读常考

文言文阅读常考（共6篇）

文言文阅读常考 篇1

文言文

伯牙绝弦

伯牙善鼓琴，钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴，志在高山，钟子期曰：“善哉，峨峨兮若泰山！”志在流水，钟子期曰：“善哉，洋洋兮若江河！”伯牙所念，钟子期必得之。子期死，伯牙谓世再无知音，乃破琴绝弦，终身不复鼓。

顾荣施炙

顾荣在洛阳，尝应人请。觉行炙人有欲炙之色，因辍已施焉。同坐嗤之。荣曰：“岂有终日执之而不知其味者乎？”后遭乱渡江，每经危急，常有一人左右。已问其所以，乃受炙人也。

约不可失

魏文侯与虞人期猎。是日，饮酒乐，天雨。文侯将出，左右曰：“今日饮酒乐，天又雨，公将焉之？”文侯曰：“吾与虞人期猎，虽乐，岂可不一会期哉？”乃往，身自罢之。

刻舟求剑

楚人有涉江者，其剑自舟中坠于水，遽契（jù qì)其舟，曰：“是吾（wú）剑之所从坠。”舟止，从其所契者入水求之。舟已行矣（yǐ），而剑不行，求剑若此，不亦惑乎？

杨布打狗

杨朱之弟曰布，衣素衣而出。天雨，解素衣，衣缁衣而返。其狗不知，迎而吠之。杨布怒，将扑之。杨朱曰：“子无扑矣，子亦犹是也。向者使汝狗白而往黑而来，岂能无怪哉？”

孙权劝学

初，权谓吕蒙曰：“卿今当涂掌事，不可不学！”蒙辞以军中多务。权 曰：“孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪（语气词，通“耶”）!但当涉猎，见往事耳。卿言多务，孰若孤？孤常读书，自以为大有所益。”蒙乃始就学。及鲁(lù）肃过寻阳，与蒙论议，大惊曰：“卿今者才略，非复吴下阿蒙！”蒙曰：“士别三日，即更刮目相待，大兄何见事之晚乎！”肃遂(suì多音字）拜蒙母，结友而别。

薛谭学讴

薛谭学讴于秦青，未穷青之技，自谓尽之，遂辞归。秦青弗止，饯行于郊衢，抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云。薛谭乃射求反，终身不敢言归。

伤仲永

金溪民方仲永，世隶耕。仲永生五年，未尝识书具，忽啼求之。父异焉，借旁近与之，即书四句，并自为其名。其诗以养父母、收族为意，传一乡秀才观之。自是指物作诗立就，其文理皆有可观者。邑人奇之，稍稍宾客其父，或以钱币乞之。父利其然也，日扳仲永环谒于邑人，不使学。

余闻之也久。明道中，从先人还家，于舅家见之，十二三矣。令作诗，不能称前时之闻。又七年，还自扬州，复到舅家问焉。曰：“泯然众人矣”。

王子曰：仲永之通悟，受之天也。其受之天也，贤于材人远矣。卒之为众人，则其受于人者不至也。彼其受之天也，如此其贤也，不受之人，且为众人；今夫不受之天，固众人，又不受之人，得为众人而已耶？

北人食菱

北人生而不识菱者，仕于南方。席上食菱，并壳入口。或曰：“食菱须去壳。”其人自护其短，曰：“我非不知，并壳者，欲以清热也。”问者曰：“北土亦有此物否？”答曰：“前山后山，何地不有！”

夫菱角生于水中而曰土产，此坐强不知以为知也。

咏雪

谢太傅寒雪日内集，与儿女讲论文义。俄而雪骤，公欣然曰：“白雪纷纷何所似？”兄子胡儿曰：“撒盐空中差可拟。”兄女曰：“未若柳絮因风起。”公大笑乐。即公大兄无奕女，左将军王凝之妻也。

陈太丘与友期

陈太丘与友期行，期日中，过中不至，太丘舍去，去后乃至。元方时年七岁，门外戏。客问元方：“尊君在不？”答曰：“待君久不至，已去。”友人便怒：“非人哉！与人期行，相委而去。”元方曰：“君与家君期日中。日中不至，则是无信；对子骂父，则是无礼。”友人惭，下车引之，元方入门不顾。

迂公修屋

有迂氏者，世称迂公，性吝啬。篱败不修，瓦裂不葺。一日，夜半暴雨，屋漏如注，妻子东藏西匿，仍半身淋漓。妻且号且诟，诘曰：“吾适尔，因汝家富，不意乃受此累。汝何以为父？何以为夫？”迂公无奈。旦日，延人治屋。然自后二月，天晴月朗，不见雨兆。迂公叹曰：“适葺治，即不雨，岂不徒耗资财！”

王安石待客

王安石在相位，子妇之亲萧氏子至京师，因谒公，公约之饭。翌日，萧氏子盛服而往，意为公必盛馔。日过午，觉饥甚而不敢去。又久之，方命坐，果蔬皆不具，其人已心怪之。酒三行，初供胡饼两枚，次供猪脔数四，顷即供饭，旁置菜羹而已。萧氏子颇骄纵，不复下箸，惟啖胡饼中间少许，留其四傍。公取自食之，其人愧甚而退。

哀溺文

永之氓咸善游。一日，水暴甚，有五六氓，乘小船绝湘水。中济，船破，皆游。其一氓尽力而不能寻常。其侣曰：“汝善游最也，今何后为？”曰：“吾腰千钱，重，是以后。”曰：“何不去之？”不应，摇其首。有顷益怠。已济者立岸上，呼且号曰：“汝愚之甚，蔽之甚，身且死，何以货为？”又摇其首。遂溺死。

师旷问学

晋平公问于师旷曰：“吾年七十，欲学，恐已暮矣。”师旷曰：“何不秉烛①乎?”平公曰：“安有为人臣而戏其君乎?”师旷曰：“盲臣②安敢戏君乎?臣闻之：少而好学，如日出之阳；壮而好学，如日中之光；老而好学，如秉烛之明。秉烛之明，孰与昧行③乎?”平公曰：“善哉!”

