语法英语

语法英语（通用9篇）

语法英语 篇1

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 英语语法例句

语言要遵循一定的规则，这种规则即被我们称之为“语法”。许多学生在英语学习中一听“语法”头就大，产生恐惧、厌学的心理。教师要遵循“精讲多练，讲练结合，以练为主”的教学方法，同时还要注意提高学习效率，减轻学生的作业负担，实现语言为交流工具的目的。笔者在多年的教学实践中总结：语法教学要重视例句的选择。

一、代表性

例句的选择在结构上要有代表性，起到掌握这个句型就能够举一反三的作用。历年的高考试题、学生比较熟悉的经典习题等，我们不妨拿来一试。

如，讲动词不定式的主动式和被动式：

She went to the ball not only to see,but also to be seen.(她去参加舞会不仅为了见见世面。也为了出出风头。）

如with复合结构，即with+宾语+宾语补足语：

With two exams to worry about,I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004,北京）

关于情态动词must have done 表对过去情况肯定的猜测：

I have lost one of my gloves.I must have dropped it somewhere.(2005,北京）

二、简洁性

有些教师认为，例句越难越好，难的会了容易的就更会了；还有教师因为学生上课不好好听课，主张选难懂的句子来镇镇他们。其实不然。正如人的认知规律“由易到难”，对于语法学习有困难的学生而言，复杂的例句只会让他们更头痛，对语法更畏惧，对英语学习更没兴趣。选择结构简洁的例句，语言上通俗易懂，读来朗朗上口，学生容易记，也记得牢。

如讲动词不定式的语法功能时: 1.He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(to do 不定式作定语，修饰序数词)2.To see is to believe.(to do 不定式坐主语和表语)对比学习Seeing is believing.(动名词作主语和表语)3.It is easier to say something than to do something.(to do 不定式作句子的真正主语，It为形式主语)对比学习It is easier said than done.三、趣味性

兴趣是产生学习激情的巨大动力。选择内容生动有趣的例句，如谚语、成语、俚语等，这样学生有了兴趣，就愿意多念，念熟了就能由次及彼。如： 倒装结构“so+助动词+主语+谓语+------”： As a man lives,so shall he dies.(有生就有死)As a man sows, so shall he reap.(种瓜得瓜。种豆得豆)

下边还有一个比较级的句子：

The old man was not any more fond of being read to than the old woman.此句的翻译为“那个老头和老太太一样，都喜欢别人读书给他们听”。有学生将它译为“那个老头不喜欢别人给他念书，就喜欢哪个老太太”，这就要闹笑话了。

四、积极性

选择一些内容积极向上的语法例句，如名言警句等。这不仅能让学生掌握相应的语法知识，同时也起到教育的情感目的，起到教育人的作用。

One half of knowing what you want is knowing what you must give up before you get it.知道想要什么，一半在于知道得到它之前必须放弃什么。（表语从句）

Victory will not come to me unless I go to it.胜利是不会向我走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。（条件状语从句）

All that litters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。（定语从句）

五、综合性

在实际的语法教学中，很少有独立的语法项目，很多时候许多的语法知识汇集在一个句中。选择综合性较强的例句来讲解，让学生背诵，能起到事半功倍的效果。如：

It was playing computer games that cost the boy much time he ought to have spent in doing his lessons.这个例句综合了：

强调句型：It was---that---

定语从句：---time(that)he ought to have---lessons

情态动词：ought to have spent---

动名词作主语：---playing computer games cost the boy much more time---

总之，适当的例句选择不仅能够让学生理解语法，掌握重点，还能在茫茫题海中减轻学生大量背诵和大量习题的课业负担，有效提高教学质量。教师要注意多研究，多积累，找出更多的语法教学方法。

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0

语法英语 篇2

那么, 有没有一些简便易行的办法来改变枯燥的语法讲解, 帮助我们进行英语语法的学习并让我们能够将这些语法知识牢记于心呢?笔者在长期以来的教学实践中摸索出了一条行之有效的办法, 那就是唱英语歌曲, 学英语语法, 希望此法能对一些英语语法学习感到困惑的学生有所裨益。

说到英语语法教学, 首先我们得先来搞清楚语法的定义。《朗文应用语言学词典》对语法的定义是:“对一种语言结构的描述以及像单词、短语这样的单位组合构成句子的方式” (Richards, Platt and Weber, 1985) 。所以, 语法经常被认为是在句子层面对单词的词序给予明确规定的一套规则。

举例来说, 英语中有一个语法规则为“主语+动词+宾语”, 这是一个合乎英语语法的句子结构。如果不去遵循这项规则, “over girl the a stumbled stone”这些单词的组合就不合语法;而“The girl stumbled over a stone”就是正确的合乎语法的句子, 因为它符合了这条规则。当然, 我们还得顺便说明, “The stone stumbled over a girl”这个句子虽合乎语法规则, 但由于其句子意义完全违背常识, 这样这个句子便不可能被人接受。

关于对语法教学的理解和把握, 中山大学王宗炎教授曾这样讲过:“过去几十年以来, 语法流派越来越多, 理论体系不同, 描写方法不同, 不知道应该教哪一种。在英语学者的研究工作与英语教师的实际需要之间产生了一条越来越大的鸿沟。语言教师不太理解语言学者那些语法理论, 语言学者也不太明白语言教师的实际工作和所碰到的具体问题” (王宗炎, 2007) 。于是, 英语教师不仅对语法流派变得越来越茫然, 英语教师甚至对语法教学也常常不感兴趣, 只好凭自己的经验和偶然琢磨出的窍门来进行语法教学。因此, 许多基于语法的课堂教学效果相对较差, 这恐怕是由于“教师把语法作为一个抽象的系统来教, 把语言呈现为孤立的句子, 而不给学习者提供适于语法点的语境。学生要想掌握目标语的语法, 不能靠背规则, 而是要在交流的语境中使用这些语法项目。这便是经验主义教育理论所倡导的‘在使用中学习’或‘通过做来学习’的原则” (林立, 2008) 。

所以, 我们在让学生明白了语法的定义、清楚了一些语法的规则后, 还要在教学中总结出一些别致的办法, 以让学生们的语法学习从枯燥、乏味这种一成不变的讲解方式转变到有趣、放松、有效的教学形式中, 让他们学会并记住更多的语法规则, 从而能更加自如、正确地使用英语。

其实, “长期以来, 人们认为教师在哪一天教了哪个语法点 (如果教得好的话) 会对学生的语法学习产生巨大的影响” (林立, 2008) 。按照以上所述, 语法要教得好就需要有一定的语境让学生能“通过做来学习”, 这里的“做”, 笔者认为最好的形式便是“唱”, 即通过唱英语歌曲来进行有效的英语语法的学习。

培根说过:“兴趣是最好的老师。” 学生只有对所学知识产生积极的情感体验, 才会以极大的热情投身学习, 如果我们把握好了学生的学习兴趣, 学生听课效率就能得到提高。《基础英语》的编写者埃克斯利也曾提到:凡是能激发学生喜爱英语学习的方法, 便是教英语的好方法。多年来, 笔者在英语教学中恰当地运用了英语歌曲辅助语法教学, 收到了较好的成效。

我们知道, 在英语学习的过程中, 有不少人是从接触英语歌曲开始慢慢喜欢上英语学习的。英文歌曲非常优美, 它不但能调动各个层次学生的学习热情, 而且还能调节课堂的紧张气氛, 可以使教与学在积极主动、轻松愉快的过程中完成。

优美的歌曲让人“爱不释口”, 若采用灵活的方式将唱歌与语法知识整合, 便可以做到既加深学生对语法结构的认识, 又拓宽学生的思维, 歌曲便自然成为英语语法课上一种喜闻乐见的教学形式, 以下笔者仅略举例子以作简要呈现。