孔文举年十岁

孔文举年十岁，随父到洛。时李元礼有盛名，为司隶校尉。诣门者皆俊才清称及中表亲戚乃通。文举至门，谓吏曰：“我是李府君亲。”

既通，前坐。元礼问曰：“君与仆有何亲？”对曰：“昔先君仲尼与君先人伯阳有师资之尊，是仆与君奕世为通好也。”元礼及宾客莫不奇之。太中大夫陈韪后至，人以其语语之，韪曰：“小时了了,大未必佳。”文举曰：“想君小时，必当了了。”韪大踧踖。

愚人食盐

昔有愚人，至于他家。主人与食，嫌淡无味。主人闻已，更为益盐。既得盐美，便自念言：“所以美者，缘有盐故。少有尚尔，况复多也？”愚人无智，便空食盐。食已口爽，反为其患。

司马光救友

司马光七岁，凛然如成人，闻讲《左氏春秋》，爱之，退为家人讲，即了其大旨。自是手不释书，至不知饥渴寒暑。群儿戏于庭，一儿登瓮，足跌没水中，众皆弃(去)，光持石击瓮，(破)之，水迸，儿得活。

王积薪闻棋

王积薪棋术功成，自谓天下无敌。将游京师，宿于逆旅。既灭烛，闻主人媪①隔壁呼其妇②曰：“良宵难遣，可棋一局乎?”妇曰：“诺。”媪曰：“第几道下子矣？”妇曰：“第几道下子矣。”各言数十。媪曰：“尔败矣！”妇曰：“伏局。”积薪暗记。明日复其势，意思皆所不及也。

欧阳修苦读

欧阳公四岁而孤，家贫无资。太夫人以荻画地，教以书字。多诵古人篇章。及其稍长，而家无书读，就闾里士人家借而读之，或因而抄录。以至昼夜忘寝食，惟读书是务。自幼所作诗赋文字，下笔已如成人。

孟子少时诵

孟子少时，诵，其母方织。孟子辍然中止，乃复进，其母知其喧也，呼而问之：“何为中止？”对曰：“有所失复得。”其母引刀裂其织，以此诫之。自是之后，孟子不复喧矣。

曾子杀猪

曾子之妻之市，其子随之而泣。其母曰：“女还，顾反为女杀彘。”妻适市来，曾子欲捕彘杀之，妻止之曰：”特与婴儿戏耳。“曾子曰：”婴儿非与戏耳。婴儿非有知也，待父母而学者也，听父母之教。今子欺之，是教子欺也。母欺子，子而不信其母，非所以成教也⑾。" 遂烹彘也。

揠苗助长

宋人有闵其苗之不长而揠之者，芒芒然归，谓其人曰：“今日病矣！予助苗长矣！”其子趋而往视之，苗则槁矣。

天下之不助苗长者寡矣！以为无益而舍之者，不耘苗者也；助之长者，揠苗者也；非徒无益，而又害之。

画蛇添足

楚有祠者，赐其舍人卮酒。舍人相谓曰：“数人饮之不足，一人饮之有余。请画地为蛇，先成者饮酒。”

一人蛇先成，引酒且饮之，乃左手持卮，右手画蛇曰：“吾能为之足！”未成，一人之蛇成，夺其卮曰：“蛇固无足，子安能为之足？”遂饮其酒。

为蛇足者，终亡其酒。

勉谕儿辈

由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难。饮食衣服，若思得之艰难，不敢轻易费用。酒肉一餐，可办粗饭几日；纱绢一匹，可办粗衣几件。不馋不寒足矣，何必图好吃好着？常将有日思无日，莫待无时思有时，则子子孙孙常享温饱矣。

智子疑邻

宋有富人，天雨墙坏。其子曰：“不筑，必将有盗。”其邻人之父亦云。暮而果大亡其财，其家甚智其子，而疑邻人之父。

晏子辞千金

晏子方食，景公使使者至，分食食之，使者不饱，晏子亦不饱。使者反，言之公。公曰：“嘻！晏子之家，若是其贫也！寡人不知，是寡人之过也。”使吏致千金与市租，请以奉宾客。晏子辞。三致之，终再拜而辞。

割席分坐

管宁，华歆共园中锄菜。见地有片金，管挥锄与瓦石不异，华捉而掷去之。又尝同席读书，有乘轩冕过门者。宁读如故，歆废书出观。

宁割席分座，曰：“子非吾友也。”

——《世说新语·德行第一》

爱莲说

周敦颐

水陆草木之花，可爱者甚蕃。晋陶渊明独爱菊。自李唐来，世人甚爱牡丹。予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。

予谓菊，花之隐逸者也；牡丹，花之富贵者也；莲，花之君子者也。噫！菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻。莲之爱，同予者何人？牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣！

《论语》十则

1、子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”

2、曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身，为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”

3、子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。”

4、子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”

5、子曰：“由，诲汝知之乎？知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。”

6、子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。”

7、子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉，择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”

8、曾子曰：“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦远乎？”

9、子曰：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”

10、子贡问曰：“有一言可以终身之者乎？”

子曰：“其‘恕’乎？己所不欲，勿施于人。”

文言文阅读常考 篇2

在高考试卷中,阅读理解题占的权重最大。常言道“得阅读者得天下。”只有掌握一定的阅读策略和技巧,我们才能在考试中脱颖而出。

一、传统阅读理解题的命题特点和解题策略

纵观近年的高考英语试卷,传统的阅读理解题主要有四种类型: 主旨大意题、细节理解题、猜测词义(句意)和推理判断题。下面从各个题型常见的设题方式进行分析,并总结一些解题策略,希望对考生有所帮助。

(一)主旨大意题

主旨大意题要求考生根据作者的写作意图,归纳文章的主题。主旨大意题属于深层理解题,考生需要在通读全文的基础上,认真概括文章大意, 细心揣摩作者的写作意图。值得注意的是,考生应能区分主要信息和次要信息,既要看到树木,又要看到森林,切忌不分主次,本末倒置。

1.设题方式

主旨大意题通常包括概括全文(段落)大意、概括文章话题和选择最佳标题等三种主要的考查方式。常见的设问方式有下列几种:

Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

What might be the best title for the passage?

What is the topic of the text?

What can be a suitable title for the test?

What is the message the writer wants to convey in the passage?

The passage is mainly about _________?

What is the main theme of the story?

What is the main purpose of the passage?

2.解题策略

高考英语阅读材料都会围绕一个中心话题展开,文中提供了一定的线索和暗示,帮助读者概括主题。

选择最佳标题(话题)类的试题要求考生能准确把握文章的大意,并根据文意进行概括和提炼。标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂。选择最佳标题时,我们应从以下三点来把握:( 1 )概括性。最佳标题应具有很强的概括性,能涵盖文章所涉猎的全部内容。( 2 )趣味性。最佳标题应具备趣味性的特点,能够吸引读者的眼球,有较高的关注度。( 3 )针对性。最佳标题的外延应大小适中, 不偏不倚, 能够揭示全文主旨大意。考生常犯的错误主要是以点带面、以偏概全,把一些事实和细节、与话题相关的陈述当作标题。

下面常用的五种方法可帮助我们正确地概括出文章的主旨大意:

(1)寻找主题段(句)

按照西方人的思维习惯,他们常用演绎法,即先提出重要信息,然后提供详细的材料来论述。很多阅读材料的结构大体符合演绎法的特点,因此,阅读材料的段落首句对于文章主题的把握很重要。当然,也有一些作者喜欢将文章的中心放在段落末句交代,这时,我们应关注段落末尾的内容。

因此,考生应先确定文章的框架结构,然后寻找文章的主题段(句),它能明确地表明全文的中心思想。说明文、议论文和新闻报道类的文章通常有主题句。用演绎法所写文章的主题句通常在文首,用归纳法所写文章的主题句通常在文末。

【真题再现】( 2015年新课标II卷阅读理解B篇)

Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.

Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food . If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.

Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it's time to repaint, go blue.

Don't forget the clock — or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewercalories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes, And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.

Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12 inch plate instead of a 10 inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.

28. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Is Your House Making You Fat?

B. Ways of Serving Dinner

C. Effects of Self Consciousness

D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?

【试题分析】本题考查文章的标题,属于主旨大意题。

【思路点拨】本文的结构非常清晰:第一段为导语段,作者引出将要讨论的话题:家庭装修的方式对我们摄入食物的数量有影响。然后,使用两个过渡句“ You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. ”,巧妙地把话题转移到如何利用居住环境来减少食物的摄入。文章的第二至四段介绍了四种具体的做法,帮助我们尽量减少摄入的食物数量,以便达到减肥的目的。由此可见, 文章的主题出现在第一段中,文首的两句话 “ Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. ”就是主题句。根据主题句的暗示, 我们就可判断出文章的最佳标题为A, 意为 “你的家使你发胖了吗?”

(2)寻找关键词

文章出现较多的或重复出现的事物或观点,往往是文章主要讨论的话题,是文章的主题。在阅读过程中,我们应认真揣摩,锁定关键词。

【真题再现】( 2014年新课标II卷阅读理解A篇)

Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.

During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.

He reported the case to the police and then sat there , lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.

Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can (垃圾桶) that had been left out on the footpath.

My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone tothe trash canand founda pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.

That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

24. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. From India to Australia.

B. Living in a New Country.

C. Turning Trash to Treasure.

D. In Search of New Friends.

【试题分析】本文考查最佳标题,属于主旨大意题。

【思路点拨】本文主要讲述作者的丈夫从印度来到陌生的澳大利亚的悉尼市,不小心丢失了行李箱。正当作者的丈夫为弄丢了重要证件而惶恐不安的时候,一个陌生人给丈夫打来电话说,他们的女儿在垃圾筒旁边捡到了这些证件。这些本来可能被当作垃圾扔掉的证件, 对于这家人来说,简直是无价之宝。陌生人捡到证件,并主动联系他们,使作者和他的家人改变了对澳洲的看法,增强了对未来新生活的信心。文章第五段中的关键词the trash can和a pile of unfamiliar papers是解题的暗示,因此最佳标题为Turning Trash to Treasure (变废为宝)。

(3)锁定信号词

为了清晰地阐释文章的主题,作者会用一些信号词。例如,表示转折关系的词、设问句、 总结性的词语 (however , therefore, thus, in short, in conclusion, in summary等)。我们可以通过这些信号词的提示来锁定文章的主题。

(4)寻找隐藏线索

有些文章的主题作者没有直接表述出来, 而是渗透在字里行间。考生应扫读全文,根据字里行间的隐含信息,尝试自己概括总结文章的主旨大意。

【真题再现】( 2015年广东卷阅读理解A篇)

Peter loved to shop used articles. Almost a month ago, he bought a popular word game that used little pieces of wood with different letters on them. As he was purchasing it, the salesgirl said, “ Uh, look, the game box hasn't even been opened yet. That might be worth some money. ”

Peter examined the box, and, sure enough, it was completely covered in factory sealed plastic. And he saw a date of 1973 on the back of the box.

“ You should put that up for auction ( 拍卖 ) on the Internet, and see what happens. ” the salesgirl said.

“ Yes, you're right. People like something rare. ” Peter agreed, “ I can't imagine there being very many unopened boxes of this game still around 40 years later. ”

“ Don't forget to tell me if you sell it. ” the salesgirl smiled.

“ No problem. ” Peter said.

After he got home, Peter went online to several auction websites looking for his game. But he couldn't find it. Then he typed in the name of the word game and hit Search. The search result was 543 websites containing information about the changes of the game. Over the years, the game had been produced using letters in different sizes and game boards in different colors. He also found some lists of game fans looking for various versions of the game. Peter emailed some of them, telling them what he had.

Two weeks later, Peter went back to the shop.

“ Hello. Do you still remember the unopened word game? ”

The salesgirl looked at him for a second, then recognized him and said, “ Oh, hi! ”

“ I've got something for you, ” Peter said. “ I sold the game and made $ 1,000. Thank you for your suggestion. ” He handed her three $ 100 bills.

“ Wow! ” the salesgirl cried out. “ Thank you, I never expected it. ”

30. What is the main theme of the story?

A. It's important to keep a promise.

B. It's great to share in other people's happiness.

C. We should be grateful for the help from others.

D. Something rare is worth a large amount of money.

【试题分析】本题考查这篇文章的主题,属于主旨大意题。

【思路点拨】通读本文可知,作者讲述了彼得在旧货市场淘来一个20世纪70年代生产的猜字游戏盒,在售货员的建议下,他在网上成功地拍卖,获得1000美元。为感谢售货员给他提出的建议,他送给她300美元作为酬谢。虽然,我们不能从文中找到主题句,但是,通过这个故事,我们可以感悟到做人的道理:我们应知恩图报。故选C 。

(5)结合文中的具体事例

有时,为了有力地印证某一个观点,作者会使用一些典型的实例、数据等。因此,我们可以根据文章的具体实例来判断作者究竟想说明一个什么问题。

【真题再现】(2015年湖南卷阅读理解B篇)

In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, “ No, thanks. I've got a good horse under me. ”

The city planner decided to build an underground drainage ( 排水 ) system, but there simply wasn' t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.

An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.

This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, orhoistthe entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six story brick building?

That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews ( 螺旋千斤顶 ) beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening.

Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.

65. The passage is mainly about early Chicago's ______.

A. popular life styles and their influences

B. environmental disasters and their causes

C. engineering problems and their solutions

D. successful businessmen and their achievements

【试题分析】本文考查文章的主题,属于主旨大意题。

【思路点拨】本文首先陈述了美国芝加哥市在早期曾经遭受了严重的内涝及其带来的影响。然后,介绍了一个名叫Ellis Chesbrough的工程师提出的解决方案:把排水管铺设在城市的地表,再用泥土覆盖,这样就将地表高度提高了12英尺。这样做引发了一个新的问题即:城市的房屋需要相应地提高到一个新的高度。原来的一层或改为地下室,或需要被抬高。 面临新的挑战,工程师George Pullman的创意应运而生,他发明了整体提升房屋的做法。作者举例说明, the Tremont Hotel在正常营业的情况下,被工程师George Pullman的工作团队成功地抬升。那么这篇文章的主题是什么呢?显然作者为读者讲述了芝加哥市在早期发展过程中遇到的工程问题及如何解决了这个问题。 因此,本题的最佳答案是C。

(二)细节理解题

细节理解题在阅读理解题中占有较大的比例。细节题要求考生具备快速获取信息的能力,采用有效的阅读策略。在多数情况下,考生可以从原文中找到设题的相关信息,直接检索到答案。在阅读中,我们应特别关注人物、事件、时间、地点、情节的发展、方式以及人物之间的关系、结果和影响。

1.设题方式

细节理解题设题的内容通常涉及以下几个方面:

( 1 )针对文中的人物提问

Who can take part in the...?

Who will give the talk on...?

( 2 )针对文中提到的活动设问

What was the author going to do that evening?

What can we learn about...?

What are people encouraged to do at the...?

What happened to...one Sunday afternoon?

What makes...different from...?

What should you know about the...?

What did...plan to do after...?

Which number should you call if you are interested in...?

( 3 )针对文中活动发生的地点设问

Where will ... be held?

( 4 )针对活动发生的时间设问

When is the talk on ...?

At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday?

( 5 )针对某事发生的原因设问

What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?

Why does the lion tamer use a chair?

( 6 )针对文中提到的活动方式提问

How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?

How did the author finally get his TV set working again?

How did Nicholas keep himself warm?

How does Owain James feel about the gap year phenomenon?

( 7 )针对某事发生的原因设问

Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?

Why didn't the writer agree to...at the beginning of the story?

Nicholas left Grylls a very deep impression because he_______.

(8)对文章中出现的数字提问

What is the total number of students who earned a C or better?

Which of the following cost Amy most?

How much will the magazine pay for ...?

2.干扰项的特点

事实细节题的干扰项一般都是关于文中某一细节的错误叙述与论断,我们可先逐个排除干扰项,然后筛选出正确答案。干扰项之所以能对考生造成干扰,是因为命题人使用了一些命题技巧来干扰考生做出正确的判断。

(1)扩大或者缩小范围

文章为了准确严密地表达,作者非常注意对范围的限定,往往通过加上相应的词语进行限制,如涉及到数量时,常用many , almost all , nearly , more than , over , only a few等修饰,有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小了语言的范围。

(2)偷换概念

偷换概念是在细节题中常用的干扰项设置手法。干扰项中所使用的句子结构、词汇等与原文几乎完全相似,只是在不易引人注意的、非常重要的地方更换了几个词汇,造成句意的改变;或利用原文中的词来重组、编造选项或断章取义,制造疑云,故布迷阵。返回原文,找到相关出处,将选项与出处句进行对照检验,这样偷换概念的选项就一目了然了。

(3)正误并存

在那些干扰项中,往往有一部分的陈述是正确的,但是有个别词语是错误的,或陈述过于片面。由于正误并存,命题者借此以假乱真。 因此,那些选项局部有误的,或陈述与原文不符合的,都属于干扰项,应该果断地排除掉。

(4)无中生有

干扰项陈述的内容无法在原文中找到来源和依据。它往往来自生活中的基本常识,或为大家普遍接受的观点,给考生一种“亲切感”,从而导致考生草率做出错误的选择。在遇到这种选项时,考生一定要秉持“答案一定来自原文”的原则,排除“无中生有”的干扰项。尤其是遇到选项中的常识性描述时,一定要提高警惕,切不可掉入命题人的陷阱。

(5)张冠李戴

就是命题人有意地把文中一个人的观点与另一个人的观点混淆起来,或把属于A的特征放在B的身上,从而构成一个干扰项。如果考生稍微不留神,就会错选答案。针对这种选项, “对号入座”就是最佳的“排疑”方案。在阅读时可以用笔将对象标注出来,并将其对应的事件或细节描写对应起来,对号入座,避免混淆。

3.解题策略

在阅读过程中,我们应关注细节信息。通常可采用两种方法:一是先读题,后读文章。在了解问题后,从文章中直接搜寻解答问题的线索;二是边读,边答题。在通读阅读材料时,应留心一些重要的细节。在整体把握文意后,可以一边查看问题,一边与文中的细节进行匹配。具体做法如下:

(1)定位法

我们应根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子,即定位;然后进行比较和分析,尤其要注意一些同义句的转换,从而排除干扰项,找出正确答案。

(2)跳读法

我们应根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文,找到相关的句子,然后进行分析和判断,从而确定正确答案。

(3)关注信息词法

根据文章的体裁、篇章结构及有关的信息词,如for example, first, second等提供的信息, 确定原文中的信息点。

【真题再现】 (2015年新课标I卷阅读理解B篇)

The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say “ sunshine ” . I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C ( 维生素C) , thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part — particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold - weather root vegetables — was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake up call.

The market, which was founded in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 am to 1 p.m,rain or shine, along North Lemon and State streets. Baskets of perfect red strawberries, the red painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck; and most of all, the tomatoes: amazing, large, soft and round red tomatoes.

Disappointed by many a broken, vine - ripened (蔓上成熟的) promise, I've refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless. But I homed in, with uncertainty, on one particular table at the Brown's Grove Farm's stand, full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn't be experiencing again for months.

Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown's Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where — luckily for me — I was planning to have dinner that very night. Without even seeing the menu, I knew I'd be ordering every tomato on it.

25. What made the author's getting up early worthwhile?

A. Having a swim.

B. Breathing in fresh air.

C. Walking in the morning sun.

D. Visiting a local farmer's market.

26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?

A. They are soft.

B. They look nice.

C. They taste great.

D. They are juicy.

27. What was the author going to do that evening?

A. Eat in a restaurant.

B. Check into a hotel.

C. Go to a farm.

D. Buy fresh vegetables.

【试题分析】以上三题都旨在考查考生对原文中一些具体事实的理解情况,属于考查细节理解题。

【思路点拨】 25. 根据第一段中的最后一句中的“ ...the best part ... was a 7a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake up call. ”可知,作者早上七点起床去佛罗里达州的萨拉索塔市的集贸市场,看到各种蔬菜和水果,所以她认为旅馆提供的叫早服务非常值得,故选D。

26. 根据第三段可知,多年来, 作者在冬季不买西红柿。由第三段中的第二句话“ No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless. ”可知,在纽约市的冬季,无论西红柿在商店看起来多么好看,但是买回家后,吃起来却没有味道。由此可知,纽约的超市在冬季出售的西红柿看起来非常好看,因此最佳答案为B。

27. 根据文章的最后一段可知,看到集贸市场出售的西红柿,作者食欲大增,计划当晚就去萨拉索塔市一个新开业的餐馆吃饭。在没有看菜单之前,她就决定要吃西红柿。最后一段中的“ ...one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant.... I was planning to have dinner that very night. ”为解题的暗示,因此最佳答案为A 。

(三)猜测词义(句意)题

猜测词义(句意)题旨在考查考生根据上下文提供的语境,正确理解单词、短语或句子的能力。要求考生应用所学的语法知识和词汇知识,根据语境进行分析,判断某个单词、 短语和句子的含义。通常有三种命题方式:词义辨析题 、词义(句意)转述题和 单词(短语)的指代题。

1.设题方式

常见的猜测词义(句意)的题有下列几种设题方式:

What does the word “ ... ” in the last paragraph refer to?