在Sad Movie这首经典歌曲中, Sad movies always make me cry这一句在“数”上要求“主谓一致”;且动词make有“宾语补足语”且为动词的话, 其动词不定式的符号to必须省略”。Big Big World这首歌的And I do do feel that I do do will miss you much 中, do已没有“做”的实义, 它位于实义动词feel (甚至延伸到助动词will) 的前面, 表示对实义动词“强调语气”的。动词的非谓语形式的使用在美国著名歌手理查德.马克斯Richard·Marx演唱的Right·Here·Waiting for you这首歌中的最后一句I will be right·here·waiting for you便是很好的学习“伴随状语”的例子。其中will be right·here是句子的谓语部分, 而waiting for you这个现在分词短语则是修饰谓语的伴随状语。布莱恩.亚当斯Bryan·Adams演唱的Here·I·Am, 学生便能认识什么是“倒装句”。在Jingle·bells这首经典英语儿歌中, 主要语法有“感叹句”的使用What fun it is to ride in a one horse open sleigh、分词的用法 (dashing through the snow, laughing all the way) 等。

学生难以掌握的一个语法知识之一恐怕要数“虚拟语气”了。在对学生讲解由if引导的非真实条件句时, 可以以英文歌曲Sunshine on My Shoulders为例。如“If I had a wish that I could wish for you.I’d make a wish for sunshine all the while.”引出虚拟语气即非真实条件句中对现在情况的假定并讲解其用法。这样学生就能在轻松愉快的气氛中学会虚拟语气这一较难的语法知识了。

学生难以掌握的另一个语法点是“复合句”。 美国著名歌手理查德.马克斯Richard·Marx演唱的Right·Here·Waiting for you这首歌中的一句歌词是:whatever it takes, or how my heart breaks, ·I·will·be·right·here·waiting·for·you. 学生在欣赏理查德颇为沧桑的嗓音的同时, 也能学到whatever引导的“让步状语从句”的用法;在Sealed With a Kiss 这首歌中, Though we got to say Good-bye for the summer, Darling, I promise you this I will send you all my love这句歌词既有though 引导的让步状语从句, 也有this的同位语I will send you all my love。而在哼唱As·long·as·you·love·me的同时也可以感悟什么是“条件状语从句”。That·is·why·you·go·away又可以说明什么是“表语从句”等等不一而足。

对英语歌曲的语法知识的学习, 除了老师在课堂上要作引导、讲解外, 学生在课后也可自行找出英语歌曲中出现的语法现象, 并且把它标识出来加以理解;未消化理解的也可在课内外与同学、老师们进行交流。在这个过程中, 教师务必做到要将学生不能解决的问题选出来让大家加以讨论, 使疑难都能得到解决。

在这一教学过程中歌曲的选择要注意科学性, 忌滥用。同时还要注意, 最好交叉选择经典歌曲、流行歌曲以及电影插曲等易于让学生接受的曲目。有时候也可以征求学生的意见, 或是让他们写下他们想听的歌曲, 这样做是为了得到绝大部分学生对所听歌曲的认可, 同时保证学生对所听歌曲的兴趣。

将英语歌曲和语法知识进行巧妙的融合, 不仅可以学习、复习英语语法知识, 也使原本比较费解的语法知识变得好学、好记。唱英语歌曲就能学好英语语法, 一度枯燥无味的英语语法的学习或复习像这样被放在英语歌曲的歌唱中进行, 教学简便易行, 操作性强;在学习时同学们也比较有积极性, 不至于感到乏味, 主动参与的热情非常饱满, 教学效果也势必会随之提高。

摘要：唱英语歌曲, 学习英语语法, 将这二者进行巧妙的结合, 不仅可以学习、复习英语语法, 也能使较费解的语法知识变得好学、易记, 一度枯燥的英语语法学习放在英语歌曲的歌唱中进行, 这种教学简便易行, 在学习时同学们也很有积极性, 主动参与的热情和教学效果也随之提高。

关键词：英语,歌曲,语法

参考文献

[1]Richards, J.J.Platt, and H.Weber, Longman Dictionary of Ap-plied Linguistics.London:Lonman, 1985.

[2]王宗炎.王宗炎英语教育自选集[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 2007.

语法英语 篇3

一、教学课题

Book4 Unit3 Grammar——V-ing form used as the object complement， predicative and attribute

二、教学目标

1.知识目标：掌握V-ing作宾补、表语和定语的用法。

2.能力目标：提高灵活运用V-ing的能力。

3.情感目标：通过探究、合作学习培养团队精神，体验学习语法的乐趣。

三、教学重难点

区别V-ing form的各种用法并加以灵活运用。

四、教学方法

讲练结合完成六个环节的任务，小组合作完成游戏环节。

五、教学过程

1.Watching the film makes a lot of people excited.

2.A lot of people enjoy watching the film.

3.The actors and the actress are charming.

4.The fascinating film is popular with the audience.

5.Their subtle acting makes the film attracting .

设计说明：用图配文，呈现5个含有V-ing的句子，让学生在情景中复习已学V-ing作主语、宾语的用法（头两句），初步感知V-ing作表语、定语和宾补的用法（后三句），导入新课。

Step2.Exploring

1.My job is teaching English.Teaching English is interesting.

2.His job is acting.His acting is so amusing.

设计说明：通过展示作者自己的照片和憨豆先生的图，呈现V-ing作表语的句子，引导学生探索规律，小结V-ing form作表语的常用词，如astonishing， amusing等。

1.A swimming man is in a swimming pool.

2.A walking man carries a walking stick.

3.The man swimming in the pool is Tom.

=The man who is swimming in the pool is Tom.

4.The man walking in the picture carries a stick.

=The man who is walking in the picture carries a stick.

设计说明：通过动感的图对比例句中不同的V-ing形式的用法，引导学生区别动名词和现在分词，然后做句型转换练习，使学生发现、比较、领悟V-ing作定语的形式、意义和用法。

Step4.Listening and learning

Listen to a song Love written by John Lennon， focusing on the V-ing form in the lyrics（歌词）.Try to fill in the blanks.

Love is feeling， feeling love； Love is wanting to be loved；

Love is reaching， reaching love； Love is asking to be loved；

Love is knowing； Love is living， living love；

Love is needing to be loved.

设计说明：让学生在新鲜而又真实的任务驱动下，保持最佳学习状态，感受在英文歌曲中学习语法的巨大乐趣。

Step5.Experiencing

1.We watch five kids running towards us in the picture.

2.We find the picture cheering.

3.The child has the cat keeping something in mind.

4.We see the child teaching the cat a lesson.

设计说明：选择生动、有趣的图片辅助看图造句，然后让学生体验、小结V-ing作宾补的用法。

Step6.Practising （课本21页中的短文填词练习）

设计说明：精心选出课本中涉及V-ing的练习，引导学生溯本追源，在语篇中运用语法。

六、教学反思

语法英语 篇4

复合不定代词

由some，any，no，every加上-body，-one，-thing构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词。

1)复合不定代词有

a) somebody 某人 someone某人

something某物，某事

b) anybody 任何人 anyone 任何人

anything任何事物

c) nobody 无一人no one无一人

nothing [5nQWiN]无一物

d)everybody，everyone每人，大家，人人

everything每一个事物，一切

2)复合不定代词的用法

a)复合不定代词只相当于名词，在句中用作主语、宾语和表语。如：

Everything is made of elements.任何东西都是元素构成的。(作主语)

I have got nothing to say.我没有什么话要说。(作宾语)

something和anything的区别与some和any的.区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中。如：

Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I havent anything to say. (或I have nothing to say.)(或Yes, I have something to say.) 关于这个问题，你有什么话要讲吗?--我没有什么话要讲。(我有话要说。)

英语四级复习英语语法 篇5

用 -’s 表示

有生命的人或物的所有格用-’s表示，有时也可用of表示。如a man’s voice=the voice of a man。此外，还需注意以下3点：

①以-s结尾的单数普通名词后仍然加-’s。如：

The boss’s son, was arrogant to all the employees. 老板的儿子对所有雇佣人员都很傲慢无礼。

但若是以-s结尾的复数名词，其后则只加撇号。如：

This shop sells ladies’ hats. 这家商店出售女帽。

You don’t belong in the beginners’ class. 你不适合在初级班。

若是以-s结尾的专有名词，则既可只加撇号，也可加-’s。如：

Dickens’ “A Tale of Two Cities” is a literary classic. 狄更斯的《双城记》是一部古典文学作品。

②若是几个人共有的，在最后一个姓名后加’s。如：

This is Tom and Mike’s room. 这是汤姆和迈克共住的房间。

③表示时间、距离、金额、天体、国家或城市等的名词也用-’s表示。如：

It’s less than two hours’ drive from here. 开车到那里不到2个钟头。

We visited some of the city’s scenic spots. 我们参观了这座城市的一些风景区。

④-’s所有格后的名词若是不言而喻时，或者是某人的住所、店铺、诊所等时，通常省略。如：

We had a great evening at Paul’s. 我们在保罗家度过了一个愉快的夜晚。

She bought a bottle of vitamin tablets at the chemist’s. 她在药房买了一瓶维生素片。

用 of 表示

无生命的东西的所有格一般用of表示。如：

Let’s meet in the bar of the hotel. 咱们在旅馆的酒吧间碰头。

You’ll find the answers at the back of the book. 在书后你可找到答案。

注：有生命的人有时也可用of构成所有格。如：

Might I ask for a photograph of the baby? 我可否要一张这宝宝的照片?

–’s 和 of 双重表示

当被修饰的名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，用双重所有格。如：

Two friends of my father’s came to see me. 我父亲的两个朋友来看我

语法英语 篇6

由于汉语与英语在语言的基本结构上存在很大差异，中国学习者在学习英语时很容易受到汉语习惯思维和表达方式的影响，把母语的表达规则直接套用到英语中。因此，对比分析英语和汉语在语法方面的差异，可以使中国英语学习者学英语时做到心中有数，有的放矢地展开学习，避免将母语语法的习惯表达方式直接生搬硬套于英语表达之中。

对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)作为语言学的一个分支是从上世纪五十年代发展起来的，主要是通过两种或多种语言结构系统的共时现象的对比寻求其语言结构系统关系的异同。因此，英汉语法对比分析属于对比语言学的范畴。本文将从词类、句子和篇章三个层面入手，通过对比英汉语法，找出差异，并对这些差异容易引起的常见语法错误进行分析，最后为中国学生学习英语语法提供可行性建议。

二、英汉语法对比与问题剖析

（一）词类层面分析

1. 冠词的困惑。

英语中冠词使用广泛，英语冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词，而汉语中没有冠词。这一差异一定程度上对中国学生正确使用英语冠词产生了负迁移影响。李景全、蔡金亭(2001)认为，中国学生常见的英语冠词的误用可分为三大类：冠词省略、冠词冗余和冠词混用，而且前者比后两者更普遍。

例如：We should form good habit of saving water.省略了冠词a，应该是a good habit of saving water。

2. 可数名词与不可数名词的混淆。

在英语中，名词分可数名词和不可数名词。中国学生常常分不清可数名词与不可数名词，直接按照汉语的方式与不定冠词搭配。例如：He gives me a good advice.advice是不可数名词，不能使用冠词a。

3. 介词使用不当。

英语中有大量的介词，介词的使用也十分灵活多变。相比之下，汉语介词较少。因此，中国学习容易出现介词使用不当的问题。例如：There is a bird on the tree.英语中表示树本身以外的东西在书上应该用介词in而不是on，这一点在汉语中不加以区别。

（二）句子层面分析

1. 主谓不一致。

英语注重主语和谓语的一致性，这表现在名词的数、动词的时态、语态等方面。而汉语不存在主语和谓语在人称和数方面的一致关系。受汉语思维的影响，中国学生在英语表达中常常出现主谓不一致的错误。例如：James want to see his mother.英语中，主语为第三人称时，谓语动词也要用单数形式，此处应为wants。

另外，中国学生英语中出现主谓不一致的错误还表现在主从复合句的使用上。英语的句式习惯于以谓语动词为核心，通过使用介词、分词、不定式等结构向外扩展句子。而汉语句子重意合，呈流散式铺排延伸，疏放相连比较挥洒自如，主从复合句中主谓不须保持一致。受汉语思维的影响，中国学生在英语主从复合句中常出现主谓不一致的情况。例如：Lookingin this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.此处looking与situation主谓不一致。

2. 语序的问题。

由于英语语法和汉语语法在语序方面存在较大差异，英语语序问题成为困扰中国学生英语学习的重要问题之一。中国学生在英语表达中常常受汉语习惯语序的影响，直接套用汉语语序表达英语，造成语法错误。

其中，定语语序的差异表现突出。汉语的定语常常位于被修饰词的前面，而英语的定语的使用比较灵活，可以位于被修饰词前面也可以位于其后，如：

a beautiful flower(前置)%%%%%%%%%%%%一朵漂亮的花(前置)

something interesting(后置)%%%%%%有趣的事情(前置)

连淑能(1983)指出，连续数个定语的语序，英语的顺序是越能说明人或事物本质的越靠近名词，汉语则往往相反。例如：anoutstanding contemporary young Chinese writer，中国的一位杰出的现代青年作家(不是“一位杰出的现代青年中国作家”)。由于这一差异的存在，中国学生常常搞不清楚多个连续定语的语序。

另外，英语状语的语序也与汉语存在差异。英语中习惯将地点状语置于时间状语之前，而汉语习惯将时间状语置于地点状语之前。由于这一差异的存在，中国学生常常按照汉语表达方式表达英语，如：Tom was born on July 6, 1987 in London(正确语序应该是Tom was born in London on July 6, 1987.)

此外，其他的语序差异还表现在英语习惯先表达观点后叙述事情，而汉语习惯先叙事，后表达观点看法。例如，It is a good idea to go to the park in spring.汉语表达应该是：春天去公园是个不错的主意。

3. 句子时态使用错误。

英语语法有时态之分，英语分一般过去时、一般现在时、一般将来时、过去完成时、现在完成时、将来完成时等时态。而汉语语法中没有时态之分，汉语表示过去、现在，将来的概念主要通过词汇手段，如使用“了”、“着”、“过”等词语表示事情或动作的时间。受汉语的影响，中国学生常常在时态方面出现错误。比如叙述过去的事情或动作，忘记使用过去时态。例如：I buy a computer yesterday.(我昨天买了一台电脑。)

4. 生搬硬套汉语句型。

中国学生常犯的语法问题还表现在直接套用汉语句型，完全依赖中文字面意思，错误搭配词语，从而生成一些中国式思维的句子。例如：This term my writing skills have made much progress.(这学期我的写作技巧取得了很大的进步。)

（三）篇章层面分析

在篇章层面，语法问题更多的是由“意合(parataxis)”与“形合(hypotaxis)”的差异引起的。简单地讲，“意合(parataxis)”指句中各成分通过语序和逻辑关系发生联系，比较少用介词、介词词组和连接词，它以言简意赅、传达意义、模糊隐约、富有弹性为特征。“形合(hypotaxis)”通常是指句中各语法成分相应的介词、连词、关系词、功能词来表达其相互关系，形式上比较严谨。汉语语法重“意合”，而英语语法重“形合”。这一典型差异使中国学生易受汉语意合方式的影响，在篇章中不重视句子的“形合”，往往出现语篇不够连贯、句子之间关系不够严谨的现象，而这一现象尤其表现为不注意英语关联词的使用。