What does the underlined word “ ... ” in the last paragraph mean?

What does that term “短语” in the text mean?

The underlined word / phrase “ ... ” probably refers to ________.

Which of the following can best replace the phrase “ signed off ” in Paragraph 1?

What does “ it ” Paragraph 1 most probably refer to?

Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “画线句子” (Paragraph 3)?

2.解题策略

(1)如何正确猜测词义(句意)

猜测词义(句意)题旨在考查考生根据构词法和上下文语境推断生词或短语含义的能力, 突出考查语境分析和句子结构的把握能力。在猜测词义(句意)时,既要分析画线词的构词法,又要分析词性,在上下文中找到其相关词汇,比如与该词同类的词是哪些,该词属于文中哪个词涵盖的范围,或该词能够概括哪些词。另外,我们还可以利用表示同位关系的句子结构,如逗号、破折号、 that is等引出的同位语,来猜测词义。

任何词汇在语篇中都不是孤立的,而是与上下文密切联系、共同为篇章服务的,因此猜测词义离不开具体的语境。我们应首先找到画线的词语(句子)所在的段落和句子,正确理解句意,弄清与该词(句)关系最为紧密的词语, 依据语境进行推测。

命题人往往利用一些常规词义来麻痹考生,我们要特别注意熟词生义,切不可脱离语境想当然地选择答案。

【真题再现】( 2015年新课标II卷阅读理解A篇节选)

My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn't fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model, I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stationssigned offfor the night. Fortunately, I didn't got any channels showing all -night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.

22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “ signed off ” in Paragraph 1?

A. ended all their programs.

B. provided fewer channels.

C. changed to commercials.

D. showed all night movies.

【试题分析】本题考查对画线词组的英语解释,属于词义推测题。

【思路点拨】本段讲述了作者购买彩电带来的种种麻烦。首先,在购买时,被销售人员忽悠了,购买了一个过时的型号。其次,比报纸上的广告标出的价钱多支付了75美元。当“我”刚把电视机买到家里时,电视机工作的非常正常,所以“我”一直让电视机开着,直到电台节目停播。否则,“我”会整夜不睡觉一直看电视。 由此可推测本段倒数第二句中的画线的词组signed off指的是“(电视台)停止播出节目”,因此最佳答案是A 。

(2)如何判断词语的指代

在行文中,为了避免重复,作者对多次提及的同一事物会使用不同的词语,如同义词、 近义词、代词等来指代。词语指代题旨在考查考生对阅读素材的理解和把握能力。常见的解题方法有:

1返回原文,确定指代对象

我们要首先找到该词所在的句子和段落,分析前后句,明确代词所指代的对象是人还是物,避免造成误判。

2确定指代对象的数量

从文中找到依据,确定该词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词,一定要在理解句意的基础上进行判断。只有从文中找到判断的依据, 才能理解文意,准确做出判断。

3确定指代的范围

在认真阅读原文的基础上,明确代词的指代范围。只有明确代词所表示的具体范围,才能弄清文章的逻辑关系和前后文的联系,正确理解指代关系。

4替换该词,还原验证

在初步确定该词的指代后,我们应将找到的某个词语或句子的意思代入原文,替换该词,看其意思是否通顺、是否符合逻辑。

【真题再现】(2 015年新课标I卷阅读理解C篇):

Salvador Dali (1904—1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory . There is also L' Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities.

The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.

The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities ( 无限 ). “ From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum - theatre in Figueras, ” explains the Pompidou Centre.

The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration( 合作 ) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and withcontributionsfrom other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.

31. What does the word “ contributions ” in the last paragraph refer to?

A. Donations. B. Projects.

C. Artworks. D. Documents.

【试题分析】本题考查画线单词的指代,属于词义推测题。

【思路点拨】本文介绍了著名的西班牙艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的艺术作品即将到法国巴黎The Pompidou Centre展出的情况。根据最后一段可知,多家博物馆通力合作,共同精选展出的作品。文中提到了西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼得堡的博物馆,都让萨尔瓦多·达利的重要作品参展了。由此推测, contributions指艺术作品( artworks )。

(四)推理判断题

推理判断题要求考生在阅读原文的基础上,对阅读的内容进行分析,理解文章的深层含义,或通过对文章重点词汇的语体色彩的理解来判断作者的情感态度,该题型属于主观性较强的深层阅读理解题,通常有五种命题方式:细节推断、因果推断、人物性格、态度及观点推断、对故事的发展趋势进行推断、对作者的写作意图、写作手法、写作目的进行推断。

1.设题方式

推理判断题常见的设题方式有下列几种:

(1)推断文章没有直接说明的事实和细节

What can we infer from the text?

What can we infer about ...?

Which of the following best describes... according to Paragraph 1?

What can we conclude about...?

What does the author imply by...?

(2)判断文章体裁和出处

What type of writing is this text?

This passage most likely comes from ________.

(3)推断某人的观点或态度

What did the author think of...?

According to Anderson, _________.

The writer believes that _________.

How does the author sound when telling the story?

From the teacher's point of view, _________.

How does Owain James feel about...?

What is the author's attitude towards ... mentioned in Paragraph3?

It is implied in the last paragraph that _________.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _________.

(4)根据已知信息,推测某事发生的可能性

When the world is “ waving a chair in your face ” , you're advised to _________.

(5)对作者的写作方法进行推断

This advertisement is made more believable by _________.

(6)判断篇章结构题

Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?

2.解题策略

要想做好推理判断题,我们必须对文章的字面信息进行深层挖掘和加工,由表及里、由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般,深入到语言的实质,通过分析、综合、判断等,进行深层处理,才能做出符合逻辑的准确推断。推理判断题的解题方法有下面几种:

( 1 )抓关键信息,进行逆向或正向推理。依据文章提供的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语利用逆向思维或正向推理去分析、推理、判断, 从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

( 2 )整合全段(文)信息,进行综合推断,从而确定最佳选项。

( 3 )从字里行间找线索,推测作者的写作意图。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于所用的修饰词语之中。文中经常出现一些形容词: subjective / objective /neutral /indifferent /disapproving /critical等,间接地暗示了作者对某个问题的看法和态度。我们应在把握主旨大意的基础上做出符合逻辑的推理和判断。

( 4 )据上下文的逻辑,如实地做出判断。我们应严格依据文中所陈述的内容进行推理,从而得出符合逻辑的结论,而不是根据读者自己的个人经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。

【真题再现】( 2015年新课标II卷阅读理解C篇)

More students than ever before are taking a gap year ( 间隔年 ) before going to university. It used to be called the “ year off ” between school and university. The gap year phenomenon originated( 起源 ) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.

This year, 25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by University and College Admissions Service(UCAS).

That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education. “ Students who take a well planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible, ” he said.

But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship — young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. “ New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡ 15,000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods, ” he said.