汉语句子注重简洁，大量使用短句，常常省略关系词，并按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序建构句子。受这一表达习惯的影响，中国学生在学习英语时，尤其是在英语写作中，容易忽视关联词的作用，甚至将必要的关联词省略，造成表达不够严谨的缺陷。英语中经常使用关系词(connectives)且关系词在数量和种类上都多。关系词包括介词、介词短语、连词、连接代词、关系代词、关系副词等。关系代词、关系副词和连接副词有who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, why, how等;此外还使用连词如and, or, but, yet, as, well as, since, unless等。通过这些关系词，将长短句子连接起来组成完整的句子。因此，中国学生在英语写作中，应该多使用关联词(如：however, moreover, besides, nevertheless等)使篇章结构更加严谨。

三、结语

通过上述分析，我们可以看出，英语和汉语在语法方面存在着显著的差异。这些差异使得中国学生易受汉语习惯语法的影响，在英语表达中出现语法错误，而且这也是影响中国学生深入学习英语的重要因素。

要学好英语语法，我们认为首先要端正意识，树立信心。要从思想意识上着手，要意识到汉语系统与英语语法的具体差异性，并认识和了解到这种差异性，从而在学习训练的过程中有意识地避开自己原有的语法习惯，有意识地去克服相关障碍，换言之，就是要有意识地防止母语语法的负迁移影响。同时，在意识到汉语和英语的差异之后，也要有信心能够克服这些障碍。

然后，应该对比典型差异，提高学习效率。要对英汉的典型差异进行对比学习，加深英汉语法差异的印象，从而提高英语语法学习的效率。这就需要将英汉语法对比应用到英语教学当中。例如，当在讲解“I don’t think...”，“I don’t believe...”，“I don’t know...”等否定用法时，可以与汉语的“我不认为”、“我不相信”和“我不知道”等句型的使用方式和意义对比教学，指出其差异，使教学效果事半功倍。

此外，还需勤于练习。要学好英语语法，必须要勤于练习，值得注意的是，勤于练习不是指仅仅通过不断练习语法题，更多的是要在实际运用中练习语法。针对汉语语法容易引起的英语语法问题进行专项练习。

总之，英汉语法对比能够使学生更好地认识到英语和汉语的差异。通过对比分析英汉语法差异并探讨这些差异带来的语法问题有助于中国学生避免相关错误，有的放矢地学习英语。

摘要：英语和汉语在语法上存在着显著的差异, 受汉语语法的影响, 中国学生容易把母语的表达方式直接套用到英语表达当中。本文将从词类、句子和篇章三个层面入手, 对比英汉语法, 找出差异, 并对这些差异容易给中国学生带来的常见语法错误进行剖析, 最后为中国学生学习英语语法提供可行性建议。

关键词：英汉对比,语法差异,语法问题

参考文献

[1]杨自俭.英汉对比研究管窥[J].英汉语言文化对比研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1992:45-57.

[2]李景全, 蔡金亭.中国学生英语写作中的冠词误用现象——一项基于语料库的研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报, 2001, (6) .

活化英语语法教学 篇7

一、创设教学情境

如果老师一味奉行“满堂灌”模式, 只是为了语法而教语法，学生就会觉得语法枯燥乏味。反之，创造并利用真实的情景，开辟英语语言环境，能使语法教学更形象、更直观、更真实和更有趣，能激发学生学习英语的积极性，使他们学得快，记得牢，用得活。

1. 直观实物、图片、简笔画等的合理有效利用可以打破时间和空间的限制，有助于我们在生动的情景中进行语法教学，让学生在生活化的情形中感受和领略语法的魅力和内涵。比如，教学“过去分词做定语”的用法时，教师可以展示破玩具、坏茶杯、用过的邮票等实物，同时介绍“a broken toy/cup”“a used stamp”。在观察描述兴奋、害怕等表情的图画、照片或简笔画时引入“excited fans”“a frightened boy”。

2. 充分挖掘教学现场的人员和设备等素材，利用即时当地的情形，让学生在对外界刺激的反应中认识语法结构，理解语法规则，掌握语法规律。学生普遍反映“V.+ing”的知识抽象难懂，学起来困难重重。课堂上，教师可邀请一些同学合作，一位翩翩起舞，一位深情歌唱，一位表演运动姿势，并配以解说和互动：“We can see Jane dancing. We are delighted to hear John singing. Shall we keep Amy performing like that?”這样，语法的难度得以降低，知识的习得也就非常实际，非常有效。另外，表露不同的脸色和表情，有意识地变化语音语调，适时地运用体态语言，开展适宜的小游戏等有助于提高语法课堂的趣味性，激发学生学习的积极性和主动性。

3. 以多媒体电脑辅助教学，能大容量、高密度、多手段地对学生进行语法信息传输，使语法教学进入崭新的天地。它通过直观、生动、新颖的图像、动（漫）画、声音、文本等方式，刺激学生感官，提高学生兴趣，激发学生思维，最大限度地发挥学生的主体作用，提高语法教学效果。高中学生喜欢欣赏、歌唱英文歌曲，利用歌词来呈现语法点能够迅速抓住学生的心，使他们立刻进入求知的状态。如歌曲“Right Here Waiting” 可以提取为让步状语从句的代表性素材：“Wherever you go，whatever you do，I will be right here waiting for you. Whatever it takes，or how my heart breaks， I will be right here waiting for you.”

在学唱2004年雅典奥运会火炬传递主题歌 “Pass The Flame” 时，我带领学生总结并学习歌词里面的与祈使句有关的知识点：pass the flame， unite the world， bring us all together， reach out, hold out your hands等。学生在经典旋律的感染中，收到了语法学习的良好效果。此外，播放英文电影片段、剪辑或视频，语法知识的交际功能让人过目不忘。电影“Without Limits”有一句台词：“I don’t want to win unless I know I’ve done my best.”（除非我知道我已经做到最好了，否则我是不会想着赢的。）句中unless的运用记忆起来感觉十分轻松，语法教学变生动了，学生们变活泼了，对语法有了期盼。课件教学通过不同的自定义运用产生不同的效果，如闪烁、螺旋、颜色对比等，大量的感性材料给学生以强烈的感官刺激，从而形成深刻的记忆。强调句型、主谓一致、主从复合句等的教学适宜运用以上方法。

二、在语篇中进行语法教学

人们都是在一定语境中交流思想和获取信息的。比如，只有在语篇中才可能断定“Our laboratory demands change.” 的谓语是demands 还是change。教师在教授语法知识、巩固练习时，要重视以语篇为载体，培养学生把单句放入语篇，选用适合语境的语法形式的意识，并引导学生关注语境如何决定语言形式选择的语法现象。在实际的语言使用中培养语法整体意识，提高正确运用语法知识的能力。可精选代表性的语篇，若语篇反复出现了所学内容如“虚拟语气”，学生阅读该语篇时，可根据上下文的联系、前后内容的过渡或转换、作者的态度，不断地体会虚拟语气在语篇中的形式、语义和语用，找出它的规律。

三、加强实践，通过完成任务体会、运用语法

以学生为中心，强调运用、强调实践，在做中学。教师应利用一切机会让学生通过实践学习、掌握语法的形式、语义和语用，如思考、发表观点、对话、讲故事、口头作文、交流合作等。听一位同学介绍自己如何种树，然后要大家用被动语态进行转换描述，该训练比无意义的机械模仿和简单的重复要有效得多。直接引语和间接引语的教学则可以安排学生在原地或异地进行转述、对话。教学倒装句时，可提供照片，要求学生用倒装句就一次交通事故写一篇短文：“躺在地上的是一位老人。当时他骑车下来。转弯时，一辆汽车快速开来，他被刮倒在地。不但老人的车破了，汽车也撞上了旁边一棵树。”在语言的输出活动中，把知识和技能融为一体，体现学以致用。胡春洞教授认为，实践性强的语言知识，特别是语法知识，可使学生越学越明白，越学越容易，越学越轻松，从而能激发学生深层的、持久的学习兴趣。因此，语法教学在任何情况下、任何阶段都不能淡化。

总之，依据学生的实际和教学内容的需要，创造真实的语法情境，设计层次合理、难度适中的任务和要求，采取有效手段，引导学生在实际交际中学习和运用语法，活化语法教学的目的是可以达到的，教学效果的提高指日可待。

中考英语语法:中考英语试题分类 篇8

1. (201X湖南省娄底市6. 1)-Its said that you have moved into a new house.?

-Yeah， and we need to buy some________in the mall nearby.?

A. food B.furniture C. hamburger?

B

2. (201X.四川省内江市26. 1)-Well,you look so happy!

-Because I got a good ________.

A.work B.news C.job

C

3. (201X江苏省宿迁市15. 1)Sandy didnt tell her parents that she was going home because she wanted to give them a _______.

A. gift B. call C. surprise D. note

C

4. (201X年上海市33. 1)You can get much_____about the World Expo on the Internet.

A.map B.picture C.ticket rmation

D

5. (201X年上海市51. 1)The customers are pleased with the________of the restaurant.

A.balance B.experience C.surface D.service

D

6. (201X福建省晋江市，32，1)-Lily has a silk __________.Listen,she is singing in the next room!

- How nice!.

A. look B. noise C. voice

C

7. (201X江苏省扬州市，12，1)-Wow,so many beautiful cars!I dont know which one to buy.

-Anyway ,you have to make a________.

A.conclusion B.connection C.decision D.presentation

C

8.(201X吉林省通化市，38，1)We need to come up with a/an________and make a decision at once.

rmation B.advice C.idea D.news

C

9. (201X浙江省湖州市，17，1)-Would you like some _______?

-No,thank you.Im not hungry at all.

A.water B.books C.clothes D.bread

D

10.(201X山西省，17，1)I Iike______ a Iot, and my mother usuaIIy cooks it in different ways.

A.fish B.potatoes C.noodIes

A

11. (201X湖北省荆州市，25，1) -When will the 201X World Expo(世博会) come to a close?

-Itll close at the end of ________.

A.September B.October C.November D.December

B

12. (201X湖北省武汉市，35，1)-Why are you still waiting in line?

-Ive missed my _______ .

A. place B. order C. turn D. time

C

13. (201X河南省，27，1)( )It was very hard for me to make a-but J decided to leave my job

A suggestion B decision C plan D speech

B

14. (201X湖北省黄冈市，42，1)-Good news.We will have a _______holiday.

-Ive heard of it.But its coming in_______.

A.three days;three days time B.three days;three days

C.three-day;three days D.three days;three-day time

C

15. (201X山东省聊城市，33，1)-Why not go to Qingdao on May Day,Jim?

-Im afraid its not a good ________.I have been there several times.

A.way B.place C.advice D.idea

D

16. (201X新疆省阜康市，24，1)( )Mr Black gave us ______on how to learn English well.

A.an advice B.many advices C.some advice D.some advices

C

17. (201X湖北省黄石市，29，1)- With whom did you watch 201X World Cup Opening Ceremony ?

- _________.

A. A friend of mine B. A friend of me

C. A friend of my sister D. A friend of you

A

18.(201X湖北省荆门市，22，1)Oh, my god! The kids are making too much_______ here. I cant do anything.

A. sound B. voice C. noise D. footstep

C

19. (201X湖北省黄石市，32，1)- You seem to like watching TV very much . Which _______ do you like best ?

- Lucky 52. I like Li Yong very much.

A. programme B. screen C. progress D. Deseription

20.(201X湖北省襄樊市，26，1)- Whats your job , Henry?

- Im a ________ ,I work late . Im very busy when people go out to dimters .

初中英语语法总结 篇9

Grammar

1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。He says(that)he will have a walk soon.The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school.I． want to know who came here late this morning.2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。

He wondered if I would come.She told me that her son had got well.She said that she liked watching TV.We thought Jim was wrong.3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。

Mr.Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。

Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you）

Do you know which sweater she is wearing?(不是is she)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当„的时候), as soon as(一„就„)，before, after, until, till, as(当„的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。

You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：

I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.When he got to the park, his classmates had left.My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。

She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted.She is a girl(who/whom/that)I know very well.That boy whosehair is very long is my brother.(所属)

The girl whois tall is my sister./ I own a bike whoseprice is high.I bought a watch(which/that)I paid 100 yuan for.（指物）

I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet.I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life.（在这儿）

I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth./sb to do sth./that从句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao.I wish youto join my flowers smell beauti l.The sweets taste sweet.The silk feels soft.I felt tired.这些动词不用于被动语态。The sweets are tasted sweet.是错误的。

注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：

He looks like his mother.That sounds like a good idea.It smells like a flower.It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从)

宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，John found his son a clever boy.2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：I would like/ want another three desks.◇都可接带to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.2 feel like: ◇后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea? ◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】

10.词序易错的短语：1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?

Nothing serious.There is something wrong with the computer.I want to go somewhere warm.else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。

What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?

Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。

This sweater is cheap enough.Nemo is old enough to work.He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1What do you think of „?=

How do you like „? “你对„怎么看？”(How„?句中有like，是动词。)2What’s the weather like in„? = How is the weather in„?“„的天气什么样?”(What„?句中有like，是介词“像”。)

12.take, cost, pay, spend区别： It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.物+cost+sb+钱: The bag cost me thirty yuan.(cost, cost, cost)

若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.人+ pay +sb + 钱+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike.(pay, paid, paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth /(in)doing sth.The girl spent two hours(in)searching the Internet.The girl always spends much money on her clothes.spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter 13.双宾结构：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/

ask/ tell/ build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb + sth.其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.buy, build等可接sth + for sb.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please pass it to me.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）

Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher.（连词）

Keep care l when listening to the teacher.（介词）

类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。

如：I’ll wait until I hear from her.（连词）

I’ll wait until next Friday.（介词）

那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。

He’s eating fried chicken.他在吃炸鸡。There is no time left.I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。

He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。

the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner(正进行)

a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit(功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。I felt surprised at his words.How exciting the film is!/ I want to go to a place which is relaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：

To be a teacher is my dream.Working hard brings you success.Taking care of our environment is very important.To plant trees makes me happy.（谓语用单数）

Reading books gives you knowledge.(谓语用单数)

Listening and writing are both difficult.(谓语用复数)18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“„时间后”结构：时间段+later

常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’ll see you later.)

2after“„时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days.(after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home.He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.)

3ago“„时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago.(since +时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)

4before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”

I have been to London before.He has seen the film before.(若是时间段+before, 则常用过去完成时，译为“„时间前”：

I had seen the film two weeks before.We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)19.四季

20.月份

21.星期 22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句

23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。The apples are too tall for the boy to reach./The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.24.(a)little /(a)few: 1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, little加不可数名词。2a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little;在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little.而quite a few/ a little译为“很多”

25.及物动词+副词：put on/off/away/up/down/out;break off/down;

turn on/off/up/down;get back;use up;give away/out/up/back;try out/on;ring/call up;let down;clean up/out;set up;think up;hand in/out;fix up;work out;;dress up;pick up;help out;

keep off/out/down cut down;write down;wake up(叫醒);

take off/away;sell out;look up/over;eat up;throw away/off

宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as„„as用法：1和„一样„ His room is as big as mine.He runs as fast as I /me.2as„as possible/sb can “尽可能„”

We went there as soon as possible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listen to the teacher as carefully you can.3有些短语有几个意思：as soon as 和„一样快；一„就„；as much as和„一样多；多达；as long as和„一样长；长达；只要；as well as和„一样好；和„一样；as far as远达；就„来说；