29. What do we learn about the gap year from the text?

A. It is flexible in length.

B. It is a time for relaxation.

C. It is increasingly popular.

D. It is required by universities.

30. According to Tony Higgins, students taking a gap year______.

A. are better prepared for college studies

B. know a lot more about their future jobs

C. are more likely to leave university in debt

D. have a better chance to enter top universities

31. How does Owain James feel about the gap year phenomenon?

A. He's puzzled. B. He's worried.

C. He's surprised. D. He's annoyed.

【试题分析】第1题是对文中提到的间隔年现象进行描述;第2题是推断Tony Higgins对选择间隔年学生的看法。第3题是判断Owain James对间隔年现象的看法。这三题都属于推理判断题。

【思路点拨】 29. 根据第一、二段的信息可知,间隔年现象越来越流行,所以选择间隔年的大学生人数剧增。由此可判断最佳答案为C。

30. 根据第三段中Tony Higgins的话“ Students who take a well planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible, ”可知 ,他认为学 生选择间隔年后,变得更成熟了,也更负责任了。换言之,为上大学做好了准备,故最佳答案为A 。

31. 根据第四 段中的“ Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship — young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. ” 和“ It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. ”可知,全国学生联合会的主席Owain James认为学生不得不自己挣钱,才能最终完成学业。由此可见,他对间隔年现象感到担忧。

二、七选五阅读理解题的特点和解题策略

1.七选五阅读理解命题特点

与传统的阅读理解相比,七选五阅读理解更加注重对阅读材料语篇的考查。命题人主要考查考生对文章的主旨大意、篇章结构和上下文逻辑的理解和把握。文章的题材贴近生活, 逻辑严密,常为说明文、议论文或记叙文。考生在理解文章主旨大意和基本结构的基础上,能依据上下文进行简单的推理和判断,补充文中缺失的信息。考生不仅需要具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的基础知识,而且还应有分析、归纳、综合等方面的逻辑思维能力才能顺利解题。

从近年的高考试题来看,七选五阅读理解通常采用以下几种设题方式:考查段落标题、考查过渡句、扩展句、细节句(解释句)和总结句。

2.解题策略

(1)浏览全文,整体理解

分析篇章结构、把握全篇文脉是解题的关键。考生应先快速浏览全文,寻找主题段(句), 把握文章结构和文章的主旨大意。在阅读过程中,要特别注意文章的首段与末段,因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”是最为常见的写作方式, 首段一般是全文的主题所在,说明本文将要探讨的内容,暗示了文章的写作思路。末段一般是全文的总结,对于快速掌握文章的主题同样具有重要意义。

(2)了解每段的主旨和结构

弄清段落内部的层次,仔细体会句子间的意义和逻辑关系,把握作者的思路。例如,说明文和议论文,每段的第一句通常是主题句。找到主题句有助于帮助确定选择的范围,即某段中的句子必须和该段的主题保持一致。

(3)理清空格前后句子之间的逻辑关系

一篇文章有若干段落组成,而每个段落都要围绕一个中心组织材料;各句之间都有一定的语脉,从逻辑意义上看,语段的句际关系可分为并列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。理清句子之间的关键是做好七选五阅读理解的基础。

(4)带入验证

我们可用代入法来检验答案是否正确。在初步确定答案后,将所选择的答案带入文中, 以确定文章内容是否语义连贯,语篇结构是否通顺,写作思路是否清晰明了,还有是否紧扣主题,行文是否连贯,是否合乎逻辑,格式以及用语是否恰当贴切,进而判断所选答案是否正确。

【真题再现】( 2015年新课标I卷第二部分第二节)

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有两项为多余选项。

Building Trust in a Relationship Again

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.36Trust is a risk. But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

Unfortunately, we've all been victims of betrayal. Whether we 've been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore.37It's understandable, but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there.

38Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.

39If you've been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there's a difference between being a victim and living with a “ victim mentality ” . At some point in all of our lives, we ’ ll have our trust tested or violated.

You didn't lose “ everything ” . Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.40Instead, it's a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

A. Learn to really trust yourself.

B. It is putting confidence in someone.

C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E. Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened.

F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G. They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.

【答案与解析】

36. B 。前句说“信任是我们从过去的经验中获得的一种行为。”和后句说“信任是一种冒险。”由此可知,本空填B ,是对第一句话的进一步解释和拓展:“信任就对某人充满信心。”

37. G 。前句“有时,人们无法信赖某人。”; 后句“那是可以理解的”,由此可推测本句解释人们无法信任某人的原因。故填G ,意为“他们受过伤害,所以不想再次受到伤害。”

38. A 。由下句“自信能帮助你做出更好的选择”可知,前一句应是“学会真正信任自己。”

39. C 。由下句“如果有人背叛过你,你就是环境的受害者。”可知,本空填C ,意为“不要认为自己是个受害者。”因为在生活中,我们的信任总是会被检验或背叛。

透析考研英语阅读理解常考题型 篇3

词汇含义题

词汇含义题几乎是历年考研英语阅读理解的必考题型。这一题型主要考查考生根据上下文理解生词含义的能力。通常来说，考生只需重点理解词汇所在句子的前后一两句话即可。

要想通过上下文判断生词含义，考生就要学会判断生词所在句子与其上下文的关系：若该词所在句子与其上下文有逻辑或事实上的顺承关系（下文统称“顺接”），那么该词与其上下文所表达的含义或感情色彩应该相一致；若该词所在句子与其上下文有逻辑或事实上的相反关系（下文统称“逆接”），那么该词与其上下文所表达的含义或感情色彩应该相反。判断生词所在句子与其上下文是“顺接”或“逆接”关系有助于考生判断生词的感情色彩和大概意思。下面我们来分析一道真题。

例1：The phrase “reneging on” （Line 3， para.1） is closest in meaning to . （选自2012年考研英语阅读理解真题Part A Text 2）

A. condemning B. reaffirming

C. dishonoring D. securing

解析：考生可根据题干括号里的提示迅速在原文第一段第三行找到目标词组。因该词组所在句子为段尾句，考生可着重分析该词组所在句子与其上文的关系，原文如下：“A deal is a deal—except， apparently， when Entergy is involved. The company， a major energy supplier in New England， provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.”原文第一句话中的except一词是重要解题点：except之前的句子表示“遵照规定执行”之意，而其之后的内容与前文发生“逆接”，由此可推测Entergy公司并未遵照规定执行。第二句是“顺接”第一句话的后半部分继续阐述，由此可推测整句话表达的应该是Entergy公司未按照规定执行的具体内容。根据第二句话中的provoked justified outrage可进一步确定Entergy公司的做法是违背规定的，四个选项中只有dishonoring （拒绝兑现）一词能表达出这层含义。Condemning表示“谴责”之意，不符合原文意思。Reaffirming和securing表达的都是积极肯定的含义，与原文表达的意思和感情色彩相反。因此正确答案为选项C。