27.prefer用法：prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing sth比起„更喜欢„

prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿„也不愿„

prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事 28.some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。I have something to tell you.Maybe somebody has taken it.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? 2any-, 在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”You may put the box anywhere in the room.He is taller than any other student in the class.We don’t have anything to eat this morning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are + v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/be going to+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were +v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has + v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had + v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would + v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。

30.if/whether区别：if 如果(引导条件状从)/ 是否(引导宾从)

whether无论(引导让步状从)/ 是否(引导宾从)

都译为“是否”时，whether可接or not, 也可接带to不定式。

if 则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。

If you have any water, please give me some.31.因为：because, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。

since, 位置：Since„，„.Since it’s already late, I must go now.for, 位置：„，for„.语气最弱。I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must, may, might, can, could, can’t

must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。

There is the door bell, it must be Tom.may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。

She is coming to us.She might be our new teacher.can / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。

You could be right, but I don’t think you are.The light in the office is off.The teacher can’t be there now.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall/slowly„

such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather / good news„;

such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone„;

such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies„;

若名词前形容词是many, much, few, little时，不用such, 而用so.so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water„

也常有“so / such „that„”句型，译为“如此„以致于„”。34.so的另两个用法：1so + be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“„也”

上下文所指不是同一个人或物。The twins are working, so am I.I will stay up tonight, and so will Peter.以及对话形式：A: I woke up late this morning.B: So did I.so + 主语 + be/情态动词/助动词，“的确„是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A: We have lunch at school.B: So you do.又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem.B: So he can.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+ be/情态动词/助动词+主语

“„也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.或对话形式：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast.B: Neither have I.36.keep, make, get,have用法：

1keep + sb/sth doing sth “让„一直做„” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long.keep + doing sth “坚持做某事”

2make + sb/sth do sth让„做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean.I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.3get + sb/sth to do sth.让„做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 /ing /过去分词

Have him do it, please.让他做它吧。We had the machine working.我让那台机器一直工作着。We had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。

5也都可接形容词：keep safe/busy, keep the door closed/open, make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready.37.used短语：used to + 动原，“过去常常”He used to smoke.be used to 译为“被用来„”，后接动原。It is used to cut things.be used to 译为“习惯于„”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.如：He’s used to working late./ We are all used to following others.be used for + 目的（名词或动词ing）如：

English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.38.through/past/across: 都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。

He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.He went past me without saying any words.He swam across the river.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】

位移动词+ past 相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.the number of / a number of: 前者“„的数量”；后者“许多的”

都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。The number of the trees is two thousand.用单数is.A number of trees have been cut down.用复数have.40.延续性动词：How long，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。

How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.Let’s wait until he comes back..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：

I haven’t seen you for a long time.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1All boys/All of the boys are from China.all 接可数复数，谓语也用复数。All of the water is polluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。

2Each boy/Each of the boys has a different bag.each接名词单数或接of + 限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。

3Both of the twins are clever.后面谓语用复数。

4None of the students has/have been there before.none +of +限定词+复数, 谓语用单、复数都可。另见88

5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Either day is OK./ Either of the days is OK.谓语用单数。

6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days.That is, neither time is OK./ neither of the days is OK.谓语用单数。

all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/ “每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。

The building is twenty meters tall./ The street is forty meters wide.The fish is five kilos heavy./ This baby is only six months old.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。

They dug an eight-meter-deep hole./.I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice./ They built a 50-meter-wide street.It’s a two-month holiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.Must I / May I / Need I „? 用法：1Must I „?我必须„吗？

A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.2May I „?我可以„吗？A: May I go out for a walk now?

B: Yes, you can./ No, you mustn’t/can’t.3Need I„?我有必要„吗？

A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion: 前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s, 加of.如：thousands of trees;many millions of people.nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：several million pounds 45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something, nothing, anything, everything作主语，QT主语用it.Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it? 2I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she? I don’t think he will come here on time, will he?

QT要结合think后的从句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用will you? 而Let’s „用shall we?

Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you?

Be quiet, will you? Please don’t talk, will you?

Let us do it now, will you? Let’s do it now, shall we?

4There be句型，QT主语用there.There is a man working in the field, isn’tthere?

There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’tthere?

There won’t be a movie in the theatre, willthere? 46.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。You should put on your coat when you leave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter./I like wearing beautiful clothes.3dress, “给„穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.Lucy is dressing her little brother now.be dressed in后常接具有某种特征的衣物。

The lady is dressed in a white skirt / white.可直接加表颜色的词。

4in, “穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。The woman in a white skirt is my teacher.Do you know the girl in a red coat? I’ve seen the boy in yellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）

If there were no air, people would die.(与现在事实相反)

If I got rich, I would travel around the world.(可能性很小)48.other/others/the other/the others/another:

1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）

another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting will last another two hours./ We need another six desks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：

第一种，所说内容只有两个：

Mrs.Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other(one / son)is good at science.【只有两个，用the other, 不加s, 后面名词可省略。】 又如：This pair of shoes is strange.One is blue, yet the other is green.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。

第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s.Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students are girls / the others are girls.Two children went, but the others stayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）

3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.Have you any other questions?

Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。

He is taller than any other boy in his class.(划线中boy用单数)=

He is taller than all the other boys in his class.(划线中boy用复数)

他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。

49.how long/how often/how soon/how far: 1how long 是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river?-It’s 5,000 kilometers long.How long have you lived there?-For five months./ Since 2002.2how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day等。

How often do you watch TV?-Every two days./ Twice a week.【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问：

How many times do you watch TV a week?-Twice./ only once.】

3how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问：

How soon will you return to Beijing?-In a week./ In two days.4how far是对时间段’s + walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。

-How far is it from your home to the school?

-Five minutes’ walk./An hour’s ride./Thirteen minutes’ drive.或者说：It’s about 20 kilometers(far)away.（问和回答不同。）50.分数表达：二分之一: half a/an 或a half.如：

half an hour= a half hour半小时 It’s half past seven.(省略冠词)

以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：

三分之一: a /one third 三分之二: two thirds

四分之一: a/one fourth 或a/one quarter

四分之三: three fourths或three quarters.五分之一: a/one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它类推。

若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：

Two fifths of the students are on time.(指名词复数时，谓用复)Two fifths of the land is polluted.（指不可数时，谓用单）

51.到达：1get to + 地点 get to Shanghai/London/ China

接地点副词时，不带to.get there/home/here.2arrive in+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用：Please ring me up when you arrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach Beijing/England

但常不说reach home/there/here.52.感叹句：What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！

What lazy boys(they are)!What hard work!What good news!

What a good idea!What bad weather(it is)!What a pity!

How +形容词 / 副词+ 主语+ 谓语！

How hard the work is!How fast he runs!How rude you are!

How carefully they are listening!How bad the weather is!