主旨标题题

主旨标题题是考研英语阅读理解的常考题型之一。这一题型的题干中常会出现诸如main idea、general idea、meanly discuss、best title之类的词，主要考查考生对某一段或整篇文章主旨的理解。

在解答这一题型时，考生不要拘泥于文章细节，而是要跳过细节抓主旨。文章的主旨往往出现在文章的首尾段中，段落的主旨则往往出现在该段的首尾句中。因此，解答主旨标题题的关键通常在于把握文章首尾段和段落首尾句的含义。下面我们来看一道真题。

例2：Which of the following would be the best title for the text？ （选自2008年考研英语阅读理解真题Part A Text 1）

A. Strain of Stress： No Way Out？

B. Responses to Stress： Gender Difference

C. Stress Analysis： What Chemicals Say

D. Gender Inequality： Women Under Stress

解析：该题表面上要求考生为文章选标题，实则考查考生对全文主旨的理解。该题的四个选项中都出现了stress一词，由此可确定文章一定与stress相关，接下来我们就来看文章的首尾段，从中挖掘全文主旨。

首段：While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life， women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men，” according to Dr. Yehuda， chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

尾段：Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations， with few breaks， and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

通过阅读首尾段考生可以发现，这两段中多次出现的关键词为stress和women，主要阐述的是女性受到的压力。通过这一点考生可排除选项A和C，因为这两项中都未出现与女性（或性别）相关的词汇。选项B表述的是不同性别的人面对压力的反应，但文章首尾段中并未说明男性面对压力的情况，由此可推测此项为错误答案。选项D的表述与文章首尾段的表述相一致，为正确答案。为确保万无一失，考生可快速浏览文章其他段的首尾句，确定其他段同样没有阐述不同性别的人面对压力的反应，由此彻底排除选项B。

事实细节题

事实细节题是考研英语阅读理解的重要题型，往往占阅读题目的一半左右，主要考查考生对原文某一细节的理解。考生可分三步来应对这一题型：①根据关键词回原文定位；②分析在原文定位到的答案信息；③将四个选项与原文信息进行对比分析，选出正确答案。下面我们就按这三步来解答一道真题。

例3：According to Ericsson， good memory . （选自2007年考研英语阅读理解真题Part A Text 1）

A. depends on meaningful processing of information

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration

解析：第一步，通过题干中的关键词Ericsson，考生可将答案信息定位至原文第四段：“This success， coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize， those differences are swamped by how well each person ‘encodes’ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.”

第二步，通过分析这段话，考生可迅速提炼出Ericsson的两个观点：① The act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. ② Deliberate practice is the best way to learn how to encode information.

第三步，考生来对比分析四个选项和原文信息。通过分析不难发现，选项B的表述不符合Ericsson的第一个观点，选项C的表述与第四段第一句话的表述不一致，所以两者都是错误选项，可迅速排除。选项D中提到的immediate feedback和concentration在原文中都有同样的表述，是Ericsson在第二个观点中提到的deliberate practice所要求的两项内容，但除这两项外，Ericsson还提到了一项——specific goals，选项D漏掉了这一项，属于信息缺失，为错误选项。再来看略有难度的选项A。根据第四段第二句话，考生可推断出这样一个结论：Abilities to memorize depends on how well each person “encodes” the information. 选项A中出现的processing一词正是encode的同义替换，由此可确定选项A为正确答案。

推理判断题

推理判断题考查考生在了解事实细节的基础上进行推理的能力，要求考生推断出作者想说但并未明确说出的话。这类题的常规解题步骤通常包括三步：①根据题干中的关键词回原文定位；②分析在原文定位到的答案信息；③挖掘出答案信息的言外之意。这三步是攻克推理判断题的通常做法，但如果考生根据原文信息未能快速推断出其言外之意时，可尝试用排除法解题。下面我们就用排除法来解一道真题。

例4：It can be inferred from the last paragraph that . （选自2011年考研英语阅读理解真题Part A Text 2）

A. top performers used to cling to their posts

B. loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated

C. top performers care more about reputations

D. it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

解析：考生可根据题干中的提示词last paragraph将答案信息快速定位至原文最后一段：“Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ‘The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are， but that’s been fundamentally inverted，’ says one headhunter. ‘The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.’”

我们来分析四个选项。根据定位到的这段话，考生无法快速判断选项A是否为最后一段的言外之意，可先搁置。选项B中的getting out-dated与第一句话中的fading意思相似，但两者对应不同的事物：选项B中getting out-dated对应的是loyalty of top performers，而第一句话中的fading对应的是old disgrace （of top performers）。选项B偷换了概念，为错误选项。选项C的表述在此段没有提到，也非此段的言外之意，可排除。选项D的表述与此段最后一句话所表述的内容相反，为错误答案。根据排除法，只有选项A为正确答案。

如果按照常规步骤解题，考生可着重分析最后一段话的言外之意。根据段落中headhunter所说的第一句话（The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are）可知，过去的观念是坚守一个职位比较安全。根据段落中的“The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one”这句话可推测，过去人们不那么容易接受“跳槽”的观念。再结合全文都在讲top performers现今开始“跳槽”的话题，考生不难推断出top performers过去常坚守一个职位，由此也可得出选项A为正确答案。

例子作用题

例子作用题也是考研英语阅读理解常考题型之一，主要考查考生对原文中提到的某个例子的作用或功能的理解。这类题的答案通常都是“源于例子而高于例子”。也就是说，解答这类题时考生不仅要理解例子本身的内容，还要分析例子的存在是为了说明何种事实。这个事实通常就是正确答案所在，它往往位于例子的上下文中，或者就是某个段落或全文的主旨句。下面我们来分析一道真题。

例5：Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of . （选自2011年考研英语阅读理解真题Part A Text 3）

A. responding effectively to hijacked media

B. persuading customers into boycotting products

C. cooperating with supportive consumers

D. taking advantage of hijacked media

解析：根据题干中的关键词Toyota Motor，考生可将答案信息定位至原文最后一段最后一句话：“Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.”