53.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别：

1because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。

He didn’t come because he was ill./ because of his illness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 还要接名词或代词。

We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead./ instead of it.3out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向„外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)

He went out early.或He went out of the house early.54.too much, too many与much too:

much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big/slowly等。

too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work/rain等。

too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books/people等。55.alone / lonely: 1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。

可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone.杰克是单身。

The old woman is alone in the house.那位老妇一个人在屋里。

可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone.她独居。

Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？

Dick is walking on the beach alone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。

（注意：不可说very alone.但可说very much alone.是特例）

2lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

He has many relatives, but he feels lonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）

也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄（alone不可作定语）56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me /Lucy /my brother.(人)

This suit is mine /Lucy’s /my brother’s /hers.（某物是某人的）

57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar.You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary.He travels by bike.2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

The train had left by the time he got there.3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.4“经过”He passed by me without noticing me.5“在„„旁边”Sit by me.They are playing by the river.58.部分用in的短语：in English, in a good way, in a hurry，in pen / ink(见105), in the day(见92), in different sizes，in different shapes, in a difficult situation，in good health，in a red coat / in red(见46), in style, in the open air(露天场所)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：

much/many→more→most bad/badly/ill→worse→worst

far→farther/further→farthest/furthest little→less→least

few→fewer→fewest old→older/elder→oldest/eldest

以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me.(有than)

He did better than any other student in the school.(参照48)

Tom is the cleverest boy in his class.(某个范围内)

He is the taller of the two(boys).(两者，此句型中加the)

He is the tallest of the three(boys).(三者)

Which is better, tea or milk?(两者选择)

Which is the best, tea, milk or water?(三者选择)

It’s the second longest river in China.（序数词后用最高级。）

3“越来越„”比较级+and +比较级

He cried harder and harder.She is getting taller and taller.类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse„

另一种情况：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully /„

4“越„, 越„”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，倒装。

The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.The younger we are, the more energy we have.The more you eat, the fatter you will get.5“越来越多的„”more and more +名词

More and more people are getting richer and richer.We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water „.6“„得多”much + 形容词/副词比较级

This room is much bigger than that one.类似：much taller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better„

以及：much more careful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious„

7“另外的„(个)„”结构：数量+ more + 名词

one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles，much more ttruth, some more meat, a lot more wood，a little more experience, once more = one more time = again.这种结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：

five more trees = another five trees(记住词的位置)60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。

Don’t talk in class.Shall we talk about our English study?

He is talking with his teacher.May I talk to you?

(talk with/to sb talk about sth)

2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构。

Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Who told you the news?

3say必须接有内容。Please say it in English.He said nothing.“I disagree with you.” said Tom.What will you say?

say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.4speak“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.接人时先加介词to.May I speak to Mr.Smith?

可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now.There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak.“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting? “说”可作及物 动词。

61。sometimes/some times/sometime/some time:

sometimes: “有时”=at times.He is imes late for school.some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.sometime: “某一时刻”I bought it sometime last spring.We’ll meet again sometime next week.some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：Need I go now?(need 在一般疑问句的开头)I needn’t tell you the answer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】

2need 可当行为动词（和want 等用法类似）：

He needs a bike.(后可直接加名词)

I need to go over my lessons.(后接带to不定式)

Do you need to have a rest?（一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首）

We don’t need to wait for her coming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)

【注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为：

The TV needs to be repaired.= The TV needs repairing.】 63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”

What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。

How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。

下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem? 64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucyis wrong.There is a dog and two cats in the yard.(there be句型)

Not only you but(also)Iam strict in the work.Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.65.主谓一致：One/Neither of you is right.（单数谓语）

Tom, with his friends, has gone.(主语是Tom, 单数谓语)

This pair of shoes looks beautiful.（主语是pair, 单数谓语）

The shoes look beautiful.（主语无pair, 复数谓语）

Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it.（单数谓语）

The old need to be looked after carefully.The young are energetic.(the 加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数)

Mr.and Mrs Green are from America.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)

The teacher and writer is an able man.指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。

Both you and I are excited about the news.（复数谓语）

the number of与a number of参见39.（分数表达见50）

66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，常放在后面。

It’s quite an easy question.He is quite a clever boy.It’s such an important lesson.(另见33)Lily is really a lazy girl.67.部分用what 提问的句型：

What size do you want? What will you do with the problem?

What’s the population of China? What day is it today?

What’s the date today? What’s the price of this one? 68.there be部分用法：1There is only a student taking notes now.There is no need to open the box.There are 20 trees to be planted.2常有以下结构: there may/will/must/is going to/used to/„be.„

3there be中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。另一用法见45。

69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等.有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, too„to„

without anything, too tired to go any further

但前缀如dis--, un--, in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。

70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。

【注意否定形式：had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 动原；而please加don’t+动原】

71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish /enjoy /practice /give up /

end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer„to„/can’t help /

be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(错过)/spend /have fun /介词等。

72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order(为了)/疑问词，等等。另外，it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。【否定：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】 73.被动语态(be +v.过去分词)用法：I did it.→It was done.双宾:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us.She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me.情态动词:We can make a plan.→A plan can be made.进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom.完成时态：I have finished the work.→The work has been finished.74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ； a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。

2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词。

3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / the Teachers’ Day /

the Children’s Day “复数 + ’s ”作定语，译为“„的„”

4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。

（附：and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers.分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加“’s”

Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting.两个人共有的爸爸，所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。）

75.win与beat区别：win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.We won the first place in the sports meeting.而beat后加的是人：I’m afraid they will beat us.I hope we can beat the boys’ team.(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。This book is very useful.I will take good care of it.it也可指上文所说的事：My son has lost himself in the computer games.I’m worried about it.2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。

The food in China is quite different from that in America.The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.that也可指上文所说的事：A: I had an accident and broke my legs.B: I’m sorry to hear that.3one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，但不是同一个物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/by the end of, in the end 的区别：

1at the end of +时间点或地点，“在„的尽头，在„的末尾”

They will have a sports meeting at the end of March.(加时间)

He put some books at the end of the bed.(加地点)

2by the end of +时间点，“截止到„末”

若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了„（还未回来）”-I can’t find those children, where are they?

-They have gone to the farm.(去了农场，不在这儿)

2have been to+地点“去过„（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

She has been to Qingdao three times.I have been to two big cities.Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian.I have never been there before.(此短语省略了to)

3have been in+地点，“已在„（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since +时间点/一般过去时的句子。

Peter has been in China for a long time.I’ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago.(此短语省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)the land / all(of)the class / all(of)the students„【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area„【whole 在定冠词the 后】 80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词和副词。

I’m a bit / a little hungry.She feels a bit / a little tired.也可作代词或形容词，后接名词时有所不同：

I have only a little drink.She ate a little bread and went out.(a little 直接加名词)而下文：I have only a bit of drink.She ate a bit of bread and went out.(a bit 先加of再加名词)81.“擅长”与“不擅长”;“对„有利”与“对„有害”：

“擅长”：be good at / do well in

“不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

“对„有利”：be good for “对„有害”：be bad for 82.表数量的词和短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of(lots of)后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。2many /(a)few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。3much /(a)little / a bit of只接不可数名词。

83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。I really love reading.I really miss you.(修饰动词)

Tom speaks really quickly.汤姆说得非常快。（修饰副词）

It’s really kind of you.你真好。(修饰形容词)

2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像„), move(使„感动), excite(使„激动)等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much.杰克很想去那儿。

I hate reciting the words very much.我很讨厌背单词。

He enjoyed the film very much.他很喜欢这部电影。

He takes after his mother very much.他长得很像他妈妈。

(very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：I’m happy very much.He is lucky very much.都是错误的。)

3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：

She is very kind.I am very happy.Peter speaks very slowly.(very不可修饰动词：I very like English.He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）；since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）；How long（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词）in/all one’s life（在某人一生）；in/during the past/last+时间段(在最近的„时间内)；so far（到目前为止）；yet（用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)；ever；never；just；before(单独用在句子末尾，常用此时态。但若时间段加before, 常用过去完成时)以及recently等.85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）：

She is a kind girl.What bad weather!I bought a new bike.形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：

The girl is kind.His face turned red.It tastes sweet.2副词(划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子。

He ran quickly.Please speak loudly.Tim lives alone.修饰动词

She is very angry.He felt too tired.I’m so lucky.修饰形容词

He got up quite early.She did it very well.修饰副词

Unluckily, I failed the English exam.修饰整个句子 86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English.every day是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。We speak English every day.87.everyone与every one: 1everyone“每个人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.2every one“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后要接of短语。Every one of us has a dictionary.Every one of the trees is tall.88.none与no one: 1no one“没有一人”只指人,后不接of短语。

No one has been to Beihai Park.No one told us about it.(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)

2none“没有人；没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。

None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.（此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one）

A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.（对话中none单独用，指物，不用no one.）

89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike/ car/ sea(ship)/ air(plane)(无冠词)

2on a horseback /his bike /the plane /a ship(有冠词或限定词)

3in his/a car(car前用in)4on foot 5动词短语: ride a bike /a horse;drive a car;walk;take a plane/ taxi/ bus;fly 90.kind of 与kinds of:

1kind of 单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词：

He is kind of thin.”他有点瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有点饿”

Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly.王叔叔说得有点快。

2若kind of前有a, this, that等，译为“一种，这种，那种” 后加名词。

That kind of question is difficult to answer.那类问题难回答。

3熟记一些短语：all kinds of...“各种各样的...”many kinds of“很多种类的”different kinds of“不同种类的” 后加名词。动词，后接语言。Do you speak English? 91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词：a strong wind“一阵强风”

a heavy rain“一场大雨”heavy snow“大雪”（以上是名词短语）

blow hard“猛烈地吹”snow heavily“下大雪”rain hard/heavily“下大雨”（以上是动词短语）

92.day的部分用法：1on Teachers’ Day表节日或周几前用“on”.2in the day / daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3in eight days“八天后”用“in”。4(in)those / these days“在过去 / 现在”

5today, next/last/this/that/every/all day等前面常不加介词。

同样，on Sunday/Monday/.../Saturday介词用的是on（有时可省略）, 若有next/last/this/that/every等时不再加on.93.个别名词的部分用法：1family“家庭；家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式；指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：His family is going to move.My family is large.（以上指整体，谓语用单数）

My familyare very well.我全家人很健康。（指成员，谓语用复数）一般不再区分谓语的单复数形式。类似的还有：staff(职员)，class, team, public(公众)，government等.2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose.The cattle are eating grass in the field.3deer, fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同：

a deer(一只鹿)/ two deer(两只鹿)a fish(一条鱼)/ two fish(两条鱼)

a sheep(一只羊)/ some sheep(一些羊)

另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼)

4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：

man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;

mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛)

5有些名词通常只有复数形式：

scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜)

6有些名词只是不可数名词： It’s such great fun.What fun!

What good news!I won’t do anything in such bad weather.Can you tell me some information? I like music which is popular.类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等

94.leave的用法：1leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州

leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉

leave for Wuhan动身到武汉(for后接目的地，而不是出发地)

2leave留下；忘记 I left my backpack at home.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。Sorry, I forgot the money.95.ill与sick的区别：1都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语： Her mother was ill in bed.但sick既可作表语（在美语中），也可作定语：Her mother was sick in bed.Jane is taking care of her sick mother.(此处是定语，不可用ill, 见下文ill用法)

2若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人

sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“

The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.96.return用法：1“返回”，相当于“go back / get back / come back..如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.（当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.）

2“归还”，相当于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.（当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，若再接人时方可加to.同样不可再跟back.如：You should return the piano to Dick on time.）

97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite +名词（某人最喜欢的...）或者 + own + 名词(某人自己的...)

如：My favorite animal is dog.He found hisown bike.98.stop / start(begin)/ forget(remember)/ like/go on等动词：

1stop doing sth.停止正在做的某事。stop to do sth.停下来做某事（stop后是将要做的事）He was tired, so he stopped working.He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.要注意有时两种形式会同时出现：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.2start/begin doing/to do 含义基本相同，但以下情况下start/begin后只接to do: ★若start / begin 已用进行时态时：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.★主语是物而不是人时：The ice began / started to melt.★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：He began / started to understand it.3forget/remember to do sth.忘记/想起将要做的事。

forget / remember doing sth.忘记/想起已经做过的事。

4like doing sth.(因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)

Jack likes sleeping in the class.(在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。有睡觉的习惯。)

like to do sth(认为明智或正确而喜欢)

She likes to help others.（助人是一件正确的事，所以喜欢。）

I don’t like to play in the street.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)

有时区别不明显，接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.5go on doing sth.继续做某事（上文所做的事）go on to do sth接下来做另一件事（不是上文所做之事）

99.普通代词形式：

主格 宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词

(作主语)(作宾语)(后要再接名词)(后不再接名词)(主宾一致)

I me my pen/house...mine myself

you(你)you your bag/car...yours yourself

he him his desk/coat...his himself

she her her hair/books...hers herself

it it its tail/face...its itself

we us our teacher/room...ours ourselves

you(你们)you your class/hometown...yours yourselves

they them their school/fathers...theirs themselves 100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→first two→second

three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等类推

另外，“四十”forty;无字母u.“第九”ninth无字母e.101.room /space /place: 1room“房间”（可数）a room/ two rooms

“空间”（不可数）：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。

Could you make room for me? 你能为我让一下空间吗？

Is there room for me in the car? 车里有我的位子吗？

2space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”（time）为相对概念。in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间（太空）

time and space时间和空间

Is there any space for me in the car?(此处和room的含义相当)

3place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。

I want to live in a place which is warm in winter.Mount Chaya is a wonderful place.嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：

1China“中国”Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/中文（的）/中国的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个/两个中国人”

Japan, Japanese 和此类似。

2England“英国（原义：英格兰）”(= Britain)

English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/英语（的）/英国的”

He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”

注意复数：They are English.= They are Englishmen.(变为men)

3France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的)/ 法语(的)/ 法国的”

The lady is French.(前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词)

注意复数：The ladies are French.= The ladies are Frenchwomen.4Germany“德国”German“德国人(的)/ 德语(的)/ 德国的”

The boy is a German.(前有冠词)The boys are Germans.(复数加s.）

5America“美国” American“美国人（的）/ 美国的”

He is American.(前常无冠词）They are Americans.(复数加s)103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”;noisy(形容词);noisily(副词)◆health(名词)“健康”;healthy(形容词);healthily(副词)

◆luck(名词)“运气”;lucky(形容词)“幸运的”;luckily(副词)

◆succeed(动词)“成功”;success(名词);successful(形容词)successfully(副词)◆save(动词)“救，节省，存”;safe(形容词)“安全的”;safety(名词)“安全，安全场所”safely（副词）◆true（形容词）“真的，对的”;truly(副词“)真正地”;truth(名词“)真理,事实”◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”;terribly(副词)104.job与work:1job, 可数：I have a job as a teacher.Jobs are not easy to get.He wants a job.2work, 不可数

I cannot find work in this town.Have you finished your work? 105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen /a pencil/

a piece of chalk 2in用写字材料：write in ink / pen(前无冠词)106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点，如7:20→seven twenty→twenty

past seven: 2:02→two oh two→two past two 2分钟已过半点，如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 3刚好半点，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine 4刚好整点，如11:00→eleven o’clock 107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1It’s kind of you to help me.解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me.此情况下介词用的是of.2It’s easy for you to do the work.解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy.而是“做

这项工作”这件事是容易的。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain.“爬山”是危险的，不是说“我们”是“危险”的。for sb 是“就某人来说”之意。

108.take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处 ◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向性。

109.条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句有相同的意思。注意以下句子结构有何不同。

If you work hard, you will achieve your dream.相当于: Work hard, and you will achieve„

If you don’t listen to me carefully, you won’t understand it.相当于：Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it.110.in / on / at + 时间：1in three days(“„时间后”，常用于一般将来时)in September

in 1998;in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)

in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night

2on Christmas Eve;on October 1st;

on Sunday evenings;on a cold morning;

on Fridays;on New Year’s Day;

on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.(morning / afternoon / evening / night若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in)

3at 6:00;at Christmas;at noon;at night 112.one day与someday/some day的区别：

1one day“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。One day, a stranger came to my house.I will achieve my dream one day.2someday/some day“某一天”常用于一般将来时。可以和one day互换。I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday.113.missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的，失踪的”

但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。My pen is lost / missing.(表语)