人物传记类文言文常考实词 篇4

表任命的：授、拜、除、封表提升的：擢、拔、升、迁

表调动的：调、徙、转、改、放、出、出官 表降职的：左迁、谪、逐、贬、诎（黜）

表罢免的：夺、黜、罢、免、去、废表恢复的：复、还

表辞去的：辞、致政（致仕）、告退、退、归故里，表人物个性的：耿、（仁）厚、（仁）矜、刚毅、周密、宽厚、正直、埂、鲠、骨鲠、鲠切、聪、慧、敏、木讷、佞、诈、阿谀、谄谗、谲

表人物品行的：行、德、操、节、清（廉）、淫（靡）、贪（浊）

与科考有关的：贡举、登第、状元、解元、乡试

与学校有关的：太学、博士、太傅

表敬重的：敬、重、尊、恭

表赞扬的：多、嘉、称、誉、与、许、叹 表社会状态的：治、乱、兴、盛、衰

表人物地位的：贵、贱、尊、卑、官绅、豪

表主管的：知、典、主

与水利有关的：堤、决、溃、溢、涨、灌溉、涝、旱、堰

与粮食有关的：粟、黍、禾、谷、稻、菽、稼穑、耕耘、稔、熟、籴、粜、禀、府、荒、收

表粮食丰收的：丰、饶、赡、足、给、佚 表食物的：糗、馔、肴、膳、羞（馐）、蔬、果、脂膏

表饱饥的：饱、饥、饿、馁、馑

表俸禄的：俸、禄、秩、饷

表穿戴的：纨绔、布衣、履、绶、冠、冕、巾、弱冠、免冠、带

表违背的：忤、逆、倍（背）

表揭发的：劾、讦、揭

表害怕的：畏、惧、惮、骇、患

表嫉恨的：恶、厌、憎、贬、衔、怨、患、疾、恨、怒、诅

表暗中的：阴、间、密表诬陷的：中、谮、诬

与京城有关的：禁、阙、畿、京、京畿、表朝见的：朝、觐

与皇帝有关的：上、帝、祚、践祚、登基、用事、朕、孤、寡人、御、诏、召、诰、（驾）幸、膳、对策、轮对、奏、表、疏、孝

表说话的：云、谓、诏、诰、敕、白、陈、对、语、谕、喻、晓、谢、折、诘、诉、咨（谘）

表劝说的：说、劝、规、讽、讥、谤、谏 表责备的：过、责、咎、诛、让、谴、尤、折

表宽容的：容、贷、恕、宽

表喜乐的：乐、欣（然）、悦（说）、欢、蹈舞

表哀怒的：怒、愤、恼、忿恚、涕泣、骂、责、戾、诟、谩

表刑罚的：辟、大辟、髡、笞、磔、刖、族、杖、流、赭衣、械

表拜访的：造、过、访、谒（见）、顾

表告别的：辞、别、谢

表离开某地的：去、迁、徙表到往某地的：如、过、诣、往、经

与马匹有关的：马、驹、厩、策、羁、縻、辔、逸、驭、御、驾、辕、辙

表行动的：步、趋、走、遁、亡、逃、徙、匿

表死亡的：（驾）崩、山陵崩、薨、卒、不禄、死、没（殁）、终、圆寂

二、其他常用词语

先：祖先，已经死去的，多指上代或长辈。课：督促劝说去做某件事。

秩：官吏的俸禄，十年为一秩。逸：马脱了缰绳，放纵。

禁：皇帝居住的地方。

对：回答或对话。

如：到，往。

檄：古代用来征召、声讨的文书。中：中伤、诬蔑别人，使受损害。

诬：捏造事实诬陷别人、言语不真实。掾：古代属官的统称。

工：工匠，精巧，擅长，官吏。

僭：超越本分，过分，虚假不真实。孤：幼年失去父亲。

贷：借出、借入，宽容、宽免。狱：官司，案件，监牢。

白：告诉。与：赞扬。

遽：急速，就，恐惧。

尤：罪过过错，指责归罪，优异突出，特别尤其。

给：食用丰足。

劫：强夺，掠取，威逼，威胁。按：追究，考察，调查。

赡：富足充足，供给供养。

执：捉拿。

延：延请。

省：减免。

谢：道歉，推辞，告诉。

第：次第，官僚和贵族的住宅，科举考试的等级。

折：驳斥，指责使对方屈服。

察：考察，考察后给予推荐。

赧：因羞愧而脸红。

竟：结束，完。

坐：因……而犯罪，因为。

寻：不久。

祚：大堂前东面的台阶，帝位。造：造访。

过：拜访，经过，过失，责备。

英语四级阅读备考：常考词汇 篇5

考：neglect of duty玩忽职守

oppress vt 压迫， 压制

派：oppressed a 压抑的，受压迫的;

oppression n 压迫

admire vt 钦佩，赞赏，羡慕

派：admirable a令人羡慕;

admiration n 赞赏，钦佩

restrain vt 阻止，控制;抑制，遏止

考：restrain sb fromdoing sth

抑制某人做某事

relieve vt 使轻松， 使宽慰; 缓解， 减轻

例：relieve pain缓解疼痛;

relieveanxiety缓解焦虑

complain vt 抱怨，诉苦

考：complain about(of) sb /sth 抱怨…

派：complaint n 埋怨

overcome vt 战胜，克服

例：overcome difficulties克服困难

annoy vt 使烦恼， 使恼怒

派：annoying a 令人恼人的;

annoyance n 烦恼;

annoyed a 颇为生气的

despair vi 绝望; n 绝望

考：despair of绝望;

sb be in despair某人处于绝望中

frustrate vt 使沮丧， 使灰心

派：frustration n 挫折;

frustrating a 令人沮丧的

embarrass vt 使窘迫，使尴尬

派：embarrassed a (某人)尴尬的;

embarrassment n 沮丧;

embarrassing a(某事)令人尴尬的

文言文阅读常考 篇6

1．开放性：描述是否愿意与人交往,注重和谐发展； 外向有人缘孤僻不合群好交际兴趣广泛

2．完美性：描述追求完美,重视目标计划的程度； 仔细严于律已宽以待人严守秩序有条理

3．较真性：描述对事物的钻研和完善程度； 执着较真专注

4．认知性：描述是否重视积累知识,包括聪明程度；

文质彬彬聪明迟钝冰雪聪明聪明绝世聪颖出口成章语惊四座娓娓而谈口若悬河才华横溢出类拔萃博大精深

5．成就性：描述是否注重成就的程度； 有成就感急功近利好大喜功

6．力量性：描述是否愿意支配和影响他人；

勤劳勇敢自信坚强有志气懒惰胸无大志胆小怕事果敢倔强挑衅信心受挫意志坚定 7．浪漫性：描述在浪漫程度；

豪放爽朗爽快爽直豪爽直爽豁达小气小心眼多心

8．给予性：描述是否愿意给予他人,包含仁爱,慈孝,正义等； 善良热情好客孝顺讲义气大公无私好心肠 9．活跃性：描述情绪的兴奋和活跃程度； 开朗温柔乐观健谈冲动莽撞易怒情绪低落

10．形体性：描述形体特征的状况以及重视享受的程度； 美丽实在不修边幅华而不实拜金倾国倾城

11．疑惑性：描述是否倾向于探究他人的动机； 老实诚实忠厚谨慎严谨守信用言而无信

12．随和性：描述和平、随和与安静的程度； 急躁妥协烦躁性情平和暴躁平和

13．传统性：描述对传统的坚守程度； 朴素保守

14．自由性：描述重视自由的程度； 15．智慧性：描述创造能力,智慧程度；

足智多谋幽默创造别具慧眼睿智料事如神能说会道巧舌如簧能言善辩伶牙俐齿妙语连珠 16．想象性：描述重视想象,追求至善的程度.理想化想象力好

17．多面性：描述性格复杂程度； 矛盾表里不一两面三刀